INDEX to The Intermediary, William Craig Among the Nez Perces 9/21/2013 final copy page 1

Abernethy, (Governor) George, 58, 62, 67 Adams, Charles (Charlie), 154, 217n.54, 235n.643 Adams, Mary (Mary Jane), 154, n642, n643 Adams, , 37 Adams, Thomas, 95 Addis, Charles, 235n.642 Ahsahka, 242, 242n.839 Albany, Oregon, 155, 235n.650 Albro, Ray, 153 Alcohol, See Whiskey Alexander, Gerry, 232n5.57 Alexander, Jim (J. C.), 196 Allan, George T., 72 Alpowa (Sabbath rest), 40, 44, 67, 72, 108, 117, 182, 205 Alpowa Creek, 144 Alvord, (Brigadier General) Benjamin, 173-75, 204 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), 27-8, 38-39, 46-47, 72, 222n.214 American Fur Company, 22, 26-27, 35, 95, 207 Amos, George, See Thunder’s Eye the Younger Amos, Mary, 242n.839 Amos, Titus, 242n.839 Anderson, John, 171-72 Annuity council and goods, 164-65, 237n.693 Arapahoe, 28, 30 Armstrong, (Captain) C. H., 161-62, 236n.674 Arrow Beach (Junction), 187, 242n.839 Asotin, 81, 204 Athena, Oregon, 197

Ball, Sam (saloon), 157 Bannock (Tribe), 32, 196 Barren River, See Humboldt River Beall, Thomas B., 141, 147, 156, 160, 166-67, 177-78, 188-89, 204, 227n.369, 234n.614, 237n.700, Bear River (Idaho), 22 Bear’s Paw mountains, 195 Beckwith, 203 Big Belly (Camaspello, Qemespelu), 64, 110, 136, 138, 204 Big Horn River, 97 Big Thunder, 163, 180, 204, 236n.683 Bigelow’s corral, 135 Billy, 140 Bird-Nicholson-Truax survey, 186 Bird, (Dr.) Wellington, 183-85 Bishop, B. B., 231n.547 Bitterroot Mountains, 102, 110-11, 116, 124, 172, 185-86 Bitterroot Valley, 16, 20, 29, 42, 78-79, 91, 94-96, 98, 102, 127-28, 171, 185-86 Blackfeet (Tribe), 16, 20, 27, 32, 44, 62, 69, 78-79, 94, 103, 106, 109, 134, 203, 207 Blackfeet treaty council for peace (1855 “hunting treaty), 79, 92, 94-98, 103, 106 Blanchet, (Father) Francis Norbert, 45, 58, 67 Blewett, Charles, 195 Blood (Tribe), 16, 97-98 Blue John, 230n.500 Blue Mountains, 29, 36, 61, 65, 125, 157 INDEX to The Intermediary, William Craig Among the Nez Perces 9/21/2013 final copy page 2

Boise Basin, 175, 182-83 Boise City, 49, 95, 183-84, 195-96 Boise River, 36, 183 Bolon, Andrew J., 82, 94, 99-100, 103, 179 Bonneville, (Captain) Benjamin, 22, 26, 207 Borah, (Senator) William, 236n.683 Boville, Idaho, 188 British Columbia, 154, 160 Brooke, Bomford and Noble cattle co., 86 Brother Jonathan, ship, 234n.619 Browne, J. Ross, 141 Brown’s Hole (Park), 15, 27, 29, 30-32 Brown’s Hotel (Mt. Idaho), 181-82 Brown’s Park Wildlife Refuge, 216n.44 Bunnell, Lafayette, 25 Burnett, (Hon.) P.H., 201 Burns, Dr., 130 Burns, Oregon, 196 Burnt River, 158 Butler, George, 207 Button, The (Le Bouton), See Thunder’s Eye

Cain, Andrew J., 152, 156, 159, 161-65, 167-68, 204, 207, 237n.696 Cain, Captain, 137 Caldwell, Charles (“Sol”), 241n.817 Caldwell, Minnie Fairfield, 191, 241n.817 Caldwell, William, 193-94 California, 15, 22-23, 26, 32, 35, 78, 87, 100, 146, 154, 159, 166, 173, 216n.35, 235n.656 Camas Creek, 105 Camas Prairie, 173 Camaspello, See Big Belly Canfield, ____, 202 Cannady, John M., 154-55, 235n.642 Captain John, 103-04, 112, 123, 125, 127, 179, 204 Carson, Kit, 27, 29, 31-33, 207 Cascade Mountains, 37, 57, 60, 66, 68, 79-82, 84, 89, 110-114, 118, 129, 132, 148, 153, 195 Cataldo, (Father) Joseph, 187, 194-95, 204 Catholics, 19, 39, 41-42, 45, 51, 58, 64, 67, 69, 72, 82, 92, 94, 103, 110, 155, 178, 183, 186-87, 192-95, 198, 202, 204-05, 220n.160 Cayuse (Tribe), 15, 37, 39, 42, 45-46, 53-54, 57-66, 67; 68; 69; 70, 81, 84-85, 87-88, 90, 92, 100, 106-08, 110, 112-14, 115-17, 119-20, 124-26, 128-30, 135-40, 144, 148, 155, 163, 180, 192, 197-98, 201-07, 222n.213 Celilo (silaylo), See The Dalles Champoeg, 104, 169, 222n.225 Charbonneau, Baptiste, 217n.66 Chase, Henri M., 79, 89, 116-17, 123, 127, 179, 204, 230n.505 Chenoweth, (Judge) Francis, 171 Cherokee (Tribe), 73, 113, n271, 236n.680 Cheyenne (Tribe), 31 Chinook jargon, 59, 72, 85-86, 109, 141, 178, 219n.116 Chirouse, (Father) Eugene Casimir, 110, 116-17, 204 Clark (son of Crawfish Advancing), 58 Clark, (Reverend) Harvey, 35 INDEX to The Intermediary, William Craig Among the Nez Perces 9/21/2013 final copy page 3

