Historioa,! Revie^w

The State Historical Society of

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI BOARD OF EDITORS

LAWRENCE 0. CHRISTENSEN SUSAN M. HARTMANN University of Missouri-Rolla Ohio State University, Columbus

WILLIAM E. FOLEY ALAN R. HAVIG Central Missouri State University, Stephens College, Warrensburg Columbia

JEAN TYREE HAMILTON DAVID D. MARCH Marshall Kirksville

ARVARH E. STRICKLAND II University of Missouri-Columbia

COVER DESCRIPTION: This Joseph P. Vorst oil painting (11 5/8" x 25 7/8"), entitled A Corn Harvest, was done as a study for a pro­ posed post office mural in Vandalia. Born in Essen, Germany, Vorst studied at the Folkway Academy in Essen and the Academy of Fine Arts in Berlin. He came to St. Louis in 1930. In addition to the mural in the Vandalia post office, Vorst painted murals in the Bethany, Missouri, and Paris, Arkansas, mail facili­ ties. This rural scene was recently given to the Society by Elenore Schewe of Vandalia. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

JAMES W. GOODRICH EDITOR

LYNN WOLF GENTZLER ASSOCIATE EDITOR

CHRISTINE MONTGOMERY RESEARCH ASSISTANT

ANN L. ROGERS RESEARCH ASSISTANT

Copyright c 1995 by The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201

The Missouri Historical Review (ISSN 0026-6582) is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 10 South Hitt, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence, and change of address to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri.

SOCIETY HOURS: The Society is open to the public from 8:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., VOLUME LXXXIX Monday through Friday, and Saturday from 9:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., except legal holidays. NUMBER 2 Holiday Schedule: The Society will be closed January 14-16. JANUARY, 1995 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State-Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978. OFFICERS 1992-1995 AVIS G. TUCKER, Warrensburg, President JAMES C. OLSON, City, First Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Second Vice President VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia, Third Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, Columbia, Fourth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Liberty, Fifth Vice President ROBERT G. J. HOESTER, Kirkwood, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer JAMES W. GOODRICH, Columbia, Executive Director, Secretary, and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1995 WALTER ALLEN, Brookfield W. ROGERS HEWITT, Shelbyville JAMES A. BARNES, Raytown EMORY MELTON, Cassville VERA H. BURK, Kirksville DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City RICHARD DECOSTER, Canton STUART SYMINGTON, JR., St. Louis Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1996 HENRIETTA AMBROSE, Webster Groves FREDERICK W. LEHMANN IV, H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid Webster Groves LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis ROBERT S. DALE, Carthage WALLACE B. SMITH, Independence Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1997 ILUS W. DAVIS, Kansas City DALE REESMAN, Boonville JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ARVARH E. STRICKLAND, Columbia JAMES B. NUTTER, Kansas City BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis BOB PRIDDY, Jefferson City HENRY J. WATERS III, Columbia

BOARD OF TRUSTEES The Board of Trustees consists of one Trustee from each Congressional District of the State and fourteen Trustees elected at large. In addition to the elected Trustees, the President of the Society, the Vice Presidents of the Society, all former Presidents of the Society, and the ex officio members of the Society constitute the Board of Trustees.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Eight Trustees elected by the Board of Trustees together with the President of the Society consti­ tute the Executive Committee. The Executive Director of the Society serves as an ex officio member. WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid Avis G. TUCKER, Warrensburg LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City EDITORIAL POLICY The editors of the Missouri Historical Review welcome submission of articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Any aspect of Missouri history will be considered for publication in the Review. Genealogical studies, however, are not accepted because of limited appeal to general readers. Manu­ scripts pertaining to all fields of American history will be consid­ ered if the subject matter has significant relevance to the history of Missouri or the West.

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Articles published in the Review are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts, America: History and Life, Recently Published Articles, Writings on American History, The Western Historical Quarterly, and The Journal of American History.

Manuscripts submitted for the Review should be addressed to Dr. James W. Goodrich, Editor Missouri Historical Review The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 CONTENTS

THE MAKING OF A SUPERIOR IMMIGRANT: GEORGE HUSMANN, 1837-1854. By Linda Walker Stevens 119

FRONTIER BRIDGE BUILDING: THE HANNIBAL BRIDGE AT KANSAS CITY, 1867-1869. By Louis W. Potts and George F W. Hauck 139

IMMIGRANT CEMENT WORKERS: THE STRIKE OF 1910 IN ILASCO, MISSOURI. By Gregg Andrews 162

MISSOURI WINTER: A SEASON TO CELEBRATE—AND SURVIVE 184

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Society Holds Annual Meeting 197

Society Libraries: Newspaper Library 206

News in Brief 208

Local Historical Societies 211

Gifts 226

Missouri History in Newspapers 230

Missouri History in Magazines 236

InMemoriam 243

BOOK REVIEWS 244

BOOK NOTES 248

HISTORIC MISSOURI COLLEGES: LAGRANGE COLLEGE Inside Back Cover Husmann Family Collection

The Making of a Superior Immigrant: George Husmann, 1837-1854

BY LINDA WALKER STEVENS*

Pioneer grape culturist and winemaker George Husmann sprang from a family and a tradition that implicitly demanded honor and accomplishment, and he was not a man to shrink from duty or destiny. Each public act of his maturity embodied that upright dignity with which his background had imbued him. Although naturally of a shy, introspective nature, self-effacing and sensitive, steeped from early childhood in idealism and German Romanticism, and awed by the example of his vigorously moral father,

*Linda Walker Stevens is a writer and a viniculture historian who lives in Hermann, where she is currently at work on a biography of George Husmann. She received the B.A. and M.F.A. degrees from Western Washington University, Bellingham. The author wishes to acknowledge research assistance provided by Gail Unzelman. Copyright of this article is retained by Linda Walker Stevens, 1995. 119 120 Missouri Historical Review

Martin, and idolized elder half brother Fritz, Husmann subscribed perfectly, if unconsciously, to the peculiarly German notion of a reprasentativ life.1 His solidly middle-class German roots molded his conduct and identity into the form expected of him. In essence, Husmann's heritage shaped his reality. For this precept George Husmann had several prime models to emu­ late in his immediate family. The mid-nineteenth-century virtues of piety, prudence, and sentimentality found full expression in the household of his youth. The ancient and influential Wesselhoeft clan, replete with its patrician trappings and its literary links at Jena, had rendered a daughter of one of its less materially successful scions to forge a respectable connection with the Hannoverian family of Husmanns.2 In 1826, Louise Charlotte Wesselhoeft, the twenty-six-year-old daughter of a deceased Meyenburg merchant, mar­ ried Johann Heinrich Martin Husmann, veteran schoolmaster of Meyenburg. Lotte became Martin's second wife, stepmother to his five children, and on November 4, 1827, mother of Johann Georg Hermann Carl Husmann.3 For all his worthy lineage, the boy's beginning was unimpressive. He proved puny and sickly. The village physician prescribed a milk diet for the struggling lad, and his father kept him out of school, overseeing his educa­ tion at home until the stripling survived into his eighth year. By this time George's eldest half sister, Marianne, his uncle Johann Georg Wesselhoeft, and a coterie of other family members and friends had immigrated to America, "allured by the then popular work of [Gottfried] Duden."4

1 German Romanticism not only exalted nature as the vesture of divinity but also cele­ brated the individual's longing toward unattainable perfection. Humanistic in focus, the phi­ losophy gave rise to German liberalism and the political movements that championed individ­ ual rights. Perhaps its greatest artistic expression is found in the works of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. In the German sense, reprasentativ indicates the responsibility of leading a public life that is in keeping with one's position and with the world's expectations. This philosophy was honored among middle-class and upper-middle-class (patrician) Germans, as well as the aris­ tocracy, and is loosely related to the English sense of a representative person as being one who stands for a larger group. 2 Friedrich Frommann, husband of Johanna Carlotte Wesselhoeft, and Johann Carl Wesselhoeft, his brother-in-law, were publishers at Jena. J. G. Wesselhoeft apprenticed under these uncles. Goethe frequented this household, and his warm relationship with the family is described in Bayard Taylor's "Weimar in June," Atlantic Monthly 39 (January 1877): 61-69; in Robert E. Cazden's "Johann Georg Wesselhoeft and the German Book Trade in America," in The German Contribution to the Building of the Americas: Studies in Honor of Karl J. R. Arndt, ed. Gerhard K. Friesen and Walter Schatzberg ([Worcester, Mass.]: Clark University Press, 1977), 217-234; and in an unpublished Wesselhoeft family memoir, comp. Walter Wesselhoeft Hoffman, n.d., copy in the author's collection. 3 Civil records, Bremen and Meyenburg (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Genealogical Collection), microfilm 1,271,211 and 148. 4 George Husmann memoir, copy in the author's collection. This document is the source for facts and quotes in this article, except where noted. The Making of a Superior Immigrant 121

Friedrich Conrad "Fritz" Husmann, George's aesthetic, intellectual brother, who had come home from the university in Bremen to recuperate following a lung hemorrhage, chafed to join the general exodus to the New World. Father Martin Husmann apparently entertained this plan as early as 1835 but delayed acting on it for reasons now obscure. He did, however, order his affairs in Germany so as to allow for his departure with three months notice.5 Disappointed but dutiful, Fritz resumed his physiology studies at the university in Verden, where the climate, supposedly, would prove more favorable to his delicate health.6 The immigration plan clearly proceeded via communications with the Philadelphia family contingent, for in 1836 both Martin and Friedrich Husmann purchased newly issued stock in the German Settlement Society of Philadelphia, an organization for which J. G. Wesselhoeft, publisher of Philadelphia's Alte und Neue Welt, served as secretary and avid promoter.7

5 F. H. M. Husmann to Marianne Husmann Hering, 8 May 1835, Dr. Constantine Hering Collection, Hahnemann University Archives, Philadelphia. 6 F. C. Husmann to Marianne Husmann Hering, 21 April 1835, ibid. 7 J. H. M. Husmann Probate File, box 3, packet 1, item 6, Gasconade County Courthouse, Hermann; records of the German Settlement Society of Philadelphia on micro­ film, Deutschheim State Historic Site, Hermann. For a history of the society see William G. Bek, The German Settlement Society of Philadelphia and Its Colony, Hermann, Missouri, trans. Elmer Danuser and ed. Dorothy Heckmann Shrader (Hermann, Mo.: American Press, Inc., 1984). For a sketch of Wesselhoeft see Cazden, "Wesselhoeft and the German Book Trade in America."

Courtesy Archives, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia,

Johann Georg Wesselhoeft immigrated to Philadelphia, where he published the weekly Alte und Neue Welt. 122 Missouri Historical Review

In anticipation of their transplanted home, Father Husmann read descriptions of life in the far western frontier to his family. Besides Duden's overly sanguine account of a Missouri squatter's life, Martin regaled his eager children with James Fenimore Cooper's romantic Leather-Stocking Tales. The predictable result was that, as George Husmann later recorded in his memoir, "this distant country had charmed and inflamed our youthful imaginations." Finally, in the summer of 1837 the Husmann dog, Pluto, obediently set­ tled on a neighboring stoop and forlornly watched the assemblage of Meyenburg residents, each bearing "some homely remembrance" for their beloved teacher and his revered wife, "the good angel" of their village. The family sat atop their loaded wagon, aimed for the port at Bremerhaven. The dog's lifelong playmate, nine-year-old George, though longing for the adventures that lay ahead, felt this parting from Pluto "as hard to my child­ ish soul as anything that happened." The sixty-two-day voyage aboard the three-masted ship Clementine gave young George no cause for disappointment. Housed in the compara­ tive luxury of a private cabin, the Husmanns suffered only a single night of stomach qualms, while their fellow passengers in more confined quarters belowdecks found it difficult to recuperate. The workings of the magnifi­ cent vessel and its tidy, song-loving sailors and friendly, efficient mates awed the lad. The jolly, rotund German captain consistently beamed at his passengers and crew, and in the calm drift of the evenings, he ordered the clean-washed decks cleared for dancing to the music of an improvised orchestra of guitars, flutes, zithers, and violins. A glistening company of dolphins escorted the ship for several days, dogged by sinister sharks trail­ ing in the wake. Flying fish misjudged their leaps and landed, gasping, on the rolling deck. Porpoises gamboled and whales spouted, all in view of the enchanted child. Even a furious storm, viewed from a safe spot on deck, proved vividly entertaining. On an Indian summer evening in September, the New World hoisted its shores above the haze and beckoned the immigrants, who cheered it beneath the bright moon. "The musicians struck up a lively march," Husmann recalled, "and the old captain himself led it, with my mother, with the state­ ly courtesy of the olden time, and his round face shining with fun and hilari­ ty .. . they made a great couple indeed. He corpulent to obesity and she light as a fairy." He continued: "That this age of steam has done much to make communications quicker, easier, and cheaper, no one can doubt, but even at this late date [1896], I cannot see a vessel with all its sails unfurled, 'walking the water as a thing of life,' as Byron so well describes it, without thinking that it embodies the poetry of seafaring life." The seafaring life appealed to one other than this youngest member of the Husmann clan: George's eldest brother, Adolph, had succumbed to its The Making of a Superior Immigrant 123 siren song over six years before. The family had heard little from their "wildboy" since that time, but as his rovings had last been reported from America, they hoped to find him here. With that hope, among so many oth­ ers, buoying their spirits, the family viewed the novel vista their new land presented from their anchorage opposite Staten Island. The varied colors of autumn covering the woods and clearings charmed them, accustomed as they were to the "somber tints of northern Germany, where Spring is the most beautiful season of the year." At last the Clementine left quarantine and sailed into the crowded harbor. No sooner had it docked than a former Husmann pupil came aboard with a welcome basket of fresh bread and cakes from his Manhattan bakery and restaurant. He insisted that the family accompany him to his home for the intervening night they must spend in this "modern Babel" before continuing their journey to Philadelphia. Once they were on their own again, Fritz, conversant in five languages, acted as interpreter for the overawed travelers. The strange language and the unexpected encounters with "black and colored" faces intimidated the immigrants. Furthermore, the railway cars—only rumored about in their prior experience—astounded them by the "rattle, noise, and velocity" with which they were "pulled by a single, puffing monster in front." The Philadelphia reunion was ecstatic. George's beautiful sister Marianne with her celebrated husband, Dr. Constantine Hering, and Uncle J. G. Wesselhoeft formed the enthusiastic greeting party. "My heart was taken

Husmann Family Collection

Marianne Husmann Hering immigrated to Philadelphia with family members and friends during the early 1830s. 124 Missouri Historical Review captive at once by this strange, dark looking brother," Husmann wrote of his first meeting with Hering. "He seemed to me, accustomed to the lighter complexions of Northern Germany, that he could and would do and dare almost anything in a good cause. And his whole life has shown that this first impression was fully verified."8 A family council convened at the Hering home, with the consensus being that Martin Husmann and Fritz should venture to "the promised land in Missouri" to prospect a site for the proposed farmstead. Thus, these two pioneers followed hard on the heels of agent George Bayer and his surveyor and became the first society members to select their future farmlands at Hermann. Although he proved disappointed with Bayer's choice of a site for the settlement—his opinion anticipating that of other early German set­ tlers—the elder Husmann nevertheless stuck by his decision to participate in founding the Hermann colony. He initially located 160 acres of rolling wilderness, touched by the future Little Berger Creek, about four miles east of the proposed townsite, and purchased it from the federal government. He soon added an adjoining forty acres that contained a cleared field of ten acres. The optimistic schoolmaster had taken on an outsized parcel of untamed backwoods Missouri. He would later exercise his shareholder's right to claim lots within the city limits of Hermann, securing several prime locations on the riverfront.9 Meanwhile, in Philadelphia, George and his sixteen-year-old twin sis­ ters, Johanna and Josephine, were receiving their first lessons in English. Ten-year-old George also sought to make himself useful to his uncles by working as a printer's devil and doing odd jobs around the offices of the weekly Alte und Neue Welt. During the winter of 1837-1838 the children of the Hering household fell victim to a smallpox epidemic from which the baby, Odelie, died. As a result of this shared tribulation, the families were knit more closely than ever. All the relatives waited anxiously for the infre­ quent letters from their loved ones in the "Terra incognita" of the Far West. In March 1838 Martin Husmann returned to Philadelphia to pack his family and their worldly possessions for the tiresome trek to Missouri. Chambersburg, across the Allegheny Mountains, provided the final stop for the westward railroad, and from there the Husmanns embarked on a canal

8 Constantine Hering founded the first homeopathic medical institution in the world at Allentown, Pennsylvania, in 1835, then established his Homeopathic College of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia in 1848. He wrote 325 articles on homeopathic remedies and edited or wrote 89 books and pamphlets. Hering served as the "poor man's doctor" of Philadelphia, unwilling to turn away any patient in need of his healing arts. In addition to his medical practice, he was an outspoken leader among Philadelphia's abolitionists from about 1850 and, prior to the Civil War, trained black doctors, who were denied admittance by other medical schools. 9 Husmann memoir and Gasconade County Deed Records, Book B, 396-397, Book D, 430-431, and Book H, 591-592, Gasconade County Courthouse. The Making of a Superior Immigrant 125 boat bound for the "grimy" city of Pittsburgh, a slow, tedious five-day jour­ ney. From Pittsburgh a steamer floated them, via Louisville and Cincinnati, to St. Louis, two weeks downstream. "Economy at every stage was the watch word, only preparatory to the harder times beyond." Only gradually did hard times creep up on the wanderers. Unwilling to subject his family to immediate, bitter hardships on the unimproved proper­ ty at Hermann, Father Husmann had rented a comfortable ten-acre farm four miles outside St. Louis. There the family intended to practice market gar­ dening throughout the summer months, gaining both income and experience to apply toward the more demanding life that lay ahead in the wilderness. As a rural schoolmaster in Germany, Martin Husmann had been allot­ ted, in addition to his salary and dwelling, a plot to garden, a field to culti­ vate, and a pasture and meadow to support his livestock. He had proved both willing and diligent at his agricultural tasks. All of nature became a classroom for his studies, as well as his lessons. Year-round, he had encour­ aged his children—by which he indicated his students, as well—to accom­ pany him on a daily ramble to view the changeable beauty and fitness of the earth's forms. If the winter ice prevented walking, the enthusiasts skated along the country trails. Many years after his father's death, Professor George Husmann recounted and glorified those daily adventures in an address delivered to the Normal Institute in Columbia. It was those pre­ cious meanderings, he related, that instilled in his mind an abiding love for the beauties of the earth "and a habit to 'look from nature up to nature's God.'"10 It was no novice, then, who took up gardening for profit at St. Louis, and the freshness and health of the Husmann produce created a ready market in the town. Frau Husmann augmented the family industry by making fresh butter and cheese for sale to the Vauxhall Gardens. Vauxhall, a popular resort on the outskirts of St. Louis, was then being rented from the Soulard family by Lotte Husmann's brother Carl Wesselhoeft, her sister Caroline, and her brother-in-law, Frank Franksen. As the "youngest and least useful" member of the family, it fell to George, twice a week in the springtime, to carry his mother's dairy produce to his aunt. "For a small and weak boy in his eleventh year, this walk of eight miles [round-trip] seemed rather hard, but it served to my muscles and nerves for a life in the backwoods, for which I pined with a child's longing." There was little time to pine, however, once the vegetables grew ready. At half-past two every morning of that summer and fall, George and Fritz mounted the wagon to drive the produce into town, arriving at the market at daybreak. They readily sold their fresh vegetables to the French and 10 George Husmann, "The Knowledge of Plant Life," Fourteenth Annual Report of the State Board of Agriculture of the State of Missouri, for the year 1879 (Jefferson City: Carter & Regan, 1880), 25. 126 Missouri Historical Review

Friedrich Conrad "Fritz " Husmann served as tutor and role model for his younger half brother, George.

Husmann Family Collection German housewives, returned home at noon, rested until two, and spent the afternoon picking and washing the peas, beans, turnips, beets, and radishes in preparation for the next day. Bedtime—at eight o'clock—found their minds and bodies fully spent. The tally of this conscientious labor yielded but a bare living. The time seemed ripe in November 1838 for the sturdiest, most capable of the family members to proceed to Hermann and to begin building a new home. Accordingly, Father Husmann, Fritz, and their favorite daughter and sister, Josephine, accompanied by Herr Englke Arnke, a fellow passenger from the Clementine, left by wagon on their Hermann pilgrimage. Frau Husmann and her two remaining charges joined George's uncles and aunt, who had moved to the management of the Camp Spring resort. Located one mile west of the courthouse on old Manchester Road and Market Street, Camp Spring ranked as the favored pleasure spot of the German and French popu­ lations of St. Louis and also provided a popular stopping place for team­ sters. Although timid in company, George earned his keep at the resort as errand boy, waiter, and pinsetter on the several bowling alleys the resort pro­ vided. His sister Johanna, "of a bright, mischievous disposition," bloomed amid the gay society of the cultured and educated guests. Delayed by a snowstorm on the fourth day of their journey, the family vanguard finally reached the neighboring farm of August Leimer on the evening of the fifth day and were cordially received and installed into the household. Their host, a twenty-four-year-old bachelor and a Philadelphian The Making of a Superior Immigrant 127 by birth, had erected a fine farmhouse of hewn logs, a story and a half high and fronted by a long porch. Leimer, a lively romancer of the pioneer life, was destined to become the well-known, jovial host of the Leimer Hotel on Wharf Street in Hermann, prospering there until his untimely death in I860.11 Fritz and Leimer shared congenial tastes in music and literature, result­ ing in a warm friendship between the young men. The strumming of their guitars and the melodic blending of their baritone voices with Josephine's sweet pitch, in celebration of the old, beloved aires of the Fatherland, lightened many dark winter nights. The days, however, brought relentless drudgery. Martin Husmann, scion of a family of builders at Sulingen, could not entertain the thought of bringing his worthy wife to a small, crude log cabin in the wilderness. He contracted for a two-story hewn log house of four rooms with a dogtrot pas­ sageway between and a double veranda across the front. It would eventually be touted as arguably the largest and finest log home in the state, but in these first pioneering days, the model homestead represented a source of almost unendurable labor.12 While the carpenter superintended the job of construc­ tion and did all the finer work—giving the logs their final dressing with a broadax, planing the doors and tongue-in-groove flooring, and creating cab­ inetry—the small Husmann workforce took charge of the heavier labor. Fritz and Arnke felled trees, hauled them to the site, and rough-hewed the logs, while Father Husmann undertook the chore of grubbing and clearing an acre of land around their future home. In late winter "a logging bee was called, at which all the neighbors assisted." In March 1839 the house was roofed, and one room was completed, given a double floor, chinked, and plastered with clay. In the passage and the other rooms only the floors were laid, using floated to Hermann from the sawmills on the Gasconade River, then allowed to dry for a month. Satisfied that the farm was habitable, the thaw complete, and navigation open on the rivers, Martin Husmann traveled to St. Louis to escort his wife and children to their new house in the woods. His excited little son stood at the boat railing, looking across the heavily trafficked Mississippi toward Alton until they steamed onto the Big Muddy, turbulent and rain-swollen, and began their journey home in earnest. With great curiosity the boy watched the landings at St. Charles, Augusta, Washington, and Pinkney slide by, but his most memorable sight of the trip appeared on the afternoon

11 Husmann memoir and August Leimer Probate File, box 16, packet 5, item 1, Gasconade County Courthouse. 12 Jacob Naumann, My Journey to America, 1836-1843, trans. Anna Kemper Hesse (Hermann, Mo.: n.p., 1969), 32. This reference is also cited in Charles van Ravenswaay, The Arts and Architecture of German Settlements in Missouri (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1977), 125. 128 Missouri Historical Review of the second day when their riverboat approached the new village of Hermann, consisting of about sixty houses lining the roughly logged streets. "Our captain would not land at the upper landing, claiming that he could not do so, but in reality because the steamboat people had an aversion to the 'Dutch Town,' as they called it, and often did not land at all." Once unloaded, the newcomers soon were welcomed joyfully by a crowd of townsfolk whom George Husmann recalled as being friendly, good-natured, thoughtful, and decidedly "motley" in their appearance: "Coming from all parts of Germany and even Switzerland, many of them in the costumes of their native province and speaking its own peculiar dialect, we could hardly understand them." Gradually, the Husmanns acclimated, making the difficult adjustments that their new environment required. The lad George, plagued with a home­ sickness near to despondency, learned, earlier than most dreamers must, to be careful with his wishes. The adventure had ended, but the trials and sor­ rows to which it had obligated them loomed pitilessly over their futures. Once again, as the family member who could best be spared from the work of homesteading, George walked into town to sell his mother's cheese and butter. "But it was a change: our customers rather pitied the weakly boy, and as my stock in trade was always fresh and good, I had no trouble disposing of it, carrying such groceries as we needed from the stores; and the good women generally refreshed me with a cup of coffee and a piece of bread or cake." Additionally, it fell to George's lot to drive the oxen during plowing. The stubborn beasts dragged the hapless child along against his will, ignoring his commands, so that by nightfall his throat was parched and sore from yelling at them. The immigrants learned to tolerate new and unappealing foods, such as cornmeal—which they would have considered fit only for animal feed in the Old Country—and eighteen-hour days filled with grueling work, lonesome- ness, and danger. Snakes of all kinds were abundant, with rattlers represent­ ing the greatest threat. Encounters with wild animals imparted the thrill of excitement to many otherwise routine days. Raccoons, wildcats, opossums, and minks threatened the chickens, but the Americans, in turn, threatened the rabbits, quail, pheasants, turkeys, squirrels, and deer. The German farm­ ers found little time to hunt in those early years but could purchase an entire deer carcass from their American neighbors for a dollar. Like their neigh­ bors, both German and American, the Husmanns suffered their share of gruesome accidents and life-threatening diseases during the early settlement years in Missouri, and their family circle would dwindle as a result. In the summer of 1839 a German visitor to Hermann, Jacob Naumann, worked for Martin Husmann for two months and recorded his impressions of the family in his journal. He began by characterizing Husmann: "A few The Making of a Superior Immigrant 129 days after my arrival I had the pleasure of meeting the superior immigrant of this community." Naumann enlarged on his description:

Mr. Husmann was a worthy man. His wife, who died barely a year later, was a wonderful housewife. They had four children. The oldest son, a well-built, fine young man. . . . The youngest was a good little boy. So also the two sisters who were beautiful, capable and did a lot of work. This family was disappointed in America, but lucky for them that they were the type of people who make the best of things, so peace and quiet reigned in their household. Later I visited them often and always found a sincere wel­ come. Many a happy hour I spent in their midst and thankfully think of those times.13

The meritorious influence of Martin Husmann on the early community at Hermann is also documented in other contemporary sources. Franz von Loher, a political essayist, director of Bavaria's legal archives, and writer of a copious number of stylish travel books, ventured to Hermann in 1846, vis­ ited with the Husmanns, and reported on the experience: "I still remember vividly one dear, upright man. In Germany he had been a teacher in a municipal school. Now, even though a 60-year-old, he worked his farm with vigor, strength, and good cheer. . . . His daughter [Josephine], a sweet

Naumann, My Journey to America, 32-33.

Husmann Family Collection

Although disappointed with the site chosen by the German Settlement Society, Martin Husmann energetically established a home and farm for his family in the Missouri wilderness. 130 Missouri Historical Review

German lass, shone like a pearl in the dark forest."14 Martin Husmann's cultural counterpart in Warren County, Friedrich Muench—minister, philosopher, politician, and viticulturist—credited him with being among the first grape growers at Hermann.15 George Husmann also documented that his father had shown the first impulse to champion winegrowing at Hermann, from about 1841, promoting that industry even in the face of ridicule from certain fellow residents.16 His son further recorded that Father Husmann, a former church organist, conducted Sunday meetings on the farm prior to the founding of St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church in Hermann. Eventually, Martin Husmann also learned to administer home­ opathic cures and gained "a larger practice than any of the Allopaths" at Hermann. In addition to these laurels, a review of deed and probate records for Gasconade County reveals that the elder Husmann maintained friend­ ship, business, and financial connections with almost all of the substantial citizens of the Hermann colony. In his home Father Husmann invited implicit respect and obedience. Summing him up in his recollections, George described his father as "strict and determined, yet universally beloved." Martin's prayer closed the fami­ ly's day each evening, and his voice roused them again at four each morn­ ing, calling, "Children, get up! We have overslept ourselves." "We had hardly thought so," observed George Husmann wryly from his vantage point sixty years later. Nevertheless, he and Fritz rose from their warm— sometimes snow-covered—beds and dressed in the cold without a murmur of complaint, although the busy summer and fall had caused the men to neglect plastering their unfinished room. They then went outside to feed the livestock before settling next to the kitchen fire to enjoy their own welcome breakfast. Simple pleasures occasionally punctuated the colonists' laborious grind. The pleasant evening hours around the stove when Fritz read to them in his well-modulated voice or played his guitar to accompany their songs, as well as a pattern of rural social events, brought relief from the general monotony of their days. There were house-raisings, logging bees, harvest gatherings, corn-shucking parties, and quilting bees. Meals, a standard feature of all these work-related engagements, were often followed by dances, where a host of proficient fiddlers provided music. "The utmost good humor was generally the order of the day and night."

14 Frederic Trautmann, "Missouri Through A German's Eyes: Franz von Loher on St. Louis and Hermann," Missouri Historical Review 11 (July 1983): 388. 15 Friedrich Muench, Vine Culture in Missouri (Farmers and Vine Growers Society of New York, ca. 1865), 4. Manuscript in the Houghton Library, Harvard University. 16 George Husmann, The Cultivation of the Native Grape and Manufacture of American Wines (New York: F. W. Woodward, 1868), 17. The Making of a Superior Immigrant 131

Of their first months on the farm, Husmann wrote:

After we had harvested our corn and potatoes, and also housed a large crop of turnips, from new land, winter set in, after the glorious days of Indian Summer had preceded it. Our work had been moderately successful, the crops satisfactory, and we prepared to clear a larger tract for the coming season. Trees were felled, rails made to fence 30 acres, during the hard, frosty weather; and during the mild intervals the ground was grubbed, and land cleared, ready for the plow. During the deep snows of that winter [1839], several flocks of wild turkeys came to our door, giving us fine roasts. Quail were trapped, sometimes a dozen at a time, and our dogs chased many a rabbit into a hollow tree, all this giving a wholesome change to our daily fare of corn dodgers, potatoes and pork. After supper all gathered around the genial stove, and after my lessons, brother Fritz read to us until nine or ten o'clock, while mother and sister plied the busy needle.

The first loss to the Husmann family fold had occurred in the fall of 1839. "Only sister Johanna could not accustom herself to this dull routine." She left for Camp Spring to help her uncles and aunt. "Thus our little circle became still smaller and the duties of the remaining ones still more ardu­ ous." Fritz had assumed the responsibility for tutoring George. He instructed his brother in English, German, and French grammar, and together they read the German classics. "With my enthusiastic love for the teacher, aided by a good memory, my progress was rapid" in all, that is, except mathematics, which young George disliked. Additionally, having studied Constantine Hering's useful book, Domestic Physician, Fritz had acquired a proficiency in homeopathic medical treatments, and farmers from miles around fre­ quently consulted with him. Thus, in the early summer of 1840, following the death of Marianne Husmann Hering, the doctor wrote asking that Fritz join him in Philadelphia. He wished to have his wife's favorite brother with him—to salve his grief, to help guide his children, and to study at the med­ ical college at his expense. Cognizant of the family's hardships, Hering also offered to pay the wages of a farm laborer to shoulder Fritz's duties. George's idol prepared to leave in August of 1840. Concerning that painful parting, Husmann reminisced:

I could not leave him the last few hours. "George," he said, "follow your studies of English and German diligently . . . you are now far advanced enough to understand the beauties of the best authors . . . Cultivate a taste for reading . . . love good books as your best friends, but shun all that do not tend to make you better, wiser and happier." . . . When the departing steamer took him from our sight, I looked at his handkerchief waving a 132 Missouri Historical Review

Constantine Hering founded the Homeopathic College of Pennsyl­ vania in Philadelphia in 1848.

Courtesy Archives, Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

farewell, until it became only a speck in the distance, and felt that I had parted from the dearest friend I had on earth. But I followed his advice, books became my cherished companions through life, in every hour I could spare to read them, and my comfort in many sorrows and disappointments.

All too soon George had occasion once again to test his ability to cope with grief and loss. On his thirteenth birthday, November 4, 1840, his cher­ ished mother died of "brain fever." "We could hardly realize that her place at our fireside must henceforth be vacant," Husmann lamented over half a century later, "and nothing remained but the memory of her kind and loving voice. She had been the conscience of the household, her most gentle reproof sank deep into our hearts, and a word of praise from her was our richest reward." Elsewhere in his memoir he paid his mother this tribute: "An old time woman, womanly in all her instincts, an ever busy housewife, and loved by her children, as only such women can be loved. How [few] of the new women are like her; yet she thought she was only doing her duty." George's dreams, in the winter and spring of 1841, were visited by remembrances of his mother, his departed sister, and his distant brother, but his waking hours waxed full to overflowing with the dreary necessities of daily life, and his thoughts were directed on the cold consolations of "an immortal life, and a meeting beyond." The summer of 1841 brought a per­ manent parting with Johanna, who could not reconcile herself to life in The Making of a Superior Immigrant 133

Missouri. Her father gave his reluctant permission for her to join the Hering household in Philadelphia, where her motherless niece and nephew profited by Martin's decision. The years struggled on for the trio left on the farm. Times were hard and prices so low that, now that the indomitable Husmanns at last had a crop to sell, "we were hardly paid enough to take it to market." The reduced manpower on the farm compelled them to hire more help to farm their forty tillable acres. George, still small and weak for his age, com­ menced to plow in 1841, reaching up to grasp the plow handles, "willing enough, but still not able to do a man's work." Josephine became the light of that darkened household. She stayed incessantly busy with the less arduous outside chores, with the cooking and housekeeping, and with sewing and darning until late into the night— "yet always up at four in the morning, bright as a lark and cheering herself and us with the simple songs of the fatherland when at work, and a world of comfort to both of us." Josephine resembled Fritz, not only physically, but in inclination and disposition, "being both of them the most unselfish of mortals, thinking of the welfare of others, before their own, and always ready for any sacrifice of time and labor, if they could see any benefit for others in it." As a lifetime of service would show, their admiring sibling had taken their examples to heart.

