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The Impact of Neoliberal Policies on Political Language in Britain: 1997-2017 Roisin Lee

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The Impact of Neoliberal Policies on Political Language in Britain: 1997-2017 Roisin Lee The Impact of Neoliberal Policies on Political Language in Britain: 1997-2017 Roisin Lee To cite this version: Roisin Lee. The Impact of Neoliberal Policies on Political Language in Britain: 1997-2017. Humanities and Social Sciences. 2019. dumas-02452388 HAL Id: dumas-02452388 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-02452388 Submitted on 29 Sep 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The Impact of Neoliberal Policies on Political Language in Britain: 1997 – 2017 LEE Roisin Sous la direction de VÉRONIQUE MOLINARI Laboratoire : ILCEA4 UFR LANGUES ETRANGERES Département LLCER Section Etudes anglophones, section 11 Mémoire de master 2 - 30 crédits Parcours : anglais, orientation recherche Année universitaire 2018-2020 2 Acknowledgements Véronique Molinari for all her insights, constant advice and patience. Laure Gardelle for introducing me to the word corpus and taking so much time to answer my many questions. Emma Bell for her inspiring lectures on neoliberalism which led me to choosing the Master in LLCER and her advice long after I stopped being her student. Anis Bouzidi for printing and delivering this dissertation. My family, Ma, Da and sister Shona for all the love, motivation and encouragement every step of the way. To Yannick’s family for supporting me and to my dearest Dr. Yaya, let’s grow old together. 3 4 5 6 7 Table of contents INTRODUCTION ………………………….…………………………………..………….…9 PART I – THE CONSISTENT APPLICATION OF NEOLIBERALISM IN ECONOMIC POLICIES AND ITS IMPACT UPON SOCIAL POLICIES……………20 1 – NEOLIBERALISM AS AN ECONOMIC POLICY.................……………………………...…….24 A – New Labour (1997-2010)..............…..…..…..…..…….……………………..……........24 a) Finance……….…………...…………....………………………..….....…..25 b) Privatisation…………….….……………..……………...……..…....……28 c) Employment………………..…….……………………………..…………..29 B – The Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition (2010-15)....…………..…......……..30 a) Finance………………………...…..……………………………..…….…..30 b) Privatisation…….….…….…………………………………………..…....32 c) Employment………………..……………………………………………….34 C – The Conservatives (2015-17)……………………….……………………………….…….35 a) Finance…………….………………………..……...…..…………….…….36 b) Privatisation………..…..………………………………………….……….37 c) Employment…………..……………..……………………………..….…...38 2 – NEOLIBERALISM’S IMPACT ON SOCIAL POLICY…………………….………………....39 A – New Labour (1997-2010)……..…………………………….……...………...41 a) Welfare…………………………………………………….……..……..…..42 b) Health……………………………………………………….……………....45 c) Housing……………………………………………………….…………….47 B – The Conservative- Liberal Democrat coalition (2010-15)………………….……….47 a) Welfare……………………………………………………………………...49 b) Health…………………………………………………………………...…..50 c) Housing……………………………………………………………………..52 C – The Conservatives (2015-17)………………………………………………………..…...54 a) Welfare ……………………….…………………………………………….54 b) Health…………………………………………………………………..…….55 c) Housing….……………………………………………….………….……....56 3 – CONCLUSION FOR PART I: CROSS-PARTY CONSENSUS IN THE APPLICATION OF NEOLIBERALISM...…………………………………..…………………………….58 8 PART II – A CHANGE IN THE LANGUAGE USED WITHIN WESTMINSTER AS A RESULT OF NEOLIBERAL IDEOLOGY IN BRITAIN………..………….…………..65 1 – APPROACH ………....................................…...............................…...…………...…….....66 2 – METHODOLOGY……..............................................….................………………...……….70 A – Setting parameters…………………...……………………………...………….…………..71 a) The quantitative approach………….……………………………………...71 b) The qualitative approach……………...........…..........….………………...74 3 – ‘BENEFIT’ AS A WORKING EXAMPLE OF THE CORPUS ….................……….……………...76 A – Quantitative data: Collocates of ‘benefit’………………………………..……..…….76 a) Collocates to the left of ‘benefit’…………….....………………………….76 b) Collocates to the right of ‘benefit’…..…………..……….………………..78 B – Qualitative analysis…………………………………………….…….……………..……..79 a) Collocates to the left of benefit ………………………………….……....79 i) For the 1960’s…..……………………………………...….….79 ii) For the 2000’s……….………...……………………….….…82 b) Collocates to the right of benefit………………..……...………………..84 i) For the 1960’s…..…………………………….………...….…84 ii) For the 2000’s……...……………………….………………..85 C – Benefits – Summary………….…………………………….……………...……………….86 4 – WELFARE………………………………………………………………………….……....89 A – Welfare, Quantitative data…….…………………………………..…….…………….....90 B – Welfare, Qualitative analysis………………..…………………….…………..………....90 5 – HEALTH…………………………………………………………………………...………94 A – Health, Quantitative data….