Teoria Względności – Podstawy 02
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Einstein's Physical Strategy, Energy Conservation, Symmetries, And
Einstein’s Physical Strategy, Energy Conservation, Symmetries, and Stability: “but Grossmann & I believed that the conservation laws were not satisfied” April 12, 2016 J. Brian Pitts Faculty of Philosophy, University of Cambridge [email protected] Abstract Recent work on the history of General Relativity by Renn, Sauer, Janssen et al. shows that Einstein found his field equations partly by a physical strategy including the Newtonian limit, the electromagnetic analogy, and energy conservation. Such themes are similar to those later used by particle physicists. How do Einstein’s physical strategy and the particle physics deriva- tions compare? What energy-momentum complex(es) did he use and why? Did Einstein tie conservation to symmetries, and if so, to which? How did his work relate to emerging knowledge (1911-14) of the canonical energy-momentum tensor and its translation-induced conservation? After initially using energy-momentum tensors hand-crafted from the gravitational field equa- ′ µ µ ν tions, Einstein used an identity from his assumed linear coordinate covariance x = Mν x to relate it to the canonical tensor. Usually he avoided using matter Euler-Lagrange equations and so was not well positioned to use or reinvent the Herglotz-Mie-Born understanding that the canonical tensor was conserved due to translation symmetries, a result with roots in Lagrange, Hamilton and Jacobi. Whereas Mie and Born were concerned about the canonical tensor’s asymmetry, Einstein did not need to worry because his Entwurf Lagrangian is modeled not so much on Maxwell’s theory (which avoids negative-energies but gets an asymmetric canonical tensor as a result) as on a scalar theory (the Newtonian limit). -
Ausgabe 2019 Inhaltsverzeichnis
Olympia 2010.qxp:Olympia 2005 deutsch 31.3.2010 9:49 Uhr Seite 22 AusgabeAusgabe 2012 2010 Ausgabe 2019 Inhaltsverzeichnis Jahresbericht 2018 ................................................................... 4 Einstein-Feier 2018 – Verleihung der Einstein-Medaille ......................................... 8 Albert Einstein-Medaille 2019 – Vorstellung des Laureaten ................................................... 11 Empfänger der Einstein-Medaille ...................................... 14 Einstein-Lectures 2018 ......................................................... 16 Jürg Rub, Leiter des Einstein-Hauses, tritt zurück .......... 24 Jahresbericht 2018 der Leiterin des Einstein-Hauses...... 25 Einstein-Haus Clippings 2018.............................................. 27 Organe der Albert Einstein-Gesellschaft .......................... 28 Mitgliedschaft in der Albert Einstein-Gesellschaft ......... 29 Impressum .............................................................................. 30 Jahresbericht 2018 m Dezember 2017 wurde der Nobelpreis für Physik an Kip Thorne, Barry Barish und Rainer Weiss, für ihre besonderen Verdienste die zum Ierstmaligen direkten Nachweis von Gravitations- wellen (GW) führten, verliehen. Dies war für unsere Gesellschaft Grund genug, dem Thema GW auch im vergangenen Jahr ihre spezielle Aufmerksamkeit zu schenken. Es gelang, für die gemeinsam mit der Universität Bern veranstalteten Einstein Lectures 2018, die turnusgemäss der Physik und Astronomie gewidmet waren, Barry Barish als hochkompetenten Redner -
General Relativity and Cosmology: Unsolved Questions and Future Directions