Courtesy Vicki Shepperd Chin

Josephine Husmann 134 Missouri Historical Review

Sundays frequently brought visitors from town or abroad, "which were always a delight to father and sister, while my taste led me to a ramble in the woods in quest of wild fruits or game, building many an air castle in the shade of a tree, and generally brought some booty home with me. Of the fruits then plentiful in the forest and prairie, we had wild strawberries, black-eye raspberries, wild plums, huckleberries, the Virginia bird cherry, summer and winter grapes, and persimmons." This bountiful terrain provid­ ed a living paradise and a suitable workshop for a budding fruit grower and nurseryman. George sometimes indulged his lifelong love of fishing on his free Sundays. Sometimes the family walked to town to visit with friends and inspect the improvements. Hermann had grown to about three hundred houses by 1840. A horse mill had been built by order of the town trustees and was operated by August Leimer, who soon, however, tired of this stodgy milling and invested in a steam mill and distillery built by Messrs. Gamier and Metzger. A steam sawmill stood at the mouth of Frene Creek, and several hotels and stores flourished. All the trades were represented, and Herr Pommer had even established a piano factory. "A pretty school house was built in the center of the town," and entertainments were held at the Erholung Society's handsome hall. "A few well educated families had settled there, attracted by the romantic scenery and the air of thrift the settle­ ment assumed. So everything looked promising and smiling." By the winter of 1842-1843, the family's fortune seemed to improve. Adolph, the prodigal son whom they had begun to lament as dead, appeared in Philadelphia and determined to travel to his Missouri kin. He arrived at Hermann in March 1843, assumed a share of the farm labors, and amazed and delighted his family and their friends with tales of his many adventures on the sea, in distant ports, and as a volunteer scout under Sam Houston in Texas. That spring also brought the triumphant news that Fritz had passed his medical examination with high honors and had officially assumed his duties as Hering's assistant. When he visited them for a month the follow­ ing summer, they found him "the same unselfish, loving and genial compan­ ion as formerly, entering into all our affairs with heartfelt sympathy." Fritz's interval with them "capped the climax of our happiness," wrote George. With his future assured, Fritz desired to provide this same good fortune for his adoring younger brother. He proposed to take George back to Philadelphia with him to study medicine. Even his love and admiration for his brother, however, could not overcome George's lack of confidence, his extreme shyness, and an aversion to the study of anatomy and surgery. When Fritz left alone in September 1843, they had seen his dear face for the last time. He died during a typhoid epidemic in 1845, all his noble aspira­ tions buried with him. George expressed the opinion that Fritz, like his sis­ ter Josephine, was too good for this sordid world. The Making of a Superior Immigrant 135

In the spring of 1847, nineteen-year-old George Husmann planted a vineyard on the Husmann farm, obtaining cuttings of Catawba and Isabella grapes from Cincinnati, while his father was engaged in purchasing a mill on Wharf Street in Hermann. That same spring another historically impor­ tant planting took place on the eastern outskirts of the village: Saxon Carl Teubner purchased two hundred acres, including a high bluff on the , and brought eight thousand fruit trees and vines of the choicest varieties from Cincinnati, thereby introducing the Herbemont grape to Missouri. Teubner formed what Husmann later termed "the nucleus of fruit growing and winemaking around Hermann" and initiated the first reli­ able nursery in the state.17 Carl (more often Americanized as Charles) Teubner, a well-educated, well-traveled, and cultured gentleman, soon found his way to the Husmann farm, becoming a regular Sunday visitor. He was notably cordial yet respectful in manner. Both George and Father Husmann were pleased when this congenial companion showed an attraction to Josephine and "an attach­ ment sprung up, which soon ripened into love." Teubner built a large, clas­ sically German brick house and a separate hillside wine cellar facing the river, just a short walk from the bustling Hermann wharf. In September 1847 half the town assembled in the "old orchard" on Teubner's farm to wit­ ness his wedding to Josephine. "They were a truly handsome couple," brother George wrote, "he tall and dark, with regular features and an intelli­ gent face. She blonde and of medium height, perhaps not beautiful, but with sincerity, good will and health beaming from every feature." The couple's bliss was quickly marred when, in November, Martin Husmann was crushed to death in the machinery of his mill. He did not live to see his faith in grape culture at Hermann fully justified. Twenty-year-old George, who had been managing the mill, could no longer bear to enter the premises, nor could he stay on the lonely farm. He moved into the grand new Teubner house and began a two-year apprenticeship under his brother- in-law, during which he "imbibed the love for all choice fruits, but especial­ ly for the noble grape, the finest of all, which has clung to me during good and bad fortune all my life."18 Life proved idyllic on the prosperous Teubner place. In October 1849 The Western Journal prefaced an informative letter from Hermann winegrower Michael Poeschel by remarking: "It is wonder­ ful that so many of our citizens subject themselves to the privations and hardships incident to a trip to California, in search of gold, when it can be so

17 "Autobiography of George Husmann," 2, private family collection, copy in the author's collection. Teubner's introduction of the Herbemont grape variety is also document­ ed in Husmann's An Essay on the Culture of the Grape in the Great West (Hermann, Mo.: Chas. W. Kielmann, 1863), 40. 18 Husmann "Autobiography," 2. 136 Missouri Historical Review

Carl Teubner was among the early winegrowers of Hermann.

Husmann Family Collection easily obtained by dressing the vine, and pressing the delicious fluid from rich clusters of grapes, amidst the pleasant hills and vallies of southern Missouri."19 Although George Husmann undoubtedly read this opinion, he was still young and romantic enough to fall prey to California gold fever. March of 1850 found him, like many others of his Hermann contemporaries, on the trail west. Carl Teubner, although under the care of the visiting Constantine Hering, died in September 1851, leaving his bereft young widow with an extensive farming operation, a two-year-old son, and immediate hopes of another baby. Josephine naturally turned to her devoted brother, George. There could not have been the least fear that he would fail her. The erst­ while prospector returned as quickly as possible from his indifferent success in El Dorado. Arriving at Hermann in March 1852, he immediately assumed the duties of manager of the nursery and kindly father figure for his two tiny nephews. The treasure Husmann brought back from California was inside him and had been quietly accruing there for years, though only now did it come fully into surface view. The weakling lad had matured into a man to be relied on—looked up to, despite his lack of physical stature. His muscles had hardened, but his true strength was that of the spirit. He found an abundance of work waiting for him on the neglected fruit farm, which was just coming into bearing, but he was energetic and, by his

"The Vineyards of Hermann, Mo.," The Western Journal 3 (October 1849): 53. The Making of a Superior Immigrant 137 own account, ambitious. He had never grafted or propagated young trees, but the nursery had been commenced and a good stock from which to prop­ agate existed in the orchard and vineyard. Studying Teubner's small library of horticultural books and practicing by lamplight, Husmann quickly mas­ tered the art of grafting. His success encouraged him sufficiently to lay the foundations for a thriving nursery business. Once his sister's interests were under control, Husmann took occasion to survey the local wine industry. During his absence it had continued to grow, but Hermann's wine reputation suffered from its chronic malaise. Reports had recently come from St. Louis that certain Hermann vintners "had peddled wretched samples of wine from inn to inn that could not be sold at any price."20 Articles printed around 1852 suggest that while grape rot, frosts, and other natural viticultural hazards constantly threatened the harvest, an even greater threat to the grapes existed in the cellars. Missouri winegrowers were generally unfamiliar with standard winemaking proce­ dures and equipment. They used contaminated barrels and faulty cellars and were unaware of the method, and even the desirability, of measuring grape sugar prior to fermentation.21 Small wonder, then, that a large share of the early wines were spoiled. Reviewing the challenge represented by Hermann's untrained wine­ growers, Husmann determined to educate himself and to share his knowl­ edge with his fellow vintners. His father had persuaded the Hermanners to grow grapes; now he would teach them how to process their wines. This was a pivotal decision. Throughout his lifetime George Husmann would function as the conscience of the American wine industry, demanding that only the fittest wines be released to the marketplace. By pure intuition and good luck, a few of the early vintners did consis­ tently produce palatable—even award-winning—wines. Carl Teubner had ranked among them during his brief career, along with Franz Langendoerfer and Michael Poeschel, whom Husmann called "the fathers of grape culture here."22 Others belonged in that elite company, including Husmann's good friend William Poeschel and Jacob Rommel, who carried the distinction of having earned a diploma for "the best Catawba wine made west of the Mississippi" at the 1853 New York Exposition. In July 1853 a state organization for winegrowers formed, proposing to hold its annual wine competitions at Hermann and inviting Hermann grow-

20 Hermanner Wochenblatt, 1 May 1852. For more on the Hermann wine industry see Siegmar Muehl, "Winegrowing in the Hermann Area: Early Years' Chronicle," Missouri Historical Review 87 (April 1993): 233-252. 21 Hermanner Wochenblatt, 20 August, 8 July 1852. 22 Husmann "Autobiography," 3. 138 Missouri Historical Review ers to start a local branch.23 In response, area growers met at the Hotel on Wharf Street in the winter of 1854 to found the Gasconade County Agricultural Society. It serves as an index of Husmann's rapid advance in expertise, distinction, and influence that his peers elected him the group's first president. Swiss-born Matthias Wutherich took office as vice president, George's cousin William Wesselhoeft as secretary, and Johann Wilhelm Kielmann as treasurer.24 The organization and its yearly fairs flourished until after the Civil War, providing the forerunner for the Gasconade County Winegrowers Association founded in 1873. May of 1854 found Hermann in the primary stages of what would develop into a disastrous cholera epidemic. One of its first victims was Josephine Teubner, who had been infected while tending afflicted travelers coming upriver from St. Louis.25 Though bereaved and alone, George Husmann, at his dying sister's request, assumed sole guardianship for his orphaned nephews, ages four and two. In July, with little fanfare, he mar­ ried Louise Caroline Kielmann, whose father had been among the founding German Settlement Society members at Philadelphia. Husmann gained a loving, young stepmother for his charges and a dear helpmate for himself. Louise gained a husband well on his way to becoming the superior immi­ grant of Hermann.

23 Hermanner Wochenblatt, 8 July 1853. 24 Husmann "Autobiography," 3. 25 Teubner family oral history, Vicki Sheppard Chin, interview by author, San Clemente, Calif., 26 October 1993.

Guarding Against Greenness

Liberty Weekly Tribune, July 20, 1849. A young lady in Pittsburg recently dismissed a verdant youth, on the grounds that she had been advised to avoid anything GREEN during the prevalence of cholera.

The Easiest Thing

Stanberry Gentry County Headlight, December 28, 1898. Next to rolling off a log, the easiest thing is to tell other people how they ought to bring up their children.

Uncommon Sense Needed

St. Joseph Morning Daily Herald, October 2, 1869. A wise old gentleman who knew all about it, on retiring from business, gave the follow­ ing sage advice to his son and successor: "Common sense, my son, is valuable in all kinds of business—except in love-making." State Historical Society of Missouri

Frontier Bridge Building: The Hannibal Bridge at Kansas City, 1867-1869

BY LOUIS W. POTTS AND GEORGE F. W. HAUCK*

Contemporary Kansas City exhibits a variety of bridges to serve a wide range of transportation needs: pedestrian bridges in the city's famed parks or gathering points and elegant interstate highway and impressive railroad spans. Local lore asserts that a mayor consciously insisted on a suspension design for a new span across the Missouri River three decades ago simply to increase the variety.1 Hence, we can now point to a modern steel girder, a self-anchored suspension, a three-arch throughway, a telescoping lift span, and a pivot drawbridge, all crossing the Missouri River within five miles of each other. All of these structures, no matter their size, design, or function,

*Louis W. Potts is an associate professor and chair of the Department of History at the University of Missouri-Kansas City. He received the B.A. degree from Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, and the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Duke University, Durham, . George F. W. Hauck is a professor and director of the University of Missouri-Kansas City and the University of Missouri-Columbia cooperative engineering program. He received the B.Arch.E. and the M.Arch.E. degrees from Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, and the Ph.D. degree from Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.

1 Jack Kopetz, presentation to authors' History 300CU: Bridges class, University of Missouri-Kansas City, July 1991. 139 140 Missouri Historical Review trace their heritage back to the first bridge to span the Missouri, the so- called Hannibal Bridge. The impact of this structure, according to some students of Kansas City's history and its role in the development of the Great Plains, has reached mythic proportions. Historian Charles Glaab, for example, observed that this first bridge "has served as the city's special symbol. The winning of this bridge became, in Kansas City's self-evaluation, the key to its success and a tribute to the bold resourcefulness of a small group of inspired city fathers. ... In the life of a city great events demand great legends."2 The August 7, 1869, issue of Harper's Weekly featured front-page woodcuts of engineer John A. Roebling and the ceremonies opening the Hannibal Bridge at Kansas City. One article noted that Roebling, America's premier bridge builder, had died of lockjaw and complications from an acci­ dent suffered at the site where he had hoped to build a span from Manhattan to Brooklyn. Another article explained that while Kansas City was not as well known as Leavenworth, upriver on the Kansas side, it "enjoys remark­ able advantages of natural location and commercial facilities."3 Seven rail­ roads using the new bridge would now connect the western hinterland through Kansas City and eastward to Chicago or St. Louis. The building of the Kansas City bridge in the 1860s can be measured by employing an interdisciplinary model proposed by David Billington, a civil engineer at Princeton University. Billington suggests that "civilization is civil works. . . . Technology is as much structures as it is machines, and the structures symbolize our common life as much as machines stand for our private freedoms." He argues that a bridge, like any piece of "structural art," can be evaluated by three criteria: economy, efficiency, and elegance. "Most people would agree," he explains, "that the ideals of structural art coincide with those of an urban society: conservation of natural resources, minimization of public expenditures, and the creation of a more visually appealing environment."4 Here, economy is of primary consideration: how

2 Charles N. Glaab, Kansas City and the Railroads: Community Policy in the Growth of a Regional Metropolis (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1962), 2. See also Charles Glaab, "Kansas City's Hannibal Bridge: Western Town Booming and Eastern Capital," The Trails Guide 4 (March 1959): 1-16, and Daniel Serda, "An Intentional Community: History and Local Identity," Midcontinent Perspectives (Kansas City: Midwest Research Institute, 1992), 7-9. Serda's synthesis of the creation myth of Kansas City notes that "insightful action on the part of a handful of civic leaders, whose powers of persuasion were aided immeasurably by Kansas City's geographical blessings and relentless spirit, cap­ tured the metropolitan crown" from Leavenworth, St. Joseph, and other regional rivals. 3 Harper's Weekly, 1 August 1869. 4 David P. Billington, The Tower and the Bridge: The New Art of Structural Engineering (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1985), 3, 20. Other students of bridge history are more inclusive of criteria than is Billington. See David Outerbridge and Graeme Outerbridge, Bridges (New York: Harry Abrams, 1989). Frontier Bridge Building 141 the public resources of the Kansas City region were marshaled in the ven­ ture to bridge the Missouri River. Boosters of Kansas City in the tension-filled decade before the Civil War as well as in the chaotic postwar period pushed for railroad construc­ tion as a means of building their community. Institutions and individuals contributed to sustain this entrepreneurial chant, one whose harmony appeared markedly in contrast with dissonance on all other issues. Charles Spalding represented the prewar perspective. In the 1850s he advised Kansas City businessmen:

Make it a business rule to never let a farmer go out of your store until you have said more or less to him about Railroads. By constantly keeping up this rule, you soon have all our farmers in the habit of thinking about our Railroads, and then, and not till then will they see their worth and help us to build them. For myself, I never knew a farmer yet, if he once got fairly to thinking for himself on this subject but what he soon convinced himself that the Railroad was exactly what he needed in order to farm to advantage and with profit.5

Spalding, a civil engineer as well as a journalist, was abetted by two prominent Kansas City spokesmen for empire building. Johnston Lykins echoed the cry for greatness first initiated by St. Louis editor William Gilpin and Senator Thomas Hart Benton. From the former, Lykins inherited the conceit that geographical location was the fledgling city's greatest asset; from the senator he drew the vision of nexus on the road to India. Lykins instilled the railroad dream in the Kansas City Association for Public Improvement, the forerunner to the chamber of commerce. The articles of the association, probably dictated by Lykins, envisioned an "organized and systematic effort to foster and advance the public interests of Kansas City until she shall occupy that exalted position of which her superior natural advantages so justly entitle her: the great commercial emporium of the west."6 Lykins to it that the group stayed attentive to railroad interests. Spalding's other apt disciple was newspaperman Robert T Van Horn. The Western Journal of Commerce editor, who has been depicted for the period 1855-1875 as "intimately associated with nearly every railroad effort evolved in the city," possessed an abiding interest in technological develop­ ments. "Above all he loved the West." Van Horn reportedly once pro­ nounced, "It will be to our eternal shame if, with all the advantages over

5 Quoted in Glaab, Kansas City, 54. 6 Articles of Association, 21 October 1856, "Minutes of the Chamber of Commerce of Kansas City, Missouri, 1856-1879," Native Sons of Kansas City Collection, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-Kansas City. Hereafter cited as Native Sons. 142 Missouri Historical Review

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Following his arrival in Kansas City in 1855, Robert Van Horn devoted his edi­ torial energies to promoting the city's economic development.

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State Historical Society of Missouri every other town to transact the business of this region, we fail to do it through the imbecility and indolence of our citizens."7 The twofold task of Spalding, Lykins, Van Horn, and their booster allies among the city's real estate interests included convincing eastern investors that they would be locating their rail lines in profitable environments and also persuading their own community and region of the desirability of rail­ roads. In 1859 the line from Hannibal to St. Joseph across northern Missouri had been completed, but its nearest connecting point, at Cameron, lay fifty-five miles north of Kansas City on the opposite bank of the yet-to- be-bridged Missouri River.8 Two years later the rival road, the Missouri Pacific, had only reached Sedalia, ninety-three miles distant. If the line pro­ ceeded straight west, it would bypass the four thousand or so Kansas Citians at the river's bend. Contemporary photographs of the city illustrated the forbidding loca­ tion. The river ledge and the ravines running southward from the levee challenged city builders. Farming interests in eastern Jackson County only slowly warmed to the dreams of a rail nexus in Kansas City, nor did border troubles over slavery enhance the dreamers' goals. Moreover, some citizens remained suspicious of the new technology. When a newly constructed rail­ road bridge collapsed in November 1855, ten cars of an excursion train

7 Glaab, Kansas City, 13-14; Frederick H. Spletstoser and Lawrence H. Larsen, Kansas City: 100 Years of Business (Kansas City: Kansas City Business Journal, 1982), 9. 8 David Boutros, "The West Illustrated: Meyer's Views of Missouri River Towns," Missouri Historical Review 80 (April 1986): 304-320. Frontier Bridge Building 143 bound for Jefferson City from St. Louis plunged into the Gasconade River. Many prominent Missouri citizens were among the thirty-one dead and sev­ enty injured.9 For almost a half-century historians have been analyzing the impact of eastern capital on regional growth in the Midwest. A recent investigation has suggested that "the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy [was] the most suc­ cessful of the granger roads." This study concludes: "On a list of the most successful great works in the western world one would have to include this combination of eastern liquid capital, skilled and experienced railroading, and western enterprise, for few ever had so great an impact upon the lives of so many people and upon the history of a great nation."10 Two men supplied Kansas City with its railroading genius: James Joy, the adviser to the Forbes group of Bostonians who controlled the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy's growth, and Octave Chanute, a representative of a distinguished generation of civil engineers. After training at Harvard Law School, Joy practiced his profession in Detroit from 1831 to 1867. He soon became a professional executive, with a "career [that] lay midway between that of the professional railroad executive and the general entrepreneur."11 In 1866-1867 Joy, with investor Nathaniel Thayer, determined that, unchar­ acteristically, the Forbes portfolio should develop the north-south link (the Cameron line) of the Hannibal and St. Joseph road, rather than pursue its traditional east-west focus. Joy had been wooed by Kansas City boosters who busied themselves with incorporating a plethora of paper railroad cor­ porations, one of which—the Missouri River, Fort Scott, and Gulf—caught Joy's eye.12 Cheap real estate prices in Kansas City's West Bottoms (bor-

9 William E. Parrish, Charles T. Jones, Jr., and Lawrence O. Christensen, Missouri: The Heart of the Nation (St. Louis: Forum Press, 1980), 163-164. Quinta Scott and Howard S. Miller, The Eads Bridge (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1979), 80. 10 Albro Martin, Railroads Triumphant: The Growth, Rejection, and Rebirth of a Vital American Force (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 275-276. 11 Thomas C. Cochran, Railroad Leaders, 1845-1890: The Business Mind in Action (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953), 38-43, 364, quotation on page 38. A. Theodore Brown, Frontier Community: Kansas City to 1870 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1963), 117, 125, notes of western community enterprises and eastern capital: "About all a western town could do in the new conditions was to advertise itself, line up its legislators behind chartered paper roads, mobilize its electorate behind tempting city bond issues, and hope to attract a favorable nod from one of the older cities. . . . Railroad planning became, in effect, the organizing principle around which Kansas City was built." 12 Glaab, Kansas City, 43-49; Glaab, "Kansas City's Hannibal Bridge," 1-16. Arthur M. Johnson and Barry E. Supple, Boston Capitalists and Western Railroads: A Study in the Nineteenth-Century Railroad Investment Process (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967), 229, note that the Forbes group investors feverishly debated the 1866 decision to con­ sider the pleas of Kansas Citians rather than to push across to Council Bluffs. When Nathaniel Thayer sided with Joy, "a realignment of the Forbes group on the basis of develop­ ment versus opportunistic investment attitudes was clearly in progress." The Boston group abandoned the Hannibal line in 1871. 144 Missouri Historical Review dered on the north by the Missouri River and on the west by the Kansas River), where depots, rail yards, and other investments would prosper, also lured Joy. He found in Van Horn and colleagues Kearsey Coates, John Reid, and Charles Kearney a sense of purposeful unity not encountered when he visited rival towns. Van Horn liked to recall that he and his cronies "constituted the 'crazy club'—as they talked only of railroads."13 They had discovered a man to realize their idea. Octave Chanute adapted European engineering methods to structures for the American West. A native of Paris, he had been brought to the United States as a child when his father came to assume a college vice presidency. Tutored by his father, the young man gained some schooling in New York City but received no formal instruction in engineering. Nonetheless, he started his work life with the Hudson River Railroad. He was chief engineer for the Chicago and Alton Railroad when Joy tapped him to challenge the Missouri River at Kansas City in 1866. One appraisal of Chanute claimed: "No one was too humble to receive a share of his time. In patience and goodness of heart he has rarely been surpassed. Few men were more uni­ versally respected and loved."14 Chanute's eventual chief assistant, George Morison, also later became a prominent engineer. A Harvard-trained lawyer, Morison had left a junior position in a New York firm to come to Kansas City in the fall of 1867. Chanute started him at menial tasks but responded to Morison's desire for greater responsibility.15 Chanute was the master and mentor; Morison the eager pupil. Just as Joy can be credited with developing the first major railroad sys­ tem for the West, so should Chanute and his staff be credited with systemat­ ically approaching the challenges in the field at the Kansas City bridge site.

13 Quoted in Glaab, Kansas City, 53. Glaab concluded: "In short, political negotiation, corporate intrigue, and local maneuvering—not the logic of geography or location—shaped this key development in Kansas City's growth as a railroad center." Ibid., 122. William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 300, notes that the connections shaped by Joy via the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy and the Hannibal and St. Joseph "effectively sheared off the northern third of Missouri and added it to Chicago's hinterland. Worse, it gave Chicago its first rail link to the Missouri River, seriously hurting passenger steamboat traffic between St. Louis and St. Joseph." 14 "In Memoriam: Octave Chanute," Journal of the Western Society of Engineers 16 (May 1911): 444. See also "Octave Chanute," The National Cyclopedia of American Biography (New York: James T. White and Co., 1900), 10: 212; Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. "Chanute, Octave"; and Octave Chanute obituary, New York Times, 24 November 1910. 15 Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. "Morison, George Shattuck"; "George Shattuck Morison," Cyclopedia of American Biography, 10: 129-130. Elting Morison, "The Master Builder," American Heritage of Invention and Technology 2 (fall 1986): 37, observes of George Morison's venture to Kansas City: "He could not have landed in a better place at a better time with a better man. . . . For someone who knew no engineering, it was a great place to begin. ... At a time when there was no other way to learn, Chanute was, at thirty-four, near the top of his class." Frontier Bridge Building 145

Dictionary of American Portraits

Engineer Octave Chanute (above) and his assistant, George Morison (left), supervised the construction of the Hannibal Bridge. Courtesy Smithsonian Institution and James Kip Finch, Diet, of Amer. Portraits

Both projects required congressional legislation in the early summer of 1866 before work could begin.16 An omnibus railroad bridge act provided for the Burlington's span across the Mississippi River at Quincy and its comple­ ment across the Missouri for Kansas City's Cameron road. Representative Van Horn also had to overcome the opposition of Senator Jim Lane of Kansas and have Congress pass a land grant enticing railroad construction south from Kansas City toward the Gulf of Mexico. Licensed by congressional authorization and funded by eastern capital, the Kansas City entrepreneurs next considered fiscal prudence. In Billington's model there arose in the world of nineteenth-century bridge builders "the ideal of conservation of public resources. . . . The engineer had, therefore, always to work under the discipline of economy consistent with usefulness. What the growing general public demanded was more util­ ity for less money."17

Glaab, "Kansas City's Hannibal Bridge," 10. Billington, Tower and Bridge, 5. 146 Missouri Historical Review

In Kansas City's quest for a bridge across the Missouri, this concern for economy assumes two distinctive applications. First, a merging of the inter­ ests of local real estate speculators and eastern investors predominated over public interests. Glaab's studies note that the Kansas City promoters "demonstrated little concern for high ethical standards in the handling of public funds."18 A more acerbic and hyperbolic study calculates that $1,025,000 was bandied about by Kansas City boosters who "pulled wires and spent money recklessly in Washington and in state legislatures to get roads headed in their direction."19 Second, as local historian Daniel Serda noted, all entrepreneurs recognized that a bridge "alone lacked sufficient momentum to fuel Kansas City's economic growth." Eastern capital must be attracted and sustained to boost the regional aspirations of promoters. Bostonian Charles Francis Adams, for example, had found pre-Civil War Kansas City "a forbidding spot on the southern bank of the Missouri. A mere steamboat stopping place, it was no more important than a dozen oth­ ers up and down the stream and immeasurably less important than sever­ al."20 Joy, Adams, and others chose to join Lykins, Van Horn, and their col­ leagues at the bend of the Missouri River due to a convergence of trends: extension and development of one of the greatest railroad networks in the nation, a postwar population rush into the Southwest, and their own greed. Chanute, reflecting later on his assignment to Kansas City, noted an initial sense of being out-of-place. It was "on the frontier, at the jumping-off place where the population was just pouring into Kansas, and was endeavoring to bridge the Missouri river, which had a bad reputation. ... I was . . . rather unsophisticated. I was not used to city ways."21 He adapted rapidly follow­ ing his arrival in August 1866. The historical documentation of the city's business community shows how he was embraced. Records of the West Kansas City Land Company, the firm that controlled development of the rail lines on the northwest corner of Kansas City, indicate Chanute's influence.22 Of the 260 shares in the company, James F. Joy held the most, with 33. His on-site representative, Chanute, would be elected a director on September 3,

18 Glaab, "Kansas City's Hannibal Bridge," 14. 19 W. G. Clugston, "Kansas City: Gateway to What?" in Our Fair City, ed. Robert S. Allen (New York: Vanguard Press, 1947), 260. 20 Daniel Serda, "Boston Investors and the Early Development of Kansas City, Missouri," Midcontinent Perspectives (Kansas City: Midwest Research Institute, 1992), 3-5. 21 Octave Chanute, "The Kansas City Bridge in '69," Journal of the Western Society of Engineers 5 (February 1900): 58. 22 "The West Kansas City Land Company Minute Book, 1867-1894," 33-41, 151-152, Native Sons. When a division of lots took place during a May 1872 shareholders meeting, Chanute gained 16. Joy, who drew last in the rotation, amassed 140. Chanute disappears from the minutes after 1874. Joy's interest in industrial land holdings in West Kansas City con­ tributed to his later dismissal from the Forbes investment group. Serda, "Boston Investors," 6. Frontier Bridge Building 147

1868. Even before that date, however, Chanute had effectively directed the firm's involvement with the erection of the bridge. For example, the compa­ ny supplied matching funds to riprap the far northwestern edges of their property. This was part of Chanute's systematic approach: he wished to protect the land susceptible to flooding where the Kaw River entered the Missouri. Ultimately, the bridge company spent $90,938.81 to protect the riverbank and to assure West Bottoms investors. When Chanute arrived in Kansas City, the region had developed ferry service to surmount the rivers. Eleven ferries crossed the Kaw River to Wyandotte County; ferry receipts for 1866-1867 between Kansas City and Harlem, on the north bank of the Missouri, were estimated at $18,000.23 The Burlington roads, however, had an aversion to ferries due to ice and floods. Interruptions in the movement of cargoes and passengers had irritat­ ed western business people; they wanted a bridge over the Missouri River. A perfunctory analysis of the bridge site had been completed in April 1865 by John A. Chapman for the Kansas City and Cameron line. Van Horn, one of the four incorporators of the Kansas City Bridge Company, published the engineer's report in September. The journalist noted: "To build a bridge here is a very easy matter"; this claim was both hyperbolic and patently promotional.24 Despite such exaggerations Chapman's report assumed that the bridge site would be at the end of Broadway, if for no other reason than a ravine stretched from there toward the west, where speculators envisioned the rail yard and depot. Chanute challenged much of this initial report. His own survey com­ menced August 19, 1866. Three factors attracted his attention. First, his concern for high water sent him through the region interviewing old-timers about previous floods. He determined the high-water mark of the 1844 flood to be the standard for which his structure must provide sufficient clearance. Second, his recognition of the river current's irregularities caused him to challenge the congressional act that authorized this bridge in addition to eight

23 Grant W. Harrington, Historic Spots or Mile-Stones in the progress of Wyandotte County, Kansas (Merriam, Kans.: Mission Press, 1935), 161; Kansas City Directory and Reference Book, with a Business Directory, for 1867-8 (Quincy, 111.: Excelsior Book and Job Office, n.d.), 24. 24 Quoted in Glaab, Kansas City, 142; Theodore S. Case, History of Kansas City Missouri (Syracuse, N.Y.: D. Mason and Co., 1888), 140-143. The charter of the Kansas City Bridge Company, issued February 20, 1865, by the state of Missouri, appeared in O. Chanute and George Morison, The Kansas City Bridge (New York: D. Van Nostrand, Publisher, 1870), 125- 127. It provided four incorporators "the exclusive right and privilege of constructing a bridge at or near the City of Kansas, over and across the Missouri River" for twenty years. A board of nine directors would direct the construction, to be financed, purportedly, by ten thousand shares of $100 each. A previous charter, issued in 1857 to the Kansas City, Galveston and Lake Superior Railroad, specified that whenever the line needed to cross "any navigable stream, said Company shall erect a bridge sufficiently high on which to cross, or shall construct a draw­ bridge, so that in no case shall the free navigation of such stream be obstructed." Ibid., 124. 148 Missouri Historical Review spans over the Mississippi River. Chanute believed that the "turbulent and unstable" Missouri differed from the slower moving Mississippi. Boat and raft traffic on the former was composed of smaller vessels than on the latter. Finally, the small gradients demanded by locomotives and rolling stock induced him to survey the approaches from both sides of the river.25 A maxi­ mum grade of 1 percent was desired. Chanute opted for a location convenient to the city and its boosters. This choice necessitated added costs. The northern approach, a 2,380-foot oaken trestle, would be fairly economical because it traversed flat, low ter­ rain. The curving southern approach, however, necessitated a 70-foot cut through clay and rock to link the bridge abutment and the proposed rail yards in the West Bottoms.26 At least one critic, an army engineer, perhaps in league with steamboat or other interests from St. Louis, believed the bridge should be located east of the city, where nature provided easier approaches.27 Had this opinion prevailed, subsequent urban growth would have changed considerably. Kansas City's second major bridge, the Chouteau, would be erected at the eastern site in 1886. As part of his river studies, Chanute created simple float gauges to deter­ mine the navigable current (to a four-foot depth). He rated the current fast at 2.0 to 8.5 miles per hour and found the silty bottom susceptible to consider­ able changes in depth, perhaps of twenty feet daily. "There is a local saying that the Missouri has a standing mortgage on the entire bottom land from bluff to bluff, and the farmer on the Missouri bottom often learns to his sor­ row, by the loss of his farm, that real estate is not always immovable proper­ ty." His analysis of the river water found "less solid matter in solution than is found in the water of any other important river of the continent; but it always holds a large amount of silt and fine sand in suspension."28 Chanute deemed that previous topographical studies conducted by the national government had yielded an "imperfect understanding" of the mean­ dering Missouri. Hence, he deduced: "The most favorable location for a bridge is just below one of the great bends, especially if the current of the river there impinges upon a rocky shore." Such a spot, as at the Kansas City

25 Chanute and Morison, Kansas City Bridge, 9, 13, 29. The engineers' published report observed: " The Missouri, drawing its source from the eastern face of the Rocky Mountains, and flowing with a rapid descent down the westerly slope of the great basin, unites within itself all elements of unstableness and irregularity, combining the impetuosity of a mountain torrent with the volume of a lowland river. . . . The overwhelming floods of exceptional years must be taken as the real examples of the size of the river." Ibid., 19-20. An April 1867 flood shifted the channel five hundred feet opposite the West Bottoms. 26 Ibid., 30-32. The engineers calculated the descent to the West Bottoms to be 42.24 feet per mile or .8 percent. 27 Kansas City Western Journal of Commerce, 6, 27 February, 9 March 1869. 28 Chanute and Morison, Kansas City Bridge, 21-22. Frontier Bridge Building 149

