DOCSLIB.ORG

Report WHY IS YOUTUBE BROADCASTING CLIMATE MISINFORMATION to MILLIONS?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Report WHY IS YOUTUBE BROADCASTING CLIMATE MISINFORMATION to MILLIONS? Why is YouTube Broadcasting Climate Misinformation to Millions? YouTube is driving its users to climate misinformation and the world’s most trusted brands are paying for it. 15/01/2020 - Avaaz Report WHY IS YOUTUBE BROADCASTING CLIMATE MISINFORMATION TO MILLIONS? YouTube is driving its users to climate misinformation and the world’s most trusted brands are paying for it. 15/01/2020 “Climate change is one of the most significant global “There is no evidence that CO2 emissions are challenges of our time, and continued greenhouse gas the dominant factor [in climate change].” emissions pose an existential threat to humanity.” Richard Lindzen in Climate Change: What Do Scientists Say? -A video being promoted by YouTube’s algorithm with 1.9 million views Google 2019 Environmental Report Contents Executive Summary 8 I. How YouTube Promotes Climate Misinformation 14 • The instrumental role of the algorithm 16 II. Climate Misinformation Videos on YouTube & the Global Brands Advertising on Them 20 Recommendations for YouTube to Act Immediately 40 • Detox YouTube’s Algorithm 43 • Correct the Record 45 Recommendations for Companies 46 Annexes 50 • Annex 1: Methodology for Part I 50 • Annex 2: Methodology for Part II 52 • Annex 3: Table - Climate Misinformation Videos Analyzed for Part II 53 • Annex 4: Full List of Brands Found by Avaaz on Climate Misinformation Videos 54 • Annex 5: Further Examples of Advertisements Running on Climate Misinformation Videos 56 • Glossary 62 • Acknowledgment: The Necessity of Having a Fact-Based Discussion on Climate Change while also Defending Freedom of Expression 64 6 7 Executive Summary Climate misinformation threatens the health and safety of our societies and our planet. Protecting citizens around the world from fake news1 designed to confuse and poison the debate about climate change must be a key priority for governments, advertisers and social media platforms. 1 http://archive.fo/a9srx 8 9 YouTube’s tremendous reach - and control over We found that YouTube is driving millions the content on its site - is unprecedented in of people to watch climate misinformation media history. People around the globe spend2 videos every day. These climate misinformation a billion hours on YouTube every day, and the videos aren’t just being uploaded to YouTube platform has two billion monthly active users,3 and organically seen by interested audiences. which is more than all the households with TVs4 Instead, YouTube’s recommendation algorithm is in the entire world. Even more significant when giving these videos free promotion and showing it comes to audience influence, YouTube is able misinformation to millions who wouldn’t have to reach more 18-34 year olds than any cable been exposed to it otherwise. network in the United States.5 Today, YouTube is Secondly, Avaaz found that YouTube is the preferred platform for teenagers, according to incentivizing this climate misinformation a recent study6 conducted by the Pew Research content via its monetization program. Every Center in the US, with 85% of teenagers (ages time an ad is shown on a YouTube video, the 13–17) saying they use the platform. advertiser pays a fee,10 of which 55% goes to the In 2015, YouTube launched a campaign7 to “help video creator and the other 45% to YouTube. change the way people discuss climate change, so Avaaz found that some of the largest that the issue and its consequences could become household brands in the world, including more relevant and tangible to people around the Samsung, L’Oréal, Warner Bros, Carrefour, world.” In addition, in Google’s February 2019 and Danone as well as two of the largest Whitepaper on fighting disinformation, YouTube’s environmental groups in the world, parent company made it clear that: “We set out Greenpeace and World Wildlife Fund, have to prevent our systems from serving up content advertisements running on these climate that could misinform users in a harmful way, 11 misinformation videos. Key Findings of the Report particularly in domains that rely on veracity, such as science, medicine, news, or historical events. To that end, we introduced a higher bar for videos that are promoted through the YouTube • YouTube is actively promoting climate • Ads for some of the world’s most trusted homepage or that are surfaced to users through misinformation to millions of users: brands were found on climate misinformation the “watch next” recommendations. Just because • For the search term “global warming,” videos: content is available on the site, it does not mean 16% of the top 100 related videos • Avaaz was able to identify 108 that it will display as prominently throughout the included