•ai POINT SOURCE POLLimON IN HIE DANUBE BASIN COUNIRY TECHNICAL REPORTS Bulgaria, the CSFR, Hungary, and Romania INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE CENTRE POR ÍÍMMUNrtY WATER SUPPLY. AND VOLUME m •"""- EUROPE BUREAU WATER AND SANITATION FOR HEALTH PROJECT WL* 1992 tf-* VOLUME III COUNTRY TECHNICAL REPORTS VSoS^ This volume consists of the following four sections: A. Bulgaria, by Water Engineering Ltd., Sofia B. Czech and Slovak Republic Part I - Slovakia, by Hydrotest, Bratislava Part II - The Czech Republic, by Hydropol, Bratislava C. Hungary, by Innosystem Environmental Management Ltd., Budapest D. Romania, by Inginerie Urbana, Bucharest J LIBRARY, !N"-:!":--,ATiOMAL REFERE^Ci:: j •••*••;• •••<, vi¡.. I\:I] v WATER SU; i*LV ':'.;.•. Jo-.. :'.:.' ...••'"•) ;\D Tiie Kagu» » ; -.A. ÍO/0( ti:-*..-- :; •.-.•¡a 14^/142 { •'N:Cov\ WQL/4 ; .T' I PREFACE TO VOLUME III, COUNTRY TECHNICAL REPORTS Preface The five technical reports in this volume have been prepared by subcontractors retained by the WASH Team. The subcontractors are consulting firms located and operating in the countries that are the subjects of the respective reports. The reports were prepared in a language not the authors' own, and have not been edited for style or English grammatical correctness. They contain valuable information and insights, and have been drawn on extensively in the preparation of the main text of the WASH Team's report. The reports were prepared with the support and assistance, particularly in the area of data provision, of the pollution control agencies of the four governments. However, the views included are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of their governments nor those of the WASH Team or of the Government of the United States. BULGARIA TiCHNICAL REPORT m m CAMP DRESSER & McKEE INTERNATIONAL INC. WATER AND SANITATION FOR HEALTH (WASH) PROJECT TASK NO. 271 Danube Emissions Management Decision Support Project Primary Problems of Water Pollution Control in the Bulgarian Part of the Danube River Basin TECHNICAL REPORT WATER ENGINEERING LTD. 35 Christo Beltchev (Gavril Genov) Street Sofia 1000, Bulgaria D.E.M.D.E.S.P. Danube Emissions Management Decision Support Project TECHNICAL REPORT BULGARIA 1. Assessment of Water Pollution in the National Part of the Danube River Basin 1.1. Description of the River and its Tributaries. 1.2. Water Quality of the Danube River. 1.3. Water Quality of the Tributaries. 1.4. Groundu ater. 1.5. Impacts of Water Quality on Uses. 1.5.1. Urban Use. 1.5.2. Ecosystems and Fisheries. 1.5.3. Other Uses. 2. Emissions and Dischargers. 2.1. Overview. 2.2. Municipal Dischargers. 2.3. Industrial Dischargers. 2.4. Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Emissions. 3. Conclusions and Recommendations. 3.1. Summary Conclusions on Conditions and Trends. 3.1.1. Water Quality and its Impacts. 3.1.2. Water Quality and Emissions Monitoring and Control. 3.1.3. Emissions and Dischargers. 3.1.4. Key Difficulties. 3.2. Recommendations. 3.2.1. Pollution Management Actions Needed. 3.2.2. High Priority Pollution Reduction Improvements Needed. 3.2.3. Main Recommendations. Country Technical Report BULGARIA 1 .Assessment of the Water Pollution in the Bulgarian Part of the Danube River Basin. 1.1. Description of the River and its Tributaries. 1.1.1. Danube River The Bulgarian reach of Danube river is 471 km. It stretches from the Timok river - km 845+300 up to the eastern part of the town of Silistra - km 375+500. The mean annual water discharge of this part of the river increases from 5 727 cu.m/sec. at the village Novo Selo up to 6 300 cu.m/sec. at the town of Silistra. In some seasons the mean annual water quantities vary from 1 700 cu.m/sec. up to 16 000 cu.m/see. The catchment area of the river includes almost the whole part of North Bulgaria and the Sofia region. Directly from the river are utilized about 1 x 10^ cu.m. water for irrigation, industrial needs and energy producing sources. The turbidity of the river water decreased after the construction of Iron Gate dams I and II. This has activated the erosion and abrasion processes of the river bed and of the Bulgarian bank of the river. The frequent changes of ihe water levels and the daily variation of the