Article General Relativity and Cosmology: Unsolved Questions and Future Directions Ivan Debono 1,∗,† and George F. Smoot 1,2,3,† 1 Paris Centre for Cosmological Physics, APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France; [email protected] 2 Physics Department and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 CA, USA 3 Helmut and Anna Pao Sohmen Professor-at-Large, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-1-57276991 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Academic Editors: Lorenzo Iorio and Elias C. Vagenas Received: 21 August 2016; Accepted: 14 September 2016; Published: 28 September 2016 Abstract: For the last 100 years, General Relativity (GR) has taken over the gravitational theory mantle held by Newtonian Gravity for the previous 200 years. This article reviews the status of GR in terms of its self-consistency, completeness, and the evidence provided by observations, which have allowed GR to remain the champion of gravitational theories against several other classes of competing theories. We pay particular attention to the role of GR and gravity in cosmology, one of the areas in which one gravity dominates and new phenomena and effects challenge the orthodoxy. We also review other areas where there are likely conflicts pointing to the need to replace or revise GR to represent correctly observations and consistent theoretical framework. Observations have long been key both to the theoretical liveliness and viability of GR. -
Mathematical Genealogy of the Union College Department of Mathematics
Gemma (Jemme Reinerszoon) Frisius Mathematical Genealogy of the Union College Department of Mathematics Université Catholique de Louvain 1529, 1536 The Mathematics Genealogy Project is a service of North Dakota State University and the American Mathematical Society. Johannes (Jan van Ostaeyen) Stadius http://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/ Université Paris IX - Dauphine / Université Catholique de Louvain Justus (Joost Lips) Lipsius Martinus Antonius del Rio Adam Haslmayr Université Catholique de Louvain 1569 Collège de France / Université Catholique de Louvain / Universidad de Salamanca 1572, 1574 Erycius (Henrick van den Putte) Puteanus Jean Baptiste Van Helmont Jacobus Stupaeus Primary Advisor Secondary Advisor Universität zu Köln / Université Catholique de Louvain 1595 Université Catholique de Louvain Erhard Weigel Arnold Geulincx Franciscus de le Boë Sylvius Universität Leipzig 1650 Université Catholique de Louvain / Universiteit Leiden 1646, 1658 Universität Basel 1637 Union College Faculty in Mathematics Otto Mencke Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Ehrenfried Walter von Tschirnhaus Key Universität Leipzig 1665, 1666 Universität Altdorf 1666 Universiteit Leiden 1669, 1674 Johann Christoph Wichmannshausen Jacob Bernoulli Christian M. von Wolff Universität Leipzig 1685 Universität Basel 1684 Universität Leipzig 1704 Christian August Hausen Johann Bernoulli Martin Knutzen Marcus Herz Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg 1713 Universität Basel 1694 Leonhard Euler Abraham Gotthelf Kästner Franz Josef Ritter von Gerstner Immanuel Kant -
Bibliographie
Bibliographie Abraham, M. Dynamik des Electrons. Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, mathematisch-physikalische Klasse (1902) : 20–41. —. Prinzipien der Dynamik des Elektrons. Physikalische Zeitschrift 4 (1903) : 57–63. —. Die Grundhypothesen der Elektronentheorie. Physikalische Zeitschrift 5 (1904) : 576–579. Académie des sciences, dir. Index biographique des membres et correspondants de l’Aca- démie des sciences. Paris : Gauthier-Villars, 1968. Accademia dei Lincei, dir. Tullio Levi-Civita, Convegno internazionale celebrativo del Centenario. Rome : Accademia dei Lincei, 1975. Ames, J.S. L’équivalent mécanique de la chaleur. In Guillaume et Poincaré (1900–1901), 1 : 178–213, 1900. Andersson, K. Poincaré’s discovery of homoclinic points. Archive for History of Exact Sciences 48 (1994) : 135–147. Armstrong, H.E., Foster, M., Klein, F., Köppen, T.P., Poincaré, H., Rücker, A.W., Schwalbe, B., et Weiss, E. International catalogue of scientific literature : Report of the Provisional International Committee. Science 10 (1899) : 482–487. Arnoux, G. Essais de psychologie et de métaphysique positives ; la méthode graphique en mathématiques. Association française pour l’avancement des sciences 20 (1891) : 2 : 241–259. Arrhenius, S. Lehrbuch der kosmischen Physik. Leipzig : Hirzel, 1903. —. L’évolution des mondes. Paris : Librairie polytechnique, 1910. —. Conférénces sur quelques thèmes choisis de la chimie physique pure et appliquée : faites à l’université de Paris du 6 au 13 mars 1911. Paris : Hermann, 1912a. —. Die Verteilung der Himmelskörper. Meddelanden från Kungl. Vetenskaps-Akad- emiens Nobelinstitut 2.21 (1912b). Arzeliès, H. La dynamique relativiste et ses applications. 2 vols. Paris : Gauthier-Villars, 1957–1958. Arzeliès, H. et Henry, J. Milieux conducteurs ou polarisables en mouvement. -