State Historical Society of Missouri

This map depicts the location of the Hannibal Bridge and the routes of the railroads that used it. The angle of the current determined the angle of the piers. 150 Missouri Historical Review levee, exhibited bedrock "at a comparatively small depth on the bluff side." This location, he noted, required "a moderate stone protection above the bridge" to maintain the channel, as well as measures to thwart the ice floes of winter and spring.29 Chanute's determination of the bridge site in part strengthens David Billington's emphasis on efficiency, the conservation of resources. The engineer listed the merits of his choice as:

First.—Proximity to business and the city. Second.—Shortness of the bridge line. Third.—Small depth to rock on south side. Fourth.—Permanency of the channel.30

The choice of site, in turn, produced some adaptations. Chanute found that the midchannel course "made an angle of 72 degrees with the bridge line." Because the piers had to be parallel to the current, the bridge had to be built at a skew of 18 degrees. Moreover, once Chanute chose a pivot draw design rather than fixed spans or other forms of a draw, he was forced to violate congressional directives: "The nearness of the channel to the south bank made it impossible to place a span of 250 feet on each side of the draw, as required by the Act of Congress, without neglecting the more important provisions of that Act, which requires the draw to be placed over the centre of the navigable channel."31 Chanute's choices allowed an early start on construction. Charles Kearney, president of the bridge company, advertised for construction bids on November 10, 1866, and hired the local firm of Vipont and Walker by December 1. While the piles and trestles on the north shore progressed, the cut on the south bank yielded stone, which became riprap at the river's bend.32 Chanute and Morison subsequently became famous for rapidity of bridge construction. Despite setbacks, Chanute completed the work at Kansas City in about two and one-half years, from February 1867 to July 1869. The engineers believed their project's story was one of "difficulties and temporary failures on this pioneer work."33 City directories substantiate Chanute's claim that he had to create a tech­ nological base for the bridge's construction. In 1867-1868 the city contained

29 Ibid., 24-25. 30 Ibid., 28. Thus, for a century Chanute determined the development lines of the metro­ politan transportation system, the location of rail yards on both banks of the river, as well as the site of Kansas City's municipal airport. 31 Ibid., 29, 30. 32 Case, History of Kansas City, 143-144. 33 Chanute and Morison, Kansas City Bridge, 9. Frontier Bridge Building 151 only one small shop. It and the Union Pacific's Eastern Division shop each employed eighteen hands. The year before, a Howe bridge, to connect Wyandotte and Kansas City by spanning the Kaw, had to be fabricated in Chicago, shipped to the frontier, and installed under the supervision of Thomas F. Oakes. One prognosticator estimated that the Kansas City bridge would cost $700,000 and "that from 1,000 to 2,000 mechanics and laborers will be constantly employed on the work" during 1868-1869.34 The pioneer engineers emphasized that they were "almost on the frontier." This empha­ sis particularly pertained to the outfit they had to assemble for their project. For example, there was "not a barge suitable" to carry stone. Special tools, fabricated at a machine shop created near the south abutment, "had also to be designed and erected, which, however simple and obvious they may seem now, caused the engineer no little thought and anxiety." Chanute and Morison appeared especially proud of the economic fleet they assembled. They purchased the steamboat Gipsey in West Virginia for $12,933 and sold it at the end of the project for $4,000. Flatboats and barges first used in the erection of piers were later anchored between the mouth of the Kaw River and the bridge and converted into a pontoon platform that served as a tem­ porary wharf for vessels awaiting passage through the draw from the north.35 The scheme resulted in an estimated $6,000 savings. Three sets of evidence belie the technological isolation of Chanute's pro­ ject that the "frontier" commentary may imply. First, in the project's final report the engineers referred to the use of equipment, and hence technique, if not workers, from the complementary project, the Quincy bridge across the Mississippi River.36 Second, Chanute published extensive articles in 1868 on the use of pneumatic caissons in pier construction. He reviewed the experi­ ences of European bridge builders with seventeen different structures. Focusing on economy, he developed comparative cost tables. The 771-foot span erected in 1858 at Kehl was of particular interest to the engineer. From this construction process on the Rhine, Chanute selectively adapted methods for his project in Missouri. He preferred large caissons to multiple tubes and became convinced of the efficiency of "putting in the foundation and build-

34 Kansas City Directory, 1867-8, 14; Harrington, Historic Spots, 162-165; Kansas City Directory, 1867-8, 26-27. 35 Chanute and Morison, Kansas City Bridge, 15, 93-94. The authors explained: "The isolated position of Kansas City, its distance from manufacturing and commercial centres, and the unsettled character of the neighboring country, were most felt at the beginning of the work in the collection of a suitable outfit. . . [that] could more properly be charged with inadequacy than with extravagance." Ibid., 93. The compilers of the Kansas City Directory, 1867-8, 11, were outspoken in their praise of Charles E. Kearney as bridge contractor and overly opti­ mistic that Chanute's structure would be completed by August 1868. 36 An advertisement in Chanute and Morison, Kansas City Bridge, highlights Clarke's Quincy Bridge, also available through the publisher, Van Nostrand (New York, 1869). This structure featured two pivot draws (360 feet and 190 feet) atop its eighteen piers. 152 Missouri Historical Review ing the pier simultaneously." He drew on a screw system for lowering the caisson uniformly. But he ultimately rejected the use of compressed air for sinking the caissons because he concluded that the primitive state of bridge facilities in Kansas City—both physical and technical—would render Kehl- style works in the United States "from two to four times" more expensive.37 Third, 250 miles downriver James Eads was deeply and publicly debating bridge designs for crossing the Mississippi River at St. Louis. While Eads and Chanute each faced distinctive construction challenges, they shared a mutual respect. In July 1868, Eads, racked by recurrent health problems, wanted Chanute to serve as his replacement. Chanute declined, choosing to see his Kansas City project to completion.38 Chanute and his engineering staff established their offices over the First National Bank, an "elegant building on the corner of Delaware and Fourth Streets."39 There they dealt with the three major design questions: founda­ tions, piers, and superstructure. Chanute, Morison, and some of their col­ leagues belonged to a new breed. Within their generation bridge building

37 Octave Chanute, "Pneumatic Caissons," Journal of the Franklin Institute 56 (July 1868): 22-24; ibid. (August 1868): 94-96. Chanute's sensitivity to "unequal scour" would prove prescient. 38 Scott and Miller, Eads Bridge, 97. 39 Kansas City Directory, 1867-8, 18, 55. This volume lists the addresses of management and some technicians in the employ of the bridge company. Mechanics or other workers' affiliations are not noted. The final report of the project, Chanute and Morison, Kansas City Bridge, appendix H, listed only managerial employees. Monthly payroll ledgers are available in Kansas City Bridge—Vouchers (8 K45), CBQ Collections, Newberry Library, Chicago.

State Historical Society of Missouri

First National Bank Building Frontier Bridge Building 153 became more scientific, with designs firmly rooted in mathematical analy­ sis. Universities started rigorous engineering curricula. Nevertheless, some bridge builders still evolved from tradesmen to a remarkable cohort of keen­ ly competitive bridge engineers. These designer-builders (labeled structural artists by Billington) worked their way up through the railroads and then started their own shops, which, in turn, became the new bridge companies. As these technical and entrepreneurial shifts bequeathed a new profes­ sion, the materials, forms, and duties also changed. The railroad, with its increasing dynamic loads, caused most of these changes. Materials testing and specifications became routine; iron largely replaced wood as the materi­ al of choice; and in the United States the truss became the accustomed form. At the end of the nineteenth century, a leading American bridge designer, J. A. L. Waddell of Kansas City, could observe: Today bridge building is truly a science; only three decades back it was hardly worthy to be termed an art; while seventy-five years ago, in our own country at least, it was no better than a trade. Nearly all of the important and distinctive features of modern American bridge practice have been developed within the memories of engineers still living; and so far as most lines of bridge construction are concerned, the same statement holds true for European practice as well.40 The original Kansas City bridge charter placed only general demands on the designers. "The said bridge shall be constructed so as not to prevent the passage of steamboats or other vessels in the navigation of said river, and said bridge may be built so as to admit a railroad track for the passage of cars and trains, as well as for a common wagon way, and for a foot pas­ senger way." The designers chose to place the walkway on the upstream side of the main thoroughfare. Although built to accept two tracks, the span initially carried only one. Whenever the bridge was available for nontrain uses, wagons, carts, and livestock could cross. According to the hopeful engineers, with "proper police regulations at the ends" controlling traffic, few delays or accidents should occur. Carriages could cross in five minutes, most trains in two minutes.41

40 J. A. L. Waddell, Bridge Engineering (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1916), 1: 1. Waddell credits Morison with "probably the first printed bridge specifications ever adopted by any American railroad." Ibid., 29. 41 Chanute and Morison, Kansas City Bridge, 126, 16-17. The charter also fixed the maximum tolls to be charged: pedestrians, five cents; people on horseback, twenty cents; live­ stock, ten cents per head; carts and wagons drawn by one animal, forty cents; "and said bridge company may permit any railroad company to extend their railroad track over said bridge upon such terms as may be agreed upon by said bridge company and such railroad compa­ nies." Ibid., 126. By the time the bridge was completed in 1869, there were three railroads on the north bank and four to the south and west. In the first seven months of operation, July 1869 through February 1870, revenues from highway traffic totaled $5,706.02, while train traffic yielded $40,697. Ibid., 130. 154 Missouri Historical Review

The official report emphasized that the bridge's foundations were "the paramount study of the engineers." Chanute chose construction in open caissons. He ruled piles, cribwork, and cofferdams and iron pilings unsatis­ factory because they might not withstand the turbulent current of the Missouri River. Moving the channel or using pneumatic caissons seemed prohibitively expensive. Ultimately, the foundations' piers would be indi­ vidually designed. The report explained: "This arrangement was believed to have the farther advantage of making it practicable to begin work on the sand-bar piers at an earlier date than would otherwise have been possible. It was accordingly determined that Piers Nos. 1, 2, and 3, [numbered from the south bank] should rest directly upon the rock, while the four more norther­ ly piers should have pile foundations. . . . The experience acquired during the progress of the works led to subsequent changes in the plan; Pier No. 4 was treated as a channel pier, and founded on the bed rock, and the piles under Pier No. 5 were driven home to the rock" rather than at "considerable depth below the usual bed of the river" as with the other sandbar founda­ tions, No. 6 and No. 7. In sum, "the characteristics of several pier sites were so different that it became necessary to treat each by itself, and to prepare as many sets of plans as there were piers."42 This lack of uniformity would also be evident in the design of the superstructure. The engineers reported eight sets of design calculations: water pressure; sand pressure and friction on the sides of the caissons; pressure on founda­ tions; resistance against the ice; thrust of sand bars; strength of fixed spans of the superstructure; deflections of the 248-foot span; and strains on the draw. Elting Morison, a historian of technology, admiringly commented of Roebling, Chanute, Eads, Latrobe, and Morison: "Wherever they went, whatever they did, they found the subject matter always changing. Larger loads, longer spans, deeper excavations, new materials, novel procedures. In such conditions the name of the game was figuring out sensible new departures from what had been tried and true for centuries. And if the fig­ uring wasn't right, the cost of going wrong could be measured out and the source of difficulty defined."43 In Morison's terms, Chanute et al. strove to comprehend both the "how" and "why" of bridge building. On September 11, 1867, the timber caisson for Pier No. 1 came to rest on the river bottom; support of its seventy-two tons would be borne equally by eight posts, sixty-five-feet long. "The use of long posts secured by drills," the engineers reported, "rendered the matter of false works exceedingly sim-

42 Ibid., 33-34. Chanute initiated the tradition of numbering piers from south to north. Thus, the foundation closest to the city levee was No. 1, and the one on the opposite shore was No. 7. The pivot draw was No. 2 on the 1,322-foot structure. 43 Ibid., 96-114; Morison, "Master Builder," 40. Frontier Bridge Building 155 pie; this device, which is believed to have been entirely novel, is admirably adapted to use in places where piles cannot be driven, and posts merely braced together are not to be trusted." Work proceeded rapidly as a diver wielding a three-inch flexible hose water jet blew away sand, and another diver placed gunny sacks of clay and hay plus stones and tarpaulin around the bottomless caisson base as counter-scour measures.44 Accurate positioning of the forty-foot round oaken tub caisson for the pivot pier (No. 2) proved tricky after it was launched on September 23, 1868. A special beton (concrete) box and tripping device had to be fabricat­ ed in the West Bottoms machine shop to expedite filling the caisson. When "very troublesome" water leaks persistently bubbled up, the crew altered the beton mixture until it proved water resistant. Masonry work began on February 20, 1869.45 Pier No. 3's falseworks began with pile driving on August 27, 1867, but the current ripped away every fourth pile. Chanute then adapted a method of securing the piles that had been used for the Rhine bridge at Coblenz. A caisson similar to that at the base of Pier No. 1, but edged with boilerplate to penetrate the sandy bottom, was placed in position. A four-man-powered endless chain dredge, rated at moving fifty cubic yards per day, was put to work along with water jets. Ice floes that broke suddenly briefly threatened the pier on February 17. This crisis passed, and masonry work on the pier began on May 20.46

44 Chanute and Morison, Kansas City Bridge, 37-38. 45 Ibid., 39-45. 46 Ibid., 46-50. Missouri Valley Special Collections, Kansas City Public Library 156 Missouri Historical Review

Pier No. 4 proved most vexing. After work commenced on September 2, 1867, a succession of three dredges was placed in operation. Disaster struck on March 17, 1868, when uneven "scour increased very rapidly on the south side, and the caisson began to tilt over." Workers removed the machin­ ery the next day, but by "2 P.M. the whole caisson had disappeared; ... the greater part of the wreck, being of green oak and covered with sand and stone, remained at the bottom of the river." Despite the obvious implications for the superstructure, the foundation had to be redesigned as well as reposi­ tioned fifty feet south to avoid the debris. Thus, the projected distances between Pier No. 4 and the adjacent piers were reversed and the spans inter­ changed accordingly.47 Here Chanute displayed perseverance as well as ingenuity. Rather than send gangs of laborers, later called sandhogs, into a compressed air environ­ ment within the caisson, he established four open chambers, each with a mechanical dredge. "From this time forward the chief difficulty lay in build-

47 Ibid., 52-53.

These falseworks protected work on the second location of Pier No. 4.

State Historical Society of Missouri Frontier Bridge Building 157 ing up the pier rather than in sinking it."48 The team concluded: "This foun­ dation, which from its situation might fairly be regarded as much the most difficult on the work, became, in its final execution, the most successful of all, and was put down in a less time than was consumed on any other deep foundation." The writers hoped their patented process would find wide application in other bridge construction on western rivers. They emphasized that it not only was "a cheap method of founding in deep and unstable bot­ toms" but that it could prove superior "to a depth of several hundred feet in clean sand" where use of pneumatic caissons would prove impossible.49 Construction of the foundations for Piers No. 5, No. 6, and No. 7 proved less challenging because they lay on the sandbar and could be supported by piles driven by a 2,200-pound hammer attached to a twenty-five horsepower steam engine. Even so, No. 6 had to be moved slightly from its initial loca­ tion due to submerged driftwood and roots, resulting in another change of the superstructure. An April 1867 flood destroyed early work on No. 7. Subsequent excavation and pile driving, although "exceedingly trouble­ some," were accomplished between the following August and October.50 As the respective rock seats or pilings provided firm foundations, con­ struction of the seven differing piers commenced. Citizens of the region, anxious about setbacks, could glimpse "real" progress in construction. A distinctive twenty-nine-foot diameter circle formed the base of the pivot draw. The engineers described the basic form for the other six as "some­ what unique, and . . . selected from the advantages it was thought to offer in combining a roomy bridge-seat with a slender and graceful pier. . . . All the oblong piers have the same total length, the difference being in their thick­ ness"—seven to eight feet at the neck and eight to ten feet at the base. Limestone, mostly quarried from places within three miles of the construc­ tion site during the summer and early fall of 1867, was seasoned through the winter before being used. Crews built each pillar in two to three months. The masonry of each pier was composed of a coarsely grained white or gray limestone. "A compact blue limestone," notably more expensive to quarry, was used in the "ashlar work of the upper parts of the piers."51

48 Ibid., 53-56, 62. Chanute and Morison received a patent (#98,848) for the dredging machine. Chanute later confessed that a diver inspecting the foundations about 1877 discov­ ered "a crevice under the pivot pier," perhaps caused by an earthquake. Twelve years later, further remedies were prescribed when the caisson was found to be fifteen feet away from bedrock. Chanute blurted: "So here is a case in which no less than three sets of engineers had been mistaken in their belief concerning the foundation of that bridge. I instance this blunder and I make this confession simply that we all may be on our guard against making similar mistakes." Chanute, "Kansas City Bridge in '69," 58-59. 49 Chanute and Morison, Kansas City Bridge, 66. 50 Ibid., 67-72. 51 Ibid., 73-76. 158 Missouri Historical Review

Pier No. 1

State Historical Society of Missouri

Design of the superstructure began as early as August 1867. The Kansas City engineers adopted the prevailing practice of soliciting bids from major truss manufacturers. Chanute and his staff provided dimen­ sions, loads, and materials in general terms but invited builders "to propose any form of truss which they might select, submitting plans of the same if novel, and to suggest such departure from these specifications as might in their judgment seem wise, with the reasons for the change, and a statement of the benefit resulting therefrom." Within three months, five parties had submitted nine sets of proposals. Two bids were for Howe , three for Pratt, and one each favored Post, double triangle, single triangle, and Fisk suspension truss designs. The Keystone Bridge Company of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, received the contract on October 30, 1867. In fact, Chanute and Joseph Tomlinson, the superstructure superintendent, required alter­ ations of the winning design. "Under this provision certain changes were suggested in the depth of the truss and arrangement of panels, which result­ ed in a material reduction of the cost."52 Economy and efficiency prevailed.

52 Ibid., 78-79. Ellis L. Armstrong, ed., History of Public Works in the United States, 1776-1976 (Chicago: American Public Works Association, 1976), 110, notes: "For bridges with short- and medium-length truss spans, it became the practice to let bids permitting the bidder to furnish the superstructure according to his own plans." Frontier Bridge Building 159

In appraisal of the aesthetic elements of bridge building, historian Howard Miller observed: "The reality of a bridge is the structure itself. Simple lines of force, vectors of tension and compression, dictate its funda­ mental form. The art of bridge design involves making manifest the beauty latent in the chosen form and the chosen material."53 Chanute chose wrought iron and wood for his truss members, to carry tension and compression respectively. The forms varied. The shortest span, closest to Kansas City, was a sixty-eight-foot wrought iron pony truss of low height. The fixed spans, one south and four north of the draw, were supported by double triangular trusses or trellis girders. The shorter ones had straight top chords, the longer ones curved. Cast iron was used for details and connections. Only a close inspection would reveal the "most novel detail"—the three forms of cast-iron angle blocks connecting chords and braces. Such ingenious devices, their fabricators believed, more equi­ tably distributed stresses carried by the wooden members. The engineers' concern for economy also led them to point out the ease of replacing worn parts, for they planned to "gradually convert the bridge into an iron structure without the expense of false-works or the intermission of traffic."54 The bridge, viewed from the sides or the top, had an irregular shape. It could, at best, be labeled a hybrid. Pertinent to this assessment is a com­ ment by J. A. L. Waddell: "One characteristic difference between the bridges of America and those of Continental Europe is that the latter are generally much more aesthetic, American engineers having had the bad habit of paying far more attention to economy than to appearance. . . . American engineers have almost always had to make every dollar go as far as possible."55 For the pivot draw, Keystone Bridge Company designed a Pratt truss, modified under Chanute's direction but similar to spans at "Cleveland, Dubuque and other points." It rested on Seller's patent pivots, a mechanism that permitted four men to open the bridge in two minutes. Chanute put for­ ward a revisionary hypothesis for pivot draws: "The distribution of strain is regulated by the proportion of the total weight thrown upon the end piers, and is therefore largely dependent on the form of latch used." Thus, he designed hydraulic jacks to insure fit when the draw was closed. Before its opening "the bridge was tested in the presence of a number of engineers." Both arms

53 Scott and Miller, Eads Bridge, 134. 54 Chanute and Morison, Kansas City Bridge, 81, 79. Carl Condit, American Building (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 103, in a review of truss developments, quips: "Of the many new truss forms patented in the fifties, the majority were fantastic: either they had no structural validity, or they were so ill-conceived as to be prohibitively expensive or impossible to analyze." Thus, the designers of the Kansas City bridge are to be congratulated for avoiding certain options and adapting proven designs. 55 Waddell, Bridge Engineering, 1: 18-19. 160 Missouri Historical Review

Kansas City Star The bridging of the Missouri River threatened the steamboat trade between St. Louis and Kansas City. of the draw were loaded with 313 tons. According to Chanute, deflections noted at the time were not true readings because the "tests were made before the bridge had been fully screwed up under a load."56 Nevertheless, the deflections fell within reasonable limits. Chanute's structure did not appear elegant, at least not in the sense of the soaring arches of the Eads Bridge in St. Louis, but it carried its loads efficiently and economically. A critic of America's structural art, John Kouwenhoven, has been at the center of scholarly studies of America's ver­ nacular tradition. Most often this local idiom is credited to "the fruit of America's technological past and the free play of an indigenous democratic spirit." It is frequently applied to domestic structures erected by ordinary people drawing on their own experiences and using traditional tools. Often a pronounced ethnic character evidences itself in the structure. Kouwenhoven, who has had a long love affair with the Eads Bridge, has provided guidelines that pertain to Chanute's pioneer span at Kansas City: "The vernacular is a mode of design. And it is the mode that you have to follow, whether you like it or not, when you are dealing with new materials and creating an object that hasn't existed before, for use that hasn't existed before."57

56 Chanute and Morison, Kansas City Bridge, 87-91. 57 Richard Coniff, "Made in America: An Interview with John Kouwenhoven," American Heritage of Invention and Technology 2 (summer 1986): 25, 26. Billington, Tower and Bridge, 81, echoes civil engineer John Roebling's assessment of the 1860s: "The present age is emphatically an age of usefulness. The useful goes before the ornamental. . . . The general interests of mankind are more promoted by the present than it was by the ancient." Frontier Bridge Building 161

^iii^l^f Jllfes^diil Kansas City Star

View of Kansas City From the Top of the Bridge

Historians of Kansas City and the region have reported in detail the boisterous celebration by forty thousand area residents when the bridge opened on July 3, 1869, and have credited the bridge with linking the plains and Chicago in the great economic expansion symbolized by slaughterhous­ es and grain elevators along railroad yards. Overlooked at the time and hence were Chanute's solutions to the problems of efficiency and economy. For just over $1 million he had created a bridge and secured river bottom­ land to stimulate the growth of a "commercial emporium of the West." Another span near Chanute's superseded it in 1917. These successive "Hannibal Bridges" along with Waddell's 1911 ASB Bridge served down­ town Kansas City from 1869 to 1956, when engineers erected the first of the modern spans, the Broadway Bridge.58 The city directory for 1867-1868 proclaimed: "The bridge will be the making of the city." It published a poem, "Kansas City," whose last couplet has echoed through the century as it pertains to the metropolitan area and Chanute's span:

Foreshadowing that future resplendent with glory, Which shall see the crowned Queen of our Western Domain.59

58 Robert S. Townsend, ed., Proud Heritage (Kansas City: Kansas City Life Insurance Co., 1957), 30-33; Fred Kiewit, "A Modern Link to the 'Downtown Airport,'" Kansas City Star, 2 September 1956. 59 Kansas City Directory, 1867-8, 11,4. Virginia Patrick Arthaud

Immigrants constituted a large percentage of the Atlas Portland Cement Company's workforce. Tony Nicosia stands in front of the group. Pictured left to right behind him are John Sunderlik, Paul Mazola, John Patrick, an unidentified man, Tom Zupan, and Steve Kisel.

Immigrant Cement Workers: The Strike of 1910 in Ilasco, Missouri

BY GREGG ANDREWS*

On May 17, 1910, less than a month after 's death, shotgun blasts pierced the morning stillness in the village of Ilasco, Missouri, three miles south of the author's boyhood hometown of Hannibal. Snipers fired at Missouri militiamen guarding the dynamite magazine at the Atlas Portland Cement Company's sprawling plant on the west bank of the Mississippi River, where over fifteen hundred workers, mostly Rumanian, Slovak, or

*Gregg Andrews is an associate professor of history at Southwest San Marcos. He received the B.A. and M.A. degrees from Northeast Missouri State University' Kirksville, and the Ph.D. degree from Northern Illinois University, De Kalb. Research for this article was funded, in part, by a National Endowment for the Humanities Travel to Collections Grant and by a Southwest Texas State University Summer Research Enhancement Grant. 162 The Strike of 1910 in Ilasco, Missouri 163

Italian immigrants, were on strike. When the sentries returned fire, the snipers scrambled over a hill and melted into the woods. Colonel Clay MacDonald, commander of the National Guard expedition to Ilasco, asked Governor Herbert Hadley for reinforcements to cope with the escalating conflict.1 The crack of gunfire that greeted Ilasco's approximately two thousand residents that morning dramatized the changes that had swept through the rural terrain in the last decade. The Atlas Portland Cement Company, which at the time operated plants at Northampton and Coplay, Pennsylvania, had entered the area in 1901. Eager to tap the growing market for cement in the Mississippi River valley, Atlas officials purchased over one thousand acres of farmland outside Hannibal in a hollow next to the cave popularized by Twain's writings. On this tract, which contained rich deposits of limestone and shale, Atlas built Mills Nos. 5 and 6 for extensive quarrying, mining, and manufacturing operations. Company barracks on the perimeter of the plant housed much of its predominantly immigrant workforce. Atlas also ran a train through Hannibal's west and south sides, gathering up native- born workers for the plant.2 By the time the mill produced its first cement in March 1903, a commu­ nity had taken shape, partly on land owned by Atlas and partly on adjacent noncompany land. Just beyond the company boardinghouses and dining rooms, a village of privately rented houses, grocery stores, dram shops, and other small retail stores quickly mushroomed. Most residents were immi­ grants employed at the cement plant, although a sizable number of native- born workers also lived there. Atlas officials named the community Ilasco—an acronym for some of the ingredients used in making cement.3

1 Hannibal Courier-Post, 17 May 1910; J. O. Roland, Sheriff, Ralls County, and Jack Briscoe, Prosecuting Attorney, to Governor Herbert Hadley, 16 May 1910, enclosed in F. M. Rumbold, Adjutant General, to Governor Herbert Hadley, in Biennial Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Missouri for the Years 1909-10 (Jefferson City, Mo.: Hugh Stephens Printing Company, 1910), 51. Also enclosed is "Col. MacDonald's Report on Riot Duty," 21 May 1910,421-424. 2 U.S. Census, 1910, Ralls County, Missouri, Saverton Township. For a brief account of the construction of the plant at Ilasco by an Atlas engineer who conducted the topographical surveys see Guy D. Helmick, "The Hannibal Cement Plant Story," January 1952, Coll. 995, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-Columbia (hereafter cited as WHMC-Columbia). On Atlas's land purchases see Hannibal Morning Journal, 12 June 1901; Goldena Howard, Ralls County Missouri (Marceline, Mo.: Walsworth, 1980), 219; and Earl J. Hadley, The Magic Powder: History of the Universal Atlas Cement Company and the Cement Industry (New York: Putnam's Sons, 1945), 220-221. For a history of the portland cement industry by corporate pioneers see Robert W. Lesley, John B. Lober, and George S. Bartlett, History of the Portland Cement Industry in the United States (1924; reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1972). 3 "Ilasco," 4 October 1937, U.S. Work Projects Administration, Historical Records Survey, Missouri, fol. 17504, WHMC-Columbia; U.S. Census, 1910, Saverton Township. 164 Missouri Historical Review

This rapid industrial transformation brought enormous class and cultur­ al conflicts to the area. Many company officials and local boosters in the Hannibal area viewed Ilasco as little more than a troublesome labor camp. Since Atlas did not pay wages in scrip, operate a company store, or com­ pletely control workers' housing in the village, it initially lacked the degree of control wielded by corporations in classic company towns. From the out­ set, for example, Atlas officials had spearheaded unsuccessful efforts to keep saloons out of Ilasco. This campaign, if successful, would have given Atlas more power to control Ilasco's cultural institutions and to impose greater efficiency on its transient labor force.4 Atlas officials believed that deep divisions in their overwhelmingly nonunionized workforce would prevent serious threats to control of the pro­ duction process. Wedded to the open shop, they busted the teamsters union shortly after the plant opened and tolerated an uneasy relationship with Hannibal's Mark Twain Lodge 537 of the International Association of Machinists (IAM). Atlas exploited racial and ethnic divisions among work­ ers and counted on friendly newspapers to spew out anti-immigrant venom when unskilled, nonunion workers dared to protest wages, dangerous work­ ing conditions, and the open shop.5 Cement manufacturing raised concerns about the potentially harmful effects of working in such a dusty atmosphere. Inadequate lighting and dusty conditions created safety problems for those who worked around dan­ gerous machinery. A worker in one of Atlas's buildings likened the heavy cloud of dust that sometimes gathered to a "terrible fog" that nearly obscured the incandescent lights. "Owing to the thick dust and smoke," complained the machinists in a letter issued by the Hannibal union, "this work is very unhealthy and wages paid are low." A reporter for the St. Louis Labor described conditions at the Ilasco plant as "unbearable" and noted that workers there were "the hardest working and poorest paid men." He added:

4 On Atlas's campaign against saloons in Ilasco see Record F, Ralls County, Office of the County Clerk, New London, Mo., 248, 252; Hannibal Morning Journal, 22 March 1903; and Hannibal Courier-Post, 1, 25 April, 9, 11 May, and 28 June 1906. For an example of a similar campaign by corporate officials in the steel industry see John Bodnar, Immigration and Industrialization: Ethnicity in an American Mill Town, 1870-1940 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977), 99. John J. Rumbarger, Profits, Power, and Prohibition: Alcohol Reform and the Industrializing of America, 1800-1930 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989), provides a stimulating analysis of the role of corporate elites in promoting alco­ hol reform to mold a more efficient, profitable labor force and orderly industrial society. 5 On earlier disputes between Lodge 537 and Atlas see "Meeting of the Executive Board," 5 March 1903 and 10 June 1909, vols. 1 and 3, International Association of Machinists and Workers, District 9, Records, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-St. Louis (hereafter cited as IAMAW Records, volume number). See also Hannibal Morning Journal, 3, 4, 5 March 1903. On the teamsters' ouster see Hannibal Morning Journal, 1 July, 15 August, and 4 November 1903. The Strike of 1910 in Ilasco, Missouri 165

Anna Sunderlik Venditti Like other families at the time, Mary Roziak Sunderlik and her son, John, and daughter, Mary, left Slovakia in 1909 to work in Ilasco. "Several years work for the Atlas Portland Cement Co. will mean consump­ tion for any laborer who is not provided with an exceptionally strong consti­ tution."6 In addition to the possible long-term effects of dust and smoke, danger existed for workers at every stage of the production process. Local newspa­ pers often graphically described accidents in which victims were suffocated, burned, mutilated, and mangled by machinery; crushed by rock slides in the

6 George E. Yost, Respondent v Atlas Portland Cement Company, Appellant, St. Louis Court of Appeals, 8 June 1915, Missouri Appeal Reports: Cases Determined by the St. Louis, Kansas City and Springfield Courts of Appeals of the State of Missouri, vol. 191 (Columbia, Mo.: E. W. Stephens Publishing Co., 1915), 430; St. Louis Labor, 21 May 1910. For the machinists' complaints see International Association of Machinists, Mark Twain Lodge 537 of Hannibal, Mo. to Organized Labor Everywhere, reprinted in St. Louis Labor, 28 May 1910 (hereafter cited as Mark Twain Lodge 537 to Organized Labor). For a description of the process of making cement see Edward D. Boyer, "The Famous Lehigh Valley," The Atlas Circle 4 (July 1918): 1-6; Bernard H. Topkis, "Labor Requirements in Cement Production," Monthly Labor Review 42 (January 1936): 564-566; Henry Andrew Buehler, The Lime and Cement Resources of Missouri (Jefferson City, Mo.: H. Stephens, 1907), 192-194; and Lesley, Lober, and Bartlett, History of the Portland Cement Industry, 104-129. 166 Missouri Historical Review shale mines; blown up by premature dynamite explosions; or injured in a variety of other ways. Company attitudes sometimes suggested a casual regard for the dangers of cement manufacturing. The case of Thomas Randolph (Renault), a French chemist who worked at the plant from 1903 until his mysterious disappearance on October 19, 1905, provides a good illustration. He never reappeared—dead or alive—and although evidence convinced his wife that he had simply abandoned his family for France, some of the plant bosses initially concluded that he probably "got ground up in one of the big machines."7 Since Missouri did not have a workmen's compensation law until 1926, workers and families of workers injured on the job had only limited options.8 Laws passed by the Missouri legislature in 1907 widened the scope of employers' liability and allowed recovery of $10,000 in damages for death that resulted from contributory negligence. Thus, workers could sue Atlas for damages, but this course of action proved expensive and slow. A business agent for machinists' lodges in the district complained: "Most of the money paid for damages goes to Lawyers and Doctors and when a final settlement the workmen have very little left."9 In some cases injured workers might receive a settlement from company officials, turn to fraternal associations, or simply fend for themselves as best they could. Atlas sometimes persuaded, or coerced, injured workers to sign agreements surrendering all rights to future legal action against the company in exchange for a relatively small sum of money. At times they sweetened the agreements with promises of lifetime employment at acceptable wage levels and duties that the injured could perform in their limited capacity.10

7 Velma Youell, "Renault a/ka Randolph," in 2 good 2 be 4 gotten, 2nd ed., comp. Hannibal Writers Club (Hannibal, Mo., n.p., 1982), 14-15. 8 On the struggle to pass a workmen's compensation law in Missouri see Ruth W. Towne, "The Movement for Workmen's Compensation Legislation in Missouri, 1910-1925" (master's thesis, University of Missouri-Columbia, 1940). Gary M. Fink, Labor's Search for Political Order: The Political Behavior of the Missouri Labor Movement, 1890-1940 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1973), 48-53, 82-93, provides a good discussion of organized labor's role in promoting workmen's compensation legislation. 9 Fink, Labor's Search for Political Order, 49; "Meeting of the Joint Executive Board," 8 October 1914, I AM AW Records, vol. 4. Numerous suits for damages against the Atlas Portland Cement Company are on file in the Ralls County Office of the Circuit Clerk and Recorder, New London. 10 As the case of James H. Burge, a millwright, indicates, "agreements" between Atlas and injured workers did not always eliminate conflict. After Burge's left arm and hand were permanently crippled on July 23, 1906, while he was repairing machinery in the rock mill, Atlas officials convinced him that a permanent job with them would be worth much more than a suit for damages. In a signed agreement on September 4, 1906, Atlas paid him $70 to com­ pensate for thirty-five lost days of work at his normal salary of $2 per day; in return, he waived all future rights of legal action against the company. According to Burge, Atlas officials soon reneged on their verbal promise to give him a lifetime position with light duties that he could perform with his crippled left arm. After Atlas The Strike of 1910 in Ilasco, Missouri 167

In response to dangerous working conditions, unsatisfactory wages, and the ten-hour per day, sixty-hour work week, Atlas employees had become increasingly militant prior to the 1910 strike. Quarry workers—mostly Rumanians and Slovaks earning $1.40 per day—conducted an unsuccessful strike in September 1906 to protest the imposition of piece wages. For men who handled explosives and heavy rocks, Atlas's attempt to increase pro­ ductivity by speeding up work in the quarries only increased the likelihood of accidental explosions and mangled limbs. Although unorganized and defeated in this collective action, the workers briefly overcame ethnic differ­ ences to attract other immigrants and native borns to the strike.11 Atlas used a lockout to defeat a brief strike by unskilled laborers in September 1908, but this did not dampen the workers' militancy. IAM Lodge 537 reached an agreement with the company in the spring of 1909 in an attempt to recoup a 10 percent wage cut that had been imposed in January forced him to engage in heavy lifting and reduced his wages to $1.80 per day, he quit and ini­ tiated a lawsuit. He sued for breach of contract, and in a separate case asked for damages in the amount of $1,975 but later dropped his suit, perhaps as the result of an out-of-court settle­ ment. James H. Burge v Atlas Portland Cement Company, 9383 (1910) and 94721 (1911), Ralls County, Office of the Circuit Clerk and Recorder. The Ardeleana Rumanian Beneficial Union established a chapter in Ilasco on November 4, 1907, and Atlas employees formed a hospital association fund to ensure that contributors who suffered on-the-job accidents would have access to medical care at Levering Hospital in Hannibal. Workers contributed a day's salary per year to the fund, which covered only job- related accidents, not ordinary cases of illness. Book Q, Ralls County Circuit Court Record, 21, Office of the Circuit Clerk and Recorder, and Hannibal Courier-Post, 17 November 1904. 11 Hannibal Courier-Post, 11, 12 September 1906; Twenty-eighth Annual Report of the Missouri Bureau of Labor Statistics and Inspection of the State of Missouri (Jefferson City, Mo.: Hugh Stephens Printing Company, 1906), 448.