under the up-next feature12 brands running ads on these climate recommendation engine."8 had misinformation about climate misinformation videos, including change. household names like Samsung, L’Oréal, With this report Avaaz set out to analyse Decathlon, Danone, Warner Bros and how effectively YouTube is protecting its • For the related videos recommended Carrefour. users from climate misinformation, and to users who searched “climate change” how well it’s implementing the commitments this number equals 8% and rises to • One in five ads found were from it made last February specifically around its 21% for the search term “climate green or ethical brands including recommendation engine. manipulation.” Greenpeace, WWF and Save the Children. For this investigation, Avaaz examined the videos 2 http://archive.fo/Dkygo • The climate misinformation videos YouTube recommends to users when they search 3 http://archive.fo/BwINe Avaaz reviewed had 21.1 million views • Greenpeace, WWF, L’Oreal, Samsung, 4 http://archive.fo/g6Hrl collectively. Danone, Decathlon, Carrefour, Ecosia, Nikin “global warming,” “climate change,” or “climate 5 http://archive.fo/D0hOY manipulation.” Specifically, we focused on the 6 http://archive.fo/ZNnVh • This is just the tip of the iceberg: and Save the Children have confirmed that 7 videos YouTube suggests to users in its ‘Up Next’ http://archive.fo/cNzAW Assuming a similar ratio for they were unaware that their ads were 8 https://kstatic.googleusercontent.com/... accompanying these videos and funding feature and the suggestions bar, which are found see page 20. the thousands of other videos below the video on the mobile app, and on the 9 “YouTube's product chief says for 70 percent of the time you watch, recommended through these and their creators. you're riding a chain of recommendations driven by artificial intelligence.” right of the screen on desktop. These YouTube https://www.cnet.com/news/youtube-ces-2018-neal-mohan/ similar search terms, the total views promoted videos drive the vast majority9 of what 10 http://archive.is/ZgoxE on climate misinformation on YouTube 11 users watch on the site. For further details on how Avaaz came to these findings, see the annex. 12 See the Annex of this report for further details on how Avaaz defines likely add up to hundreds of millions. “Related” and “Recommended” videos. 10 11 The videos found and analysed in this report Avaaz recommends that YouTube: cover a broad range of misinformation themes, • Detox the YouTube Algorithm -- The from videos titled “ACTUAL SCIENTIST: Climate company must end its free promotion of Change is a Hoax” and “CIA Whistleblower Speaks misinformation and disinformation videos by Out About Climate Engineering Vaccination extracting such videos from its algorithms, Dangers and 911”13 to claims that there is no starting immediately by including climate evidence that CO2 emissions are the dominant misinformation in its borderline content factor in climate change. policy. Avaaz has classified videos as “climate denial and • Demonetize Disinformation -- Add misinformation” if they contained verifiably false disinformation and misinformation to or misleading information that has the potential YouTube’s relevant monetization policies, to cause public harm, such as undermining ensuring such content does not include public support for efforts to limit human-induced advertising and is not financially incentivized. climate change, as assessed against the scientific YouTube should start immediately with the consensus represented by the Intergovernmental option for advertisers to exclude their ads Panel on Climate Change, NASA, NOAA and other from videos with climate misinformation. peer-reviewed scientific literature. • Correct the Record -- Work with independent In recent years, YouTube has been repeatedly fact-checkers to inform users who have seen criticized for promoting conspiracy theories or interacted with verifiably false or misleading and pushing misinformation, and the company information, and issue corrections alongside has introduced important reforms in response. these videos. In January 2019, YouTube pledged14 “to limit recommendations of borderline content and Avaaz believes that YouTube has the harmful misinformation, such as videos promoting opportunity to be a trailblazer in the fight a phony miracle cure for a serious illness, or against misinformation: the company is already claiming the earth is flat.” In addition, in some committed to solving this problem and creating a countries, including the US, UK, Spain, Germany, better and safer information environment for its South Korea15 and India16, YouTube is displaying users. Now is the time for YouTube to act more information panels17 when people search for systematically and more urgently to implement topics that are “prone to misinformation” — these solutions, like the recommendations