…………………………………………………………..….94 B – Health, Qualitative analysis……………..………………………………………………..95 6 – HOUSING………………………………………………………………………..…….….102 A – Housing, Quantitative data…...…………………………………………………..……..102 B – Housing, Qualitative analysis……..……….…………………………………..……….103 CONCLUSION….……………………………………………………………………….... 113 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………….………123 Primary Sources ………………………..……..………………………………………..…....123 Hansard debates………………………………….…………………………………………….128 Secondary Sources……………..…………..…………………………………………….….....129 Videography..………..……………………….………………………………………….……...141 GLOSSARY………………………………………………………………………………...143 9 ACRONYMS ………………………………………………………………………………149 TABLE OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………….…….150 TABLE OF ANNEXES………………………………………………………....…….…...151 TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………..152 10 The impact of neoliberal policies on political language in Britain: 1997-2017 Introduction The term neoliberal …it’s usually used by Marxist academics, in my experience, saying ‘we have to attack this neoliberal hegemony’….Usually that means that they think that there is no real difference between the left and the right in terms of how much (the right or the left wing) are for markets.” Trevor Burrus.1 In his podcast for libertarianism.org, research fellow for the Cato Institute, Trevor Burrus2 asked Sam Bowman, the executive Director of the Adam Smith Institute (ASI) if he could explain what one of Britain’s top think-tanks3 actually was. Bowman’s response was that along with the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) and the Centre for Policy Studies (CPS), the ASI was one of the “driving forces behind the Thatcher radiation.” He went on to define it as a free-market, classical-liberal organization, but added that it had recently started to identify itself as “neoliberal.” When pushed for a definition of this seemingly subjective term, Bowman explained: “It’s used as a sort of bogeyman on the left to attack the right, and we thought it would be nice to take that back and change what it means...the left use it to attack anybody that likes markets to any extent.” 4 The origins of the ideology can be traced as far back as the 1920’s5 and as Bowman claims, the concept of neoliberalism was indeed generated by think-tanks,6 then implemented in 1 Burrus, Trevor, “Neoliberalism in the UK Free Thoughts” libertarianism.org, published 28 July 2017. 02:30– 02:55, 28 July 2017. Accessed 1 December 2018 https://www.libertarianism.org/media/free-thoughts/neoliberal- ism-uk . 2 Cata.Org. Accessed December 18 2019 https://www.cato.org/ 3 Author unknown, “List of thinktanks in the UK,” The Guardian, 30 September 2013. Accessed 20 January 2019https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/sep/30/list-thinktanks-uk 4 Burrus, Trevor, “Neoliberalism in the UK Free Thoughts” libertarianism.org, published 28 July 2017. 00:54– 03:15, 28 July 2017. Accessed 1 December 2018 https://www.libertarianism.org/media/free-thoughts/neoliberal- ism-uk . 5 London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). “Masters of the Universe: Hayek, Friedman, and the Birth of Neoliberal Politics”. YouTube video, 05:32. [Published on Feb 5, 2013] Accessed 10 March 2019 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ehrjP2_ffPc&t=602s 6 Think-tanks first appeared concomitantly in the US and the UK at the turn of the 20 th century. Their primary function is to carry out research on public policies and find the means to implement said policies by influencing governments. Hauck, Juliana Cristina Rosa. 'What are 'Think Tanks'? Revisiting the Dilemma of the Definition." 11 Britain on a large scale by Thatcher’s 1979 government. The term first appeared during the 1970’s, but only within intellectual circles,7 which Burrus suggests is still the case today. Yet the practice of this doctrine was denied in the public sphere up until as recently as 2016, when the International Monetary Fund published its first paper using the word “Neoliberal”.8 In the media opinions were divided; some economic journalists hailed the IMF’s embrace of the concept as simply caving in to critics of the right,9 others saw the admission of its existence as the first death-throes of neoliberalism.10 As part of its emergence into mainstream media Sam Bowman appeared in various interviews (including the one cited), claiming the term in the name of the ASI and other centre-right think-tanks. Nevertheless, neoliberalism remains an ill-defined concept, which changes across the range of disciplines it spans and is appearing more frequently in the public eye. So as Burrus asks, what exactly is it? He implies that it is erroneously applied to both the
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