Sagnac Effect: the Ballistic Interpretation
Sagnac Effect: The Ballistic Interpretation A. A. Faraj [email protected] Abstract: The primary objective, in the present investigation, is to calculate time-of-flight differences between the co-rotating beam and the counter-rotating beam, over the optical square loop of the Sagnac interferometer, in accordance with the assumption of velocity of light dependent upon the velocity of the light source; and then to compare the obtained results to the computed time-of-flight differences between the same two beams, based on the assumption of velocity of light independent of the velocity of the light source. And subsequently, on the basis of the numerical results of those calculations, it's concluded that, because of the presence of ballistic beaming, the Sagnac interferometer, and rotating interferometers, generally, are incapable of providing any conclusive experimental evidence for or against either one of the two diametrically opposed assumptions, under investigation. In the 1913 Sagnac experiment, for instance, the numerical values of the time-of-flight differences, as predicted by these two propositions, differ from each other by no more than an infinitesimal fraction equal to about 10-30 of a second. Keywords: Sagnac effect; fringe shift; constant speed of light; angular velocity; ballistic speed of light; headlight effect; rotating interferometer; ballistic beaming. Introduction: Undoubtedly, one of the most common oversights in the calculations of Sagnac effect and related phenomena, on the basis of the proposition of ballistic velocity of light, in the published literature, is the incorrect assumption that light traveling at the velocity of c and light traveling at the velocity resultant of c & v must always have together and share in harmony the same exact light path. -
Einstein's Apple: His First Principle of Equivalence
Einstein’s Apple 1 His First Principle of Equivalence August 13, 2012 Engelbert Schucking Physics Department New York University 4 Washington Place New York, NY 10003 [email protected] Eugene J. Surowitz Visiting Scholar New York University New York, NY 10003 [email protected] Abstract After a historical discussion of Einstein’s 1907 principle of equivalence, a homogeneous gravitational field in Minkowski spacetime is constructed. It is pointed out that the reference frames in gravitational theory can be understood as spaces with a flat connection and torsion defined through teleparallelism. This kind of torsion was first introduced by Einstein in 1928. The concept of torsion is discussed through simple examples and some historical observations. arXiv:gr-qc/0703149v2 9 Aug 2012 1The text of this paper has been incorporated as various chapters in a book of the same name, that is, Einstein’s Apple; which is available for download as a PDF on Schucking’s NYU Physics Department webpage http://physics.as.nyu.edu/object/EngelbertSchucking.html 1 1 The Principle of Equivalence In a speech given in Kyoto, Japan, on December 14, 1922 Albert Einstein remembered: “I was sitting on a chair in my patent office in Bern. Suddenly a thought struck me: If a man falls freely, he would not feel his weight. I was taken aback. The simple thought experiment made a deep impression on me. It was what led me to the theory of gravity.” This epiphany, that he once termed “der gl¨ucklichste Gedanke meines Lebens ” (the happiest thought of my life), was an unusual vision in 1907. -