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Identity and Representation on the Neoliberal Platform of Youtube
    Identity and Representation on the Neoliberal Platform of YouTube Andra Teodora Pacuraru Student Number: 11693436 30/08/2018 Supervisor: Alberto Cossu Second Reader: Bernhard Rieder MA New Media and Digital Culture University of Amsterdam Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Chapter 1: Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................ 4 Neoliberalism & Personal Branding ............................................................................................ 4 Mass Self-Communication & Identity ......................................................................................... 8 YouTube & Micro-Celebrities .................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2: Case Studies ........................................................................................................................ 21 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 21 Who They Are ........................................................................................................................... 21 Video Evolution ......................................................................................................................... 22 Audience Statistics ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Youtube Comments As Media Heritage
    YouTube comments as media heritage Acquisition, preservation and use cases for YouTube comments as media heritage records at The Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision Archival studies (UvA) internship report by Jack O’Carroll YOUTUBE COMMENTS AS MEDIA HERITAGE Contents Introduction 4 Overview 4 Research question 4 Methods 4 Approach 5 Scope 5 Significance of this project 6 Chapter 1: Background 7 The Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision 7 Web video collection at Sound and Vision 8 YouTube 9 YouTube comments 9 Comments as archival records 10 Chapter 2: Comments as audience reception 12 Audience reception theory 12 Literature review: Audience reception and social media 13 Conclusion 15 Chapter 3: Acquisition of comments via the YouTube API 16 YouTube’s Data API 16 Acquisition of comments via the YouTube API 17 YouTube API quotas 17 Calculating quota for full web video collection 18 Updating comments collection 19 Distributed archiving with YouTube API case study 19 Collecting 1.4 billion YouTube annotations 19 Conclusions 20 Chapter 4: YouTube comments within FRBR-style Sound and Vision information model 21 FRBR at Sound and Vision 21 YouTube comments 25 YouTube comments as derivative and aggregate works 25 Alternative approaches 26 Option 1: Collect comments and treat them as analogue for the time being 26 Option 2: CLARIAH Media Suite 27 Option 3: Host using an open third party 28 Chapter 5: Discussion 29 Conclusions summary 29 Discussion: Issue of use cases 29 Possible use cases 30 Audience reception use case 30 2 YOUTUBE
    [Show full text]
  • A General Theory of Climate Denial Peter J
    A General Theory of Climate Denial Peter J. Jacques A General Theory of Climate Denial • Peter J. Jacques There is now a well-recognized right-wing counter-movement challenging the trend, attribution, impact, and civic implications of orthodox climate change science. Where do the body and spirit of this counter-movement come from? Here I will reºect on some conspicuous questions. First, why have academics, the media, and the counter-movement itself had difªculty naming the counter- movement? Second, why reject the premise of global environmental change at all? Finally, what is the result of the apparent binary choice between the ac- knowledgment of the orthodoxy and its rejection? A General Theory of Denial I will argue that climate denial is an appropriate label consistent with Lang’s “General Theory of Historical Denial.”1 Currently, there is disagreement whether climate “skeptic,” “contrarian,” and “denier” are representative terms.2 I have used the word “skeptic,” but I admit here and elsewhere that it is inappro- priate,3 because the skepticism in environmental skepticism is asymmetrical. As skeptics cast doubt on ecological science, they have an abiding faith in industrial science and technology, free enterprise, and those great institutions of Western Enlightenment.4 Further, skeptics rightfully argue that skepticism is a funda- mental sentiment of rigorous science. Ecological cynicism is then positioned as scientiªc without drawing attention to the asymmetry. Lahsen has successfully used the word “contrarian” to denote the most outspoken leaders of climate rejection, particularly credentialed physicists and climate scientists such as Frederick Seitz, Robert Jastrow, William Nierenberg, Willie Soon, and Sallie Balliunas.