The abundance of limestone and shale in the area provided extensive quarry­ ing opportunities for Atlas. State Historical Society of Missouri 168 Missouri Historical Review

1908. This perhaps emboldened the unskilled workers, who again went on strike later that summer. During the change of shifts on the night of July 29, 1909, Italian workers walked out of the packinghouse, where the dust prob­ lem was particularly acute. By the following morning several hundred workers had joined the strike.12 The confrontation became critical when a group of strikers took posses­ sion of the powder magazine and two carloads of dynamite on the night of August 2. Ralls County Sheriff J. O. Roland and twenty-five deputies rushed to Ilasco to guard Atlas property. Strikers formed a committee to present demands to plant officials, and they appointed several men to ensure that no workers damaged company property. A bugler summoned strikers from their homes in Ilasco to discuss strategies and aims at open-air meetings.13 On the morning of August 3 several hundred strikers armed with clubs and other weapons greeted the work train from Hannibal. They warned the commuters not to get off the train or there would be trouble—the workers decided not to confront Ilasco's strikers and returned home on the train.14 Until now, the Hannibal Courier-Post had been somewhat restrained in its expression of racist attitudes toward Ilasco's immigrant workers. The strike of 1909, however, prompted a shocking outpouring of editorial venom as the newspaper shed all pretense of self-restraint: "Ilasco, the city of dust, is a seething, boiling pot of beer-demented, striking foreigners. . . . Law and order has been supplanted by drinking and revelry." The newspaper expressed scorn for the town's "garlic-smelling . . . maddened mass of non- citizen employes." Emphasizing that the strikers constituted a "foreign mob," a reporter registered disgust at the community's parade-like resis­ tance to Atlas: "A martial bugle call sounds the taps and assembly and from every door and shanty appears a 'hunk' ready to do the unreasonable beck­ oning of an overwrought leader."15 Atlas officials contacted Governor Hadley's office about sending the National Guard to Ilasco but withdrew the request when a settlement on August 3 granted plant workers a pay increase of twenty-nine cents per day. At this time Atlas wanted to avoid lengthy disruptions in production. In addition to filling a contract to deliver cement for the Panama Canal, Atlas had secured another contract to provide cement for a power station and dam at Keokuk, Iowa, about sixty miles north of Hannibal on the Mississippi.16

12 Hannibal Courier-Post, 19, 21, 22 September 1908; "Meeting of the Joint Executive Board," 10 June 1909, IAMAW Records, vol. 3; Hannibal Courier-Post, 30, 31 July 1909. 13 Ralls County Record, 6 August 1909; Hannibal Courier-Post, 3 August 1909. 14 Ralls County Record, 6 August 1909; Hannibal Courier-Post, 3 August 1909. 15 Hannibal Courier-Post, 3 August 1909. 16 Ralls County Record, 6 August 1909; Hannibal Courier-Post, 3 August 1909, 17 May 1910; Universal Atlas Cement Company, "Data on Keokuk Power Station and Dam," 12 February 1941, in author's possession. On the Panama Canal contract see Hannibal Courier- Post, 25 August 1908. The Strike of 1910 in Ilasco, Missouri 169

Although Atlas officials had acceded to strikers' demands, the growing boldness of workers convinced them to draw the line against further ultima­ tums. On March 28, 1910, about twenty-eight members of IAM Lodge 537 presented the company with a proposed contract that called for a wage increase from thirty-four and one-half cents to thirty-eight cents per hour, a nine-hour day, and payment of time and one-half for overtime work. Plant officials refused even to meet with a union committee and business agent. Following a meeting in Hannibal's Trades and Labor Assembly Hall with Benjamin F. Lamb, a business agent and representative from the IAM District Council in St. Louis, the machinists struck on April 20.17 Tensions smoldered for nearly a month. Lamb expected an early settle­ ment and returned to Hannibal on May 3 to arrange a conference in an attempt to resolve the strike, but Atlas had planned well for the expected con­ frontation. Since the IAM had targeted railroads as part of a broader cam­ paign to win the nine-hour day, and in anticipation of a coal strike in April, Atlas had carloads of coal available in case the anticipated strikes disrupted shipments. With large stocks of cement also on hand, Atlas officials simply fired the strikers and announced plans to move the machine shops to its plant at Northampton, Pennsylvania. Prepared to resist labor's demands, the man­ agers dug their heels in deeper when steamfitters struck in support of the machinists on May 4. Blacksmiths followed on May 14, while carpenters, millers, and workers in the packinghouses and quarries struck on May 16.18 Once again Italians in the packinghouses mobilized unskilled workers in the strike. They left their work places and went to the quarries and the mines to prevail upon fellow workers. The quarry workers quickly joined them, but a fight almost erupted when some of the shale miners did not want to strike. At the depot, strikers intercepted the afternoon work train from Hannibal. Since it was payday, however, they allowed Hannibal workers to visit the paymaster if they left their dinner pails on the train and agreed to return home as soon as they picked up their checks. Most of the workers from Hannibal complied, but one man insisted on going to work and had to be rescued by friends when strik­ ers grabbed him. Accordingly, he put his dinner pail back on the train and went with others to receive their paychecks. After distributing the checks the paymasters told the Hannibal workers to go home until further notice.19

17 Hannibal Morning Journal, 21 April 1910. See also Mark Twain Lodge 537 to Organized Labor and "Meeting of the Joint Executive Board," 9 March 1911, IAM AW Records, vol. 4. 18 Ralls County Record, 25 March 1910; Hannibal Courier-Post, 16 May 1910; Mark Twain Lodge 537 to Organized Labor; "Meeting of the Joint Executive Board," 12 May, 9 June, and 14 July 1910,1 AM AW Records, vol. 4. On the strike by machinists against certain railroad companies in May 1910 see Thirty-second Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the State of Missouri (Jefferson City, Mo.: Hugh Stephens Publishing Company, 1910), 275-277. 19 Hannibal Morning Journal, 17 May 1910. 170 Missouri Historical Review

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Panoramic View of the Atlas Portland Cement Company

Atlas officials shut down the plant and adopted a hard line against strik­ ers. "When they marched through the various departments, armed with sticks and rocks, intimidating the men," a plant official said, "we at once determined to shut down the entire works to avert trouble. . . . We are pay­ ing better wages than any cement plant of which I have knowledge, and we could not accede to the demands made previously by the machinists and others."20 On May 16, Sheriff Roland quickly sent deputies to guard the plant. At the behest of the plant superintendent, W. A. Smith, he contacted Hadley and Adjutant General F. M. Rumbold to request the dispatch of National Guardsmen. According to Atlas officials, their request for troops grew out of a fear that strikers would dynamite the plant. Ralls County prosecuting attorney Jack Briscoe notified Hadley of the rioting and said that armed strikers using violence and threats were keeping other workers off the job.21 Governor Hadley at first refused the request, urging Briscoe and Roland to monitor the situation and contact him again later that day. In the meantime, two members of Hadley's personal staff investigated. They did not go to Ilasco but concluded after consulting with "reputable parties" that troops were necessary. Later in the day Briscoe and Roland sent the fol­ lowing telegram to the governor's office: "Send 300 militia at once to Ilasco, Ralls county, to suppress insurrection and lawlessness. A state of lawlessness, tumult, mob riot and resistance to the laws of the state by a

20 Ibid. 21 Governor Herbert S. Hadley to R. B. Leeds, Secretary, Hannibal Trades and Labor Assembly, 3 June 1910, Herbert S. Hadley Papers, vol. 14, WHMC-Columbia; St. Louis Republic, 17 May 1910. The Strike of 1910 in Ilasco, Missouri 111

Roberta and Hurley Hagood body of men acting together by force with intent to resist laws and offer violence to persons and property exists at Ilasco. Fifteen hundred men are striking at Atlas Cement works."22 Atlas officials switched all freight cars out of the railroad yards to make room for the militia. At about 10:30 P.M. Company C from Kirksville arrived in Hannibal, where it joined local Company E under the command of Captain J. F. Meyer, Jr. These companies took a train a few miles south of the plant to Saverton, where they met two cars of National Guard compa­ nies from St. Louis and then headed back to the plant. Assistant superinten­ dent F. S. Rucker greeted the troops and quartered them in the packinghous­ es of both mills. Major H. Chouteau Dyer, the senior officer from St. Louis, posted sentries around the plant. By 5:15 A.M., Colonel Clay MacDonald, a former Confederate soldier, had arrived from St. Joseph to command the operation, which then consisted of 17 officers and 141 enlisted men. Shortly thereafter, a detachment from Company L in Jefferson City arrived, strengthening the force to 18 officers and 158 enlisted men.23 The crisis quickly strained relationships in the community. Amid reports of heavy drinking on the night of May 16, heated arguments broke out in the saloons. The stabbing of Jacob Catoni prompted the issuance of warrants the following day for the arrest of Almaine and Nicola Spostu.

22 Hannibal Courier-Post, 16 May 1910; Governor Hadley to R. B. Leeds, 3 June 1910, Hadley Papers. Copies of the telegram are reproduced in the Hannibal Morning Journal, 17 May 1910; Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Convention of the Missouri State Federation of Labor, (1910), 89, Missouri State Labor Council, AFL-CIO, Records, fol. 5, WHMC-Columbia (hereafter cited as MSLC Records). Benjamin F. Lamb, business agent for IAM District 9, estimated the number of strikers at seventeen hundred. 23 Hannibal Courier-Post, 16 May 1910; Hannibal Morning Journal, 17 May 1910; St. Louis Republic, 17 May 1910; Governor Hadley to R. B. Leeds, 3 June 1910, Hadley Papers; "Col. MacDonald's Report," in Biennial Report of the Adjutant General, 421. 172 Missouri Historical Review

Other stabbings and disturbances that night further illustrated the tensions that plagued the community in its struggle to maintain unity against the combined forces of Atlas and the state of Missouri.24 Upon awaking on May 17, residents found Ilasco under military occu­ pation. The eerie silence that engulfed the idle cement plant provided a veneer of calm over a community in turmoil. "Over the deserted plant silence hangs like a pall," observed a local reporter. "The quiet is only bro­ ken by the sharp command of an officer or the challenge of a sentry. The village of Ilasco, however, seethes with sullen men and women who greet every appearance of the soldiers with hisses and cat-calls."25 The occupation of Ilasco attracted considerable newspaper attention. Much of the coverage offered alcohol as the primary explanation for the behavior of Ilasco's workers. A headline on the front page of the Hannibal Morning Journal on May 17 declared: "FOREIGNERS CARVE EACH OTHER IN DRUNKEN BROILS AT ILASCO LAST NIGHT." On the same date, the St. Louis Republic explained that there had yet been no vio­ lent clash between the strikers and the militia because the troops had "dis­ covered nearly everybody in a drunken stupor." To prevent tensions from escalating, Governor Hadley sent a telegram to Colonel MacDonald at 6 A.M., ordering him to close the saloons. In part this reflected an underlying tendency to blame labor strife on alcohol, but by closing the saloons, MacDonald could deprive strikers of important meeting places where they could plan strategy and mobilize collective support. Ilasco's saloon owners, after MacDonald and Captain Leroy Robbins of Company A from St. Louis notified each of them in person, complied with the order, "though there were some murmurs of dissatisfaction at its promul­ gation."26 Under National Guard protection, Atlas officials tried to restart the plant on May 17 with workers from Hannibal, but strikers again intercepted the work train. Shortly after MacDonald had closed the saloons, a bugler sum­ moned several hundred strikers to form a marching column, and they walked along the river to the unloading station to stop the train from reach­ ing the plant. A reporter described the procession: "A bugler at their head blew strenuously, making the hills ring with his crude music."27 MacDonald quickly deployed troops to the train station, where he con­ fronted the strikers, warning them against violence and lawlessness. A strik­ er replied that no violence would occur but insisted that workers had a right

Hannibal Morning Journal, 17, 19 May 1910. Hannibal Courier-Post, 17 May 1910. "Col. MacDonald's Report," in Biennial Report of the Adjutant General, 421-422. Ibid., 422; St. Louis Republic, 18 May 1910. The Strike of 1910 in Ilasco, Missouri 173 to demand and receive higher wages. When the work train arrived, the mili­ tia escorted Hannibal workers from the train without further disturbances. The crowd then returned to the village.28 Tensions escalated later that morning when three snipers fired shotgun blasts at sentries guarding Atlas's dynamite magazine. MacDonald accom­ panied a squad that investigated the shots and reinforced the magazine. Although no casualties transpired, the buckshot left marks on the platform in front of the magazine. The unidentified snipers had retreated into the hills.29 During the afternoon a report reached MacDonald that Ilasco saloon owners had illegally opened the back doors to their establishments. He sent Robbins to investigate, with orders to arrest violators. When the captain reached the saloon of Richard Janney, he discovered approximately thirty- five men drinking inside, with the back door of the tavern open. Robbins arrested Janney and his Rumanian bartender, John Blagu, escorting them at gunpoint past "a seething mass of foreigners at the bar."30 The arrests triggered a "wild demonstration" by strikers and supporters in the street, who hissed and sneered as Robbins led the prisoners past the jail to the temporary military headquarters set up on Atlas property.

28 "Col. MacDonald's Report," in Biennial Report of the Adjutant General, 422; St. Louis Republic, 18 May 1910. 29 "Col. MacDonald's Report," in Biennial Report of the Adjutant General, 422; St. Louis Republic, 18 May 1910; Hannibal Courier-Post, 17 May 1910; St. Joseph Gazette, 18 May 1910. 30 "Col. MacDonald's Report," in Biennial Report of the Adjutant General, 422; Hannibal Courier-Post, 17 May 1910; St. Louis Republic, 18 May 1910.

When the Ralls County sheriff felt that the strike was out of control, Governor Hadley granted his request for National Guard troops.

State Historical Society of Missouri 174 Missouri Historical Review

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Leroy Robbins, captain of Company A of the National Guard in St. Louis, led the governor-ordered closing of Ilasco's saloons during the strike.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Robbins released Janney the next morning in exchange for a promise to keep his saloon closed, but he turned Blagu over to Ralls County civil authorities, who had earlier issued a warrant for his arrest on criminal charges of rioting.31 The growing turbulence convinced MacDonald that he needed rein­ forcements. He requested 120 additional men; however, only 2 more offi­ cers and 25 enlisted men arrived the following morning. MacDonald's troops numbered 21 officers and 180 enlisted men after the governor recalled 5 men on the morning of May 19. Atlas officials did all they could to make the troops feel comfortable, including arranging for the officers to eat at the company boardinghouse.32 Plant managers hoped to resume production on May 18 under militia protection but delayed after learning that the strike might be on the verge of collapse. Ethnic divisions had begun to weaken the strikers' united front. After interviewing several people in Ilasco, a local reporter claimed that most

31 "Col. MacDonald's Report," in Biennial Report of the Adjutant General, 422; Hannibal Courier-Post, 17 May 1910; St. Louis Republic, 18 May 1910. 32 "Col. MacDonald's Report," in Biennial Report of the Adjutant General, 423; St. Louis Republic, 18 May 1910. The Strike of 1910 in Ilasco, Missouri 175

Slovaks and Rumanians did not energetically support the strike and would be willing to return to work if they received protection. A group of Poles and Hungarians met with Atlas officials to complain that the Italians were the ringleaders. According to the company, about seventy-five Italians were intimidating fifteen hundred workers from returning to work.33 On May 18 a strike committee headed by Italian Tony Mirande asked Smith, the plant superintendent, to address workers on a plain between the plant and the village. Smith consented. During this meeting Mirande com­ plained about the unfairness of workers receiving between $1.65 and $2.00 per day for a ten-hour workday. He also demanded the removal of assistant superintendent Rucker, who insisted that "we run an open shop, and will continue to do so." Smith told strikers that their earnings compared favor­ ably with wages paid by any cement company. Atlas wanted to treat them right, he assured, emphasizing his desire for a speedy resolution of differ­ ences. He agreed to meet with the strike committee but expressed doubts that strikers would honor Mirande's promise that they would accept an agreement negotiated by this committee.34 For Ilasco's residents, military occupation had turned their world upside down. Much to the surprise of reporters on the scene, the atmosphere in Ilasco appeared festive, almost carnivalesque. Just before the meeting between Smith and the strike committee, the community's bugler sounded the by-now-familiar call for assembly, and in response residents poured from their homes. Two men wearing bright blue trousers and red sashes took positions on each side of a donkey mounted by a Rumanian. Demonstration organizers tied brightly colored ribbons around the donkey's head and cov­ ered him with cloth. The rider, with two colorful companions on each side of the donkey, and seven-to-eight hundred Rumanians and Slovaks, marched through the streets and village commons area. The procession did not stop until it reached the plain between the plant and the community. After per­ forming what a reporter described as a fancy drill, the marchers broke up into groups based on nationality and continued the festivities. Strikers, as a reporter observed, watched "with great glee the antics of some of their com­ rades on the plain. ... In the bright sunshine one of the leaders rode a stick- horse back and forth, amid the cheers of his comrades."35 Such ritualistic expressions of community solidarity and protest against military occupation "gave a decidedly peaceful aspect to the strike situa­ tion." Angelo Venditti, a retired Atlas quarry worker and former resident of

33 Hannibal Morning Journal, 17 May 1910; St. Louis Republic, 18 May 1910. 34 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 18 May 1910; Hannibal Morning Journal, 17 May 1910; and Hannibal Courier-Post, 18 May 1910. 35 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 18 May 1910; Hannibal Morning Journal, 19 May 1910; and Hannibal Courier-Post, 18 May 1910. 176 Missouri Historical Review

Ilasco, recalled that militiamen played with him and other curious children who visited the packinghouse where the troops were quartered. Strikers also circulated among the troops without confrontations. In fact, National Guardsmen took time to play baseball in the community's park. The game featured officers versus enlisted men. MacDonald pitched for the commis­ sioned officers, whom the nonstrikers cheered; the strikers rooted for the enlisted men. All in all, the strikers, "instead of being in an ugly mood, were as happy and as jolly as a lot of school boys on a frolic."36 After meeting with the strike committee, Smith announced that they would hold other conferences as needed to resolve the dispute. Newspapers concluded that a settlement was at hand, and MacDonald telephoned Governor Hadley later that afternoon: "The danger of mob violence and lawlessness had passed." In response to MacDonald's conclusion that civil authorities could now handle the situation, the governor's office notified him that, barring any new threatening developments, all troops could be withdrawn by the morning of May 19—by 5:40 that afternoon all the troops had left Ilasco.37 The departure of the National Guard left Deputy Sheriff Charles T. Weaver and twenty-five deputies in charge of the situation. Sheriff Roland, at odds with state officials, had apparently been pulled from the Atlas assignment. When MacDonald had first arrived on May 17, he had tried to contact Roland but heard that the sheriff was indisposed. Atlas officials told MacDonald that Roland "was not fit for duty, on account of intoxication." MacDonald did not meet Roland until the evening of May 18, when he handed prisoner John Blagu over to the prosecuting attorney. "At this time," reported MacDonald, "he [Roland] was so intoxicated that he could not get into his buggy without assistance, and I realized that it was useless to attempt to hold any communication with him."38 On the morning of May 20, Atlas officials abruptly suspended negotia­ tions with the strike committee, announcing that the plant would be closed indefinitely. Superintendent Smith rejected the committee's demands as unreasonable and informed them that all of the men would be paid off in the morning. Most would be laid off indefinitely. Only engineers, foremen, and watchmen would be employed to ensure fire and safety inspection of plant buildings.39

36 Angelo Venditti, interview by author, Hannibal, Mo., 9 July 1993; Hannibal Courier- Post, 18 May 1910; Hannibal Morning Journal, 17, 19 May 1910. 37 Hannibal Courier-Post, 18 May 1910; "Col. MacDonald's Report," in Biennial Report of the Adjutant General, 423. 38 Hannibal Courier-Post, 20 May 1910; "Col. MacDonald's Report," in Biennial Report of the Adjutant General, 423-424. 39 Hannibal Courier-Post, 20 May 1910. The Strike of 1910 in Ilasco, Missouri 111

Atlas's strategy to pressure strikers and strain ethnic divisions to the breaking point in Ilasco proved successful. On the night of May 20, Italian workers requested protection from their consulates in Chicago and St. Louis because other ethnic workers in Ilasco were threatening their lives and prop­ erty. Italian consuls in St. Louis and Chicago wired Hadley, requesting troops to protect the Italian colony in Ilasco from such violence. Hadley contacted Briscoe in New London, urging him to use local law enforcement personnel to protect the Italians. A couple of days later, however, Hadley told Briscoe that he had since learned from MacDonald that the Italians were the "principal disturbers."40 Although the plant officials threatened to close the operation indefinite­ ly, they discussed the possibility of resuming operations on the morning of May 21 with Ralls County officials. They thought the action might drive a deeper wedge between the militants and those who favored ending the strike. Workers assembled to discuss the issue between 5:00 and 6:00 A.M. The majority favored ending the strike and communicated this to Smith. Meanwhile, a special representative of the Italian consul in St. Louis arrived. Michael Deelo, an Italian businessman from St. Louis, met with the Italian workers and talked to Smith in an effort to resolve the crisis. A

40 Hadley to Briscoe, 23 May 1910, Hadley Papers. The telegrams from the Italian con­ sulates in Chicago and St. Louis are reprinted in the Hannibal Courier-Post, 21 May 1910.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Colonel Clay MacDonald 178 Missouri Historical Review

Hannibal reporter noted that Deelo worked well in the role of peacemaker: "He is a pleasant talker, a shrewd wide awake businessman, and has had a great many years' experience in dealing with matters of this kind."41 After Deelo failed to broker an agreement, a large number of workers decided to report for work. In response, approximately forty or fifty strik­ ers, mostly the Italians, tried to prolong the strike by threatening violence to anyone who broke ranks and returned to work. This prompted a "small sized riot." The rest of the workers, including the more "peaceable" of the Italians, chased and attacked the militants, who retreated to their homes. After smashing windows with rocks and knocking down doors, the angry crowd dragged the strike ringleaders out of their homes. Deputy Sheriff Weaver arrived with several deputies to prevent more damage and violence but allowed the crowd to force several strike leaders to pick up their pay­ checks and get out of town. When Briscoe learned of the conflict, he asked Governor Hadley to put the Hannibal National Guard unit back on alert in case troops were again needed. Local law enforcement officers, however, handled the situation. The Hannibal Courier-Post explained that no threats were made against Atlas officials or property and that the violence was confined to Ilasco workers. Apparently many regarded the lives of the Italian strike leaders as less important than the lives of Atlas officials or the protection of company property. At least they did not warrant the dispatch of the National Guard.42 Hadley's use of the militia attracted nationwide attention, putting Ilasco on the front page of the New York Times and immediately drawing fire from organized labor in Missouri. The Central Trades and Labor Union in St. Louis condemned the dispatch of troops "before all of the strikers had even left the plant, during which time there was not a semblance of violence and not the least pretext for calling out the troops." A resolution introduced by Benjamin F. Lamb of IAM District Council Number 9 demanded the removal of Sheriff Roland. The St. Louis Labor blasted Hadley as a "miser­ able peanut politician" and ridiculed him for posing as "the great friend of labor." The newspaper noted that Hadley "complied with the request [for troops] as promptly as any capitalist statesman ever did within the last 25 years of labor troubles." It mocked Hadley and the hysteria promoted by Atlas officials to secure troops against the strikers: "The 'foreigners' failed to dynamite the dynamite storage building; the 'rioters' failed to throw rocks at the manager of the cement company; the strikers acted like men and by their excellent discipline morally compelled Governor Hadley to order his Sunday soldiers back home to mamma."43

41 Hannibal Courier-Post, 21 May 1910; Hannibal Morning Journal, 22 May 1910. 42 Hannibal Courier-Post, 21 May 1910; Hannibal Morning Journal, 22 May 1910. 43 New York Times, 17 May 1910; St. Louis Labor, 21, 28 May 1910. The Strike of 1910 in Ilasco, Missouri 179

Hadley received letters of protest from several labor organizations, including the Hannibal Typographical Union, the Hannibal Trades and Labor Assembly, IAM Lodge Number 41 in St. Louis, and the Central Labor Union in Marceline. The governor defended his actions by emphasiz­ ing that Sheriff Roland had lost control of the situation, and he insisted that the National Guard carefully avoided taking sides during the dispute. He blamed the trouble on Roland's intoxication and pointed out that he had urged the Ralls County prosecuting attorney to initiate proceedings to remove the sheriff from office. "It is as much to the benefit of the labor classes as it is to the benefit of the employers of labor," Hadley told R. B. Leeds, secretary of the Hannibal Trades and Labor Assembly, "that acts of violence, resulting in the destruction of lives and property, be avoided."44 That Hadley regarded Ilasco workers as an ongoing threat emerges from his communications with the Ralls County prosecuting attorney over Roland's future. Hadley suggested that Briscoe require Roland to submit his resignation to the county court, which would then not accept it unless Roland started drinking again. If Roland refused, Briscoe should begin pro­ ceedings to remove him from office. "In view of the apparently flagrant disregard of his official obligations on the part of the sheriff," Hadley told Briscoe, "it seems to me that it is inadvisable to permit him to continue to perform the duties of this important position with the constant danger from violence and disturbance from the class of laborers employed at Ilasco."45 Hannibal's newspapers portrayed the strike as a foreign uprising, gener­ ally ignoring the cooperation, even if short-lived, between immigrant and native-born strikers. According to such accounts, strikers were foreigners

44 Hadley to George Nein, Recording Secretary, Lodge No. 41, International Association of Machinists, Saint Louis, 23 May 1910; Hadley to C. A. Hill, Secretary, Hannibal Typographical Union, 8 June 1910; Hadley to Geo. R. McGregor, Secretary, Central Labor Union, Marceline, 28 June 1910; and Hadley to R. B. Leeds, Secretary, Hannibal Trades and Labor Assembly, 3 June 1910; all in Hadley Papers. 45 Hadley to Briscoe, 23, 27 May 1910, Hadley Papers. The author disagrees with the interpretation of this strike presented by David Thelen in Paths of Resistance: Tradition and Dignity in Industrializing Missouri (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 55. Thelen argues that Hadley sent the National Guard to defuse ethnic tensions between native-born workers and Italian immigrants. He uses this strike as an example of how the new industrial workplace competition that pitted immigrants against native-born skilled workers created eth­ nic antagonisms. According to his interpretation, the strike became explosive because skilled workers at the plant reacted angrily to the threat to their job security posed by Italian newcom­ ers. This ignores the fact that immigrant and non-immigrant unskilled workers had struck in sympathy with the native-born machinists. In fact, Italian workers became the objects of vio­ lence on the part of other unskilled workers because of their militancy and determination to continue the strike along with the skilled workers. Local law enforcement authorities allowed the perpetrators of this violence to run several Italian militants out of town. Guardsmen had already left Ilasco by the time Italian consuls requested protection for the village's Italian colony. The evidence shows clearly that Hadley sent the National Guard to protect Atlas's interests, not to save Italian immigrants from angry native-born skilled workers. 180 Missouri Historical Review whereas workers who opposed the strike were Americans, and strikers resided in Ilasco whereas opponents of the strike lived in Hannibal. This interpretation may have served the public relations needs of Atlas, but as the St. Louis Star's coverage indicated, it slighted the role of native-born machinists and other skilled workers, many of whom lived in Hannibal, in launching the strike. It also ignored the role of native-born workers in what plant superintendent Smith regarded as primarily a sympathy strike on the part of unskilled workers. The St. Louis Star noted that, although immi­ grants had led earlier strikes at the cement plant, "this time it is said the Americans at the plant have led the strike movement and the foreigners have followed as a matter of accommodation."46 "Everytime poor wage workers go on strike the 'foreigners' make their appearance," noted the St. Louis Labor in reference to headlines that blasted immigrant strikers in Ilasco, "but so long as the 'foreigners' submit quietly to starvation wages and long hours they are praised as the angels of mankind."47 This editorial exposed the class basis of public attitudes toward Ilasco's pre­ dominantly foreign labor force. Romanticized images of sturdy, hardwork­ ing immigrants who saved every penny to bring their families to the United States gave way to bitter denunciations of "garlic-smelling foreigners" when Ilasco's workers demanded higher wages, better working conditions, and basic rights. When Ilasco's justice of the peace, Samuel Northcutt, acting on behalf of Briscoe, tried to decapitate the strike early by issuing arrest warrants for fourteen Ilasco residents on charges of rioting, he targeted several native- born residents. Those for whom Northcutt issued arrest warrants included Tony Mirande (the strike committee spokesman), Antone Vecoli, Leonard Talanka, Thomas Bennett, C. Boyd, Clay Scott, Roy Scott, George Schwartz, John Blagu, Fred Zimmerman, Frank Montgomery, Tony Benito, and Tony Jacquinto. The fact that authorities arrested only Blagu, Boyd, and Bennett suggests community cooperation to prevent the apprehension of the targeted group.48 As indicated by the large demonstrations conducted by Ilasco residents during the military occupation, this was more than a labor strike. It was a community on strike, a community under siege. When Richard Janney defied martial law by opening the back door of his saloon, he put much more at stake than simply profits and alcohol. As evidenced by the angry, hissing crowd and demonstrations against his arrest, he represented a broad­ er defiance against Atlas's use of outside authorities to impose its will on

St. Louis Star, 17 May 1910. St. Louis Labor, 21 May 1910. Hannibal Courier-Post, 18 May 1910. The Strike of 1910 in Ilasco, Missouri 181

Governor Herbert Hadley received much criticism from organized labor for sending the militia to break the strike in Ilasco.