Clark, William (U.S. Superintendent of Indian Affairs), 38, 41, 62, 107, 152, 185-86 Clarke, (General) Newman S., 141, 145-46 Clarkston, , 108, 117 Clearwater Country, 89, 169 Clearwater River (himeqisnime), 15, 17-18, 20, 29, 37, 39, 42, 44, 48, 52, 53, 67, 72, 77, 79, 84, 94, 105, 108, 112, 127, 129, 138, 143, 152-56, 159-60, 163-64, 166-67, 174,181-82, 184, 187-89, 198-99, 204-05 Clokamus, 69 Coeur d’Alene mission, 128, 184 Coeur d’Alene pass, 102, 186 Coeur d’Alene (Tribe), 51, 92, 94, 98, 102-03, 112, 119, 115, 119-20, 128, 142, 144, 146, 184, 226n.332 Columbia Plateau, 39, 58, 81, 109, 143 , 15, 26-27, 31, 36-37, 45, 49, 57, 59-60, 66, 72, 74, 76-77, 81, 84, 89, 106, 110, 114, 118, 120, 133, 143, 156, 160, 173-74, 205-06 Columbia River Basalts, 37, 61, 82 Colvile, Andrew W., 81 Colville, 42, 81, 87, 99, 103, 119-20, 129, 139, 140, 142, 153-54, 224n.272 Comet Saloon, 237n.686 Commodore (ship), 142 Compo, Charles, 40 Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation (Umatilla (Utilla) reservation, Walla Walla-Cayuse- Umatilla reservation), 50, 88, 90 139, 157, 192, 197-98 Conner, James, 40, 43, 45, 49, 161, 236n.676 Cook, D. W., 62 Cornelius, (Colonel) Thomas, 113, 115, 179 Craig, Adeline (Phinney), 51-53, 68, 104, 106, 133, 159, 180, 184, 188, 193-94, 197-98, 200, 205, 220n.162, 235n.659, 235n.661 Craig, Anna (Annie) (Seeds) (Fairfield), 76, 183, 186, 194, 197, 200, 240n.789 Craig, Isabel (Pahtissah), 15, 27-32, 35, 37-38, 43-44, 48-49, 51-52, 56, 67, 71-72, 78, 89, 105, 112, 127, 148, 154, 159, 160, 181, 183-84, 187, 188-89, 193, 195, 197, 198, 200, 204, 217n.57, 220n.160, 223n.255, 235n.644 Craig, Fermore Sr., 217n.56, 218n.107, 235n.649 Craig, Joseph Anthony, 191 Craig, Joseph William, 37, 53, 58, 72, 116, 123, 128, 138, 152, 155, 159, 168, 191, 193-95, 197-98, 200, 204, 231n.512, 236n.667 Craig, Louise, (Louise Wheeler, Yahoeweyenonay), 154, 217n.54, 235n.643 Craig, Martha, 49, 53, 95, 155, 183, 195-97, 200, 242n.853 Craig, Mary, 72, 200, 223n.244 Craig, Temaha, 155, 191, 197-98 Craig, William, his birthplace, education and physical characteristics, 18, 71-72, photo 75, 84, 188; exhibited some typical traits of Scotch-Irish settlers, 18-19; believed he was a fugitive, 18, 20, 96; fur trapper/mountain man, 19-30; in Walker brigade to California, 22-26; co-owner of Fort Davy Crockett, 27, 29-35; helps take first wheels over “Oregon Trail,” 36-37, 158-59; participates in U.S. expansion plans, 22, 25, 35, 70; neighbor to missionaries, 27, 37-40, 42-55; as a husband and family man, 28-30, 37-38, 48-49, 51-53, 71-72, 76, 112, 153; his activities involving land ownership, 52, 67, 80, 88-91, 162, 188; his views on religion, 44, 51, 187-88, 201; his farm next to “Craig’s Mountain,” 52, 54, 59, 71, 76, 78-79, 80, 82-83, 88-89, 91, 105-07, 112, 124, 126-28, 132, 138, 159-60, 162, 173, 177, 189, 192-94, 197; “Craig family crest,” photo 17, 71, 223n.240; as northwest plateau trader, 43, 51, 72, 74, 76-77, 82, 143; interpreter and liaison between natives and newcomers, 54, 59-66, 69, 71- 74, 76-77, 82-85, 87-90, 92-94, 98, 102, 105-07, 118, 124-25, 129-31, 138-39, 141, 161, 163; is generous and kind, 71, 165, 189, 207; returns mule to Doty’s packtrain, 82; his place preferred as location for 1855 treaty council, 83; appointed agent to Nez Perces, 63, 111, 114-15, takes oath of office, 134, removed as agent, 151; caretaker of Spalding mission, 63; hunts fugitive Cayuses, 66; is INDEX to The Intermediary, William Craig Among the Nez Perces 9/21/2013 final copy page 4

escorted out of area by Oregon militia, 66; understood reasons Cayuse warriors killed Whitmans, 69- 70, 201-03; makes a deal to stay on his farm, 88-91; elected to and resigns from Washington Territory Legislative Assembly, 96; charges into Coeur d’Alene village, 103; hosts Isaac Stevens and Nez Perces at council after war breaks out, 105-07; tells story about young Lawyer, 108-09; appointed by Stevens as Aide to Commander in Chief, 111; dispenses food and clothing to allies, 114,123, 134, 136-38; musters in Company M to protect agency, 16, 116-18, 120, 123, 179, 229n.452, disbands Company M, 16, 134-35; agent to all “friendly Indians on plateau,” 118; authorizes hanging Palouse man, 116-17, hosts council of 2,500 Indians, 124-25; learns of Grand Ronde massacre, is marked for death, 126-27; his role in 1856 council, 129-131; relocates agency and home to Walla Walla, 132, 135, 142, 153, returns to Lapwai Valley, 159; first Walla Walla postmaster, 17, 145, 178; fights off attack by warriors, 132-33; is affected by the U.S. Civil War, 137-38, 148, 151, 156, 163-64, 166-67, 169-74,, 187, 192, 198; his relationship with Isaac Stevens, 137, 175; urges that U.S. troops be sent against enemy Indians, 143; his role after Steptoe’s defeat, 144-45; his view of the 1855 treaties, 147- 48; his duties after Col. Wright’s troops’ victory, 147; drank alcoholic beverages, 79, 126, 133, 160, 172, 177-78; runs boarding house, 143, 153; some of his children’s weddings, 154-55, 159, 235n.661; his connection with Elias Pierce, 154-57, 235n.644; serves as guide for military rescue party, 157-59, 167; hosts New Year’s party, 160; visits Oro Fino Creek miners, 161-62; helps avert war at first “annuity council,” 165, 237n.693; shoots cougar 166-67; a gold rush entrepreneur and ferry owner, 166-73; is undermined by Newell, 169-70; doesn’t charge Nez Perces to use his ferry, 171; takes oath of allegiance to union, 173; did not interpret at 1863 treaty council, 178; goes to Democratic convention, 181-82; votes in Lewiston, Idaho Territory, 182; as guide to Bird-Truax survey party, 183-186; suffers a stroke, dies, and is buried, 188-89.