The Moravian Crossroads. Mathematics and Mathematicians in Brno Between German Traditions and Czech Hopes Laurent Mazliak, Pavel Sisma
The Moravian crossroads. Mathematics and mathematicians in Brno between German traditions and Czech hopes Laurent Mazliak, Pavel Sisma To cite this version: Laurent Mazliak, Pavel Sisma. The Moravian crossroads. Mathematics and mathematicians in Brno between German traditions and Czech hopes. 2014. hal-00370948v3 HAL Id: hal-00370948 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00370948v3 Preprint submitted on 8 Aug 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The Moravian Crossroad: Mathematics and Mathematicians in Brno Between German Traditions and Czech Hopes Laurent Mazliak1 and Pavel Šišma2 Abstract. In this paper, we study the situation of the mathematical community in Brno, the main city of Moravia, between 1900 and 1930. During this time, the First World War and, as one of its consequences, the creation of the independent state of Czechoslovakia, led to the reorganization of the community. German and Czech mathematicians struggled to maintain forms of cohabitation, as political power slid from the Germans to the Czechs. We show how the most active site of mathematical activity in Brno shifted from the German Technical University before the war to the newly established Masaryk University after. -
Bernland Doctoral Thesis 2012
Integral Identities for Passive Systems and Spherical Waves in Scattering and Antenna Problems Bernland, Anders 2012 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Bernland, A. (2012). Integral Identities for Passive Systems and Spherical Waves in Scattering and Antenna Problems. Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Anders Bernland Integral Identities for Passive Systems and Spherical Waves in Scattering in and Problems Antenna and Spherical Systems Waves IdentitiesIntegral Passive for Doctoral thesis Integral Identities for Passive Systems and Spherical Waves in Scattering and Antenna Problems Anders Bernland Series of licentiate and doctoral theses Department of Electrical and Information Technology ISSN 1654-790X No. -
Figures of Light in the Early History of Relativity (1905–1914)
Figures of Light in the Early History of Relativity (1905{1914) Scott A. Walter To appear in D. Rowe, T. Sauer, and S. A. Walter, eds, Beyond Einstein: Perspectives on Geometry, Gravitation, and Cosmology in the Twentieth Century (Einstein Studies 14), New York: Springer Abstract Albert Einstein's bold assertion of the form-invariance of the equa- tion of a spherical light wave with respect to inertial frames of reference (1905) became, in the space of six years, the preferred foundation of his theory of relativity. Early on, however, Einstein's universal light- sphere invariance was challenged on epistemological grounds by Henri Poincar´e,who promoted an alternative demonstration of the founda- tions of relativity theory based on the notion of a light ellipsoid. A third figure of light, Hermann Minkowski's lightcone also provided a new means of envisioning the foundations of relativity. Drawing in part on archival sources, this paper shows how an informal, interna- tional group of physicists, mathematicians, and engineers, including Einstein, Paul Langevin, Poincar´e, Hermann Minkowski, Ebenezer Cunningham, Harry Bateman, Otto Berg, Max Planck, Max Laue, A. A. Robb, and Ludwig Silberstein, employed figures of light during the formative years of relativity theory in their discovery of the salient features of the relativistic worldview. 1 Introduction When Albert Einstein first presented his theory of the electrodynamics of moving bodies (1905), he began by explaining how his kinematic assumptions led to a certain coordinate transformation, soon to be known as the \Lorentz" transformation. Along the way, the young Einstein affirmed the form-invariance of the equation of a spherical 1 light-wave (or light-sphere covariance, for short) with respect to in- ertial frames of reference. -