State Historical Society of Missouri the community. A native-born resident who took in boarders and whose tav­ ern served natives and immigrants alike, Janney was perhaps a good expres­ sion of the community's early efforts to forge a multiethnic class identity.49 The scarcity of evidence makes it difficult to ascertain the role of Ilasco's women in the strike, but they undoubtedly participated in the demonstrations and marched behind the bugler to intercept the shift train bringing workers from Hannibal. They may have formed ethnic brigades to enforce support for the strike. When Ilasco postmaster Joseph Bernstein allegedly criticized Rumanian strikers for being too lazy to work, four Rumanian women decided to get revenge. They waited for him on the morning of May 21 and "proceeded to straighten matters to their own satis­ faction and to the discomfort of the gentleman."50 When the Hannibal Courier-Post reported on May 23 that Atlas had resumed operations, it noted: "The faces of the foreign element were wreathed in smiles at the prospect of resuming work." The newspaper did not report, however, that the machinists' strike against the company still continued. On May 27 the Ralls County Record pointed out that, although many had returned to work in Ilasco, the machinists, steam pipefitters, and blacksmiths were still on strike and had been "paid off" by Atlas. IAM Lodge Number 537 requested arbitration twice, but Atlas refused. In July, Lodge 537 appealed to the Central Trades and Labor Union in St. Louis for

49 For a list of Janney's boarders see U.S. Census, 1910, Saverton Township. 50 Hannibal Morning Journal, 22 May 1910; U.S. Census, 1910, Saverton Township. 182 Missouri Historical Review financial help on behalf of its striking members at the cement plant. It com­ plained that the National Guard had intimidated most strikers into returning to work.51 Governor Hadley's role in breaking the strike damaged his reputation with organized labor. Trade unionists in Kansas City opposed inviting him to speak there on Labor Day. Hadley, proud of his reputation as a progres­ sive, felt this criticism. "No fair-minded and intelligent man," he asserted, "could know the facts and entertain the opinion that I was not fully justified in sending the militia to Ilasco."52 At the annual convention of the Missouri State Federation of Labor (MSFL) in September 1910, Hannibal Trades and Labor Assembly President B. F. Brown introduced two resolutions relative to the Ilasco strike. The first, a statement of protest by IAM Lodge Number 537, urged the MSFL to denounce Hadley and Ralls County authorities for "assisting a corporation in defeating working men from improving their conditions." The committee on strikes approved the resolution, which the convention then adopted.53 The second resolution condemned the "most deplorable" working con­ ditions at the Ilasco cement plant, attributing the situation to the fact that most of the workers were foreign and therefore "unacquainted with our movement." It pointed out that even most skilled workers at the plant did not belong to unions. The resolution urged the federation to lend the "widest publicity and moral support" to the machinists' strike still in progress at Ilasco. More importantly, it called on the MSFL to request all affiliated unions to send organizers to Ilasco "so that the toilers of that city may be formed into local unions for their mutual protection and benefit."54 This served as an important call for a major organizing campaign at Ilasco, but the committee on resolutions passed a watered-down version of the resolution. After the committee read a letter from Hadley to the Hannibal Trades and Labor Assembly defending his actions, they offered a much more tepid resolution that simply condemned the dispatch of the National Guard "during labor disputes under any pretext whatsoever." The convention

51 Thirty-third Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the State of Missouri (Jefferson City, Mo.: Hugh Stephens Publishing Company, 1911), 162-163; St. Louis Labor, 16 July 1910. 52 Hadley to Colonel C. V Dahlgren, 6 August 1910, Hadley Papers. Within a few weeks after the collapsed strike at Ilasco, Hadley gave a speech at a founding meeting of a branch of the National Civic Federation in St. Louis. The St. Louis Labor, 25 June 1910, ridiculed the participation of Owen Miller, president of the Missouri State Federation of Labor, and Eugene Sarber, a business agent for the International Association of Machinists in St. Louis. It derid­ ed Hadley as the "Ilasco strikebreaker." Later that year Hadley spoke at the annual conven­ tion of the American Federation of Labor in St. Louis but did not mention Ilasco. See Report of the Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Federation of Labor, 1910, 128- 135. 53 MSFL, Proceedings, 1910, 23, 67, in MSLC Records, fol. 5. 54 Ibid., 23. The Strike of 1910 in Ilasco, Missouri 183

USX Corporation

Company Barracks at the Atlas Portland Cement Company adopted the substitute resolution, which ignored the call for unions to send organizers to Ilasco.55 Despite the MSFL's failure to endorse an organizing campaign at Ilasco, Lamb discussed the situation with union president James O'Connell when the American Federation of Labor (AFL) held its annual convention later that year in St. Louis. He urged O'Connell to persuade the AFL president, Samuel Gompers, to send an organizer to the Atlas plant. In February 1911, an AFL organizer arrived, but Atlas shortly thereafter reached a settlement with Lodge 537 to end the strike on the terms originally demanded by the machinists. As a result of this settlement, the AFL apparently dropped plans to organize Ilasco workers, who remained ethnically divided, unorganized, and collectively powerless until the 1930s. The National Guard had effec­ tively assisted in squashing the militancy of Ilasco's earliest working class.56

55 The latter resolution was perhaps a product of the MSFL's exclusivist craft-oriented concern for skilled workers and contemptuous attitude toward immigrants from southern and eastern Europe. MSFL unions sometimes dismissed immigrants as hopelessly unorganizable. For example, when a business agent representing the IAM's ninth district visited a cement plant in the St. Louis area, he complained that 80 percent of its workers were Hungarians and "Pollocks" and that "it is impossible to do anything with them." Union leaders preferred to attack immigration rather than to commit resources to organize immigrant workers. In 1909 the MSFL's legislative committee urged adoption of a bill to force employers to limit the num­ ber of immigrants on their payrolls to no more than 10 percent of their labor force. "Meeting of the Joint Executive Board," 14 July 1904, IAMAW Records, vol. 2, and Fink, Labor's Search for Political Order, 55. MSFL leaders might have been reluctant to criticize Governor Hadley too extensively because of efforts to work with him and employers on proposals for workmen's compensation legislation. Hadley had appointed President Owen Miller as a delegate to a conference on Uniform State Legislation sponsored by the National Civic Federation and to the National Conference on Workmen's Compensation for Industrial Accidents. MSFL, Proceedings, 1910, 7-10, 89-90, in MSLC Records, fol. 5. 56 "Meeting of the Joint Executive Board," 12, 18 January, 9 February, 9 March 1911, IAMAW Records, vol. 4. Missouri Winter

Charles Trefts Photograph Collection

A Season to Celebrate— and Survive

Each year winter brings dangerously frigid temperatures, perilous snow and ice, and raw chilling winds—oftentimes interrupted by sunny days with moderate thermometer readings. One thing is certain: whatever is unpre­ dictable in regard to Missouri's winter is actually the norm. This pictorial essay depicts the obstacles, the work, and also the recreational opportunities that Missourians have faced when winter rolled in. Although latter-day tech­ nological advances such as snowmobiles, motorized plows, and central heat­ ing in the home have made enduring the season easier, they have not erased the perils of winter. The images on the following pages, selected from the photographic holdings of the State Historical Society of Missouri and the Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia, convey the timeless qualities of the season—challenges and amusements still experienced today.

184 Missouri Winter 185 186 Missouri Historical Review

Charles Trefts Photograph Collection Missouri Winter 187

Above photos from the Charles Trefts Photograph Collection 188 Missouri Historical Review Missouri Winter 189 190 Missouri Historical Review Missouri Winter 191 n ^tel ii«li.4MaP*^. ^ W

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ST-lV* 192 Missouri Historical Review Missouri Winter 193 194 Missouri Historical Review Missouri Winter 195 196 Missouri Historical Review

Charles Trefts Photograph Collection 197 HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Avis G. Tucker, Society President

Society Holds Annual Meeting State Historical Society of Missouri members and guests assembled in the Donald W. Reynolds Alumni and Visitor Center on the University of Missouri-Columbia campus on October 15 for the 1994 annual meeting. The day's events began with over seventy-five persons attending three con­ current workshops. Gary G. Moegling, a computer specialist with the Columbia Family History Center, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, presented "The Computer as an Aid to the Genealogist"; Dean Brooks, a Missouri Division of Tourism staff member, led a workshop on "Heritage Tourism"; and C. Ray Brassieur, head of the Society's oral history program, discussed "Oral History: Collecting and Sharing." President Avis G. Tucker, Warrensburg, presided over the annual board of trustees meeting, the morning business meeting, and the luncheon. Dr. James W. Goodrich, executive director, opened the business meeting with a reading of the minutes from the preceding annual meeting held September 18, 1993. Following approval of the minutes by the members, Albert Price, treasurer, presented the financial report of the Society's Membership Trust Fund for fiscal year 1993-1994. Dr. Noble E. Cunningham then read a statement on the trust fund prepared by the auditing committee. H. Riley Bock gave a financial report on behalf of the executive committee, and members approved a motion authorizing that committee to draw on trust fund monies to augment the Society's state appropriation. 198 Missouri Historical Review

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Goodrich then reported the results of the trustees' election of executive committee members. Serving with President Tucker for a term ending at the 1995 annual meeting will be William Aull III, Lexington; Francis M. Barnes III, Kirkwood; H. Riley Bock, New Madrid; Lawrence O. Christensen, Rolla; James C. Olson, Kansas City; Robert C. Smith, Columbia; Blanche M. Touhill, St. Louis; and Virginia G. Young, Columbia. Members then approved the nominating committee's slate of candidates for trustees to serve a three-year term ending at the annual meeting in 1997. The newly elected trustees include Ilus W. Davis, Kansas City; John K. Hulston, Springfield; James B. Nutter, Kansas City; Bob Priddy, Jefferson City; Dale Reesman, Boonville; Arvarh E. Strickland, Columbia; Blanche M. Touhill, St. Louis; and Henry J. Waters III, Columbia. In the opening of his ninth annual report, Goodrich noted the passing of two devoted supporters of the Society—Joseph Webber, a former president Among those seated at the head table at the annual luncheon were (left) Virginia G. Young, third vice president; Henry J. Waters HI, trustee; (right) Lisa Myers, guest speaker; and James C. Olson, first vice president. Historical Notes and Comments 199

(Above) Executive committee members Blanche M. Touhill and H. Riley Bock sat at the head table, as did (above, right) trustee Vera H. Burk and James W. Goodrich, executive director. Robert C. Smith, a trustee, chats with Doris and James Kirkpatrick (right).

and the recipient of the 1990 Distinguished Service Award and Medallion, and George Showalter, a longtime member and a leader in the Mine Au Breton Historical Society. He also expressed sorrow at the deaths of Leona Morris, a twenty-five-year Society staff member, and Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia employee Don Radke. Goodrich stated that the Society and the four branches of the Western Historical Manuscript Collection provided information and/or expertise to more than 55,500 persons during the past fiscal year. These patrons includ­ ed individuals working on personal research as well as representatives of governmental agencies, private corporations, educational institutions, and historical and genealogical organizations. Goodrich reported that state appropriations had made possible modest salary and expense and equipment increases and partially funded the Society's oral history program, which had previously been paid for through the membership trust fund. Society oral history personnel are gathering rem­ iniscences concerning the establishment and administration of southeast Missouri drainage districts. The Society also participates in the collection of oral histories and serves as the repository for the National Endowment for the Arts project "Artists and Artisans of the Missouri Bootheel." More than 15,300 patrons had contact with the Reference Library dur­ ing the past fiscal year, using almost 105,000 volumes from the collection. Additions to the Society's reference holdings totaled 2,000 books, 4,000 200 Missouri Historical Review serials, and 3,700 state government records. Staff in the Newspaper Library served more than 16,000 patrons during the same period, including fulfilling almost 1,200 interlibrary loan requests. The microfilming program added some 750,000 pages of Missouri newspapers to the collection, bringing the total microfilmed pages to over 36,000,000. Older newspapers from Kirkwood, St. Louis, Maryville, Seneca, Lamar, Russellville, and other Missouri communities were added to the already extensive holdings. The Western Historical Manuscript Collections located on the four cam­ puses of the University of Missouri obtained a number of significant collec­ tions during the 1993-1994 fiscal year. Included among these were the papers of financial columnist Sylvia Porter, historian William A. Settle, and former U.S. Senator James A. Reed; an oral history project on St. Louis Chinese-Americans; and the photographic collection of Frank S. Ford. Goodrich reported that the History Day program continued to attract large numbers of middle school, junior high, and high school students from throughout the state. The state contest, held in Columbia in April, had more than four hundred participants. Several winners in the Missouri state con­ test who subsequently attended National History Day in Maryland received top honors in competition with some nineteen hundred other young people from around the nation. Missouri students won first place in the junior indi­ vidual performance and the junior individual media categories and second- place honors in the junior individual performance and senior historical paper divisions. Other Missouri entries received special prizes, and three groups presented their winning entries at a special event at the Smithsonian Institution's Museum of American History. Two of these latter projects were on exhibit at the alumni center during the annual meeting. According to Goodrich, future State History Day competitions will include an annual cash award to an outstanding teacher involved with the progam. Funds for this award have been provided by the Joseph Webber family and the memo­ rial contributions given to the Society by Webber's friends. State History Day winners who exhibited their projects at the annual meeting included (left) Danny Brown and Beau Kostedt and (right) B. J. Hamilton. Historical Notes and Comments 201

Among the members attending the annual meeting were (right) Charles and Barbara Jones and (below) Dorothy Benson and Henrietta Krause.

(Right) Sheridan Logan and Joseph Touhill chatted at the head table; (below, left) Lynn Gentzler and Doug Hurt attended the art gallery open house; and (below, right) the Reference Library featured an exhibit on womens suffrage. 202 Missouri Historical Review

The Society experienced the theft of a valuable 1830 first edition of the Book of Mormon in 1993. After a year of investigation, a suspect recently has been bound over for trial. Goodrich noted that the theft occasioned a review of security procedures in the Reference Library and the Editorial Department. Patrons now are required to place personal belongings in lock­ ers, retaining only items needed for research purposes, when using the refer­ ence and photograph collections. The executive director concluded his annual report with a mention of proposed Amendment 7 to the state constitu­ tion and the possible impact on the Society should it be passed by the voters. Following the annual report, Lynn Wolf Gentzler, associate director, read resolutions of appreciation acknowledging the service and support given to the Society by Mary Banks Parry, a trustee from 1977 to 1985, and Joseph Webber, a trustee since 1975 and a member of the executive commit­ tee from 1985. Parry, from Columbia, died in February, and Webber, a resi­ dent of St. Louis, died in May. President Tucker then presented two Richard S. Brownlee Fund awards to further research on topics related to the history of Missouri. R. Douglas Hurt, a professor of history at Iowa State University, Ames, received funds to assist with the research and writing of a biography of Nathan Boone. The second recipient was Thomas S. Baskett, Jr., of Tulsa, Oklahoma, who will use Brownlee Fund monies to complete research on a volume entitled Building a Navy in Missouri: The Story of the First Federal Ironclad, 1856- 1888. At the conclusion of the business meeting, over 250 officers, members, and guests attended the luncheon held in the Columns Ballroom. President Tucker announced three major awards at the luncheon. Former U.S. Senator Thomas F. Eagleton was named as the recipient of the Society's 1994 Distinguished Service Award and Medallion. Throughout his career Eagleton has maintained a keen interest in the history of the state and the President Tucker presented Brownlee Fund awards to R. Douglas Hurt (left) and Thomas S. Baskett, Jr. (right). Historical Notes and Comments 203 nation. While in the Senate he played a major role in removing the National Archives from the supervision of the General Services Administration, and he consistently advocated depoliticizing the office of national archivist. Recognizing the value of congressional papers to historical research, Eagleton placed his senatorial papers in the Western Historical Manuscript Collection upon his retirement. Thomas D. Wilson, a Ph.D. candidate at Brandeis University, received the Missouri Historical Review best article award and a cash prize for "Chester A. Franklin and Harry S. Truman: An African-American Conservative and the 'Conversion' of the Future President," which appeared in the October 1993 issue. Sally M. Miller, professor of history at the University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, was given the second annual Missouri History Book Award and a cash prize for her biography of Kate Richards O'Hare, From Prairie to Prison: The Life of Social Activist Kate Richards O'Hare. Lisa Myers, chief congressional correspondent for NBC News, was the luncheon speaker. A Missouri native and a graduate of the University of Missouri-Columbia School of Journalism, Myers appears as a regular mem­ ber of the "Today" political panel and as a frequent panelist on "Meet the Press." She is the recipient of numerous awards for her journalism work. Myers treated the audience with anecdotes and insights about contemporary Washington, D.C, the Congress, and the presidency.

Annual meeting speaker Lisa Myers, an alumna of the University of Missouri School of Journalism, poses with William H. Taft, professor emeritus. 204 Missouri Historical Review

Society Art Curator Sidney Larson and John Stoeckley

Joseph Touhill and Elenore Schewe discuss the Joseph Vorst painting given to the Society by Dr. Schewe.

Open houses at the State Historical Society and the Western Historical Manuscript Collection concluded the day's activities. In the Art Gallery members viewed John Stoeckley's "Reflections on Missouri" exhibit, which includes fifty detailed pen and ink drawings of buildings and historic sites around the state, and Dr. Elenore Schewe's recent gift to the Society, an oil painting by Joseph Vorst entitled A Corn Harvest. The Vorst painting appears on the cover of this issue of the Missouri Historical Review. Selections from the Society's Contemporary Missouri Artists collection hung in the Corridor Gallery. Additional exhibits appeared in the reading rooms of the Reference Library and the Newspaper Library, and the Western Historical Manuscript Collection presented an exhibit entitled "Women in Media—A Historical Perspective." Historical Notes and Comments 205 206 NEWSPAPER LIBRARY Creating a Newspaper Index

Anyone who has undertaken research involving the use of newspapers knows the value of a reliable newspaper index. A good index, which includes the complete citation for each entry, is one of the most helpful aids available to a researcher. In response to inquiries from individuals and local groups who are interested in indexing newspapers, the staff of the Society's Newspaper Library offers some suggestions for creating a useful newspaper index. Decide what to include in the index; births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and other items of genealogical and historical interest are possible cate­ gories to consider. Birth announcements should include lists published by local hospitals, reports under the heading "Births," and mentions of births in local and neighborhood news columns. Marriages often appear in legal notices from the county clerk's office indicating when the license was issued, in social notes scattered throughout the paper, or under the specific heading of "Marriages." The mention of shivarees celebrating the nuptials may be the only time a marriage is noted; including these accounts will help make a complete index. Divorces usually appear as legal notices and are rarely mentioned in social notes, unless sensationalism is involved or a second marriage is announced. Nevertheless, the information is helpful when tracing family lines. Many death notices appear in columns entitled "Died" or "Deaths." Other obituaries and eulogies may be scattered throughout the paper. Accidental deaths, suicides, executions, and lynchings should be indexed. Information about some of these events may be hidden in lengthy columns of area news without specific headings; others will be easily found. Additional items of genealogical interest to be considered for indexing include probate court orders of publication and circuit court dockets. Land transactions, whether a sheriff's sale for taxes or real estate sales and trans­ fers, tax lists, and notices of unclaimed property also can provide valuable information. Local and neighborhood news columns, business advertise­ ments, and church directories give details about families and lifestyles. School notes, articles about civic holiday celebrations, political advertise­ ments, and notices of elections can contain helpful data. Reference to items of historical interest, including accounts of battles and skirmishes with Indians, wagon train departures, steamboat and railroad schedules, and other current news reports also can benefit researchers. Each entry in an index should have a title, e.g., obituary, death notice, marriage announcement, divorce, birth, probate court, or circuit court. A transcription or a brief synopsis of each item and the name of the newspaper, Historical Notes and Comments 207 the town of publication, the date, the page number, and the column number where the article is located are necessary elements for easy access to the information. If the index refers to only one newspaper, the title should be clearly stat­ ed in the introduction and then omitted from the entries. If the pages of the newspaper are not numbered, count the front page as number one and assign numbers to each following page; number the columns from left to right. An easy format to use is Kansas City Star, May 28, 1876, 3/5, which indicates that the item appeared in the Kansas City Star on May 28, 1876, on page 3, column 5. If a newspaper has more than one section, this too should be indicated. For example, sec. 2, 9/3 would suffice to indicate section 2, page 9, column 3. If the sections are alphabetized, then C-8/4 signifies section C, page 8, column 4. In cases where there are distinct parts to a newspaper and no section number or letter has been noted by the publisher, and numbering the pages continuously would be cumbersome, assign a number to each division. Clearly explain any notations or numbering methods in the intro­ duction. Cross-referencing an index enhances its value and eases access to the information it contains. Regardless of the index category where an entry appears, cross-reference each surname and indicate the page number of the index where each name appears. Indexing newspapers is tedious and requires many hours of reading and careful note taking. Consistency in what is included and accuracy in excerpting data are of the utmost importance. Well-done indexes provide invaluable help. An outline guide to indexing newspapers may be obtained from the Newspaper Library, and the staff will be happy to answer questions or to offer suggestions to anyone interested in creating a newspaper index.

The 1994-1995 edition of the Directory of Local Historical, Museum and Genealogical Agencies in Missouri is now available. A softback, spiral-bound, 106-page volume, it lists information on over 375 organizations in the state. Entries for each agency include the mail­ ing address and the telephone number, the names of key officers, infor­ mation on property holdings and special collections, and the titles of current publications. This directory, which is updated biennially, can be purchased for $6.00, postpaid. To order, send a check or money order made payable to the State Historical Society of Missouri to

The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, MO 65201 208 NEWS IN BRIEF

The current exhibit in the Society's Art This is the first Vorst work to be included in Gallery features photographs of Native the Society's art collection and is featured on Americans taken by Edward S. Curtis for his the cover of this issue of the Review. Born monumental work, The North American and educated in Germany, Vorst came to St. Indian. In this twenty-volume illustrated Louis in 1930 and received recognition for text, plus twenty accompanying portfolios of his Missouri scenes in which the mule soon sepia photographs, Curtis chronicled the cus­ became a hallmark. Awards from the toms, language, and legends of over eighty Chicago and Kansas City art institutes fol­ tribes in the United States. These pho­ lowed, with one-artist shows in New York, tographs provide an intriguing look into Washington, and St. Louis. Vorst's regional- Native American life around the turn of the ist style was easily accessible to the general twentieth century. The Corridor Gallery dis­ public and enabled him to procure commis­ plays works by Carl R. Gentry, a native of sions from the United States government for New Florence. Gentry, who served on the post office murals in Bethany and Vandalia faculty of the University of Missouri from and also Paris, Arkansas, in the 1940s. A 1921 to 1932, did primarily landscapes and Corn Harvest became a study for the nature studies. These exhibits from the Vandalia mural. Vorst served as an art Society's collections will be available for instructor at the Academy of Fine Arts and viewing until mid-March. The Art Gallery as an art supervisor at Thomas Jefferson hours are 8:30 A.M.-4:00 P.M., Monday- College, both located in St. Louis. Friday; the Corridor Gallery is open 8:00 A.M.-4:30 P.M., Monday-Friday, and 9:00 On November 19 the History Museum of A.M.-4:30 P.M., Saturday. Springfield-Greene County opened its new exhibits in the Old City Hall Building. Arvarh E. Strickland, a professor of his­ Organized chronologically, the displays tory at the University of Missouri-Columbia highlight aspects of the county's history as and a member of the Society's board of diverse as pre-European civilizations and the trustees, was named Educator of the Year for Butterfield Overland Mail Stagecoach. 1994 by the St. Louis American newspaper. Special hands-on exhibits for children focus The first black faculty member hired at the on the Civil War and the Springfield Wagon University twenty-five years ago, Strickland Company. For further information and remains a major force in improving the qual­ museum hours call (417) 864-1976. ity of education received by students seeking a higher education, particularly African- The Missouri School of Religion will Americans. He is actively involved in the celebrate its centennial during 1995 and Black Studies program, currently serving as 1996 with a series of special events. its interim director. Strickland's first book, Founded in 1895 as the Bible College of The History of the Chicago Urban League, Missouri, the school was located in Lowry written in 1966, is the earliest study of a Hall on the University of Missouri campus local black organization. He has also written in Columbia. The present Missouri School articles for Reviews in American History and of Religion operates out of the Rickman the Encyclopedia of African-American Civil Center, south of Jefferson City, and serves as Rights. a church-related continuing education and resource center. Centennial activities will Dr. Elenore Schewe of Vandalia has gen­ take place both at the center and in erously donated the painting, A Corn Columbia. For a program of events and their Harvest, by Joseph Vorst to the Society. locations contact the Missouri School of Historical Notes and Comments 209

Religion, P.O. Box 104685, Jefferson City, preference will be given to museums that have MO 65110-4685, or call 1-800-626-5924 or not received a grant in the last two years. (314)635-1187. Application deadlines are February 3, for training between May 1 and October 31, 1995; On September 24 and 25 members of the May 5, for training between August 1, 1995, Missouri Division of the United Daughters and January 31, 1996; and August 4, for train­ of the Confederacy met in Kansas City to ing between November 1, 1995, and April 30, elect the following officers who will serve 1996. For further information contact IMS, until 1996: Mrs. Lawrence L. Limpus, presi­ 1100 Pennsylvania NW, Washington DC dent; Mrs. Don S. Schomburg, Mrs. Jean A. 20506 or call (202) 606-8539. Smith, and Mrs. James A. Doty, vice presi­ dents; Mrs. Melvin Bond, treasurer; and The Campbell House Foundation has Claudia E. Weaver, recording secretary. named Jeffrey L. Huntington as the first During the banquet, featured speaker Don S. executive director of the Campbell House Schomburg discussed the dissemination of Museum. The museum, located at 1508 news by the Memphis Commercial Appeal Locust Street in St. Louis, is dedicated to the during the Civil War. Interested descendants preservation of the nineteenth-century of Confederate veterans are urged to contact Victorian town house of the Robert Mrs. Paul P. Polly, Missouri Division Campbell family. For the past five years Registrar, 870 Sun Valley Drive, Columbia, Huntington served as the executive director MO 65201. of Hillforest Historical Foundation, which owns and operates Hillforest Mansion, a Historians, scholars, and legal experts National Historic Landmark located in gathered in Columbia on October 21 to par­ southeastern . ticipate in "Emmet Till's Day in Court, 1994: A Civil Rights Forum" on the campus On September 16 and 17, Society staff of the University of Missouri. The forum member Marie Concannon participated in was organized as a response to a new book, the book sale at the Ozarks Genealogical Emmet Till: The Sacrificial Lamb of the Civil Society's fourteenth annual fall conference Rights Movement, by Clenora Hudson- in Springfield. Weems, associate professor of English at MU. In her book, Hudson-Weems proposes In observance of the fiftieth anniversary of that the brutal 1955 slaying of this fourteen- American participation in World War II, the year-old black youth for whistling at a white National Archives is sponsoring "A Women's woman served as the impetus for the civil War Too: U.S. Women in the Military in rights movement. Columbia Mayor Mary World War II," a conference to be held March Anne McCollum gave Till's mother, Mamie 3-4 at the National Archives, College Park, Till-Mobley, a key to the city, and the Maryland. The forum will feature eminent Missouri Legislative Black Caucus presented social and military historians, veterans, and her with a proclamation. leading figures in women's and military stud­ ies and focus on such topics as "Women in the The Institute of Museum Services (IMS) Services at Home and Abroad" and "Impact has announced the deadlines for 1995 of World War II on U.S. Women and the Technical Assistance Grants. Offered to orga­ Military." Sheila A. Widnall, secretary of the nizations with operating budgets of $250,000 armed forces and the first female service sec­ or less, the grants are designed to facilitate the retary, will provide the keynote address. For training of paid and volunteer staff in specific information write to the National Archives areas of museum operation. IMS awards (NEE), Room G-10 (WWII), Washington, DC twenty-five to forty grants per deadline, and 20408. 210 Missouri Historical Review

Ruth Funck of Julia Dent Grant Tent #16 The national meeting of the Popular of St. Louis was installed as the national Culture Association will be held in president of the Daughters of Union Veterans Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on April 12-15. of the Civil War, 1861-1865, at the August A wide array of topics celebrating Ozarks convention in Lansing, Michigan. At a culture, literature, and life will be featured. reception in Funck's honor held October 15 For further information write Dr. Sue Poor, at the Chapel of the Cross church hall in St. Wharton County Junior College, Wharton, Louis County, Kim Little gave the after-din­ TX 77488, or call (409) 532-6435. ner talk, "For the Love of a General: The Grant Family Goes to War, 1861-1865." A photograph exhibit, reenactments pre­ sented by children, and first-person narrative "Building St. Louis: An Exhibit of 19th accounts were some of the events commemo­ Century Tools" was displayed at the Carousel rating the 130th anniversary of the Battle of Gallery in Faust History Park in Chesterfield Westport in Kansas City last October. The from June 19 through October 30. Many rare battle of October 21, 1864, was the largest and fine examples of tool craftsmanship were fought west of the Mississippi River, and the included, beginning with the harvesting of the defeat of General Price's troops at Westport timber and ending with fine-finish carpentry. is credited with bringing an end to the Civil A gallery talk by Laurent Jean Torno, Jr., War in the Trans-Mississippi theatre. The accompanied the exhibition. month-long series of activities was sponsored by the Civil War Round Table of Kansas Save Outdoor Sculpture! (SOS) and the City, the Jackson County Historical Society, National Park Service, Mid-Atlantic Region, Missouri Valley Special Collections, the are sponsoring a series of workshops on "The Monnett Battle of Westport Fund, the Preservation of Outdoor Sculpture and Westport Historical Society, and the Wornall Monuments." SOS! is a joint project of the House Museum. National Museum of American Art, the Smithsonian Institution, and the National The thirty-seventh Missouri Conference on Institute for the Conservation of Cultural History, hosted by the Missouri State Property. Workshop participants will learn Archives, will be held April 13-15 at the about the care of outdoor sculpture and monu­ Capitol Plaza Hotel in Jefferson City. ments and strategies for fund-raising to cover Cosponsored by the Lincoln University costs of professional treatment of those works. Department of History, the State Historical The Kansas City workshop will be presented Society of Missouri, and William Woods May 18-20, 1995. Registration information is University, this year's conference topic is available from the National Institute for the "Regional Voices." For further information Conservation of Cultural Property, Save contact Dr. Shelly J. Croteau, 1995 Conference Outdoor Sculpture!, 3299 K Street NW, Suite Vice President, Missouri Conference on 602, Washington, DC 20007, or by calling History, P.O. Box 778, Jefferson City, MO Karen Theimer at 1-800-422-4612. 65102, or call (314) 751-4303. 211 LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Adair County Historical Society Humanities Council and the National The Society sponsored a number of activi­ Endowment for the Humanities, featured ties this fall, including a photograph contest Jeffrey Smith discussing "Artistic Views of during the week of October 16. This effort the Plains Indians, 1832-1840" on aimed at increasing the museum's photo­ September 24 at the museum. graphic holdings, and the curator, Adam Marchand, gave an award to the person who Audrain County Historical Society contributed the oldest Adair County-related With assistance from the Missouri image. The Township Historians Committee, Department of Conservation, the Society is which formed to document and preserve building a nature trail to utilize space north of Adair County history, conducted a training the gazebo on the Society's grounds in seminar on the documentation and preserva­ Mexico. Not only will the trail be a beautifi- tion of local history on September 20 to gen­ cation project, but adults and children of the erate community involvement. During the county also can use it as an outdoor classroom. upcoming year individual members will be recording oral histories. Barnard Community Historical Society At the October 5 meeting held at the Affton Historical Society American Legion building, the following offi­ On October 21-22 the Society hosted the cers were elected: Merle Walker, president; annual Ladies of Oakland Bazaar, their Don Baumli, vice president; Kydra Hartman, biggest fund-raising event. Held at historic secretary; and Florine Short, treasurer. The Oakland, it featured handmade decorations, Society does not meet during winter months; toys, baby gifts, Christmas and boutique regular meetings, held the third Thursday of items, and baked goods. Members participat­ each month, will resume in April. ed in a potluck buffet at Oakland on October 27. Head docent Helen Brune presented a Barton County Historical Society program entitled "A Young Man's Diary." The Society unveiled a memorial stone for The small leather-bound diary that she dis­ Urilla Sutherland Earp, the first wife of Wyatt cussed belonged to a traveling companion of Earp, on September 15 at the Howell Father Pierre-Jean DeSmet, a Jesuit mission­ Cemetery located just south of Milford. ary who traveled for more than thirty years to Several descendants of Earp attended the cere­ establish Indian missions in the West. mony. Members met on October 9 at Lamar Park for their quarterly meeting. In addition to Andrew County Historical Society a program on the history of the park, the group Society staff and volunteers guided chil­ also roasted hot dogs and marshmallows. dren and parents from the Savannah Library's summer readers program on a jour­ Belton Historical Society ney through time in pioneer Andrew County A nationally known authority on the silent on July 27. Dressed in period clothing typi­ film era, Belton resident Doug Moore presented a cal of the late 1830s and early 1840s, the program on this topic to Society members on tour guides used living history demonstra­ October 23 at the museum. Moore, who teaches tions to interpret county life. Following the film and communications at Webster University introductory lecture by museum curator and Longview College, also generously loaned Gary Fuenfhausen, the children dipped can­ cameras, slides, projectors, photographs, posters, dles, churned butter, and helped weave a rag and other pieces of memorabilia to form a display rug. The Andrew County Museum Speaker at the museum titled "America's Great Heritage Program, which is funded by the Missouri of Photography and the Art of Motion Pictures." 212 Missouri Historical Review

Benton County Historical Society Boonslick Historical Society For the weekend of October 22-23 the pop­ Phil Gottschalk, author of In Deadly ulation of the small town of Warsaw swelled Earnest: A History of the First Missouri into the thousands in celebration of Heritage Brigade, CSA, spoke on the Civil War in the Days. In addition to crafts, demonstrations, Boonslick region at a potluck dinner on and other scheduled activities, the Society host­ August 7 at the Hickman house located out­ ed the annual casino night fund-raiser at the side of New Franklin. The program at the Warsaw Community Building on Saturday October 21 annual dinner meeting at the night. Volunteers at the museum, located in the Bobber Restaurant, Boonville, featured old schoolhouse, held guided tours and served Jeffrey Smith, executive director of the spiced tea and gingerbread on both days. Mercantile Library in St. Louis, who pre­ sented an illustrated lecture on "Artistic Boone County Historical Society Views of the Plains Indians, 1832-1840." At the August 21 meeting at the Walters- Boone County Historical Museum, Columbia, Brown County Historical Association Bill Hooper spoke on the Centralia massacre In memory of Dr. Forrest Long, and battle. During a September 27 ceremony Association members gathered on September commemorating the 130th anniversary of the 13 for the dedication of a marker that will be battle in Centralia, the Society erected a site placed on the Society grounds. On October marker at the nearby battlefield. The Society 11 members met in Sweet Springs to hear has initiated a program to identify sites of his­ Charles Scrivner discuss the Civil War's toric significance with the erection of markers impact on the area. and a registry. James W Goodrich, executive director of the State Historical Society of Brush and Palette Club, Inc. Missouri, spoke on "What Makes a Successful The Club hosted its forty-third annual Historical Society" at the annual picnic dinner arts and crafts festival at the Hermann held at the Society on October 16. A new addi­ Middle and Elementary Schools on October tion to the museum grounds—a 570-square foot 8-9 and October 15-16. Festival organizers gazebo—was also dedicated at this dinner and workers welcomed visitors attending the meeting. In cooperation with the Missouri Folk Octoberfest in Hermann. Proceeds from the Arts program, the Old-Time Fiddlers gatherings event fund scholarships for deserving gradu­ began a second season at the museum on ating seniors at the Gasconade County R-l October 6 and October 27; periodic meetings of High School and also assist with state and the fiddlers will be held until the spring. local preservation efforts.