Craig family crest, 17, 71, 223n.240 Craig’s Mountain, 52, 161, 173, 181, 184, 188 Craigmont (Idaho), 239n.776 Crawfish Advancing (Teloukaikt), 58-59, 68-69 Creek (Tribe), 73 Crockett, (Congressman) David (Davy), 27 Crosbie, Henry R., 89, 162 Crow (Tribe), 28, 97 Culdesac, Idaho, 182, 241n.817 Cumming, Alfred, 95-96, 98 Custer, (General) George A., 158

Dalles, The (silaylo, Celilo, Wascopam), 46, 48, 50, 57, 59-60, 65-68, 72, 74, 77-78, 82, 84, 88, 99, 104, 106-7, 110, 112, 114, 116-17, 119, 121-22, 129, 130, 132-37, 139, 141-42, 156 Daniel, Wyoming, 27 Dart, Anson, 72-74, 77, 141, 223n.251 Davis, (Secretary of War) Jefferson, 89, 102, 113, 121, 131 Dayton (Washington), 108, 190 Decatur (ship), 113 Delaware Jim, 85, 97-98 Dent, (Captain) Frederick T., 157-58 Deschutes River, 143 Deschutes (Tribe), 59, 72, 74, 136 Demers, (Father) Modeste, 45 Denyard, ___, 66 DeSmet, (Father) Pierre Jean, 42 Daupher, See McDouphin Donation Land Law (Act), 77, 80, 89 Doty, James, 79, 81-84, 86, 93, 98, 102-04, 108, 204, 228n.423 Driggs, Idaho, 20 INDEX to The Intermediary, William Craig Among the Nez Perces 9/21/2013 final copy page 5

Drips and Fontenelle, 27 Dry Creek (Star, Idaho), 183, 196-97, 242.n848 Durkee, Clark W., 181, 239n.776 Durkeeville, 181 Dutro, N. B., 160

Eagle, The, 54 Eagle from the Light, 91, 94, 124-25, 127, 135, 152, 167, 180, 204 Eagle Shirt, 108, 181, 194 Edward, 68-69 Ebbert, George, 35, 40, 59 Eells, (Reverend) Cushing, 39, 55, 66 Eells, Myra, 39, 55, 66 Elgin, Oregon, 125 Elk City (Idaho), 78, 173, 184 Elk River (Idaho), 157 Ellis, 48, 62 English, Hiram, 60 Escaloom, Frank, 69, 222n.213 Evans, John, 197

Fairfield, Charles, 194 Fairfield, Innes, 194 Fairfield, Minnie, 241n.817 Farnham, Thomas Jefferson, 30-32 Feather Earrings (Weekeween), 29 Fenn, S. S., 188, 195 Fierce Grizzly (Umehowlish), 108, 112, 117-18, 204, took name “,” 229n.461 Figueroa, Jose, 25 Fitzpatrick, Tom, 20, 22, 27 , 61, 64, 88, 90, 106, 110, 119, 138, 202, 204 Flathead (Tribe), 16, 20, 22, 28, 32, 41-42, 92, 94-95, 97, 128, 151, 174, 204-05, 238n.733 Flette, John, 84 Florence (Idaho), 173, 181 Food, shortages of, 21, 24-25, 36, 68, 109-10, 114, 123, 136-39, 173 Ford, Jim, 182 Forest Grove, Oregon, 242n.839 Fort Benton (trading), 95-98, 142, 174 Fort Boise (trading), 36, 138, 167 Fort Cascades (military), 81 Fort Colville (trading), 81, 99, 119 Fort Davy Crockett (Fort Misery) (trading), 15, 27, 29-33, 43, 50, 216n.44 Fort Hall (trading), 15, 26, 32, 36 Fort Lapwai (military), 175, 182-83, 187 Fort Muriah (trading), 203 Fort Nez Perces (trading), See Fort Owen (trading), 78, 127, 184-85 Fort Sutter (trading), 47 Fort The Dalles (military), 81, 88 Fort Union (trading), 95 Fort Vancouver, (trading/military), 42, 81, 128, 173, 222n.234 Fort Vasquez (trading), 30-31 Fort Walla Walla (military), 128, 135, 140, 142-45, 147, 157-59, 174 INDEX to The Intermediary, William Craig Among the Nez Perces 9/21/2013 final copy page 6

Fort Walla Walla (old Fort Nez Perces) (trading), 37, 43, 45-46, 48, 54, 59, 66, 68, 74, 77, 82, 110, 114, 121-22, 142 Fountaine Grade, 239n.776 Four Lakes, battle of, 146 Fraser River, 142, 159 Freeland, Ermith Phinney, 191 Frenchtown (Lowden, Washington), 155

Gallatin River, 22 Gamble & Weisgerber brewers, 177 Geary, Edward R., 162-63 George, 155 George, Amos, See Thunder’s Eye the younger Gervais, John Baptiste, 59, 61, 65, 204, 221n.184 Getzelmann, Adam, 237n.686 Gilliam, (Colonel) Cornelius, 57, 60, 62, 64-65, 204 Gold, 16, 81, 99, 103-04, 129, 139, 142, 148, map 150, 153-157, 159-64, 166, 168, 171, 173-75, 179-83, 188, 198, 226n.358, 235n.656, 236n.667, 236n.675 Gracie, (Lieutenant) Archibald, 84, 86 Grand Ronde country, 81, 125 Grand Ronde, massacre at, 125-27, 129-30, 140, 163 Granger, Wyoming, 26 Grant, (President) Ulysses, 157, 187, 192, 225n.303 Gray, Mary, 49 Gray, Thomas M., 235n.642 Gray, William, 27, 40, 45, 49 Green River (Skeetskadee, Prairie Cock), 15, 26-27, 31-33, 35 Greenbrier County, Virginia, 15, 18, 200, 207 Greer (Idaho), 17, 167, 184 Gros Ventres (Tribe), 16, 22, 97-98 Guardian spirit (weyekin), 11, 39, 46, 52

Hailey, John, 193 Hair Cut Short (Stuptupnim), 187 Halde, (Father) D. F., 186 Half Shorn (Wisleneqe), 155-56, 161, 205, 236n.674 Hale, ____, 123 Hale, Calvin, 170, 178 Halfmoon, Otis, 232n.843 Haller, (Major) Granville O., 93, 100, 104, 179 Hangings of Indian men, 16, 47, 69-70, 117-18, 124, 140, 146-47, 219n.138, 229n.455, 232n.557 Hangman’s Creek (Latah Creek), 147 Harney, Camp, 196 Harney, (General) W.S., 147 Hart, Horace, 53 Havre, Montana, 195 Hays, (Judge) Gilmore, 170-72 Hedding, Elija, 47, 58 Hell Gate, See Missoula (Montana) Higgins, Christopher P., 97, 133, 138, 204 Highwood River, 97 Hill, Tom, 44, 53, 201, 204 Hillsboro, Oregon, See “Rocky Mountain Retreat” INDEX to The Intermediary, William Craig Among the Nez Perces 9/21/2013 final copy page 7

