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Spinoza on Emotion and Akrasia

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Spinoza on Emotion and Akrasia Christiaan Remmelzwaal SPINOZA ON EMOTION AND AKRASIA Doctoral dissertation defended on the 2nd of November 2015 at the University of Neuchâtel (Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Institut de Philosophie) and accepted by the dissertation committee Prof. Richard Glauser (dissertation director) Prof. Daniel Garber Prof. Olli Koistinen Dr. Mogens Lærke Prof. Michael LeBuffe 2 3 4 5 6 Summary The objective of this doctoral dissertation is to interpret the explanation of akrasia that the Dutch philosopher Benedictus Spinoza (1632-1677) gives in his work The Ethics. One is said to act acratically when one intentionally performs an action that one judges to be worse than another action which one believes one might perform instead. In order to interpret Spinoza’s explanation of akrasia, a large part of this dissertation investigates Spinoza’s theory of emotion. The first chapter is introductory and outlines Spinoza’s categorisation of mental states and his conception of the relation between the mind and the body. The second chapter deals with Spinoza’s epistemology and the relation between cognitive mental states and states of the brain. The third chapter argues that Spinoza holds that emotions are non-cognitive mental states that are caused by cognitive mental states. The fourth chapter interprets Spinoza’s discussion of the emotions of Joy and Sadness insofar as they are mental states. The fifth chapter suggests that when Spinoza says that the power of our body is increased or decreased when we are joyful or sad, he means that when we are joyful or sad then, at the same time, our heart and perhaps the organs of our digestive system are affected in such a way that our bodily health is increased or decreased. The sixth chapter points to three problems that concern Spinoza’s definitions of the psychophysical states of pleasure, pain, cheerfulness and melancholy, and offers slightly altered definitions of these states. The seventh chapter interprets the various aspects of Spinoza’s conception of the emotion of Desire, both insofar as it is a state of the mind and insofar it is a state of the body, as well as the relation between the emotion of Desire and man’s striving for self-preservation. The eighth chapter discusses what Spinoza writes on the strength of emotions and the way in which we make value judgments in order to finally interpret why it is, according to Spinoza, that ‘we so often see the better for ourselves but follow the worse’. Key words: Spinoza, Emotion, Akrasia (l’Acrasie) 7 8 Contents Abbreviations and translations ............................................................................................. 13 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 15 Chapter 1: The categories of mental states and the mind-body union .............................. 19 Section 1: The categories of mental states ............................................................................ 19 Section 2: The relation between the mind and the body ....................................................... 24 Chapter 2: Cognition ............................................................................................................. 33 Section 1: Inadequate ideas .................................................................................................. 33 Subsection 1: Sense perception .................................................................................... 34 Subsection 2: Recollection of sense perception ............................................................ 39 Subsection 3: Opinion .................................................................................................. 47 Section 2: Adequate ideas ..................................................................................................... 49 Subsection 1: Reason and intuitive knowledge ............................................................ 49 Subsection 2: Do our adequate ideas correspond to states of our body? .................... 54 Section 3: Judgements .......................................................................................................... 67 Chapter 3: The mental cause of emotion ............................................................................. 85 Section 1: Rejection of the cognitivist interpretation ........................................................... 85 Section 2: Bennett on cognition as the cause of emotion ..................................................... 96 Section 3: The distinction between ideas and emotions ....................................................... 98 Section 4: Emotions are caused by our ideas of things ...................................................... 102 Section 5: Why does Spinoza sometimes call passions mental images? ............................ 109 9 Chapter 4: The mental nature of Joy and Sadness ........................................................... 113 Section 1: Joy, Sadness and Desire are the only primary emotions ................................... 114 Section 2: Joy and Sadness are caused by our ideas of present, past, and future things. ... 116 Section 3: Love & Hate, Gladness & Regret, and Hope & Fear ........................................ 117 Section 4: Accidental causes of Joy and Sadness ............................................................... 131 Section 5: Indirect causes of Joy and Sadness .................................................................... 132 Section 6: Joy and Sadness caused by our ideas of persons ............................................... 134 Section 7: Several important secondary emotions that are kinds of Joy or Sadness .......... 140 Chapter 5: The bodily cause and nature of Joy and Sadness ........................................... 151 Section 1: The bodily nature of Joy and Sadness ............................................................... 152 Section 2: The fixed proportion of motion and rest ............................................................ 157 Section 3: The bodily cause of Joy and Sadness ................................................................ 158 Section 4: The mind’s perfection and power of thinking ................................................... 162 Chapter 6: Pleasure, Pain, Cheerfulness and Melancholy ............................................... 165 Section 1: A first problem concerning Spinoza’s definitions ............................................. 166 Section 2: A second problem concerning Spinoza’s definitions ........................................ 175 Section 3: A third problem concerning Spinoza’s definitions ............................................ 176 Section 4: Slightly altered definitions ................................................................................ 177 Section 5: These altered definitions work well within Spinoza’s moral theory ................. 178 Section 6: The importance of Health to a life in pursuit of knowledge .............................. 183 10 Chapter 7: The mental and bodily nature of Desire ......................................................... 189 Section 1: The mental cause and the mental nature of Desire ............................................ 190 Section 2: Bennett on teleological action ........................................................................... 204 Section 3: Desire qua bodily state ...................................................................................... 207 Section 4: Della Rocca and LeBuffe on the relation between Desire and the Conatus ...... 211 Section 5: The relation between Desire and the striving for self-preservation .................. 226 Subsection 5.1: We desire to imagine things our ideas of which affect us with Joy, and when we imagine something our idea of which affects us with Joy, then our bodily health increases. ......................................................................................................... 226 Subsection 5.2: Our desire to imagine the presence of a thing corresponds to our bodily action that has as goal that this thing will exist. Our desire to imagine the absence of a thing corresponds to our bodily action that has as goal that this thing will not exist. ...................................................................................................................... 231 Subsection 5.3: This emotional mechanism normally contributes to our self- preservation because it results in pleasure-seeking and pain-avoiding behaviour. .. 236 Section 6: The relation between the desire to act in such a way that the thing we love continues to exist and the desire to make the person we love joyful. ................................. 238 Chapter 8: Akrasia ............................................................................................................... 247 Section 1: Existing interpretations of Spinoza’s theory of akratic action .......................... 248 Section 2: The strength of Desire (Step 1) ......................................................................... 257 Section 3: Desire and action (Step 2) ................................................................................. 266 Section 4: Desire, value judgement and practical judgement (Step 3) ............................... 269 Section 5: Acting intentionally against our practical judgement ........................................ 275 Section 6: Acting intentionally against our rational practical judgement..........................
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