Jahresbericht 2018
Jahresbericht 2018 Einleitung Im Dezember 2017 wurde der Nobelpreis für Physik an Kip Thorne, Barry Barish und Rainer Weiss für ihre besonderen Verdienste, die zum erstmaligen direkten Nachweis von Gravitationswellen (GW) führten, verliehen. Dies war für unsere Gesellschaft Grund genug, dem Thema GW auch im vergangenen Jahr ihre spezielle Aufmerksamkeit zu schenken. Es gelang für die gemeinsam mit der Universität Bern veranstalteten Einstein Lectures 2018, die turnusgemäss der Physik und Astronomie gewidmet waren, Barry Barish als hochkompetenten Redner für die üblichen drei öffentlichen Abendvorträge in der Aula der Uni Bern zu gewinnen werden. Eine Zusammenfassung der Vorlesungen ist unter „Einstein Lectures“ zu finden. Einstein Haus Die Betreuung des Einstein Hauses(EH) an der Kramgasse 49 in Bern wurde einmal mehr als die sichtbarste Aktivität der Gesellschaft bestätigt. Nachdem Ende 2017 der langjährige Leiter des Einstein-Hauses, Jürg Rub, seinen Rücktritt auf Ende 2018 ankündigt hatte, war der Vorstand im Verlaufe des Jahres bemüht, eine adäquate Nachfolge zu etablieren. Als neue Leiterin des EH wurde Frau Tatsiana Widmer gewählt; ihre Stellvertretung und die stark gewachsene Administration der Führungen übernimmt Frau Jalan Lehmann. Der Vorstand ist überzeugt, dass die beiden Damen, zusammen mit dem personell leicht veränderten Aufsichtsteam, den Betrieb des EH erfolgreich weiterführen werden. Jürg Rub, Leiter des Einstein Hauses seit 2006, kann auf eine sehr erfolgreiche Tätigkeit zurückblicken. Zusammen mit dem Vorstand der AEG half er mit, dem Einstein Haus eine stabile Zukunft als wichtige Berner Kulturstätte zu sichern. Mit seinem Engagement und Talent hat Jürg Rub viel zur Konsolidierung des Hauses und zum markanten Anstieg der jährlichen Besucherzahlen auf über 60‘000 beigetragen. -
Historia Teorii Względności
Historia TeoriiW zglêdnoœci Ciekawewyniki po1955 Zbigniew Osiak 05 Linki do moich publikacji naukowych i popularnonaukowych, e-booków oraz audycji telewizyjnych i radiowych są dostępne w bazie ORCID pod adresem internetowym: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5007-306X (Tekst) Zbigniew Osiak HISTORIA TEORII WZGLĘDOŚCI Ciekawe wyniki po 1955 (Ilustracje) Małgorzata Osiak © Copyright 2015 by Zbigniew Osiak (text) and Małgorzata Osiak (illustrations) Wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone. Rozpowszechnianie i kopiowanie całości lub części publikacji zabronione bez pisemnej zgody autora tekstu i autorki ilustracji. Portret autora zamieszczony na okładkach przedniej i tylnej Rafał Pudło Wydawnictwo: Self Publishing ISBN: 978-83-272-4479-6 e-mail: [email protected] Wstęp 5 “Historia Teorii Względności – Ciekawe wyniki po 1955” jest piątym z pięciu tomów pomocniczych materiałów do prowadzonego przeze mnie seminarium dla słuchaczy Uniwersytetu Trzeciego Wieku w Uniwersytecie Wrocławskim. Szczegółowe informacje dotyczące sygnalizowanych tam zagadnień zainteresowani Czytelnicy znajdą w innych moich eBookach: Z. Osiak: Szczególna Teoria Względności. Self Publishing (2012). Z. Osiak: Ogólna Teoria Względności. Self Publishing (2012). Z. Osiak: Antygrawitacja . Self Publishing (2012). Z. Osiak: Energia w Szczególnej Teorii Względności. SP (2012). Z. Osiak: Giganci Teorii Względności. Self Publishing (2012). Z. Osiak: Teoria Względności – Prekursorzy. Self Publishing (2012). Z. Osiak: Teoria Względności – Twórcy. Self Publishing (2013). Z. Osiak: Teoria Względności – Kulisy. Self Publishing (2012). Z. Osiak: Teoria Względności – Kalendarium. SP (2013). Wstęp 6 Zapis wszystkich pomocniczych materiałów zgrupowanych w pięciu tomach zostanie zamieszczony w internecie w postaci eBooków. Z. Osiak: Historia Teorii Względności – Od Kopernika do ewtona Z. Osiak: Historia Teorii Względności – Od ewtona do Maxwella Z. Osiak: Historia Teorii Względności – Od Maxwella do Einsteina Z.