Hilly, ____, 123 Hinmetumsilu, See Thunder’s Eye Hitler, Adolph, 80 Hodges, George, 78 Holbrook, Amory, 69 Holt, James M., 154, 235n.642 Homestead Act (1862), 174 Homlie, 130 Honkee River, 97 Horse Creek, See Daniel, Wyoming Howe, S. D., 178 Howard, Oliver O., 194 Hudson’s Bay Company, 29, 32, 36-38, 42, 45, 47, 58-59, 61, 68, 72, 74, 77, 81, 114, 119, 129, 135, 142- 43, 154, 219n.138 Hughes, Thomas, 152 Hull, Jack, 139 Humboldt River (Mary’s, Barren, Ogden’s), 23-24 Hunting Treaty, See Blackfeet peace treaty Hutchins, Charles, 165, 168, 170-71, 178, 182, 204, 237n.693 Hushhushcute, 194

Idaho Territory, 17, 49, 95, 181-83 Inzazinatwai, 155

Jackson, ___, 53 Jackson, Lycurgus, 156 Jacob, 42, 45, 204 James, (see Thunder’s Eye) Jason, 94, 104, 179, 204 Johann, Mayme (Mamie) Phinney, 191 John Day country, 68 Johns, R. H., 237n.686 Johnson, Lydia French, 242n.859 Johnson, (Lieutenant) Robert, 49, 219n.146 Joseph, Old (Tiwiteqis), 20, 40-42, 45, 62, 64, 73, 90, 106, 116, 127, 136, 138, 163, 180, 204 Joseph, Young (Hinmatooyahlatkekht), 194-95, 206 Joseph’s War, See War of 1877 Joset, (Father) Joseph, 226n.332 Judith River, 16, 97-98, 100

Kamiah (Idaho), 40, 94, 162, 205 Kiamasumkin, See Panther Shirt Kamiakin, See Qamayaqin Kelly, ____, 30 Kelly, James K., 105, 159 Kendall, B. F., 170, 238n.725 Kentuck, 62 Kern River, 26 Kettle Falls, 81, Kiser, Benjamin, 95, 98, 226n.342 Klickitat (Tribe), 72, 74, 87, 89-90, 92, treaty 92, 118 Kooskia (Idaho), 180 Kootenai (Tribe), 16, 92, 94-95, 97 INDEX to The Intermediary, William Craig Among the Nez Perces 9/21/2013 final copy page 8

Kowesote, 217n.72

LaFontaine, ___, 123 Lamata, 94 Lane, (Governor) Joseph, 68, 70, 76, 141, 151, 170, 222n.226 Langford claim, 222n.214 Lansdale, (Dr.) Richard H., (R. H.), 82, 84, 128-29 Lapwai (lepwey), 15-17, 19, 29, 38-40, 44, 46-50, 52-55, 67, 71-72, 74, 88-89, 94-95, 104-05, 111, 114, 117, 123-25, 127-28, 134, 136-38, 154-56, 159-63, 166-68, 170-71, 173, 175, 179, 182-84, 1867, 193-94, 197-99, 204-05, 207, 217n.55, 217n.72, 218n.97 Larrison, Jack (LaRison), 36-38, 42-43, 45-46 Latah Creek, See Hangman’s Creek Lawyer, The, 20, 40, 68, 83, 86, 88, 91-92, 105-09, 115, 129-32, 134, 136, 141, 152, 156, 162-63, 165, 168-69, 172, 178-80, 187, 204, 235n.643 Lean Elk (Poker Joe), 195 Lee, (Major) Henry A.G., 57, 59-60, 62, 64, 65-67, 69, 83, 92-93, 204 Lee, (Reverend) Jason, 26, 39 Lee, Robert E., 57 Legare, ___, 97 Leonard, Zenas, 23, 26 Leonard, ___, 123 Leschi, 112, 136, 232n.557 Levi, 144 Lewis, A. J., 182 Lewis, Joe (Jos.), 53, 64, 69, 202-03, 220n.168 Lewis and Clark party, 38, 62, 107, 152, 186 Lewis, Merriwether, 168 Lewiston (Idaho) (siminekem), 17, 84, 108, 117, 168-74, 177, 180, 182-88, 190, 193, 199, 217n.72, 234n.614, 237n.686 Lincoln, (President) Abraham, 174, 182, 238n.725 Little Big Horn, battle of, 158 Little Chief (Tomahas), 69, 222n.213 Little ice age, 109 Littlejohn, (Reverend) P. B., 35 Lochsa River, 185-86 Logan, Captain, 195 Lolo Trail (kuseyneiskit, bison-hunt trail), 17, 79, 184-85, Long, Captain, See Thunder’s Eye the younger Looking Glass, Old, 20, 66, 91-94, 102-06, 113, 116, 120, 127, 135, 138, 163, 204, 222n.213 Looking Glass, Young, 194 Lowden, Washington, See Frenchtown Luke, 45 Lyon, (Governor) Caleb, 183

McBean, Wm., 68 McCafferty, Green, 128 McConville, James, 155 McCory, Wm., See McKay, William C. McDonald, Angus, 119 McDoughin (Daupher), 84-85 McGinnis, ____, 123 McKay, Thomas, 59, 62 McKay, (Dr.) William C. (Billy, Sleep Eyes), 84, 89, 204, 225n.294, 226n.327, INDEX to The Intermediary, William Craig Among the Nez Perces 9/21/2013 final copy page 9

McLoughlin, (Dr.) John, 42, 45, 69, 222.n234 McMullin, (Governor) Fayette, 232n.557 McNally, Henry, 160 McCormack Ridge Road, 239n.776 Malheur River, 158 Man-With-a-Rope-in-his-Mouth, 124, 230n.488 Manifest destiny, concept of, 80 Marcy, Oliver, 183, 185 Marengo (Washington), 108 Marias River, 97 Mary’s River, See Humboldt River Mason, Charles, 96, 98, 102 Matisse, Henry, 99 Maxwell, Starr, 236n.683 Mayer, Mike, 188 Measles, 53, 97 Medeau, Joe (“French Joe”), 160 Meek, Helen Mar, 50, 55 Meek, Joseph, 20-22, 29, 32-33, 35-37, 45-46, 50, 55, 58, 61, 69, 104 151, 169, 204, 207, 216n.29, 217n.72, 218n.84, 236n.676 Meek, Virginia (Jinny/Ginny), 32, 169, 217n.72 Mexican territory, 15 Military road, See Mullan Road Milk River, 97, 195 Mill Creek, 67, 83, 122 Miller, Cincinnatus Heine (Henry) (Joaquin), 166, 173, 204 Milton-Freewater (Oregon), 37, 129 Mission Creek (‘aysnima), 166, 181 Mission San Juan Bautista (California), 25-26 Missoula (Montana) (Hell Gate), 102, 184-85 Missouri River, 19, 22, 35, 95-97, 142, 174, 203 Mississippi River, 78 Miwok (Tribe), 26 Mohegan (Tribe), 73 Monteith, Charles W., 241n.836 Monteith, John B., 192-94, 204, 241n.836 Montour, George, 119, 128, 130 Moody, Billy, 196 Moose Creek, 188-89 Mormons, 53, 91, 167, 220n.168, 237n.709 Moses, 133 Mosheel, 99 Moss, Sidney W., 156 Mossman, Isaac V., 166, 173 Mt. Idaho, 181, 241n.815 Mullan, (Lieutenant) John, 79, 146 Mullan (military) road, 142, 174, 184, 186 Musselshell Creek (sewisnime), 184-85 Mustups, 50