Boone-Duden Historical Society Carondelet Historical Society The Society held its bimonthly meeting The Society honored Wicker's Barber at the Friedens United Church of Christ, Shop, 7718 Ivory Avenue, for being one of New Melle, on August 29. Robert Christie, the oldest continuously operating barber who has been conducting an architectural shops in St. Louis. The shop received a historical survey for St. Charles County, pro­ recognition plaque at a ceremony held on vided an informative program that included a September 18. "Carondelet Fashion slide show on his findings. He also led inter­ Vignettes: Victorian to VE-Day," a fund- ested members on a walking tour of St. raising luncheon and fashion show highlight­ Charles on October 22. A program in mem­ ed fall happenings at the Society. Held on ory of Dr. Robert Thomasson, a St. Louis October 16 at the historic center, the show general surgeon and St. Charles County his­ featured clothing ranging from confirmation torian who died in early July, highlighted the dresses from the turn of the century to a October 24 meeting held in the Femme World War II uniform and wedding dresses Osage Church fellowship hall. from the war years. The general member- Historical Notes and Comments 213 ship meeting and luncheon, held on October Chariton County Historical Society 30 at the center, featured a talk by William Following a carry-in dinner, the history of B. Faherty about St. Ange de Bellerive, a hats, hair styles, and dress fashions of men and French officer who governed the village of women provided the focus of Marjorie Alice St. Louis and the surrounding area before the Richardson's program at the quarterly meeting arrival of the first Spanish governor. held at the museum on October 16. She also modeled hats from her personal collection. Cass County Historical Society The September 25 quarterly meeting at Christian County Museum Pearson Hall, Harrisonville, featured the and Historical Society fourth program in the Society's series of In cooperation with Finley River "Exploring our Nearby History." Trie final Photography, the Society offered children report focused on the history of Pleasant Hill and adult portraits in a frontier Christmas presented by Hattie Hamilton, Margaret setting on October 22 at the museum. Walker, and John Riffle. In addition to greased pigs and milking contests, a stick- Civil War Round Table of Kansas City horse race added to the fun at the twentieth Karen Sweeney, alias Roxanna Ray, pre­ annual Log Cabin Festival held September sented a first-person account of Ray, who lived 30-October 2 in Harrisonville. near Wilson's Creek on August 10, 1861, and told how the battle impacted her life during the Cedar County Historical Society September 27 meeting at the Homestead At the July 25 meeting held at the Country Club, Prairie Village, Kansas. Community Building, Jerico Springs, mem­ Another first-person portrayal was performed at bers elected the following officers: Marie the meeting held on October 25 at the country Heineman, president; Donald Owen, vice club. The speaker, William Young, Jr., imper­ president; Leila Ellis and Marguerite sonated George V. Finley, a member of the 56th Brandom, secretaries; and Kathleen Felty, Virginia Infantry who later became a minister. treasurer. Members met August 29 at the El Dorado Springs Community Building to hear Civil War Round Table of St. Louis featured speaker John Braucher, director of Round Table members heard Dr. Gordon Milestone, a drug and alcohol abuse treat­ Dammann speak on Jonathon Letterman and ment center. The center is housed in the old army field medicine at the September 28 State Hospital #3 building in Nevada. meeting held in Garavelli's Restaurant, the Lucille Peters of Stockton spoke about her group's regular meeting place. Author family history at the September 26 meeting Wiley Sword discussed the Army of held at the county museum in Stockton. Tennessee's performance at the decisive Battle of Franklin on October 26. Centralia Historical Society Over 1,100 visitors viewed the Society's Civil War Round Table twentieth annual quilt show held at the of Western Missouri museum in September. The theme for the During the months September through show, "Christmas on the Prairie," featured May, the Round Table meets on the second wall hangings, tree skirts, tablecloths, and Wednesday evening of each month at 7:00 in place mats. In addition to viewing the quilts the Truman High School Library, 3301 and other items, guests had the opportunity South Noland Road, Independence. June, to purchase handmade tree ornaments, with July, and August gatherings are held at local proceeds benefiting the general maintenance historical sites. For the August meeting, of the museum. Local and area artists dis­ President Sonny Wells conducted a tour of played their work at an art show held at the several sites relating to the prelude of the museum during October and November. Battle of Westport at Byram's Ford. 214 Missouri Historical Review

Moderated by Fred George, the September Wunderbar Days, the Society sponsored a meeting featured "Civil War 101," where Heritage Craft Day on October 8 at the com­ participants had the opportunity to discuss a munity center. variety of topics pertaining to the war. Cooper County Historical Society Clark County Historical Society The August 7 meeting held at Burwood, To help celebrate Old Settlers' Days in near Pleasant Green, included Allison Yeager, Kahoka, members prepared a float for the speaking on the Bushyhead family, and Bill parade; their efforts netted a third-place award. Lacy's presentation on black powder items, In conjunction with the North Missouri guns, dress, and the essentials of the frontiers­ Historical Society, the Society kicked off a man. The annual steam engine show at the fund-raiser and membership drive with a spe­ Cooper County fairgrounds was the scene for cial exhibit at the museum. The display fea­ the September 11 gathering. Members toured tured historical artifacts belonging to or asso­ the antique machinery and displays and ciated with a broad spectrum of people, viewed a program on early machinery by including Abraham Lincoln, Elvis Presley, Miles Wolfe. The Society sponsored an "Old Charles Dickens, Frank and Jesse James, John Time Fall Festival" in celebration of New Wayne, Buffalo Bill Cody, and George Lebanon's 175th anniversary on September Washington. Military-related items from the 17. Arts and a variety of early skills were dis­ Revolutionary War, the Civil War, and World played. In addition to holding a ribbon-cutting Wars I and II were also exhibited. ceremony to dedicate the Society's new histo­ ry center in New Lebanon, the community Clay County Archives also received an anniversary proclamation and Historical Library signed by Governor Mel Carnahan. The annual used book sale held on September 23-24 proved very successful, Dade County Historical Society netting over $1,000 in profits. This money, The Society sponsored the third annual combined with the fruits of the 1994 special Hulston Mill Heritage Festival on October 15- gifts program, will provide the matching 16 at a fifty-acre park northeast of Greenfield. funds for a planned grant request for a Ozark crafts, food, music, antique tractors, gas microfilm reader/printer. engines, and tours of the old mill were avail­ able for guests during the weekend. Clay County Museum and Historical Society Dallas County Historical Society The Society hosted an "after hours" coffee The Society met in the Crescent School, in cooperation with the Liberty Chamber of located in the Buffalo Head Prairie Commerce. The event, held on November 1 Historical Park, on August 18 and heard at the museum, provided an opportunity for Evelyn Moore and Joyce Glanville talk Society members to exchange ideas with the about the history of Urbana. The September chamber and the public. 15 meeting at the same location featured "Seeing Alaska and the Northwest," narrated Clinton County Historical Society by Ralph Tucker. With Halloween season in The Society elected new officers for 1994- mind Eva Marie Glor spoke on "Ghosts, 1995: Beverley McCulloch, president; Lucy Ha'nts and Superstitions" on October 20 at Mabrey, vice president; Avanell Dedman, sec­ the festively decorated Crescent School. In retary; and Louise Scearce, treasurer. conjunction with the national "Make a Difference Day" on October 22, the Society Concordia Area Heritage Society held a work day at the historical park. In conjunction with Concordia's Members of the local Girl Scout troop Historical Notes and Comments 215 helped prepare the museum for winter while toric structures, and preservation law cases. other interested volunteers built a new log Many current and out-of-print publications on fence along the front of the park. state and local history are also available. Research is by appointment only; call (314) DeKalb County Historical Society 839-3626 for more information. Members On August 20 members gathered at the met on October 20 at Taille de Noyer for the country home of Ruth and Loren Owen for fall quarterly meeting. Following a brief the annual picnic. From November 1 to business meeting, John Sexauer presented a March 1, the Society building will be regu­ program on antiques and collectibles. larly open on Wednesdays only; other days are available by appointment. Every Franklin County Historical Society Saturday morning radio station KMRN For the fall meeting members gathered on (1360 AM) broadcasts a show featuring his­ September 18 in the Community Center, torical facts, sesquicentennial news, and sto­ Sullivan, and heard Ben Brown discuss his ries about DeKalb County families. Society ancestor, General William Harney. Following member Frank Owen is responsible for the meeting the group reconvened at Harney's preparing and broadcasting the information. mansion in Sullivan for a tour of the home.

Douglas County Historical Freeman Historical Society and Genealogical Society Local author Don Osborn discussed his The Society has recently assumed control book on the Amurugia area of Cass County of the Douglas County Museum and will con­ at the September 20 meeting in the city hall. duct tours on Saturdays from 10:00-3:00. The museum will open for special events, tours, Friends of Arrow Rock and appointments with prior arrangement. The Friends celebrated their thirty-fifth anniversary on September 17 with a luncheon Fayette Area Heritage Association hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Walker Fletcher, Jr., of Fayette sponsored its first Apple Festival Marshall and an evening buffet reception at the on October 8, and the Association participat­ home of President Day and Whitney Kerr. The ed by giving away miniature apples, in addi­ Kerrs have recently restored Prairie Park, the tion to having the Uriel S. Wright building 1845 Greek revival home of William B. open for tours. The building will be closed Sappington. On September 18 the Arrow during the winter. Rock Old Tavern observed its 160th anniver­ sary with a festive gathering under a tent on the Ferguson Historical Society tavern lawn. James W. Goodrich, executive The Society hosted an autographing party director of the State Historical Society of for Ferguson, A City Remembered, its new Missouri, provided the keynote address. The book, after the general meeting on Friends completed work on their new informa­ September 22 at the First Presbyterian tion center and moved into that facility on Church. The meeting featured George September 26. Still located on the boardwalk Trowbridge displaying his unique collection in Arrow Rock, the new building is located just of memorabilia pertaining to World War II. four doors from the original center's location.

Florissant Valley Historical Society Friends of Historic Boonville On October 9 the Society formally dedi­ The Missouri River Festival of the Arts cated its resource center located in the featured a variety of special events, ranging Gittemeier House, 1067 Dunn Road, from a classical ballet recital to a number of Florissant. Resources housed there include performances by internationally acclaimed guidelines and information on establishing musicians. Other attractions of this week- historic districts, restoring and preserving his- long fund-raiser, held August 13-20 in 216 Missouri Historical Review

Boonville, included a puppet show, a bike Festival during the weekend of October 1-2. ride, and tennis and golf tournaments. This successful event grows each year, and several new attractions, including the Civil Friends of Historic Fort Osage War encampment, added color and activity to The biggest Friends-sponsored event of this year's festival. Held on October 28, the year, the Militia Muster and Candlelight "Spirits From the Past" offered an interesting Tour held at the fort on October 22-23, itinerary of events. Visitors walked through proved to be a great success. The muster the village lit only by luminaries and listened recreated the 1812 gathering of "citizen sol­ to ghost stories and readings from Edgar diers" for the military training required of all Allen Poe around a crackling bonfire. Hot men between the ages of sixteen and sixty. spiced cider, a moonlit hayride, and a visit Activities during the weekend event includ­ from the headless horseman rounded out the ed militia drills, roll calls, and field exercises evening. as well as hearth cooking, trading, and music. A candlelight tour on the evening of Friends of Rocheport October 22 featured reenactments of soldiers A watermelon festival and a frog jump­ discussing battle plans, civilian men arguing ing contest provided for an entertaining day politics, and women completing daily chores on August 28. A narrated historical walking as the fort settled down for the night. tour has been designed by the Friends. Tours, held during the month of October and Friends of Jefferson Barracks in conjunction with the holiday season, On August 6 the Friends held a Civil War showcased the town's historical sites. Candlelight Tour with over sixty-five reenac­ tors participating in the event. Over 250 vis­ Gasconade County Historical Society itors were treated to a ten-stop tour, where On September 18 the Society sponsored reenactors portrayed Union soldiers on their third annual MusicFest at historic St. patrol, Confederate soldiers in earthworks, a Paul. The afternoon entertainment featured strategy meeting of Confederate officers, an David Rasico, who presented a keyboard and escaped slave, and Missouri Confederate vocal program of popular, country, and clas­ guerrillas. Tour members also encountered a sical music, and a group sing-a-long. field hospital and spent a few minutes talk­ ing to Abraham Lincoln. Glendale Historical Society In lieu of the regular meeting Society Friends of Keytesville members held an ice cream social at city hall Activities of the Friends include the cele­ on September 2. bration of the thirtieth anniversary of the General Sterling Price Museum, the formula­ Golden Eagle River Museum tion of plans for new highway signs advertis­ The final day of the Museum's 1994 sea­ ing the museum, and the continuation of son, October 31, was marked by a recogni­ work for the erection of a log cabin near the tion day for the excursion boats and crews historic Presbyterian church. operating in St. Louis. Captain William E. Carroll, veteran excursion boat master with Friends of Missouri Town-1855 Gateway Riverboat Cruises, spoke at the The Friends' annual old-fashioned ice event. The Museum will reopen on May 1. cream social, held on September 11 at historic Woods Chapel, featured music, dancing, Grand River Historical Society games, and demonstrations. Approximately The Society held their quarterly meeting fifteen thousand people attended the nine­ at the Coburn building in Chillicothe on teenth annual Missouri Town-1855 Fall October 11. After a covered dish supper, Dr. Historical Notes and Comments 217

Neal, museum director, reported a successful include an array of T-shirts, sweatshirts, post­ summer at the facility with over one thou­ cards, wood carvings, Christmas ornaments, sand visitors. The guest speaker, Sue Jones, genealogy charts, caps, notecards, and books. related her extensive knowledge about quilts, including information on a variety of pat­ Hickory County Historical Society terns and the evolution of the quilt from the Held at the museum in Hermitage, the 1870s to the present. Society hosted the Pioneer Days celebration on October 14-15, which featured a variety of Grandview Historical Society activities including craft booths, demonstra­ After three years of research and writing, tions of quilting, museum tours, making apple the Society has completed the history of butter over an open fire, and the splitting of Grandview covering the years 1844-1994. cedar shingles. Three log cabins had recently Copies of the 250-page history may be been moved to the museum grounds, adding to ordered from the Society at Box 512, the excitement of the annual event. Grandview, MO 64030. Harvey J. Higgins Historical Society Greene County Historical Society The Society, which maintains the only Keeping with tradition, members held a remaining railroad depot in Lafayette joint meeting in August with the group from County, meets the second Monday of each the Wilson's Creek National Battlefield to month at the depot, except for the months of commemorate the Civil War battle that December and January. The depot is avail­ occurred at Wilson's Creek. The September 22 able for tours by appointment. meeting, provided by the Missouri Humanities Council's American Mirror Speakers Bureau, Historic Bethel German Colony featured College of the Ozarks English profes­ The Missouri Arts Council has awarded sor Fred R. Pfister speaking on "Blowing Hot Bethel a matching grant of $16,500. Funds and Cold: Our Love Affair with the Weather." from the grant will help support the Fiddling Eleanor Williamson, a past president of the Fest, the art school, the newsletter and Society, has developed a video titled Readin' brochure, and the salary of the executive Writin' and Rithmetic, Springfield and Greenedirector . The Colony hosted a Harvest Fest County's first 100 years in public education, on October 1-2. Guests experienced German 1831-1931, which she presented at the October customs and food while participating in a 27 meeting. All meetings are held at the wide range of games and entertainment. Glenstone Heritage Cafeteria in Springfield. Historical Society of Maries County Harrison County Historical Society The Society held its fall meeting at the The Society opened the Edna Cuddy Felker House in Vienna on October 16. Items Memorial House and the Harrison County on the agenda included a progress report on Historical Museum to the public on August 6 the reconstruction of the Latham log house, in conjunction with the Town and Country the oldest house in Vienna, and an update on Days celebration in Bethany. On September the ongoing work for volume three of the 25 members participated in a tour of homes Maries County history book series. in the Bethany area. Historical Society of New Santa Fe Henry County Historical Society Members gathered on July 16 to unveil a A new venture, a museum gift shop, has bronze historical marker commemorating the opened in a corner of the Adair Annex of the historic town of New Santa Fe and to celebrate museum. Although plans are already under the dedication with an ice cream social. This way to expand the gift shop, current holdings Jackson County town, with only its cemetery 218 Missouri Historical Review now remaining, was the locale from where grandson of Harry S Truman, participated in many thousands of pioneers left to venture the July 5 meeting, which included dinner at into the territories held by the Indians and the Stephenson's Old Apple Farm Restaurant. Spanish. Ross Marshall, executive director of the Alexander Majors House and past national Jasper County Historical Society president of the Oregon and California Trails The Society held its September 11 meet­ Association, spoke at the ceremony, and arti­ ing at the Carthage Civil War Museum and facts belonging to the Society were displayed. listened to a program presented by Mark C. Members are presently working with the Stauter, the associate director of the Western National Park Service to certify the New Santa Historical Manuscript Collection at the Fe site as part of the Historic Santa Fe Trail. University of Missouri-Rolla. The Society expects the certification to be complete in time for the 175th anniversary of Jefferson Heritage and Landmark Society the Santa Fe Trail in 1996. A Society-sponsored genealogy work­ shop was held on September 18 in the Historical Society of University City Viking Room at Jefferson College. Jeanette A Persian buffet-style dinner at Hollowell, who conducted the seminar, Natasha's, a new University City restaurant, geared the event to both beginning and sea­ was sampled by members of the Society at soned genealogists. their annual meeting on October 2. Historian and entertainer Bert Minkin pre­ Jennings Historical Society sented a program on E. G. Lewis and the A slide show on the history of Jennings 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. from 1839 to 1900 was shown at the October 16 meeting. Featured guests included four Iron County Historical Society great-great-great grandchildren and two Members saw a slide show on thong trees great-great-great-great granddaughters of presented by Rita Hadley at the quarterly James Jennings, the founder of the town. meeting on October 17 in the fellowship hall of the First Baptist Church, Ironton. Past and Johnson County Historical Society Present: A History of Iron County, Missouri, Members gathered in the old courthouse 1857-1994 was sent to press on November 1. in Warrensburg for the annual meeting on For ordering information on this book, which September 25. In addition to electing three contains one thousand articles about the histo­ new representatives to the board of direc­ ry, churches, businesses, organizations, and tors, the group also heard a presentation by families of the county, write the Society at 123 Vivian Richardson of Central Missouri State West Wayne, Ironton, MO 63650. University on the preservation and storage of documents and photographs. The board Jackson County Historical Society is currently arranging to move an old A native Kansas Citian and the proprietor schoolhouse and its contents, a gift from the of Joullian Vineyards, Ridge Watson offered Holden School District, from Elm to the his wines at a wine-tasting party held on Society grounds, where the old courthouse, August 14 at the Carriage House, home of library, and museum are located. Larry Sells, Kansas City. Proceeds from this event benefited the Society. Closely affiliated Kansas City Fire Brigade with the Society, a new group called the Young Teams from the South Platte, Sugar Historians recently formed. It currently con­ Creek, and Kansas City area fire depart­ sists of about ten members in their twenties and ments competed in the Brigade's fall fire thirties and has named Clifton Truman Daniel muster held at the Boardwalk Square shop­ as the group's first honorary member. Daniel, ping center, Kansas City, on October 8. Historical Notes and Comments 219

Groups participated in a bucket brigade, bar­ Knox County Historical Society rel fights, and fast water competitions. In Brent Karhoff gave a program on his addition to getting wet, participants and political memorabilia collection at the month­ guests took advantage of refreshments, sou­ ly meeting of the Society held at the nutrition venirs, displays, and a raffle. site in Edina on September 28. Members also discussed the upcoming sesquicentennial of Kansas City Westerners Knox County at the meeting. This international organization, which joins people who share an interest in the his­ Landmarks Association of St. Louis, Inc. tory and development of the western United The Association, along with members of States, meets for dinner the second Tuesday the Missouri Historical Society, participated of each month at the Hereford House in a bus and walking tour of "The Hill" in St. Restaurant, 20th and Main Streets, Kansas Louis on October 15. Carolyn Toft, execu­ City, at 6:00. The gathering on September tive director of the Association, organized 13 featured Alan F. Perry discussing the and led the tour of what is probably the American Indian, while the guest speaker at city's most tightly knit and enduring ethnic the October 11 meeting was Dan Fitzgerald neighborhood. On October 30 members of the Kansas State Historical Society. took advantage of a behind-the-scenes visit to Ste. Genevieve. Information presented by Kimmswick Historical Society Osmund Overby, an architectural historian, The Society regularly schedules its meet­ and local resident Bernie Schram added to ings for the first Monday of each month at the value of the trip. Highlights included an Kimmswick Hall, 6000 Third Street, introductory video at the Interpretive Center, Kimmswick, with the exception of January dinner at the Ste. Genevieve Hotel, and an and July, when no meetings are held. On opportunity to view sites not usually open to August 1, historian and author Dorothy the public. Heinze presented the history of the salt springs, and Sharon Tricamo displayed pic­ Lawrence County Historical Society tures of the springs as they are today. Heinze The Society's museum, which had been is spearheading an effort to get the springs on closed for some time, reopened in celebra­ the National Historic Register and will use tion of Apple Butter Days held on October Tricamo's photos to demonstrate the historic 8-9 in Mt. Vernon. Volunteers had been value of the area. The September 5 meeting working since January to realize this goal. featured Carol Diaz-Granados, professor of The featured displays are arranged chrono­ archeology at Washington University, dis­ logically around the theme "Hall of Time" cussing the World's Fair excavations being and showcase an 1865 horse-drawn hearse conducted by her students in Forest Park. and an exhibit depicting public hangings in the county, among many other topics. Kirkwood Historical Society Students from Marie Andel's Kirkwood Lee's Summit Historical Society High School class worked on an archeological Members met August 5 at the Lee Haven dig in the backyard of the Society's historic Community Building and heard Roberta house, Mudd's Grove, in June. Their findings Bonnewitz speak on the Lienweber family. and the results of their extensive research on The October 7 meeting, also held in the the families who have owned and lived in the community building, featured Rena Bergen, house highlighted the fall membership meet­ who discussed the Shepherd family. ing held on September 13 at Grace Episcopal Members also made final preparations for Church, Argonne. The Society hosted their the book and bake sale held in conjunction third annual arts and crafts show on October with the chamber of commerce's Octoberfest 29-30 at North Kirkwood Middle School. the following day. 220 Missouri Historical Review

Lewis County Historical Society Columbia to hear David Hinze, a history The Society elected new officers at the teacher and an author from Rolla, speak on the quarterly meeting held on October 4 at the daylong battle of Carthage, which is an oft- Chinese Wok, Canton. They include Clark forgotten fight that greatly impacted the strug­ Todd, president; John Hendle, vice presi­ gle for Missouri. New Round Table president dent; Wilma Hendle, secretary; and Stuart Harold Miederhoff presented a program on the Purvines, treasurer. The members of the 1864 campaign in the Shenandoah Valley at Society are currently expanding the the October 18 meeting held at the library genealogical research library and museum. building in Jefferson City. Other recently elected officers are Jim McGhee, vice presi­ Lincoln County Historical dent, and Jack Kennedy, secretary-treasurer. and Archeological Society The annual awards banquet held on Miller County Historical Society October 21 in the First Christian Church, Troy, About sixty-five members gathered at the highlighted fall activities for the Society. The museum building in Tuscumbia on October Meyer family from Eagle Fork farm and the 9 for their quarterly potluck luncheon and four surviving founding members of the meeting. Special speaker Fred Pfister, Society received awards for their service. College of the Ozarks, Point Lookout, pre­ Kenneth Ward, a Civil War historian dressed sented a program on old-fashioned methods in full uniform, provided the keynote address. of forecasting weather and why, despite modern technology, some of these practices Macon County Historical Society survive today. Members held their quarterly meeting in Macon at the VanCleve-Doneghy Museum on Mine Au Breton Historical Society September 15. After a catered dinner, the group Monthly meetings of the Society are held heard James Foley speak on his "addiction" to on the second Tuesday evening of each month building reproductions of historic homes. at 7:30 in the Washington County Courthouse, Potosi. During winter months, tours of the Meramec Station Historical Society Mine Au Breton Heritage Park, the Austin- The Society meets on the second Tuesday Milam-Lucas Store, and the James Long Home of each month at 7:00 in the Valley Park are available by appointment only. Call (314) Community Library. This fall members partic­ 438-4973 after 5:00 P.M. for more information. ipated in Valley Park's annual Valley Days, maintaining a booth that displayed pictures and Missouri Historical Society other historical information. Held on September 21, the annual meeting of the Society provided a double feature: after Meramec Valley Genealogical the introduction of newly elected trustees, and Historical Society members enjoyed a cocktail reception and the Sue Hinkle, a noted professional story­ premiere exhibition of "Likeness & teller, presented a program on "What Has Landscape: The Daguerreotype Art of Happened to Family Stories?" at the Thomas M. Easterly." Members also had the September 21 meeting held at the Scenic opportunity to preview a book compiled by Library, Pacific. The group meets on the exhibition curator Dolores A. Kilgo that doc­ third Wednesday of every other month at uments her eight-year study of the Easterly 7:00 at 140 West Louis Street, Pacific. Collection. The book, which contains 248 illustrations, is available for $59.95, hardcov­ Mid-Missouri Civil War Round Table er, or $29.95, paperback. In an attempt to A large crowd gathered on September 20 reassess Thomas Jefferson's contributions to at the Columbia Daily Tribune building in the development of the American West, a Historical Notes and Comments 221 conference jointly sponsored by the Thomas Osage County Historical Society Jefferson Commemoration Commission and At the August 22 meeting at St. George's the Society was held November 18-20. Church hall, Linn, Nancy Lankford, associate Stewart Udall, environmental lawyer and for­ director of the Western Historical Manuscript mer secretary of the interior, delivered the Collection-Columbia, presented a program on principal address. "Proverbs." She discussed specific Missouri- related proverbs, their origins, and pertinent Montgomery County Historical Society holdings from the manuscript collection. To kick off the annual fall tour, Society members met at the fire station in Big Spring Ozark County Genealogical for lunch on October 9. The group then and Historical Society toured McKittrick's Hotel, the Talbot- Copies of A History of Ozark County, Scharnhorst-Loehnig house, and the Loutre 1841-1991, the new county history book, are Island Brick Church and Cemetery, where in limited supply. The 828-page book sells many early settlers of the county are buried. for $55.95 and can be ordered from the Society through Eloise Sletten, president, John G. Neihardt Corral HCR 2, Box 2640, Isabella, MO 65676. of the Westerners Everett Kahl, known as Mr. Telephone Pemiscot County Historical Society and a former president of the Missouri Deputy sheriffs Jon Pruiett and Kenny Telephone Company, discussed the history Jarboe shared information about the county's of phones and the business at the September DARE program, which is designed to pro­ 8 meeting held at the Days Inn, Columbia. vide information about the dangers of drugs At the October 13 Corral gathering, also held and alcohol to area youth, with Society at Days Inn, Richard Forry, superintendent members at their August 26 meeting in the of Arrow Rock State Park and Visitor's American Legion building, Caruthersville. Center, spoke on the Santa Fe Trail. On September 23 nine members of the Society participated in a day tour that includ­ O'Fallon Historical Society ed the Trail of Tears Museum and the Members met on October 12 at the Bollinger and Mill. Society's log house for the fall quarterly meet­ ing and potluck dinner. Guest speaker Cindy Perry County Historical Society Fricke, of Roadrunner Custom Day Trips, pro­ vided the program. Officers elected for 1994- Members served homemade ice cream and cake to about sixty guests at the annual 1995 include Raleigh Jessup, president; Kenny ice cream social held at the community cen­ Gronewald, vice president; Ellie Trussell, sec­ ter in Perryville on August 13. A computer retary; and Lynn Orf, lifetime treasurer. donated by AMX Corporation of Texas, Old Trails Historical Society through the efforts of Society member Hank Several Manchester area churches agreed Weiss, is now in place in the library, and vol­ to sponsor a self-guided open church tour on unteers are developing a database of area August 21. The churches welcomed Old historical and genealogical information. Trails members and guests by presenting brief programs and displaying their historical Perry County Lutheran Historical Society memorabilia. On October 16 the Society At the fall meeting on October 16 held at joined the city of Manchester in celebrating Trinity Lutheran School, Altenburg, Gilbert the centennial of the Lyceum/City Hall. This Theiss presented a program on Wittenberg historical commemoration included refresh­ and the St. Paul Church, which was razed in ments, a town crier, costumed docents, and 1987 as a result of the repeated flooding of displays of artifacts. the Mississippi River. 222 Missouri Historical Review

Pettis County Historical Society Christian Church, Ridgeley, on October 16 for The life of Lizzie Cook, Sedalia's most the fall meeting. After a tour of the church and notorious and successful madam of the 1870s, a business meeting, the ladies of the church provided an interesting focus for Rhonda served a dinner. Immediately following, Todd Chalfant's program at the September 26 meet­ and Tracy Graves generously opened their ing held in the courthouse, Sedalia. On October 1930s home for a tour. 15 Society members participated in a marker dedication for the grave of Major James C. Pleasant Hill Historical Society Wood in Crown Hill Cemetery, Sedalia. The At the September 25 meeting city man­ event, sponsored by the General JO Shelby ager Mark Randall discussed the construc­ Chapter of the Sons of Confederate Veterans, tion and population boom that Pleasant Hill coincided with the 130th anniversary of the has been experiencing. capture of Sedalia by Confederate forces. Pulaski County Museum and Phelps County Historical Society Historical Society President John Bradbury gave a program Regular meetings of the Society are on Civil War photographs, documents, and scheduled for the first Thursday of each other memorabilia from Phelps County at the month at 7 P.M. in the Society building, fall meeting held on October 24 at the old Waynesville. Until a heating system can be county courthouse in Rolla. The group dis­ financed, the museum will close each winter. cussed the progress of the Old Courthouse Preservation Committee, including the con­ Ray County Historical Society struction of a new staircase. Future rehabili­ The Old Trails Folklife Festival, a benefit tation projects are planned. The Society, for the Society and the Community Arts joining with the Old Courthouse Association, is a celebration of the rich cul­ Preservation Committee and the Phelps tural and historical contributions of the early County Genealogical Society, has installed a natives, pioneers, travelers, and settlers of telephone and answering machine. The the Ray County area. Held at the museum groups can be reached at (314) 364-5977. and fairgrounds on October 1-2, the fourth annual festival, which attracted over twelve Pike County Historical Society hundred people, featured a quilt show, a craft Members convened at Mary Queen of fair, a costume parade, music, and a variety Peace Catholic Church, Clarksville, on of demonstrations and exhibits of early rural October 11 for the fall dinner meeting. The lifestyles and skills. On October 20 Society second printing of the Society's book, members gathered at the Eagleton Center for People, Places and Pikers, had just been the fall quarterly meeting. Captain William completed and was made available for sale Harrison from Whiteman Air Force Base, that night. The Society continues to support Knob Noster, discussed the stealth bombers three museums: Honey Shuck in Bowling and day-to-day operations at the base. Green, Louisiana Area Historical Museum, and the Clarksville Museum. Raymore Historical Society This new Society, committed to preserv­ Platte County Historical and ing and exploring the history of Raymore and Genealogical Society the surrounding area, held an organizational In honor of Roy and Frances Hornbuckle's gathering on October 11 and established the fortieth wedding anniversary, the Society held a second Tuesday of each month at 7:00 P.M. as "roast 'n toast" on October 8 at the DoubleTree the meeting date and time. Dues are $5.00 Hotel. All proceeds from the dinner benefited per year; sustaining memberships, $10.00 a the museum. Members assembled at the year; and life memberships are $100.00. Historical Notes and Comments 223

Guiding the organization for the inaugural fifty members strong and working to attract year are Charlene Hubach, president; Walter new members with exciting programs at the Buck and Patricia Gore, vice presidents; Vera meetings and an active agenda of projects. The Waltmire and Ellen Moore, secretaries; and August monthly meeting, held at the Lowry Pam Jeter, treasurer. Call President Hubach at City Nutrition Center, featured a roundtable (816) 331-1483 for more information about with citizens of Lowry City discussing their this new historical society. memories and the history of the town and the surrounding communities. Kathy Dains pre­ Raytown Historical Society sented a slide show of historic buildings in Under the experienced hand of Phyllis Missouri at the Society's annual meeting held Miller, the Society hosted a successful quilt in September in Osceola. At the October show from September 8-16 at the museum. A meeting in the Roscoe Elementary School, Flo raffle drawing for a quilt highlighted the week. Summers Kallenbach, a native of Roscoe, dis­ Members and guests traveled to Branson on cussed her new book, Call Me Tillie, which the weekend of October 5-7 to experience a contains twenty-five short stories about her taste of what the booming Missouri town has early childhood on a large farm. As a fund­ to offer. Scheduled activities included three raiser, the Society has designed a T-shirt with shows and a boat cruise, with the portrait of Dr. Ruth Seevers, one of the first time available for individual pursuits. A chili women doctors in the state, on the front. supper and an entertaining program highlight­ ed the quarterly meeting on October 26 at the Sappington-Concord Historical Society museum. The program, "A Ride on the Santa At the Society's quarterly meeting on Fe Trail," incorporated songs and historical October 26 in the Lindbergh school district's vignettes from trail time to the present. board room in Sappington, members viewed a video depicting World War II D-Day landings Ripley County Historical Society and the Battle of the Bulge and featuring At the August 8 meeting members heard Society members relating their personal expe­ Scott Akridge present a paper on Pitman's riences at these events. The five men who Ferry. He focused on the Elliot Fletcher fami­ appeared in the video answered questions fol­ ly, who had two sons serve in the Civil War at lowing the presentation. The Cooperating this location. The Missouri State School Districts funded the production of this Genealogical Association awards committee video to be used in area history classes. recently recognized two Society members, Helen and Betty Lawhon, for their extensive Smoky Hill Railway and work in answering genealogical queries. Museum Association September brought the "blues train," St. Charles County Historical Society where riders had the opportunity to enjoy an A memorial fund in honor of Joyanna evening of live blues bands on September 10 Darting, a former board member of the and September 24 while riding the Smoky Society, is providing the monies for the Hill. For approximately ten days before, and establishment of a gallery of photos featur­ including, Halloween, the railway operated ing former presidents of the Society. Sue the "terror train." Ghosts, goblins, vampire Love, of the Missouri Department of Natural porters, and headless conductors helped Resources, highlighted the fall meeting, held spook a large number of seasonal riders. on October 22 at the Holiday Inn, St. Peters, with a talk on "The First State Capitol, Living History, 1820s." Sons and Daughters of the Blue and Gray At the September 18 assembly the Sons St. Clair County Historical Society and Daughters viewed the video The Battles Recently reorganized, the Society is now of Franklin and Nashville, presented by Bill 224 Missouri Historical Review

Mauzey. Following the showing, Mauzey other items appeared to be touched. At the fall led a discussion about the strange death of meeting held on September 25 at the Nevada Colonel William Shy. Members heard hair- Park Care Center, Lee Sparks spoke on and raising tales during Harley Kissinger's pre­ displayed his collection of D.P.O.s, or post­ sentation on "Ghosts of the Civil War" on marks from discontinued post offices, includ­ October 16 at the monthly meeting held in ing items from many communities that no the community room of Mercantile Bank, longer exist. On September 28, eighteen Maryville. Society members participated in a field trip that took them just outside the county to sever­ Stone County Historical Society al sites relating to Vernon County history. The The Society is undertaking an extensive group visited the grave of Captain Anderson historic sites survey in hopes of writing a Morton, the old Papinsville one-room school nomination to the National Register of that has been restored into a museum, and the Historic Places. At the September 12 meet­ Amish community southwest of Rich Hill. ing, held in the Old Christian Church, Galena, Linda Myers-Phinney discussed survey tech­ Warren County Historical Society niques and applying for grants. The new On October 25 the Society and the local Stone County History Book, Volume II, is genealogical society in conjunction with ready for sale at $50, plus $4.00 for postage. Everton Publishers hosted a daylong genealog­ Send orders to the Stone County Historical ical workshop at the museum. In addition to Society, P.O. Box 63, Galena, MO 65656. lectures presented by Everton personnel on a variety of topics, participants experimented Texas County Missouri Genealogical with the computerized family file index, the and Historical Society "Roots" cellar, and other genealogical micro­ County clerk Don Troutman generated fiches. At the annual meeting of the Society, ideas and support for the 150th anniversary held on October 27 at the museum and histori­ celebration of Texas County from Society cal library in Warrenton, Carol Diaz-Granados, members at the September meeting. At the president of the Missouri Association of October assembly local history buff Pauline Professional Archaeologists, displayed and dis­ Young spoke on the history of Elk Creek and cussed artifacts excavated from the 1904 St. the area around Cabool and Solo. Members Louis World's Fair archaeological project site. gather monthly in the fellowship hall of St. She also talked about her ongoing dig and how Mark's Catholic Church, Houston, on the the findings continue to change her views of fourth Friday at 1:30. the fair.