    [Show full text]
  • Richard J. Reed 1922–2008
    Richard J. Reed 1922–2008 A Biographical Memoir by John M. Wallace ©2015 National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. RICHARD JOHN REED June 18, 1922–February 4, 2008 Elected to the NAS, 1978 Richard John Reed, known to his friends as Dick Reed, was trained as a synoptic meteorologist of the “old school.” He derived aesthetic enjoyment from depicting weather patterns and was exhilarated by the competitive aspect of weather prediction. He practiced weather fore- casting when it was still an art and he was good at it. Upon learning of Reed’s death, his long time friend, Richard Goody remarked, “There is a sense in which Dick’s passing marks the end of an era in American meteorology.” Reed also helped to usher in a new era: he was among the leaders in the late-20th-century revolution that trans- formed weather forecasting from an art into a science. Along the way, Reed surveyed, contemplated, and wrote By John M. Wallace about the wonders of the atmosphere: the long range transport of stratospheric ozone; a remarkable quasi-bi- ennial periodicity in stratospheric winds; sudden warmings of the stratospheric polar cap region; atmospheric tides; clear air turbulence; tropical waves and their embedded deep cumulus convection; severe local wind storms; cyclones over the polar regions; rapidly deepening extratropical cyclones; and bogus sightings of flying saucers. Reflecting back on his diverse array of research interests many years later, Reed reflected, “I was like a kid in a candy shop.” Colleagues and former students fondly recall his high energy level, his boundless curiosity, and his expressive and contagious enthusiasm.
    [Show full text]
  • Syllabus 2021
    History 201: The History of Now Professor Patrick Iber Spring 2021 / TuTh 9:30-10:45AM / online Office Hours: Wednesday 11am-1pm, online piber@wisc.edu (608) 298-8758 TA: Meghan O’Donnell, meodonnell@wisc.edu Sections: W 2:25-3:15; W 3:30-4:20; W 4:35-5:25 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA History is the study of change over time, and requires hindsight to generate insight. Most history courses stop short of the present, and historians are frequently wary of applying historical analysis to our own times, before we have access to private sources and before we have the critical distance that helps us see what matters and what is ephemeral. But recent years have given many people the sense of living through historic times, and clamoring for historical context that will help them to understand the momentous changes in politics, society and culture that they observe around them. This experimental course seeks to explore the last twenty years or so from a historical point of view, using the historian’s craft to gain perspective on the present. The course will consider major developments—primarily but not exclusively in U.S. history—of the last twenty years, including 9/11 and the War on Terror, the financial crisis of 2008 and its aftermath, social movements from the Tea Party to the Movement for Black Lives, and political, cultural, and the technological changes that have been created by and shaped by these events. This course is designed to be an introduction to historical reasoning, analysis, writing, and research.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change in the Era of Post-Truth
    09_ARBOLEDA_EDITEDPROOF_KS (DO NOT DELETE) 11/8/2018 2:50 PM Climate Change in the Era of Post- Truth INTRODUCTION In The Madhouse Effect: How Climate Change Denial is Threatening our Planet, Destroying our Politics, and Driving us Crazy,1 climate scientist Michael Mann joins with Pulitzer Prize-winning cartoonist Tom Toles to take on climate change denialism. Mann, the Director of the Earth System Science Center at The Pennsylvania State University, augments his prose with cartoons from Toles, who normally draws for the editorial section of the Washington Post.2 Together, Mann and Toles set out to debunk the main arguments that special interest groups use to undermine climate change policy. The book begins with an introduction to the scientific method and its application to climate change science.3 It then describes the current and potential effects of climate change on everyday life.4 In its second half, the book transitions to the politics surrounding climate change in the United States.5 A major focus of the book is the “war on climate science,” the phrase Mann and Toles use to describe how the fossil fuel industry has created misinformation to discourage action on climate change.6 The Madhouse Effect was published in 2016, at a moment when the United States was choosing between Democratic and Republican presidential candidates whose climate change agendas differed wildly. The book’s publication failed to avert the election of President Donald Trump, a climate change denier who has referred to the phenomenon as a “hoax” created by China.7 Still, The Madhouse Effect presents a valuable depiction of the underground currents that influence DOI: https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38W669857 Copyright © 2018 Regents of the University of California 1.
    [Show full text]
  • How Do Climate Change Skeptics Engage with Opposing Views?