National Congress of American Indians, 242n.861 Nelson, ___, 21 Nesmith, (Colonel/Senator) James W., 100, 136-42, 144-45, 149, 151, 156, 168-69, 174, 178, 204 INDEX to The Intermediary, William Craig Among the Nez Perces 9/21/2013 final copy page 10

Newbanks, 50 Newell, Frank, 169, 193, 217n.72 Newell, Kitty, 27, 29, 32, 72, 104, 169, 193, 217n.57, 217n.72 Newell, Martha, 240n.789 Newell, Mary, 189-190 Newell, Rebecca (Newman), 104, 240n.789 Newell, Robert (“Doc”), 20, 22, 27, 32-33, 35-37, 45, 57, 59, 60, 62-64, 72, 74, 83, 104, 163, 168-70, 173, 175, 178, 181-82, 187, 189-90, 193-94, 204, 207, 240n.789, 240n.810 Newell, Thomas, 169, 193, 217n.72 Newman, Rebecca, See Newell, Rebecca Newport, Oregon, 141 Chief (sternwheeler), 182 Nez Perce Trail, Southern, 78, 94, 98, 102, 184-85 Nez Perces (nimipu – the people), agents for, 15, 63, 71, 92-94, 111, 114, 123, 131-32, 134-35, 139, 141- 42, 145, 149, 151-52, 162, 164-65, 168, 170-72, 175, 178, 182, 187, 189, 192-94, 207, 229n.441, 241n.836; their home territory and buffalo hunting region, 20, 22, 26-29, 77, 94; their alliances with Americans, 15, 20, 32-33, 59, 62-63, 73-74, 77, 88-89, 102, 107, 112-13, 115-16, 118, 122-24, 128, 131- 32, 135, 139, 148, 163, 179-80, 227n.395, 230n.487; a new religion—invite Spalding, 38-40; many caught in competition between Protestant and Catholic missionaries, 41-46, 51-54, 69, 187-88, 201-02, 226n.358; concept of “head chief,” 40, 48, 62, 68, 88, 91, 117, 180; reactions to “White’s laws,” 47-48, 180; respect for Eliza Spalding, 49; some act as intermediaries during hostage situation, 58-59; reaction to arms embargo, 60, 68; guerilla fighters, 61; their dilemma as relatives of hunted Cayuse warriors, 63-65, 68, 117-18; Joseph’s band, 40, 73; some deliver Cayuse killers of Whitmans, 179; responses to hangings and uneven application of laws, 58, 70, 124; reactions to offers to buy their land, 73, 81; at 1855 Walla Walla treaty council, 84-93; buffalo hunters at peace treaty with Blackfeet, 94-95, 97-98, 106; protect Isaac Stevens after war breaks out, 102-111; provide horses to American militiamen, 111, 115; surveillance, spies and intrigues, 115, 119; request another council, 128; at 1856 Walla Walla council, 129-33; advise Craig to leave, 132; acted as double agents, 146; headmen discontinue root gathering at Weippe root grounds, 164; coping strategies, 162-63, 180; disgusted with quality of 1855 treaty annuities, 164-65; reservation overrun by gold seekers, 159-64, 174-76; Lawyer faction and bribe for Lewiston townsite, 168; reservation comes under Presbyterian management, 192

Nicholson, George B., 183-86 Nidever, George, 23 Noble, John F., 86, 110 Northern Pacific railroad, 197

O’Neill, James, 187, 192 O’Sullivan, John, 80 Ogden, Peter Skene, 55, 58-59 Ogden’s River, See Humboldt River Okanagan (Tribe), 87, 119-20 Old Man Chief, 62, 119 Olney, Nathan, 85, 105, 115-16 Olympia, Washington Territory, 76-77, 79-80, 93, 96, 102, 106, 112, 114, 128, 160, 162, 170, 174, 188 Oregon City, 57, 67, 69, 104, 156 Oregon country, 15, 18-19, 27, 35-36, 41, 47-48, 50, 52, 57, 61, 63, 67, 77, 151, 204-05 Oregon Trail, 15, 36, 68, 74, 159 Oro Fino City, 164, 173, 182, 2354n.656 Oro Fino Creek, 157, 161, 236n.664, 236n.674 Orofino, Idaho (tewe), 29, 161; Wislenequa’s village site, 236n.674 Otkokohl, See Thomas Owen, John W., 61, 78-79, 95-96, 98, 127, 151, 171, 185, 205, 238n.733 INDEX to The Intermediary, William Craig Among the Nez Perces 9/21/2013 final copy page 11

Owen, Nancy, 185, 238n.733 Owen’s Valley (Walker Pass), 26 Owhi, 99, 110, 133, 147 Owlishwampum, 110 Owyhee River, 158 Packer John’s cabin, 181 Page, Thomas, 160 Pahtissah, See Craig, Isabel Paiute (Tribe), 23-24, 196 Packer Meadows (takon creek), 186 Palmer, Joel, 15, 50, 57, 62-63, 65-66, 82-84, 86-88, 92-93, 116, 122, 205 Palouse country, 119, 138, 144, 147, 157 Palouse (Palous) (Tribe), 16, 66, 68, 74, 81-82, 84, 87, 89-90, 92, 110, 116-20, 133, 140, 143-47, 157, 229n.455 Palouse prairie, 116 Pambrun, Andrew Dominique, 81, 85, 129-33, 135, 205, 231n.515 Pambrun (“Pambrain”), Ellen, 235n.659 Pambrun, Pierre, 37, 43, 129 Pandosy, (Father) Charles Marie, 82 Panther Shirt (Kiamasumkin), 69 Parker, (Reverend) Samuel, 38-39 Pataha, 67, 159, 182 Payette, Francois, 36 Peace commission (1848), 59, 60- 62, 64 Pearson, William, 82-83, 93, 96, 98, 100, 102-03, 106, 112, 123 205 Peck (Idaho), 161 Pendleton (Oregon), 36, 197 Pend d’Oreilles (Tribe), 16, 94-95, 97 Pend d’Oreilles Lake, 184 Pend d’Oreilles River, 104 Peopeomaqsmaqs, See Yellow Bird Peoria Party, 30, 32 Peterson, Helen Phinney Jones, 191 Phinney, Adeline, See Craig, Adeline Phinney, (Dr.) Archie, 51, 191, 242n.861 Phinney, Fitzhugh (Fitch), 184, 187, 191, 242n.861 Phinney, George, 191, 242n.861 Phinney, Mary Ellen, 191 Phinney, Mary Lili, 242n.861 Phinney, Samuel, 104, 159, 184, 188-89, 192-94, 197-98, 205 Piegans (Tribe), 97, 98 Pierce City, 157, 161, 164 Pierce, Elias Davidson, 154-57, 159, 205 Pierce, (President) Franklin, 76 Pierre’s Hole, 20, 22 Pioneer cemetery (Boise, Idaho), 196 Pioneer Park (Lewiston, Idaho), 190 Plante, Antoine, 103-04, 128, 130 Plenty Bears, 94 Plummer, Henry, 182 Poker Joe, See Lean Elk Pomeroy (Washington), 67, 108, 159 Popo Agie Creek, 27, 29 INDEX to The Intermediary, William Craig Among the Nez Perces 9/21/2013 final copy page 12