Harry S Truman Independence Washington Historical Society 76 Fire Company Members gathered at the Rennick This summer the Company acquired the Riverfront Park Pavilion, Washington, for first motorized pumping engine of the wine and cheese, followed by a dinner, on Independence Fire Department—a 1928 September 13. The Civil War reenactment American LaFrance that had been missing group then presented a warm-up for their since 1953. After raising the necessary funds, two-day commemoration of Price's raid on the company plans to restore the engine. Washington in October 1864, which was held in Washington on October 8-9. Vernon County Historical Society The Bushwhacker Museum reported a Weston Historical Museum break-in and robbery on the night of The Heritage Homes Tour Celebration September 24 that resulted in the significant showcased eight historic homes in Weston loss of Indian materials valued at $18,000; no on September 10 and 11. Historical Notes and Comments 225

Westphalian Heritage Society, Inc. the College of the Ozarks, Point Lookout. Officers elected at the annual meeting Morrow's recently published book, The held October 16 at the Society office, 130 White River Chronicles ofS. C. Turnbo: Man East Main Street, Westphalia, include Leroy and Wildlife on the Ozarks Frontier, features E. Engelbrecht, president; Leroy F. tales from the Turnbo collection about early Ortmeyer, vice president; Patricia F. pioneer settlement, the Civil War, and hunt­ Hilkemeyer, secretary; and Mary Ann ing and wildlife. Klebba, treasurer. Winona Historical and Westport Historical Society Genealogical Society On October 9 the Society hosted a trolley The Society is overseeing the restoration tour along the riverfront to view the markers of a historic one-room school on the high erected by the Chouteau Society to com­ school grounds in Winona. Members are memorate the Old French Kansas City of the assembling artifacts and memorabilia relating 1820s. The event was followed by a recep­ to area rural schools for display in the school- tion and a tour of the Harris-Kearney House house. Regular meetings of the Society are museum. To observe the 130th anniversary held the second Thursday of each month at of the Civil War Battle of Westport, the 4:00 P.M. in the Winona Public Library. Society held an all-day bus tour of the battle sites on October 22. Winston Historical Society The Society entertained fifty-four visitors White River Valley Historical Society from the James Younger Gang, a national Lynn Morrow, director of the local organization, who visited the Winston depot records preservation program of the on October 1. Jay Groves, a Society mem­ Missouri State Archives, spoke on Silas C. ber, discussed the James gang's robbery of a Turnbo at the September 11 meeting held at train at Winston in July 1881 with the group.

Very Moving

Jefferson City Weekly Clarion, Missouri Department of Penal Institutions, February 17, 1923. "Doesn't her singing move you?" "It did once when I lived in the adjouning [sic] flat."

Has An Audible Husband

St. Joseph Morning Daily Herald, October 2, 1869. A lady advertises for sale one baboon, three baby cats and a parrot. She states that being now married, she has no further use for them, for the reason that their audable [sic] qualities are all combined in her husband.

Warm Comparison

St. Louis Valley Farmer, August 1850. Men are frequently like tea—the real strength and goodness are not properly drawn out until they have been a short time in hot water. 226 GIFTS

Elizabeth Bailey, Columbia, donor: Two photos of the Missouri Law Enforcement Memorial in Jefferson City. (E)* Robert Baumann, St. Louis, donor: Five Missouri Historical Society pamphlets from the "Where We Live" series: St. Charles; Near South Side; Alton, Illinois; Grand-Oak Hill; and MetroLink. (R) Schell Hilton Bodenhamer, Columbia, donor: "Ancestors and Descendants of John Daniel Bodenhamer (1821-1904) and Susannah Yokley (1822-1907)," by the donor and Bettie Jane Bodenhamer. (R) Laurel Boeckman, Columbia, donor: Sabiduria, the 1965 yearbook of Missouri Valley College, Marshall. (R) Thomas Boslooper, Palm Harbor, Florida, donor: General Asahel Gridley (1810-1881) of Bloomington, Illinois, Compeer of Abraham Lincoln and Doctor Robert H. Browne (1835-1909) of Mahomet, Illinois & Kirksville, Missouri, Biographer of Abraham Lincoln, by the donor. (R) Donna S. Calvin, Prairie Village, Kansas, donor: Kansas City Athenaeum 1894-1994, by the donor. (R) Cass County Genealogical Society and Cass County Historical Society, Harrisonville, donors: 1880 Census for Cass County, Missouri, by the donors. (R) & (N) Chouteau Grotto, Columbia, donor, through Kevin Feltz: Two copies of Foresight, the quarterly publication of the donor. (R) John Clare, Troy, donor: Troy Missouri 1819-1994, Celebrating 175 Years, by the donor and Margaret Clare. (R) Bess Copeland, Bismarck, donor: Minutes of the annual sessions of the Harmony Association of Primitive Baptists, vari­ ous years, 1964-1992; minutes of the annual sessions of the Ozark Association of Primitive Baptists, various years, 1977-1987; minutes of the annual session of the Forked Deer Association of Primitive Baptists, 1989. (R) Lelah E. Crockett, West Sedona, Arizona, donor: Lelah E. Crockett Collection. (M) Mary K. Dains, Schell City, donor: Twenty-seven black and white photographs of women who appeared in Show Me Missouri Women, Volume II. (E) Louesa R. Danks, Columbia, donor: Five children's books to be added to the Alice Irene Fitzgerald Collection of Missouri's Literary Heritage for Children and Youth. (RFC) Mrs. John T. DeForest, Jr., Houston, Texas, donor: Twenty-nine negatives and ten photographs by the donor's father, William J. Gammon. (E) Bobby Feagins, Grandview, donor: "Spring 1994 Survey of Davis Burying Ground," in Jackson County, by the donor. (R) Jim Feagins, Grandview, donor: "A Cultural Resource Survey of the Proposed Blue Springs Municipal Golf Course, Jackson County, Missouri," by the donor. (R)

*These letters indicate the location of the materials at the Society. (R) refers to Reference Library; (E), Editorial Office; (M), Manuscripts; (N), Newspaper Library; (RFC), Reference Fitzgerald Collection; (B), Bay Room; and (A), Art Room. Historical Notes and Comments 221

Leslie Forbes, Columbia, donor: Unbound catalog of the A. J. Child & Sons Mercantile Company, St. Louis, 1892. (R) Sylvia Forbes, Fayette, donor: The Fayette Apple Festival Cookbook, by the donor. (R) Friends of Keytesville, Keytesville, donor: Two central Missouri telephone directories and two yellow page directories for Howard and Cooper Counties. (R) Edward F. Gaebler, Columbia, donor: Flashbacks: Personal events from World War II and Korean "Conflict," by the donor. (R) Glen W. Gaskin, Warrenton, donor: The United States 14th Census in Warren County Missouri 1920, indexed by the donor. (N) Russell L. Gibbs, Lilburn, Georgia, donor: Gibbs, Liberty Henry 1888-1982: His Ancestors and Descendants, by the donor. (R) Toby Giese, Kansas City, donor: The Saga of John Fillmore Blake: The Last Missouri Rogue, by the donor. (R) Grundy County Historical Society, donor, through Juanita D. Denslow, Trenton: A Pictorial History of Grundy County, by Tom Brown, Alfred W. Humphreys, and Evelyn Goodrich Trickel. (R) John G. Hall, Columbia, donor: Four issues of The KOM League Remembered, a monthly newsletter about the Kansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri baseball league. (R) William K. Hall, St. Louis, donor: Springfield, Missouri, Newspaper Abstracts and Index, three volumes for 1887, 1888, 1898; Index Springfield, Missouri, Newspaper 1916 through 1920, all by the donor. (N) Mrs. A. E. Hammond, Trenton, donor: Fifty Years of Changes on a Family Farm and Half Rock: A Hundred Years of Memories, both by A. E. Hammond. (R) William Marion Harlan, Columbia, donor: Descendants of Isacc Newton and Sarah Harlan of Randolph County, Missouri, by the donor. (R) Mrs. Holmes Conrad Harrison, Jr., Richmond, Virginia, and Mrs. Raymond J. Browder, Richmond, Virginia, donors: Excerpts from the typescript of David Holmes Conrad's "Recollections" that pertain to Missouri, and a biographical sketch of David Holmes Conrad, by Mrs. Holmes Conrad Harrison. (M) David A. Horner, Columbia, donor: Eight black and white copy negatives depicting the Horner family and one of their resi­ dences. (E) Bert Howard, Columbia, donor: Miscellaneous publications pertaining to the University of Missouri. (R) Joe L. Huett, Piedmont, donor: "Disappearance of William Neely Murrill" and "Rey[nolds]CoMO, Widows of the Civil War," both by the donor. (R) Kurt D. Humphrey, Washington, donor: The Father Side of Kasha Lucinda Humphrey, by the donor. (R) H. M. Jopling, Bellevue, Nebraska, donor: Jopling Family Papers. (M) Vernon H. Joyce, Ontario, Canada, donor: Muench: Arnsburg, Hesse To Augusta, Missouri, 1305 to 1922, by the donor. (R) 228 Missouri Historical Review

Mary Kuhnmuench, Kirkwood, donor: A variety of Missouri official publications, a map of Missouri, and several items pertain­ ing to St. Louis and Fayette. (R) Paul and Maxine Lamb, Chillicothe, donors: Scattered issues of the Charolais Bull-O-Gram for the years 1968-1976. (R) Gerald Lieber-Mackay, Eureka, California, donor: The Triumph of the Wrongdoer: The Remarkable Story of Alexander Leiber, Missouri Pioneer, by the donor. (R) Judith A. McClung, Springfield, donor: The Hildebrand Saga, by the donor. (R) Simon E. Malo, Manhattan, Kansas, donor: Homage to [Paul C] Standley, edited by Louis O. Williams. (R) Metropolitan Kansas City Board of Realtors, Kansas City, donor: Metropolitan Kansas City Board of Realtors 1994-95: Who's Who in Real Estate Membership Directory, by the donor. (R) Metropolitan Publishing Corporation, Springfield, donor: Tourist and telephone directory for Branson and Eureka Springs, 1994-1995, and five tourist pamphlets for Branson area attractions. (R) Missouri Newspaper Project, Kansas City, donor: Newspapers in Missouri: A Union List, 1994, three volumes, by the donor. (N) Missouri State Lodge, Fraternal Order of Police, Raytown, donor: Missouri Law Enforcement Heroes, 1836-1994. (R) Missouri State Society of the National Society United States Daughters of 1812, donor, through Nancy Ragsdale, Kirkwood: The proceedings of the ninety-third annual state council of the donor organization, March 12-13, 1994. (R) Robert E. Monroe, Hawk Point, donor: Our Neumann Family History, by Anna Marie Dieckmann Henson. (R) Mrs. J. U. Morris, donor, through Charles St. John, Columbia: The Fraternity of Alpha Zeta: Missouri Chapter, Sixty-seven Years History, 1907-1974, by Clyde H. Duncan. (R) Kenneth Neth, Kansas City, donor: Two rolls of microfilm of the Holt Rustler & Gower Rustler, August 2, 1918-November 26, 1943. (N) Oak Ridge R-6 School, Oak Ridge, donor: Yearbook, Charter Oak '94, by the donor. (R) Mary Banks Parry, donor, through Genie Banks Rogers, Columbia: Three cabinet cards, one engraving and seven black and white photos pertaining to Stephens College, Sigma Chi fraternity at the University of Missouri-Columbia, and Duke Parry, (E); scrapbook devoted to clippings about men from Columbia during World War II and miscellaneous items pertaining to the School of Journalism at the University of Missouri- Columbia and the University Laboratory School. (R) James R. Peters, DeSoto, donor: Wm. G. R. & Martha Elizabeth McClard: Leaves on Their Tree, 1767-1994, by the donor and Kathy Jo Borgfield. (R) Walter L. and Beverely H. Pfeffer, Columbia, donors: Flyers, pamphlets, invitations, and publications relating to the University of Missouri and Columbia area businesses, civic, conservation, cultural, educational, political, and service organiza­ tions and associations, (R); fourteen color photographs of the July 4, 1994, parade in Vandalia. (E) Historical Notes and Comments 229

John Milton Poehlman, Columbia, donor: Genealogical materials pertaining to the Beal, Sommerer, and Poehlman families. (R) Earl L. Popkes, Columbia, donor: Family lineages on seven IBM compatible discs for the following families: Alden, Atwood, Bowker, Bridgeford, Campbell, Dunbar, Forsyth, Franks, Geering, Hodges, Levings, Newman, Popkes, Rogers, Rohr, and Sturtevant. (R) Charles E. Pullen, Columbia, donor: The Bosch and Reineke Clans (And Other Related Families) 1736-1993, by Elizabeth (Bosch) Smith. (R) John L. Romjue, Hampton, Virginia, donor: Milton A. Romjue Papers. (M) Adolf and Rebecca Schroeder, Columbia, donors: "The Immigrant Experience, Oral History and Folklore Among Missourians From German and German-Speaking Groups," by A. E. Schroeder, and "Schuetzen Days in Old St. Louis." (R) John E. Skelton, Corvallis, Oregon, donor: Standard Atlas of Barry County, Missouri, 1909, by George A. Ogle. (R) Tom Stevens, Columbia, donor: The Utterback Family 1620-1938, by William I. Utterback. (R) The Clan Stewart Society in America, donor, through Monroe Stewart, Monroe, Louisiana: Edward J. Harrington: The History of His Life, by Willis S. Harrington. (R) Mary C. Struckel, St. Louis, donor: The Wibbenmeyers ofDelbriick and Apple Creek, by the donor. (R) Jean Rentchler Swann, Clinton, donor: Englewood Cemetery, 1885-1993, Clinton, Henry County, MO, by the Henry County Historical Society. (R) James A. Tharp, Lee's Summit, donor: A photocopy of a souvenir special edition of the Meadville Messenger, December 6, 1895.(N) Union Cemetery Historical Society, Kansas City, donor, through Arlene Payne: Union Cemetery Burials (Prior to 1889): Death Notices, News Reports, Obituaries, Volumes IX and X, by the donor. (R) Unity Baptist Church, Fulton, donor, through Dolphrine Korff: A History of the Unity Baptist Church 1842-1992, by the donor. (R) J. Weaver, Keytesville, donor: Memphis, Kahoka, Queen City, Unionville, and Wayland telephone directory. (R) Robert Gail Woods, Palmyra, donor: Photographs and printed material pertaining to the Woods family and newsletters of Jefferson City, St. Louis, and Palmyra churches. (R) & (M)

Woman Shows Man

Knob Noster Gem, September 27, 1878. A man may sneer at a woman all he will, because she can't sharpen a lead-pencil, but she has the smile on him when he stands holding an unoccupied suspender button in his hand, and wondering whether it will hurt less to pull the needle out of his thumb the same way it went in, or push it on through.—Hawkeye. 230 MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Ash Grove Commonwealth September 14, 1994—"Aunt Belle's cook shack played important role" as a noon gather­ ing place for threshing crews, by Carole Bills.

Blue Springs Examiner September 30, 1994—"1974-1994: 20 years and counting," a special section, featured community news and photographs of the newspaper's twenty-year history.

Bourbon Beacon July 21, 1994—"The Columbus Francis Missey Family," by Floyd Thomas Pratt.

Bowling Green Times September 7, 1994—"Antioch Presbyterian Church to celebrate 175th anniversary."

Brunswick Brunswicker September 15, 1994—Stewart Printers and Jones Barbershop, "Two-business public sale marks end of an era."

Camdenton Lake Sun Leader September 29, 1994—"Daguerreotypes," a series by Fern Moreland, featured the Gunter-Ha Ha Tonka store and post office.

Canton Press-News Journal July 28, September 8, October 6, 1994—"Yesteryears Pictures," a pictorial series, fea­ tured respectively: the Canton flood of 1947, World War II ration books, and the rebuilding of Culver and Stockton halls on Christian University campus.

*Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian August 18, 1994—The construction of the "Little River Drainage District keeps Southeast Missouri high and dry," by Chuck Miller. September 8—"Historic Custom House being preserved as Cairo museum," by Jim Grebing. October 4—"Oak Ridge High School observing 120th anniversary," by T. J. Ernst.

Carrollton Daily Democrat August 2, 1994—"Moss Creek Township and Wild Moss Mills," in 1880s. August 9—Charles W. "Sappington recalls childhood in Carrollton." August 30, September 13, October 11, 18—"Journey into the past," compiled by Martha Elliott, featured respectively: Carroll County's World War II victory report, Dan Brand's letters home during World War II, Wakenda's original name, and the history of Carrollton's park system.

Carthage Press August 15, 1994—A special twelve-page "Salute to the Jasper County Courthouse," by Marvin VanGilder. September 28—"Highlights of Community History Volume VIII," a special section by Marvin L. VanGilder. *Indicates newspapers not received by the State Historical Society. Historical Notes and Comments 231

Centralia Fireside Guard August 3, 10, 24, 1994—"The Battle of Centralia," a three-part series by Adam Rodemyer.

Chillicothe Constitution-Tribune August 8, 1994—Walt Disney, "Most famous cartoonist claims the most important events happened in Marceline," by Doug Glass. September 6—Built in 1899, "Spring Hill Community Center Risks Extinction."

Columbia Daily Tribune August 7, 21, September 4, 18, October 2, 1994—"Boone Country," a series by Francis Pike, featured respectively: the story of the University of Missouri-Columbia's law building; Boone County's first poor farm; Sulphur Springs in Howard County; Columbia's early soft drink industry; and the Caldwell, Tate, and Fyfer families.

Columbia Missourian August 7, 1994—"Columbia Public Library." August 14—"Gordon Manor and Cabin." August 21—"Daniel Boone County-City Building." August 28—"Conley House." September 4—"Van Horn's Tavern." September 18—"The Historic Missouri Theater." October 2—Hickman High School. October 9—"Frederick Douglass School."

Cuba Free Press August 18, 1994—"Historical Society Lines," a series by Matred Perrigue Halbert, fea­ tured recollections of Big Bend School in 1920. August 25—Mt. Pleasant, "Historic church turns 150," by Bea Spurgeon.

Eldon Advertiser September 1, 29, 1994—"Window to the Past," a series by Peggy Smith Hake, featured respectively: the Charles W. and Harriett Wall Condra family and the John F. and Ellendor Wilson Barr family.

Fulton Sun August 27, 1994—"Fulton Colleges," by Lee N. Godley, traces the roots of William Woods University and Westminster College. September 3—George Washington "Carver Boyhood Home: Missouri history sparkles in Diamond," by Jerry Nachtigal. October 8—"A Church History is Published," Fulton's First Baptist Church, by Lee N. Godley.

Gallatin North Missourian October 12, 1994—Marie Martin of Altamont, "Lifetime memories 'in 3 different worlds,'" by Karen Rogers. October 19—The role of the Daviess County cavalry in the 1864 Civil War Battle of Westport recalled in three articles by David Stark. 232 Missouri Historical Review

Hamilton Advocate July 27, 1994—"Souvenir Edition of the Hamilton Advocate on its 125th Anniversary—July 1994," a special section, featured twelve front pages from the annals of the Hamilton Advocate.

Hermann Advertiser-Courier August 30, September 13, 27, October 5, 1994—"Missouri Frontier Times," a series compiled by Ed Steinhardt, featured respectively: Goodspeed's account of the founding of the Loutre area; troubles with Indians; the ill-fated Callaway expedition; early nineteenth-century development; and a visit from Washington Irving.

Hermitage Index September 15, 1994—"Commentary: From a squabble arose a town," by Don Ginnings, presents the historical debate over the location of the county seat; "Mahala Morgan's petticoat stopped local Civil War fight," by T. Clifford Morgan.

Jefferson City Sunday News Tribune September 18, 1994—"The day the 'pen' erupted," the Missouri State Penitentiary riots of 1954, by Bob Watson.

Kansas City Star September 21, 1994—"An enduring love affair: KC, baseball," by Brian Burnes. September 24—"Metro Journal: Sympathies For Big Tom Pendergast Survive," by Joseph Popper. October 16—"Former president never found peace at White Haven: 'Retirement home' of Ulysses S. Grant opens as historic site," by Michael Schuman. October 28—Union Station's birthday "Party hails landmark's 80 years," by Elaine Adams. October 29—"Prohibition didn't dry up KC drinking," by Brian Burnes.

Kirksville Daily Express & News July 28, 1994—"Restored Home Enjoys Historic Kirksville Past: House, traced back to 1863, is being restored for future," by Rob Schneider.

Neosho Daily News August 3, 1994—"Friday marks anniversary of train wreck: Forty-three died in fiery crash at Tipton Ford" in 1914. August 17—"Scenes From the Past," a pictorial series, featured Harry Truman cam­ paigning in Neosho.

New Haven Leader August 3, 10, 1994—"Franklin County ... the early days," a series by LeRoy Danz, fea­ tured respectively: the 150th anniversary of the New Port Presbyterian Church and a recollec­ tion of Leslie's boomtown days, reprinted.

Noel McDonald County Press October 5, 1994—"It's National Newspaper Week Oct. 3-8," a special page devoted to the pioneers of the county's newspaper history, and "Looking back ... the Ozarks, my home," by Alberta Anders. Historical Notes and Comments 233

Pacific Meramec Valley Transcript September 21, 1994—"Franklin County ... the early days," a series by LeRoy Danz, featured a Civil War haircut too close for comfort.

Park Hills Daily Journal October 7, 1994—"Doe Run store closes: Since 1896 it's been a 'stopping place,'" for the community, by Roger W. Forsythe.

Perryville Perry County Republic-Monitor August 9, September 15, 22, October 4, 1994—"Perry County Album," a pictorial series, featured respectively: the construction of St. Mary's Church in 1913, the Perry County fair of 1923, the second county courthouse, and the new Perryville High School in 1917. September 6—"Brazeau Presbyterian to celebrate 175th year"; "Brazeau Church found­ ed in 1819," reprinted. October 4—Grave marker company, "Brewer Monument celebrates five generations of service," by Randy Pribble.

Piedmont Wayne County Journal-Banner August 25, September 8, 15, 29, October 6, 13, 1994—"Historical Wayne County," a series, featured respectively: the history of Piedmont's Childress building, the construction of the Wappapello Dam in 1943, the George Wilson home, 1949 baseball bats, a 1931-1932 Pleasant Valley schoolteacher's contract, and the Greenville Sun building.

Poplar Bluff Daily American Republic September 15, 1994—"Jesse James and the Gad's Hill Train Robbery," by Chris Rimel.

Portageville Missourian-Review August 18, 1994—"Ever wonder about Boekerton?" town's origins revealed in notes by the late Mary Spoor.

St. Clair Missourian August 10, 17, 24, 31, September 21, October 19, 1994—"Gleanings from the Past and Present," a series by Sue Cooley, featured respectively: a visit to the Daniel Boone home north of Washington, previous names for St. Clair, Dr. George Washington Smith, Hiram "Clark" Smith, Thomas William "Buck" Sincox, and the Denny family.

St. Joseph News-Press August 26, 1994—Toad Holler's Workman "Chapel provides landmark," by Donna Lea Henry Field; St. Francis Baptist Temple, "Church grew from handful of slaves," by Kathryn Gamble.

St. Louis Post-Dispatch October 7, 1994—A rare 1856 photograph of the St. Louis riverfront is auctioned. October 9—The origins of homecoming, "A Nation's College Tradition Sprouts Midwestern Seed," by Sue Ann Wood. October 23—"St. Louis When," a series, featured the original entrance to Vandeventer Place.

St. Louis Review August 12, 1994—St. Mary "Parish Traces Roots to 1848," in Hawk Point, Lincoln County. 234 Missouri Historical Review

September 30—Shrewsbury Parish of "St. Michael Marks 100th Year." October 7—"Flashbacks Reveal Fond Memories of Father Alois Stevens," the man who got Sonny Liston into professional boxing, by Bob Burnes.

Ste. Genevieve Herald August 24, 31, September 14, 1994—"Window on Ste. Genevieve," a series, featured respectively: restoration of the Old Academy, Scherer home survives flood, and the restoration of the Jean Baptiste Valle house.

Sedalia Democrat August 21, 1994—"Memories of the State Fair."

Seneca News-Dispatch August 18, 25, September 1, 1994—A pictorial series on Seneca featured respectively: an aerial view of the town, circa 1900, Cherokee Avenue, and the Iva Wells School.

Sikeston Standard-Democrat September 7, 1994—"Memories and More," a series, presented a pictorial biography of Imogene Ruth Albritton Mayer.

Smithville Lake Democrat-Herald September 7, 1994—Apollo Lithia Springs Bottled Water and Soda Pop remembered in "Apollo house history completes a . . . Full Circle," by Deidre Parkes.

Southwest City Republic August 10, 1994—"Rebellion in our region: Decisive Civil War battle was fought at Pea Ridge," by Pauline Carnell. August 17—A Pineville hotel once used as a prop for 1938 film on Jesse James.

* Springfield Daily Events September 7, 23, 28, October 4, 10, 26, 31, 1994—"Tales of History," a series by Tom Ladwig.

Stockton Cedar County Republican August 24, 1994—"Cedar County yesterday: A look back at our rich heritage," a series, featured a 1914 picture of Stockton schoolchildren.

Troy Free Press July 27, September 7, 1994—"Lincoln County Reflections," a series by Charles R. Williams, featured respectively: the original town spring and Lincoln County's toll roads.

Tuscumbia Miller County Autogram Sentinel August 11, 1994—"Window to the Past," a series by Peggy Smith Hake, featured the John and Elizabeth Buechter Volmert family.

Union Franklin County Tribune July 27, August 17, 24, September 28, 1994—"Franklin County ... the early days," a series by LeRoy Danz, featured respectively: recollections of picnics, fairs, and antique farm equipment shows; a two-part series on local musician Lucas John Fink; and the Indian Wars and Civil War accomplishments of General William S. Harney. Historical Notes and Comments 235

Washington Missourian August 27, 28, 1994—"Price's Raid: The Campaign of 1864," by Walt Larson. September 21, 28—"The Killing of James Wilson," a two-part series on prisoners during the Civil War, by Ralph Gregory.

Webb City Sentinel August 26, 1994—"Ancestors, Legends and Time," a series by Jeanne Newby, featured civic and business leader Joe Stewart.

That's Quality

Jefferson City Jefftown Journal, June 25, 1959. A preacher walked into a bar in the course of his missionary work and ordered a glass of milk. By mistake he was given an eggnog. When he had drained the last drop from the glass, he raised his eyes upward and said: "Lord! What a cow!"

Dressed for the Part

Jefferson City Jefftown Journal, June 11, 1958. A Kansas City man arrested for routine questioning admitted to police that he committed three recent holdups in order to buy a suit so he'd look presentable when he robbed a bank.

Spicy Mining

Liberty Weekly Tribune, July 20, 1849. The Morgan (111.) Journal says that a gingerbread mine has been discovered in Calhoun county. Great mineral country this!

Wishful Warning

Kansas City Times, September 19, 1897. ". . . Having spread himself all over the West, the Missourian has crossed the Mississippi and invaded the East. . . . "Missouri is beginning to pay back to Kentucky the debt of political gratitude she owes her and can without missing them furnish her United States Senators, Congressmen, Governors, judges and all other officers galore. . . . "Perhaps some day a Missouri President may house his Missouri spouse in that garish but historic mansion—the glittering goal of so many hopes—the political Mecca of so many hearts—the insatiable tomb of so many ambitions." [Speech by Champ Clark titled "Missourians."] 236 MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

Alexander Majors Express July, 1994: "Wild Bill Hickok."

All Aboard, Frisco Railroad Museum March-April, 1994: "Down At The Depot: Wentworth, MO, Station F293, Carthage Subdivision, Northern Division," by Michael Hirsch.

America's Civil War November, 1994: "Kansas Minutemen: Missouri's Saviors," by D. Reid Ross.

Boone And Frontier Research Letter, Boone-Duden Historical Society March-April, 1994: "Thoughts on the Boone and Frontier Era (1790s-1820) of Missouri." May-June, 1994: "'Missouri Territory Village': An Assemblage of Missouri's Pioneer History," above articles by Ken Kamper.

Boone-Duden Historical Society Newsletter July/August, 1994: "Dr. Robert E. Thomasson"; "Toonerville."

Bulletin, Glendale Historical Society September, 1994: "Growing Up On Juanita Avenue In the Glendale of the 1950s—The Good Old Days in the Eisenhower Era," by Jackie Blumer; "Fountain of Youth," by Bill Dowell; "East Essex Memories," by Lorraine Thilking.

The Bulletin, Johnson County Historical Society September, 1994: "T. C. Miller's Story: I Rode With Quantrill," reprinted; "The Rural School In Johnson County," by Dorothy Bonar.

The Bushwhacker, Civil War Round Table of St. Louis September 28, 1994: "The War In Missouri (continued)." October 26, 1994: "The War In Missouri (continued)."

Bushwhacker Musings, Vernon County Historical Society October 1, 1994: "Vernon County, 1871," by Samuel Click; "W. T. Ballagh, Nevada Druggist," by Marjorie H. Goss; "Vernon County's Burial Places: The Summers Graveyard," by Dryden Baze, reprinted.

Catholic Historical Review July, 1994: "Race, Religion, and Rebellion: Hilary Tucker and the Civil War," by James Hitchcock.

Civil War Regiments Volume 3, Number 4: "The Battle Of Belmont and the Citizen Soldiers of the 27th Illinois Volunteer Infantry," by Peter Ellertsen.

Clay County MOsaic July-August-September, 1994: "Changing View of Clay County, MO Shown in 1880- 1980 Census Data." Historical Notes and Comments 237

Collage Of Cape County, Cape Girardeau County Genealogical Society September, 1994: "Famous Names In Cape Girardeau's History: Edward F. Regenhardt Biography."