    How do climate change skeptics engage with opposing views? Understanding mechanisms of social identity and cognitive dissonance in an online forum PREPRINT Lisa Oswald∗ Jonathan Bright Hertie School Oxford Internet Institute Friedrichstraße 180 University of Oxford 10117 Berlin, Germany 1 St Giles’, Oxford OX1 3JS, UK l.oswald@phd.hertie-school.org jonathan.bright@oii.ox.ac.uk February 15, 2021 ABSTRACT Does engagement with opposing views help break down ideological ‘echo chambers’; or does it backfire and reinforce them? This question remains critical as academics, policymakers and activists grapple with the question of how to regulate political discussion on social media. In this study, we contribute to the debate by examining the impact of opposing views within a major climate change skeptic online community on ‘Reddit’. A large sample of posts (N = 3000) was manually coded as either dissonant or consonant which allowed the automated classification of the full dataset of more than 50,000 posts, with codes inferred from linked websites. We find that ideologically dissonant submissions act as a stimulant to activity in the community: they received more attention (comments) than consonant submissions, even though they received lower scores through up-voting and down-voting. Users who engaged with dissonant submissions were also more likely to return to the forum. Consistent with identity theory, confrontation with opposing views triggered activity in the forum, particularly among users that are highly engaged with the community. In light of the findings, theory of social identity and echo chambers is discussed and enhanced. Keywords Online community · climate change skepticism · reaction to opposition · dissonance · opinion polarisation · social identity · echo chamber arXiv:2102.06516v1 [cs.SI] 12 Feb 2021 Introduction Scientists worldwide consider climate change as one of the greatest challenges of our time (IPCC, 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • Regenerative-Economics-Preparatory-Resource-List-2020-21 Compressed.Pdf
    POSTGRADUATE DEGREE IN REGENERATIVE ECONOMICS PREPARATORY READINGS AND RESOURCES, 2020/21 The following titles are recommended pre-course reading, viewing, listening and browsing. In addition to this resource list, resources will be posted on our digital resource bank for each individual session (or cluster of sessions) through the course of the academic year. 1. Top picks Key texts that provide essential reading Capra F. and Luigi Luisi P. (2014) The Systems View of Life: A Unifying Vision. Cambridge University press. (esp. Chapter 16 The Ecological Dimensions of Life pp 341 – 361) You can view the recent earth talk by Fritjof Capra at Schumacher College in which he introduces the Systems View of Life http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=If2Fw0z6uxYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=If2Fw0z6uxY Dawson J. (2017) Bringing the Classroom Back to Life, in EarthEd: Rethinking Education on a Changing Planet, World Watch Institute State of the World report https://www.schumachercollege.org.uk/sites/default/files/Download%20Files/Class-To-Life.pdf Hickel J. (2018). The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions. Windmill Books Jackson T. (2011) Prosperity Without Growth: Economics for a Finite Planet, Earthscan http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/data/files/publications/prosperity_without_growth_report.pdf Monbiot, G. (2017) Out of the Wreckage: A New Politics for an Age of Crisis. Verso Books Raworth K. (2017) Doughnut Economics, Seven Ways to Think like a 21st Century Economist, Chelsea Green Schumacher E.F. (1973) Small is Beautiful, Random
    [Show full text]
  • Media Coverage of International Climate Change Policy • Chandra Lal Pandey and Priya A
    The Media and the Major Emitters: Media Coverage of International Climate Change Policy • Chandra Lal Pandey and Priya A. Kurian* Abstract News media outlets are crucial for the dissemination of information on climate change issues, but the nature of the coverage varies across the world, depending on local geo- political and economic contexts. Despite extensive scholarship on media and climate change, less attention has been paid to comparing how climate change is reported by news media in developed and developing countries. This article undertakes a cross- national study of how elite newspapers in four major greenhouse gas emitting countries— the United States, the United Kingdom, China and India—frame coverage of climate change negotiations. We show that framing is similar by these newspapers in developing countries, but there are clear differences in framing in the developed world, and between the developed and developing countries. While an overwhelming majority of these news stories and the frames they deploy are pegged to the stance of domestic institutions in the developing countries, news frames from developed countries are more varied. Despite the overwhelming scientific consensus on the reality of anthropogenic cli- mate change and the threat it poses to the planet, international policy responses— most notably in the form of a global climate treaty—remain fragmented and inadequate. The on-going negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are marked by a fundamental dis- juncture between
    [Show full text]
  • SCIENCE and HEALTH MISINFORMATION in the DIGITAL AGE: How Does It Spread? Who Is Vulnerable? How Do We Fight It?