Port Townsend (Washington), 141 Portland (Oregon), 17, 81, 134, 160, 166, 180, 182-83 Portneuf River, 15, 26 Postmaster, Walla Walla, 16, 145, 178, 233n.603 Potlatch River, 89, 188 Powder River, 175 Power, A. B., 237n.686 Pratt, O. C., 69 Presbyterian, 18-19 Protestants, 18, 38,-39, 41, 45, 51, 55, 67, 188, 195, 205 Puget Sound, 99-100, 104, 112-14, 122, 153, 231n.544, 232n.557

Qamayaqin, 81-83, 90, 99, 110, 112 119, 121, 130-31, 133, 136, 138, 142, 147, 155, 205 Qemespelu, See Big Belly Qilqilsenena, 180 , 99, 132-33, 147, 205 Quilaneenock, 131-32, 136, 142, 205

Raboin, Louis (the Mosquito), 29, 89, 108, 116, 123, 127, 205, 207, 230n.505 Racism, 61, 169, 198-99 Railroad survey, 76, 78-79, 81, 95, 103 Rains, (Major) Gabriel J., 84, 100; Washington Territorial volunteer, 104 Ravalli, (Father) Antony, 115, 119, 205 Raymond, Narcisse, 225n.294 Red Grizzly (grandson of), See Ellis Red Spy (Red Scout) (Red Courier) (Seeyakoonilpilp), 195, 223n.255, 231n.512, 242n.844 Red Wolf, 44, 62, 72, 90, 92, 94, 106-08, 116, 124, 135, 205 Red Wolf creek, 117 Reno, (Lieutenant) Marcus A., 157-58 Reuben (Tipyahlahnah Oikelazikin), 142, 152, 166-68, 205 Rice, Julia, 197 Rice, Moses H., 188, 223n.239, 224n.268 Richard (Tackitonitis), 68, 136, 232n.561 Rifles, Sharpe’s long range, 146 Rinearson, (Major) J. S., 172-73 Robie, Albert Hugh (A. H.), 70, 82, 95, 104, 112, 114, 122, 124-25, 130-31, 137, 151, 155, 166, 168, 172, 173, 183, 195-96, 205, 233n.602, 242n.848 Robie, Clara, 186, 196, 240n.789 Robie, Hugh (Huey) Hall, 197 Robie, Lizzie (Zoe), 197 Robie, Martha, See Craig, Martha Robie, Mary (Mollie), 197 Robie, Minnie, 197 Robinson, Jack, 29 Rock Islands (Isle de Pierres) (Tribe), 89, 131-33, 142, 144, 205 Rocky Mountain Fur Company, 22, 26 Rocky Mountain fur trade, 15 Rocky Mountain Retreat (Hillsboro, Oregon), 46 Rocky Mountains (the Rockies), 18-22, 24, 26, 28, 31-32, 35, 67, 79, 98-100, 174, 195, 201, 203 Rogers, (Reverend) Cornelius, 28, 43, 50 Rogue River, 104 Rosalia (Washington), 144 Rotten Belly (Takensuatis), 45 INDEX to The Intermediary, William Craig Among the Nez Perces 9/21/2013 final copy page 13

Russell, Charles, 235n.659 Ryser, Benj., See Kiser, Benjamin

St. Anne’s Mission (Umatilla River), 58 St. Joseph’s Mission (Slickpoo), 194 St. Mary’s Mission (Bitterroot Valley), 79 St. Louis (Missouri), 19, 22, 27, 30, 31, 95, 98, 207 St. Rose’s Mission (Umatilla), 110 St. Vincent’s Academy, 183, 240n.789 Sacramento River, 28 Sacred Heart Mission (Coeur d’Alene), 94, 103, 115, 184 Salem (Oregon), 137, 142, 145 Salmon River, 22, 77, 83, 91, 94, 138, 155, 163, 173, 194, 204-05 Salmon Falls (), 157, 167 Salt Lake, 15, 91 Sanborn, Homer, 168, 172 Sand Creek, massacre at, 192 Sand Hollow, battle at, 61 Saxon (Lieutenant), Rufus, 103 Scalp dance (Nez Perce), 93 Schenk, Theodore, 173 Schultz, Jake (Jacob), 160, 166-67 Scotch-Irish, 18-19 Scott’s Valley (California) (Yreka), n.656 Secession (states from the union), 151, 169, 174, 238n.722 Seeds, John, 194 Seeyakoonilpilp, See Red Spy Shaw, Benjamin Franklin, 105, 111, 113-14, 118, 121-26, 128-29, 132, 205 Shebang, 168, 182 Sheridan, (Lieutenant) Phillip, 118 Sheets, Mary Ann, 235n.659 Shillal, Calvin, 17, 223n.240, 242n.859 Shoshone (Snake) (Tribe), 16, 28, 32-33, 36-37, 62, 91, 97, 120, 146, 157, 159, 167, 179, 183, 196, 237n.706, 237n.709 Shoshone County, 174 Shumaway, 99 Sierra Nevada Mountains, 24-25 Silaylo (Celilo), See The Dalles Silcott, John M., 160 Siletz reservation, 141 Siminekem, See Lewiston, Idaho Simpson, William, 112, 128 Sinclair, Pruett, 27, 30-32, 35 Sinkiuse (Tribe), 89, 131-32 Sioux (Tribe), 31-32 Siskiyou County (California), 166 Skloom, 110 Slavery issue, 58, 138, 151, 192 Slickpoo, Jimmie, 220n.168 Smallpox, 50, 69, 203 Smith, (Reverend) Asa, 86 Smith, (Reverend) Alvin T., 35, 43 Smith, Jedediah, 20-21 INDEX to The Intermediary, William Craig Among the Nez Perces 9/21/2013 final copy page 14