Columbia 101 Fall, 1994: "Our Historic Highlights."

Community Voice March, 1994: "Local Black History: Annie Fisher—Coveted Caterer of Columbia's Uppercrust," by Kelly C. Anderson. April, 1994: "Local Black History: Historic Black Business Districts."

Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly Summer, 1994: "C.F.W. Walther And The Synodical Conference," by George J. Gude.

Conestoga Newsletter, Joplin Genealogy Society September, 1994: "Joplin's Schifferdecker Park And The Man Who Donated It," by Dwain Brixey.

County Lines, Boone County Historical Society August-September, 1994: "Historical Highlights: Frank James tells the story of the Battle of Centralia." October-November, 1994: "Historical Highlights: Public education in Missouri," reprinted. Egregious Steamboat Journal May/June, 1994: "Preservation News—Hermann, Missouri: Two Rivers Heritage Archives," by Dorothy Heckmann Shrader.

Fence Painter, Mark Twain Boyhood Home Associates Spring, 1994: "Lighthouse Rededicated"; "Carroll Beckwith And Mark Twain."

Friends of Jefferson Barracks October-December, 1994: "History Time: History of the 9th & 10th Army Air Force Bands at Jefferson Barracks, Part Two," by Marc Kollbaum.

Gasconade County Historical Society Newsletter Fall, 1994: "Thoughts, feelings about the Drake School," by Jack and Barbara Repp; "St. John's UCC celebrates 125th anniversary," by Sadie Kohrmann.

Gateway Heritage, Missouri Historical Society Summer, 1994: "' All I Want Is to Advance,' Ulysses S. Grant's Early Civil War Career," by Brooks D. Simpson; "Cholera Summer: Independence, St. Joseph, and the Path of Contagion," by Mitchel Roth; "Prehistoric Politics: Petroglyphs and the Political Boundaries of Cahokia," by Patricia J. O'Brien; '"Water of Diamond Transparency:' The Legacy of Chain of Rocks Waterworks Park," by Jennifer Ann Crets.

Gateway Postcard Club News July/August/September, 1994: "The Veiled Prophet Pageant: St. Louis Tradition & Celebration," by Jack H. Smith.

Good Life September, 1994: "The Civil War In Our Backyard," part one. October, 1994: "The Civil War In Our Backyard," part two, both articles by John Bradbury. 238 Missouri Historical Review

The Herald, Grand River Historical Society October, 1994: "History of Sturges," continued.

Heritage News, Jefferson Heritage and Landmark Society July, 1994: "Mob Law In Jefferson County" and "The Marsden Trial," by Lisa K. Thompson.

Historical Society of University City News September, 1994: "Maryland Terrace Surveyed," by Esley Hamilton.

Hoseline History, Harry S Truman Independence 76 Fire Company August, 1994: "Extinguishers Of Yesterday: Always Lethal, Now Illegal."

Interim, Episcopal Diocese of Missouri September, 1994: "Historic St. Mark's Church in Portland Adds Modern Space," by Carolyn Leeper and Charles Rehkopf.

Jackson County Historical Society Journal Fall, 1994: "One Hundred Years of Kansas City Golf!" by Ken Krakauer, reprinted.

Journal of Douglas County, Missouri December, 1994: "Sweden Community Church No. 5," continued, by Esther Kelly Dye; "Recollections of a Civil War Veteran," by Ethel Davidson, reprinted; "History of Crystal Lake & Larissa, Mo.," by Mary Alice Emerson; "The Battle Fought in Ava as well as Douglas County," reprinted; "Gertie May Fulton," by Ruby Cunningham; "Introduction of Douglas County and The Civil War," by Arlena M. Suskey; "Skirmishes in Douglas County During the Civil War"; "Allen Page," by S. Kay (Page) Bruner; "Vera Cruz Church," by John M. Parker; "Richville," by Jay Gentry and Rosa (Carter) Collins; "The Old Steel Bridge," by James E. Gentry; "The Vera Cruz Freewill Baptist Church," by Esther Heard and Twila Winkle.

Kansas City Genealogist Summer, 1994: "Benjamin Franklin Hays Never Returned After Order #11," by Joanne Chiles Eakin; "Benjamin F. Hays, Sheriff of Cass County," reprinted; "The Guerrilla's Pistols," by D. Michael Gooch; "Newspapers in Westport, 1855-1868," by Fred L. Lee; "Oak Grove High School Graduation, 1902," by Joanne Chiles Eakin; "Gone But Not Forgotten: Anthony Laws Mason Began Life a Poor Boy, But Amassed a Big Fortune," by Fred L. Lee.

Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin October, 1994: "Ex-slave Died Here At 103: Aunt Taz Wear."

Louisiana History, Louisiana Historical Association Summer, 1994: "The Sparkle of Diamonds: Kate Chopin's Usage of Subtext in Stories and Novels," by Annetta M. F. Kelley.

Memo, Winston Churchill Memorial and Library Summer, 1994: "25th Anniversary 1969-1994: Churchill Memorial."

Missouri State Genealogical Association Journal Summer, 1994: "William Lynn, The Ranger Of St. Charles County, Missouri," by Phyllis J. Bauer, reprinted. Historical Notes and Comments 239

Missouriensis Volume 15, Number 1, 1994: "NEMO Herbarium: History and Present Status," by Donna Ford and Mike Rugge.

New Times, Metro Kansas City October 5-11, 1994: "The Italians: How one group of immigrants helped build this city," by Steven A. Glorioso.

Newsletter, Audrain County Area Genealogical Society Spring, 1994: "Hopewell Church," reprinted.

Newsletter, Cass County Historical Society September, 1994: "The History of Drexel, Missouri," by Lila Lee Jones.

Newsletter, Howard County Genealogical Society September, 1994: "Howard County: Incidents, and History of its Early Settlement." October, 1994: "Howard County: Incidents, and History of its Early Settlement, (continued)."

Newsletter, Iron County Historical Society October, 1994: "Walter John Spitzmiller: Arcadia Valley Businessman and Civic Leader," by Randall Cox.

Newsletter, Lincoln County Genealogical Society June, 1994: "Dr. Charles Paxton Grandfield."

Newsletter, Meramec Valley Genealogical and Historical Society July-August, 1994: "Lynch Family History." September-October, 1994: "The Hogan/Avery Family," by Miriam Ruth Hogan.

Newsletter, Osage County Historical Society August, 1994: "Flat Rock School—No. 21." September, 1994: "Miller Grove School—No. 39"; "V G. Jones: A Dedicated Teacher," reprinted. October, 1994: "Mt. Ariel School—No. 54"; "The Branson Connection."

Newsletter, Washington Historical Society September, 1994: "Ferryboating at Washington."

Newsletter of the Phelps County Historical Society October, 1994: "'Hunting Bushwhackers For A Living:' The Second Wisconsin Cavalry In The District Of Rolla, 1863-1864," by John F. Bradbury, Jr.

Newton County Roots, Genealogy Friends of the Library September, 1994: "Fairview & Others."

Newton County Saga Fall, 1994: "Neosho—1893," continued.

Old Mill Run, Ozark County Genealogical and Historical Society October, 1994: "Illustration Preserves Memory of [Buster] Mill," by Ruby M. Robins; "The Bushong Family," by Dale Morrison; "John Organ Morrison," by Gloria (Shipp) Frazier. 240 Missouri Historical Review

Ozark Happenings Newsletter, Texas County Missouri Genealogical and Historical Society July/August/September, 1994: "The One-Room School."

Ozar'kin, Ozarks Genealogical Society September, 1994: "Antebellum Mt. Sinai Baptist Church, Christian County," by George T. Harper.

Ozarks Mountaineer August-September, 1994: "The Ozarks Then & Now," by Russell Hively; "The Rollin' Blacksmith," by Janice I. Kinman; "The Preacher and the Moonshiner," by Dean Wallace; "Encounter With A Gypsy Caravan," by Leona E. Chestnut; "A Visit To The Home of a Scientific Pioneer," by Diana West; "Hollister's Historic Kite House," by Edith McCall; "Sharing the Treasure: Van Buren's Hidden Log Cabin Museum," by Ella Jean Keeney. October-November, 1994: "The Ozarks Then & Now," by Russell Hively; "At Lamar, Mo.—A Visit To Truman's Birthplace," by Larry Wood; wagonmaker Gary Stull, "He Puts The Cart Behind The Horse," by Arline Chandler; "School Days—1917 . . . ," by Leona E. Chestnut; "A Mule Train Ride In The Ozarks: Great Grandma Stewart Never Had It So Good," by Mary Lee Snapp; "George Nicholas Rees: Born to Be a Poet," by Kathleen Van Buskirk; "The Imprecise Art Of Naming Ozarks Places," by Jim Long; "Cotton Rock Structures of Northern Ozarks Stand The Tests of Time," by Steven C. Parsons; "Bushwhacker Terror: A Deadly Day On The Little Niangua," by Bob McCaslin; "The Indomitable Carry Nation," by Leland May.

Ozarks Watch Spring, 1994: The following articles are concerned with the Great Depression in the Ozarks: "When The Big Change Came In Here," by Robert Flanders; "Winds of Change Blew Over The Ozarks," by Kathleen Van Buskirk; "The New Deal, the CCC, and Missouri State Parks," by James Denny; "These Were The Good Old Days: A Missouri Farm Boy Remembers The Thirties," by Dean M. Wiley; "CCC Days at the Shell Knob Camp," by Steve Ilium; "Before Welfare: Poor Relief in Douglas County, Missouri," by Linda Myers-Phinney; "Black in the Great Depression: Documents and Photographs from the Katherine G. Lederer Collection of Ozarks African-American History," by James S. Baumlin, Kimberly Hanan, and Meghan Dorsett; "Preservation Corner—A Building Legacy Preserved: The WPA and CCC," by Robert Gilmore.

Perry County Heritage Vol. 12, No. 2, 1994: "The Early Years of Perry County, Mo.: Perry County, Mo. May 14, 1873 At Home," reprinted; "Early History Of Perry County: Perry County, Mo. Walnut Grove (one-half mile northwest of Perryville) September 6th, 1873," reprinted; "Louis Doerr: Another Veteran Of Pioneer Days," reprinted; "Linnet Loiseau"; "Wittenberg: 1918-1920."

The Phunn, Excelsior Springs Historical Museum September, 1994: "The Bath Houses"; "The Commercial Club," by Ken Fousek.

Pop Flies, St. Louis Browns Fan Club October, 1994: "Phone Talk With Erv: Ray Coleman," by Erv Fischer.

Prairie Gleaner, West Central Missouri Genealogical Society June, 1994: "Johnson County: History of Pleasant Grove." September, 1994: "Johnson County: History of Pleasant Grove (continued)," above arti­ cles by Gale Yocum. Historical Notes and Comments 241

Prologue, National Archives Fall, 1994: "Harry S. Truman: A Chance President and the New World of Superpowers," by Robert H. Ferrell.

Quarterly of the National Association and Center For Outlaw and Lawman History July-September, 1994: "Mementoes of Frank James: Photos, Writings And A Revolver— The Blackmore Collection," by George Hart.

Randolph County Historical Quarterly September/October/November, 1994: "The William Holman Family: First Permanent Settler In Randolph County, Missouri."

Record, Friends of the Missouri State Archives Summer, 1994: "Champ Clark," by Judith K. Moriarty and Kenneth H. Winn; "First Steel Bridge Proved its Mettle in Glasgow," by Jerry Wilson; "Cape Girardeau's Territorial Court Records," by Pamela Miner.

Rennison Ramblings July, 1994: "Mary Rennison and James Cartner"; "Orphan Trains," reprinted.

Reporter Quarterly, Genealogical Society of Central Missouri Summer, 1994: "Paths of Land-Rush Traffic Across Boone and Callaway Counties," by Frank L. Peters, Jr.; "More on the William Lientz Cemetery," by Harold and Irene McQuitty.

Resume, Historical Society of Polk County September, 1994: "James Gilliam Human," by Roy Stanley Kirchner, Jr.; "Kifer's Leghorn Farm," by Charles Kifer.

Ripley County Heritage June, 1994: "Ripley County Wedge of Ozark Pie—At One Time County Embraced Nearly One-Fifth of Missouri," by Margaret Shemwell, reprinted; "A Short History of Nay lor," reprinted; "St. Benedict Parish, 1859-1959—Historical Sketch," reprinted. September, 1994: "25 Families; 80 Slaves In Doniphan Before Civil War," reprinted.

Rocheport Chronicles Fall, 1994: "Rocheport Transportation Woes!" by David Vaught; "A-Frame on Bluff Touches Many Lives," by Jan Parenteau.

Rural Missouri August, 1994: "Ghosts from the past: The Confederate Air Force preserves the flying history of World War II," Missouri wing of the CAF in St. Charles County, by Jeff Joiner. October, 1994: "Native Crafts: Christianson native craft workshop teaches Ozark folk arts the traditional way—hands on"; "Proud son of the South: For D. Snellen, happiness is a headlong charge" in Civil War reenactments, both articles by Jim McCarty.

St. Charles Heritage October, 1994: "The Age of the Bank Robbers," by Jesse Newsham; "The St. Charles Vintage House Restaurant and Wine Garden," by Kevin Maull; "Three Little Women," of the St. Peters Church, by Gloria Meyer Dalton; "The St. Charles Bridge Fire of Sept. 26, 1916, Part I," by Wilbert Williams; "Rufus Easton: Postmaster, Lawyer and Statesman," by Louis J. Launer; "The St. Charles Bugle: One Man's Contribution to the War Effort," by Ryan Forim; 242 Missouri Historical Review

"Lt. David A. Dyer: A Promising Career Sacrificed for His Country," by Matthew M. Creely.

St. L June/July, 1994: "Harvey and the Girls," a Santa Fe Railroad restaurant chain and its waitresses remembered, by Barbara Friedman. September, 1994: "On Company Time," early twentieth-century industrial-league base­ ball teams rivaled the major leagues, by Joseph M. Schuster.

St. Louis Bar Journal Fall, 1994: "Henry S. Geyer's 'Sale Of Indulgences,' The 1840 Darnes Case—Part 2," by Marshall D. Hier.

St. Louis Genealogical Society Quarterly Fall, 1994: "Bellefontaine Methodist Episcopal Church South and Other Methodist Churches of the St. Louis Circuit, St. Louis Conference, Missouri."

Sappington-Concord Historical Society Newsletter Fall, 1994: "J.[efferson] B.[arracks] Boasts of Many Firsts."

Springfield! Magazine September, 1994: "Ozarks Genealogical Society Marks Quarter of a Century," by Barbara Jensen; "Daring Duo: Gerald Simmons & Sam Gaston," by Mary I. West; "Restoration and Renovation: Two Homes Will Share the Focus In Springfield Symphony Guild Designers' Showcase for 1994," by Betsey Scruggs; "Cavalcade Of Homes: Part 63—The Stokes House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "The Ozark Jubilee Saga," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "Pumpin' Cheap Gas In the Queen City of the Ozarks, Part XIV," by Paul J. Williams; "Osage Indians Started the Tradition of Ozarks Home Gardening," by Don Fesperman, Jr. October, 1994: "Cavalcade Of Homes: Part 64—The Horning-Weaver House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "The Ghost Town of Palace," by Annabelle Scott Whobrey; "The Greenwood Sapling—Part I," by Richard T. Gardner; "The Ozark Jubilee Saga," by Reta Spears-Stewart. November, 1994: "The Greenwood Sapling—Part II," by Richard T. Gardner; "With a Song in Her Head: Betty Hickory and the Ozarks Noteworthy Songwriters Association," by Reta Spears- Stewart; "When TV Was Young: Shady Dell Students Trace AEW [American Education Week] History"; "The Survivors: Springfield Senior High School's Graduating Class of 1944," by Joe Williams; "First Ladies Of Springfield: Louisa Cheairs Campbell—Part I" and "Cavalcade of Homes: Part 65—The Davis-Stone-Sweeney House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "Amidst the War Clouds of 1943: My First Visit To Springfield," by Verla A. Mooth; "The Ozark Jubilee Saga," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "They Married Young: Joe & Mary Ann Greene," by M. Charlene Purvis.

United Daughters of the Confederacy Magazine September, 1994: "Missouri Division History," by Francis Eloise Vaughn. October, 1994: "Missouri Division Special Issue: Swamp Fox of the Confederacy," by Marysue Caple Balkey.

Wagon Tracks, Santa Fe Trail Association Quarterly August, 1994: "Escort Duty on the Santa Fe Trail, 1863: Diary of William Heagerty and Memoirs & Letters of Peter F. Clark, Company A, Eleventh Missouri Cavalry," by Hollis Heagerty.

The Waybill, Mid-Missouri Railfans September, 1994: "Early Days Of The Wabash In Boone County, Missouri, The 1900s: A Whole New Ball Game!—Part II, Improvements," abstracted by Alden Redfield.

White River Valley Historical Quarterly Summer, 1994: "The Summer Storm of '93," by Larry K. Hayes. 243 IN MEMORIAM

CHARLES THOMAS LAD WIG BEAN, ROBERT, St. Louis: Charles Thomas "Tom" Ladwig, Died December 28, 1993. Columbia, Missouri, author, columnist, and DUNCAN, JOHN E., Kansas City: teacher, died August 10, 1994, in Columbia. February 15, 1902-March 28, 1993. Born in Hebron, Nebraska, on March 19, GANTNER, MARIE, St. Louis: 1919, to Ernest V. and Minnie V. Haud December 23, 1905-June27, 1994. Ladwig, he married Josephine Best on June GODBOLD, REVEREND ALBEA, Pueblo, 2, 1972, in Hutchinson, Kansas. Colorado: July 25, 1895-July 22, 1994. Ladwig received a bachelor's degree in liber­ KAHLE, LOUIS G., Poway, California: al arts and a master's degree in library science November 20, 1912-September 22, 1994. from Emporia State University in Kansas. He LAMKIN, VIRGINIA W., Cape Girardeau: served as librarian for the University of November 14, 1913-February 17, 1994. Missouri-Columbia School of Journalism from 1972 until 1978 and later taught journalism at MOCZEK, JULIUS S., St. Louis: MU and Oklahoma State University. Around July 21, 1911-January31, 1994. 1980 Ladwig returned to Columbia as a free­ MORGAN, PEARL J., Jefferson City: lance writer. Widely known as the columnist of March 24, 1895-November 29, 1993. "Tales of History," Ladwig also compiled two RAUCH, HENRY P., St. Charles: works on rural colloquialisms, How to Talk Dirty January 7, 1922-August 10, 1993. Like Grandad and Granny Had a Word for It. SMITH, OPHIA D., LOS Altos, California: Ladwig is survived by his wife; three February 19, 1891-February 23, 1994. sons, Craig, of Fort Wayne, Indiana, and Phil STRAIT, RICHARD H., Kansas City: and Tim, both of Wichita, Kansas; a stepson, October 23, 1900-May4, 1994. Tim Robertson of New Orleans; two sisters, THOMPSON, DOROTHY B., Kansas City: Carolyn Hoffer of Napa, California, and May 14, 1896-May6, 1994. Dorothy Neal of Long Beach, California; WAGNER, MARGARET J., Fulton: and seven grandchildren. May 26, 1913-September 13, 1994. 244 BOOK REVIEWS

Cities of the Heartland: The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest. By Jon C. Teaford (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993). xii + 300 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Index. $39.95, cloth; $12.95, paper.

Jon C. Teaford has written a synthesis of midwestern city rise, preemi­ nence, and then relative decline. His belief in the common and shared expe­ riences of the river and Great Lakes cities that evolved in the nineteenth century is valid. While not original with him, it is worthwhile for the con­ cept to be restated, given the scholarship of the past few decades. Indeed, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Cleveland, Detroit, Milwaukee, Toledo, Akron, and even Grand Rapids, Rockford, Columbus, Indianapolis, and Madison should be viewed as one entity—all produced by the combination of readily avail­ able raw materials, excellent transportation systems, and a growing regional and even national market base. Justifiably, Teaford relates the high degree of success that occurred between the and the 1920s in the economic, political, and cultural dimensions of the subject cities, and he notes the existence of accompanying abstractions that maintained that the cities embodied the crowning of the American dream. Teaford also observes the beginning of the literal and the concurrent image decline of the midwestern cities in the decades approach­ ing World War II, while cities such as Miami, Los Angeles, Oklahoma City, Houston, and San Diego became the focus of American hopes. The decline of the older urban heartland accelerated after World War II. Teaford lets the reader down at this point in the book. While effectively explaining the rise of midwestern cities and revealing manifestations of their premier years, he does not adequately explain their decline. All he does is provide factual material that substantiates the decline. He should have stated that new boom areas will inevitably occur in a developing nation. Instead, Teaford leaves the impression that if the heartland cities had done things differ­ ently, they could have continued to be the leading urban centers in the nation. Teaford should have made more emphatic something he surely knows: staying with the same definition of "city" used earlier hides the reality of middle and late twentieth-century America. Functional urban places have broken ou'i of the more confined earlier mold. Only on the last page of the text does Teaford recognize that new actuality. He writes: "Perhaps by the 1990s the notion of 'cities' of the heartland was a conceptual anachronism. Population sprawled across the region and amorphous megapolises were supplanting clearly focused urban centers" (p. 255). This reviewer believes that the author should have recognized this actuality earlier in the book.

University of Missouri-Rolla Donald B. Oster Book Reviews 245

The Ghost in the Little House: A Life of Rose Wilder Lane. By William Holtz (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1993). xiv + 425 pp. Illustrations. Appendix. Notes. Index. $29.95.

This splendid biography of Rose Wilder Lane will, no doubt, as the author acknowledges, "disappoint some lovers of the fictional Laura and the Little House books" (p. 374). William Holtz systematically and incontro- vertibly dismantles the "established myth" that Laura Ingalls Wilder was a naive, untutored, Ozarks literary genius whose daughter, Rose, borrowed shamelessly from her mother's work. The truth, in fact, is more nearly the reverse: the Little House books would never have been publishable had they not passed first through the typewriter of the ghostwriter, Rose Wilder Lane. Holtz sums up Lane's contribution as follows: "What Rose accomplished was nothing less than a line-by-line rewriting of labored and underdevel­ oped narratives. Her mother would deliver her own best effort in full expec­ tation that Rose would work her own magic on it" (p. 379). Lane performed similar "magic" with the work of other fledgling writers, including the soon- to-be-famous Lowell Thomas. While Holtz's relentless effort to set the record straight on the author­ ship of the Little House books is important, his greatest contribution is that he allows readers to see Lane as eminently worth knowing for herself, apart from her more famous mother and their joint creations. She comes across in these pages as a quintessential "new woman" of the early twentieth century, who rebelled against any strictures of gender that American culture tried to place upon her. Lane was, for the most part, a self-made person. Always in trouble in school because of her rebellious nature, she ended her formal education at the age of seventeen. She was, however, an avid and passionate reader. Indeed, her reading proved both a blessing and a curse, for while it helped her to pass the time in placid, parochial Mansfield, it also made her long for the larger world "somewhere out there" (p. 38). Lane's first serious venture into the world "out there" came in 1904 when she took a job as a telegraph operator in Kansas City. From there, she went to Mount Vernon, Indiana, until April of 1908 when she left for a telegraphy job in San Francisco. The next year she married a young reporter for the San Francisco Bulletin, but marriage was too confining for Lane, and the always shaky union ended in 1915. That same year she began her writing career as a feature writer for the Bulletin. Ultimately, her career as a writer would take her around the world. Indeed, her last assignment came in her late seventies when she was sent to Vietnam to do a story for Woman's Day. One of the curious absences in this book is any mention of Lane's posi­ tion on the Nineteenth Amendment. She would have been in her early thir­ ties as the debate over the female franchise reached a crescendo. It is hard 246 Missouri Historical Review to believe that someone as widely read and as opinionated as she would not have written something about this matter. That absence aside, The Ghost in the Little House is a fine work that will be of interest not only to readers of the Little House books, but also to students of the history and culture of the Ozarks, of women's history, and of twentieth-century America generally.

William Woods University Gary R. Kremer

Three Hundred Years: Historical Highlights of Nevada and Vernon County, Missouri. By Patrick Brophy (Boulder, Colo.: Donna G. Logan, 1993). 281 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Suggestions for further reading. Index. $12.95, paper.

Vernon County native Patrick Brophy, curator of the Bushwhacker Museum in Nevada, has written a history of his home county and town that should serve as a standard secondary source on those places for some time to come. Drawing from his previous works on the native inhabitants and early settlers of the area and its Civil War travails, the author's present vol­ ume is a well-written, but hardly exhaustive, account of the development of one of Missouri's prairie counties on the western border. This volume has many virtues. Following an essentially chronological approach, Brophy moves from prehistory to the present day in seven the­ matic sections. The many illustrations are appropriate and helpful, and the narrative is clear, straightforward, and well organized. The thorough index will be useful to researchers and casual readers alike. All of Missouri's counties should be so well served by their local historians. Nevertheless, the work is not without its shortcomings. Most glaring is the inclusion of only one map of Vernon County, a half-page view that does not appear until page 158 and then is devoted entirely to events of the Civil War. Readers not intimately familiar with the county can only guess at the locations of many features, places, and sites mentioned in the text. The inclusion of many direct quotations from other works and sources provides a veneer of scholarship, but the absence of footnotes makes it difficult, if not impossible, to determine their provenance. The "suggestions for further reading" consist of secondary sources only, many of them outdated. A com­ plete bibliography, including primary sources, would be most welcome. As expected, the author presents a good overall account of the native inhabitants, mostly Osages, but his generalities and broad view leave the reader thirsting for more information specific to present-day Vernon County. Tantalizing references to lodes of artifacts and archaeological excavations are not elaborated upon. This is unfortunate, as Brophy is always at his best when relating facts and tales unique to the area, and this reviewer wishes Book Reviews 247 that he had more often stayed closer to home. Likewise, a lengthy review of the sectional conflict tends to overshadow an otherwise absorbing account of the Civil War in the county. One would complain about Brophy's pro- Southern biases (bushwhackers are described as "decent, unoffending aver­ age men," "peaceable law-abiding souls," forced to respond to a "corrupt, bigoted military machine" of "blue hordes"), except that he makes them so blatantly obvious that they are easily discounted. A perceptive account of the development of modern Nevada in the late nineteenth century is unfortunately followed by a tiresome inquiry into the decline of traditional morality in the twentieth century, which, in any case, Brophy believes had a limited impact upon the relatively isolated and cul­ turally homogeneous county seat. Latter-day Vernon County receives short shrift, indeed, as the author states that its "much quieter, less dramatic life" in recent years would make for "less interesting reading." Thus, he leaves this topic largely for future historians. These criticisms aside, Brophy is to be congratulated for making this important contribution to Missouri's history. It will be an essential addition to every local history shelf.

Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Rolla Mark C. Stauter

"Automobile Foot" Diagnosed

Maysville DeKalb County Herald, January 2, 1913. ... Dr. Alexander Block, who is a foot specialist, told a reporter that the motorcar is playing havoc with the human foot. "When one becomes the owner of an automobile," he said, "the infatuation for it is so great that the autoist does not walk enough to support the natural weight of the body. Then, through lack of exercise, surplus weight of the body is taken on, and this extra weight increas­ es while the strength of the foot decreases."

A Pocketful of Convenience

Hannibal Tri-Weekly Messenger, July 22, 1852. The editor of the Boston Post says that a newly invented dozen bladed knife has been made by a Yankee cutler, which has in addition to its blades, a corkscrew, a bodkin, a hair­ brush, and a boot-jack, besides a season ticket to the theatre.

Goliath Outnumbered

Lancaster Excelsior, January 8, 1881. Mamma: "And David was able to kill that great big man Goliah [sic] because God helped him." Harry (aged six): "Well, I don't call that fair, mamma; that's two to one." 248 BOOK NOTES

Osages, Bushwhackers, Etc.: Self-guided Historical Tours of Vernon County, Missouri. Compiled and edited by Patrick Brophy (Nevada, Mo.: Vernon County Historical Society, 1994). 60 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Notes. Index. $5.00, paper, plus $4.00 for shipping.

Inspired by a series of excursions planned and researched by members of the Vernon County Historical Society in 1990, this handy guide clearly outlines day trips organized around the themes of pioneer settlements, Civil War battlefields, bushwhacker country, and the land of the Osage Indians. Each chapter contains a map detailing the four different routes, including side trips to other points of interest. The Bushwhacker Museum provides the beginning and ending points for all the tours, and the exact mileage is given between each attraction. This guide is available through the Vernon County Historical Society, 231 North Main, Nevada, MO 64772.

Butler County: A Pictorial History, Volume II. By John R. Stanard (Virginia Beach, Va.: Donning Company, 1994). 192 pp. Illustrations. Bibliography. Index. $35.00, plus $5.00 for shipping.

Elegantly designed, this book is a reader's delight. Using only the high­ est quality historical and contemporary photos, Stanard has created some­ thing that goes beyond the typical local history. The first volume in this series, which sold out in a matter of months, now serves as the publisher's prototype for its genre. Organizing his material around carefully chosen headings such as "The Faith of Our Fathers," "Our Outdoors Heritage," and "Learning: To Make Life Better," the author's insightful essays provided a general overview of the county's history; fully annotated photographs filled in the details. Volume II maintains the same quality of production, with briefer essays and three hundred additional images. Those wishing to obtain this book should write to the Greater Poplar Bluff Area Chamber of Commerce, 1111 West Pine, Poplar Bluff, MO 63901.

Emergency Treatment

Maysville Weekly Western Register, January 14, 1869. A doctor was very much annoyed by an old lady who always stopped him on the street to tell him over her ailments. Once she met him when he was in a great hurry. "Ah! [I] see you are quite feeble," said the doctor. "Shut your eyes and show me your tongue." She obeyed, and the doctor, moving off, left her standing there for some time in this ridiculous position, to the infinite amusement of all who witnessed the funny scene. Hitorical Notes and Comments 249

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Sire you a Member?

Your membership in the State Historical Society of Missouri contributes to the collection and preservation of:

Missouri newspapers> photographs> art> family lineage books> Civil War sources> census records> westward expansion sources> historic sites files> county and town history books and other valuable source materials.

Membership entitles you to a one-year subscription to the Society's quarterly publication, the Missouri Historical Review.

Individual membership $10.00 Contributing membership $25.00 Supporting membership $50.00 Annual sustaining membership $100.00 to $499.00 Annual patron membership $500.00 or more Life membership $250.00

SpeciaC (Donations Gifts of cash and property to the Society are deductible for fed­ eral income, estate, and gift tax purposes. Memberships and inquiries concerning gifts or bequests to the Society should be addressed to:

James W. Goodrich, Executive Director State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 250 Missouri Historical Review

A MESSAGE FROM THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

The theft of a rare book owned by the State Historical Society has required a review of security measures in the Society's Reference Library and Photograph Collection. Patrons of these collections are asked to leave coats, jackets, purses, briefcases, backpacks, and similar articles in coin-operated lockers located in the Society's main corridor. Only items such as paper, writing instruments, notes, laptop computers, tape recorders, and camera equipment are allowed in these areas. These items, plus any jack­ ets and sweaters worn when the rooms are cool, will be subject to search by Society personnel upon departure. In addition, patrons asking to use rare books must provide a driver's license or other acceptable identification for examination by a member of the refer­ ence staff. The State Historical Society realizes that some of the thou­ sands of visitors to these departments will find the new security measures to be of some inconvenience. But to maintain control of the Society's extraordinary collections, the questionable acts of even a single person can affect those who have been valued friends and patrons of the Society over the years, as well as first-time visi­ tors. The inexcusable action by even one individual requires that these measures be instituted. Again, the State Historical Society regrets any inconvenience caused by these restrictions. But it believes that such procedures are necessary to retain proper over­ sight of its prized collections. State Historical Society of Missouri

HISTORIC MISSOURI COLLEGES State Historical Society of Missouri LAGRANGE COLLEGE LaGrange Owl Cheerleaders, 1927

When LaGrange Male and Female College opened on September 15, 1858, some classes were forced to assemble in the Lewis County village's Baptist church because the plasterers, who had been unable to obtain lime, had not completed their work. A week later, however, all classes were meeting in the new brick building overlooking the Mississippi River. Begun under the auspices of the Wyaconda Baptist Association, the college was located in LaGrange after its citizens responded most liberally to the subscription drive begun in 1857. Open under the leadership of William Ellis from 1858 to 1861, the school closed during the Civil War. By 1866 the college was deeply in debt and the building in poor condition. Joshua F. Cook assumed the presidency of the defunct institution and led the renamed LaGrange College for the next thirty years. During this period the school operated a preparatory department and a four-year college granting baccalaureate degrees. Following Cook's departure in 1896, Jere T. Muir was elected to head the institution. A noted pro­ fessional educator, Muir oversaw an addition to the 1858 building and expanded the board of control to include two other Baptist associations. Continuing a policy begun under Cook's administration, deserv­ ing young men preparing for the ministry and children of ministers paid no tuition. John W. Crouch, an alumnus, became president of LaGrange in 1905 and served as its administra­ tor from 1905 to 1910 and from 1919 to 1928. Early on, he established an organization to enable needy students to work and attend college; he also developed a strong summer school program. By 1919 LaGrange operated a four-year academy at the secondary level, a two-year junior college, and a four- year course for ministerial students. Although the years of World War I saw a significant decline in enrollment, by the mid-1920s the school had rebounded, with successively larger graduating classes each year. In April 1926 the Hannibal Chamber of Commerce unexpectedly offered to buy the college and move its programs to the larger, more centrally located town. Although the board of control initially declined the overture, President Crouch and some board members believed the school should accept a similar proposal tendered the fol­ lowing year. Enraged alumni and LaGrange residents fought the removal in the courts and petitioned Crouch to resign. Despite these efforts, the board voted to merge the school with the newly formed Hannibal College, and in 1929 the new institution, Hannibal-LaGrange College, opened its doors farther south on the Mississippi.