    SCIENCE AND HEALTH MISINFORMATION IN THE DIGITAL AGE: How does it spread? Who is vulnerable? How do we fight it? ERIC MERKLEY & PETER LOEWEN J U LY, 2021 ABOUT PPF Good Policy. Better Canada. The Public Policy Forum builds bridges among diverse participants in the policy-making process and gives them a platform to examine issues, offer new perspectives and feed fresh ideas into critical policy discussions. We believe good policy is critical to making a better Canada—a country that’s cohesive, prosperous and secure. We contribute by: . Conducting research on critical issues . Convening candid dialogues on research subjects . Recognizing exceptional leaders Our approach—called Inclusion to Conclusion—brings emerging and established voices to policy conversations, which informs conclusions that identify obstacles to success and pathways forward. PPF is an independent, non-partisan charity whose members are a diverse group of private, public and non-profit organizations. ppforum.ca @ppforumca © 2021, Public Policy Forum 1400 - 130 Albert Street Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1P 5G4 613.238.7858 ISBN: 978-1-77452-085-7 WITH THANKS TO OUR PARTNERS ABOUT THE AUTHORS ERIC MERKLEY Eric Merkley (PhD, UBC) is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Toronto. He was the lead survey analyst of the Media Ecosystem Observatory, which studied the Canadian information ecosystem and public opinion during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Digital Democracy Project, which studied misinformation and public attitudes during the 2019 Canadian federal election. His research focuses on the link between political elite behaviour, the news media, and public opinion.
    [Show full text]
  • Youtube API V3 Rule Set Documentation
    YouTube API v3 Rule Set Documentation Table Of Contents YouTube API v3 ...................................................................................................................................1 Scope ..............................................................................................................................................1 Disclaimer .......................................................................................................................................2 Overview ........................................................................................................................................2 Prerequisites ...................................................................................................................................2 Installation ......................................................................................................................................2 Import Error Templates ...............................................................................................................2 Import the Rule Set .....................................................................................................................2 Configuration ..................................................................................................................................3 Extract Meta Data ...........................................................................................................................3 Get Title/Description ...................................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • From Ranking Algorithms to New Media Technologies 2018, Vol
    Article Convergence: The International Journal of Research into From ranking algorithms to New Media Technologies 2018, Vol. 24(1) 50–68 ª The Author(s) 2017 ‘ranking cultures’: Investigating Reprints and permission: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav the modulation of visibility DOI: 10.1177/1354856517736982 in YouTube search results journals.sagepub.com/home/con Bernhard Rieder University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands Ariadna Matamoros-Ferna´ndez Queensland University of Technology, Australia O` scar Coromina Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Spain Abstract Algorithms, as constitutive elements of online platforms, are increasingly shaping everyday sociability. Developing suitable empirical approaches to render them accountable and to study their social power has become a prominent scholarly concern. This article proposes an approach to examine what an algorithm does, not only to move closer to understanding how it works, but also to investigate broader forms of agency involved. To do this, we examine YouTube’s search results ranking over time in the context of seven sociocultural issues. Through a combination of rank visualizations, computational change metrics and qualitative analysis, we study search ranking as the distributed accomplishment of ‘ranking cultures’. First, we identify three forms of ordering over time – stable, ‘newsy’ and mixed rank morphologies. Second, we observe that rankings cannot be easily linked back to popularity metrics, which highlights the role of platform features such as channel subscriptions in processes of visibility distribution. Third, we find that the contents appearing in the top 20 results are heavily influenced by both issue and platform vernaculars. YouTube-native content, which often thrives on controversy and dissent, systematically beats out mainstream actors in terms of exposure.
    [Show full text]