Smith, E. Willard, 31 Snake River (pikanen), 17, 22, 37, 40, 44, 66, 72, 77, 82, 94, 108, 113, 117, 119, 128, 138, 143-44, 146, 157-58, 161, 164, 167, 169-74, 181, 204-05, 229n.455 Snake River people, 146 Snake (Tribe), See Shoshone Sohon, Gustavus, 84, 101 Spalding (Idaho), 19 Spalding, Eliza, 54 Spalding, Eliza Hart, 15, 27, 39-41, 43, 49, 53-54, 205 Spalding, (Reverend) Henry, 15, 27, 35, 38-54, 58-59, 69, 86, 178, 187-88, 201-03, 205 Spalding family, 50, 156 Spalding ferry, 167 Spalding Mission (Clearwater Valley, Lapwai Creek), 15, 35, 38-55, 57-58, 63, 65, 67, 72, 78, 202, 207, 222n214 “Spanish Frank,” 160 Spokane (Spokan) (Tribe), 39, 55, 81-82, 87-88, 92, 94, 99, 102-05, 111, 119-21, 127-28; 130, 142, 144, 146, 180 Spokane, Washington, 147 Spokane Garry, 120 Spokane Falls, 197 Spokane Valley, 107 Spokane Invincibles (Washington volunteer militia), 104 Spokane Plains, battle of, 146 Spotted Eagle, 94, 103, 106, 116, 123-24, 132, 205, 227n.397 Sprague (Washington), 197 Spring Hollow (Oregon), 197 St. Mary’s mission (Bitterroot Valley), 79 Stabbing Man, 94 Stagecoach service, 173 Star, Idaho, See Dry Creek Steen’s Mountain, 196 Steptoe Butte, 144 Steptoe Canyon, 66 Steptoe, (Lieutenant Colonel) Edward J., 16, 128-132, 135-39, 141-46, 154, 179, 233n.598, 233n.600 Stevens’ Guards (Washington volunteer militia), 104, 227n.397 Stevens, Hazard, 102-05, 112, 132, 226n.327, 227n.369 Stevens, (Governor) Isaac Ingalls, 15, 16, 40, 76-123, 126-139, 142-43, 151, 174-75, 179-80, 188-89, 196, 205, 207, 226n.327, 226n.346, 231n.535, 232n.557 Stickus, 64, 69, 88, 112, 115, 117, 205 Stockwhitley, 136 Stratton, ____, 123 Stuptupnim, See Hair Cut Short Sublette, Milton, 20, 22, 205, 207 Sublette, William (Bill), 20, 22, 30, 31, 205, 207 Sutter, John Augustus, 28, his mill, 222n.225 Sutter’s Fort (California), 47 Sweetwater (Waha) Creek, 17, 76, 80, 160, 177

Tahatutush, 183-86 Takensuatis, See Rotten Belly Takitonitus, See Richard Takon creek, See Packer Meadows Tallman, Al, 110, 116, 123, 127 INDEX to The Intermediary, William Craig Among the Nez Perces 9/21/2013 final copy page 15

Tamootsin, See Timothy Tamsucky, 58, 68-69 Taos (Mexico), 30 Tappan, William H., 92, 94-95, 97, 104, 114-15 Tauitau, See Young Chief Teloukaikt, See Crawfish Advancing Temaha, See Craig, Temaha Ten-ie-ya, 25 Terry, Wm., 235n.659 Teton River, 95 Teuvault, ___, 170 Theentheenmeetsa, 58, 64, 92, 110, 155, 205 Thibodo, (Dr.) Augustus J., 153-54, 160-62, 205 Thomas (Otkokohl), 29, 43, 53, 62 Thompson, George T., 242n.853 Thompson, Philip, 27, 30-33, 35, 50, 59, 205, 207 Thompson, R. R., 84 Thompson, Robert, 231n.547 Three Feathers, 94, 103-04, 127, 205 Three Forks (Missouri River), 22 Thunder’s Eye (Hinmetumsilu, The Button, James), 15, 29, 35, 40-46, 48-52, 54, 58-59, 62, 91-94, 106- 07, 116, 124, 163, 186, 205, 217n.56, 217n.72, 236n.683 Thunder’s Eye the Younger (Amos George) (Captain Long), 195, 242n.839 Timothy (Tamootsin), 40, 42, 44-46, 49, 50-51, 54, 62, 72, 85-86, 94, 106, 116, 144, 179, 205, 233n.598 Tinkham, Abel W., 78, 223n.239 Tipyahlahnah Oikelazikin, See Reuben Tiwiteqis, See Joseph, Old Toitoinetoqiyatoiken, 29 Tomahas, See Little Chief Toppenish Creek, battle of, 104 , 130 Toupin, John, 39 Trade, code of, 47, 73 Treaty Councils, interior northwest, Craig’s involvement in, 1845 in the Lapwai Valley, 51; 1848 at Waiilatpu, 61-64; 1852 in the Lapwai Valley, 72-74; 1855 at the Craig Place, 16, 82-83; 1855 in the Walla Walla Valley, 84-93, photo 101, 162, 165, 225n.312; 1855 in the Bitterroot Valley, 94-98; 1855 at the Coeur ‘Alene mission, 103; 1855 at the Craig Place, 105-07; 1856 in the Palouse Country, 116, 119; 1856 at the Craig Place, 124-25; 1856 in the Walla Walla Valley, 128-32; 1861 in the Lapwai Valley (“gold treaty”), 164; 1863 in the Lapwai Valley (“thief treaty”), 178-181 Treaty ratification (1855 treaties), 92, 147, 152 Treaty ratification (1863 treaty), 186 Trevitt, Vic, 168 Truax, Sewell, 183, 185-86, 205 Tshimakain, mission (Spokane), 39, 55 Tucannon River, 37, 72, 106, 108, 114, 127, 157, 202 Twisted Hair, 29, 40, 234n.643

Umapine, 58 Umatilla (Utilla) (Tribe) reservation (Walla Walla-Cayuse-Umatilla reservation), See Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation Umatilla, Oregon, 61 Umatilla River, 36, 58, 65, 88, 90, 93, 110, 204 Umehowlish, See Fierce Grizzly INDEX to The Intermediary, William Craig Among the Nez Perces 9/21/2013 final copy page 16

Umelaquitat, hanging of, 116-17 Army, 16, 68, 81, 86, 88, 100, 104, 113, 115, 117-118, 120-21, 125, 128-131, 135, 137-41, 143-47, 157, 159, 166, 179, 195 United States Government, 72-73, 77, 80, 83, 86, 92, 95, 115, 118, 123, 136, 148, 139, 141, 162-63, 165, 172-73, 182, 192, 194 United States Navy expedition, 49 United States Supreme Court, 193 Ute (Tribe), 33 Utter-VanOrnum, wagon train, 158, 235n.657

Vancouver, 83, 128; barracks, 225n.303 VanOrnum, children, 158, 167 Vasquez, Fort, 30, 31 Vasquez, Louis, 30-31 Vaughan, Henry C. (“Hank”), 196-97, 242n.853 Vermillion Creek, 27, 216n.44 Vincent, J. K., n239 Virginia City, 183-84, Lewiston to Virginia City road project, 186 Volunteer Employment Act, 239n.760 Volunteer militia, Oregon Country/, 15, 57, 59-67, 100, 104-05, 109-13, 115, 118, 121, 126, 159, 169, 172 Volunteer militia, Washington Territory, 16, 100, 104-114, 117-23, 125-30, 132, 134-35, 232n.549 Volunteers, Nez Perce Mounted, 227n.397

Waha Creek, See Sweetwater Creek Wahwahwai, 146 Waiilatpu, See Walla Walla (Washington) Walker-Eells Mission (Tshmakain/Spokan), 39, 55, 66 Walker, (Reverend) Elkanah, 29, 39, 55 66, 72, 205 Walker, Joseph Reddeford, 15, 20, 22-26, 32-33, 205, 207 Walker, Mary, 29, 39, 55, 66 Walker Pass, 26 Wallawalla (Tribe), 37, 45, 47, 58, 62, 68, 74, 81, 84-85, 87-88, 90, 92, 105-07, 110, 120, 126, 128-30, 133, 136, 140, 147-48, 180 Walla Walla-Cayuse-Umatilla reservation (Umatilla (Utila) reservation), See Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation Walla Walla County, 16, 77, 96, 151, 200 Walla Walla Postmaster, See Postmaster, Walla Walla Walla Walla River, 37, 57, 204-06 Walla Walla (Waiilatpu) (Washington) Valley region, 15, 16, 45, 47, 49, 57, 64, 67, 77-79, 82-84, 86, 99, 105-05, 109-10, 112, 114, 120-22, 124-26, 127-30, 135, 137, 139-40, 142-43, 145, 147, 149, 151-54, 153-60, 164-67, 173-74, 182-84, 186, 190, 197, 231n.544 Wallace, William, 182-83 Wallowa country, people of, 40, 64, 90, 136, 163, 194, 204-06 Wallowa Mountains, 175 Wallula Junction, 43, 142 Waptaskune, 220n.168 War of 1877 (Joseph’s War), 194-95, 223n.255 War party, 82, 113, 115-120, 126-27, 135, 138 Wascopam, See The Dalles Wascopams (Tribe), 74 Washington City, Washington D.C., 49, 58, 61, 79, 93, 136, 145, 168 Washington Territorial Legislative Assembly, 16, 96 INDEX to The Intermediary, William Craig Among the Nez Perces 9/21/2013 final copy page 17

Washington Territory, 15, 76, 77, 80, 162, 170, 174, 188 Waters, ___, 66 Weekeween, See Feather Earrings Weippe prairie, 79, 152, 186 Weippe root grounds, 152, 164 Weippe, town of, 189 Weisgerber, See Gamble and Weisgerber, brewers Wenatchee (Tribe), 89, 92 Wenatchee (Washington), 133 West Point military academy, 76, 100 Weston (Oregon), 37 Wham, (Lieutenant) J. W., 187 Wheeler, Louise, See Craig, Louise Whiskey (alcohol) (liquor), government’s inability to regulate alcohol supplies to Indians, 22, 28, 31,148- 49, 161, 239n.768; use by U. S. military and volunteers, 129, 131, 133; Isaac Stevens’ use of, 131; Nesmith’s opinion regarding alcohol and Indians, 141; whiskey peddlers on reservation, 148-49, 161, 168, 193; alcohol a factor among Craig descendants, 234n.625 White Bird, 94, 180, 194, 205 White, (Dr.) Elija P. (White’s Laws), 47-48, 51, 58, 107, 180 White Front Stables, 177 White Salmon, 143 Whitford, John, 85 Whitman, (Dr./Reverend) Marcus, 15, 27, 37-39, 42, 44-47, 48, 51-55, 62, 64, 69, 84, 179, 201-03, 205 Whitman massacre, 73, 90 Whitman Mission (Waiilatpu/Walla Walla), 15, 37, 39-41, 45, 47, 49-50, 53-55, 57-58, 61, 64-65, 67- 69, 72, 83-84, 106-07, 110, 122, 124, 179 Whitman, Narcissa Prentiss, 15, 27, 37, 39, 46, 50, 54-55, 69, 203, 205 Whitman, Perrin Beza, 47, 70, 72, 132-33, 135, 139, 142, 151, 154, 178, 193, 205 Wilkes, (Lieutenant) Charles, 49 Wilkins, Caleb, 32, 35-36, 45, 217n.72 Wilkins, Fanny, 32, 36, 45, 217n.72 Willamette River, 69, 169 Willamette Valley, 26, 35-36, 40, 45-48, 50, 53, 55, 57, 59, 66, 68, 72, 74, 77, 104, 110, 143, 169, 181, 192, 222n.225 Williams, Bill, 20 Williams, Richard (Dick), 40, 45 Williams, M. M., 160 Wilson, Alfred V., 104 Wilson, William M., 237n.686 Wilson Price Hunt party, 229n.455 Wind River Mountains, 27 Wisconsin Territory, 79 Wisleneqe, See Half Shorn Wool, (General) John Ellis, 100, 102, 113-15, 118, 121, 123, 130, 134, 141, 206, 236n.680 Worden, Francis L., 145 Wright, (Colonel) George, 115-19, 121, 128, 131, 135-36, 140, 146-48, 155-56, 159, 179, 206, 234n.619 Wyeth, Nathionel, 26, 207

Yahoeweyenonay, See Craig, Louise (Tribe), 72, 74, 81-84, 87, 89, 90, 92, 94, 99-100, 103-04, 106-07, 110, 113, 128, 130-32, 138, 142, 144, 146-47, 169, 192, 205 Yakima River, 99 Yaquina Bay, 141 INDEX to The Intermediary, William Craig Among the Nez Perces 9/21/2013 final copy page 18

Yellow Bird (Peopeomaqsmaqs), 47, 58, 61-62, 85, 87, 89-90, 105-06, 110, 112, 130, 206 Yellow Wolf, 195 Yellowstone Park, 195 Yellowstone River, 97-98 Yosemite Valley, 24 Young, Brigham, 237n.707 Young Chief (Tauitau), 45, 58, 64, 68, 90, 138, 202, 206 Young, Ewing, 46, 219n.129 Youmukmuken, 51 Yreka (California), See Scott’s Valley