water quantities with several thousand cubic meters caused a quick worsening of the biological cycles of the bottom flora and fauna and the fish population considerably decreased. That leads to degradation of the wet lands along the river banks and increases the duration of the minimal water levels. For industrial needs are used annually 260 x 10^ m^ river water by direct river intakes and by wells from the river terrace. For potable water supply are used 6 m^/s only. Along the river are constructed 330 km dikes and many draining systems. The industrial fishing is decreasing from 1200 tons during the year 1960 to 300-350 tons in 1990. The forests along the river banks and on the islands are 11 137 ha. The vegetation has important protective, recreative and ecological functions. The annual run-off of the Bulgarian part of the Danube river is 170 x 10^ m^. The contribution of the tributaries from this part is 154 m^/s - 3.8% of the mean water quantity. After the construction of Iron Gate dams I and II some problems for Bulgaria arose due to the disturbance of the natural flow of Danube river. Iron Gate I dam is 100 km up stream the Bulgarian border. Its total dam lake capacity is 2.4 x 10^ m^ and the power station operates with a water quantity up to 10 000 m^/sec. Iron Gate II dam is 17 km upstream the Bulgarian border only. Its total dam lake capacity is 0.8 x 10^ m^ and the power station operates with a water quantity up to 8 500 m^/s. The operation of the power station creates the following problems: - strongly is disturbed the natural river flow; - during autumn and winter the daily water levels vary up to 100 cm and the daily water quantities up to several thousands cubic meters; - the duration of the minimal water levels is increased which causes serious problems to the navigation; - the solid river flow is detained; - the sand and gravel river deposits are not restored; - the erosion and the abrasion processes are activated and Bulgarian territory is washed out. The abrasion processes are observed on a length of about 130 km along the Bulgarian bank and 55 km along the islands. At accidental discharges from Iron Gate I power station, the river flow may reach up to 20 000 iri3/s. This could flood some lowlands, settlements and industrial factories. 1.1.2. Small Tributaries from North-Western Part of Bulgaria. The following small tributaries cross the regions of Vidin and Michailovgrad: - Topolovets river - length - 63 km and catchment area - 934 sq.km; - Voinishka river - length - 50 km and catchment area - 276 sq.km; - Archar river - length - 55 km and catchment area - 365 sq.km; - Skomlia river - length - 36 km and catchment area - 162 sq.km; - Vidbol river - length - 58 km and catchment area - 330 sq.km; - Lorn river - length - 93 km and catchment area - 1 123 sq.km; - Tsibritsa river - length - 64 km and catchment area - 934 sq.km. The total catchment area of the rivers mentioned above is 3 858 sq.km and the total mean annual water flow is 566 x 106 cu.meters and 350.0 x 106 cu.m. in dry (75%) year. The region is mainly agricultural, without big settlements and industries. -2- 1.1.3. Ogosta River Ogosta is the main river in the north-western part of Bulgaria. Its source is in the northern slope of the Balkan mountain. The river flows across Michailovgrad and Vratsa regions and disgorges into the Danube at the town of Oriahovo. Its length is 144 km, the catchment area is 4 231 sq.km and the mean inclination of the river bed is 13°/^,. The river mean annual water flow is 813 x 106 cu.m. and 529.0 x 10^ in dry year. Ogosta has about 40 nos tributaries. The more important are: Barzia - length - 35 km and catchment area - 241 sq.km; Botunia - length - 61 km and catchment area - 731 sq. km; Skat - length - 161 km and catchment area - 1 074 sq.km. Control of the water quality is ensured on the waters of Ogosta, Botunia and Skat only. 1.1.4. Iskar River Iskar river is the longest Bulgarian river which flows entirely across Bulgarian territory. Its source is in Rila mountain. Its length is 363.4 km and the catchment area includes part of the regions of Sofia, Vratsa, Lovetch and Pleven, with a total area of 8 641 sq.km. The river mean annual water flow is 1 763 x 10^ cu.m. and 1 356 x 106 cu.m. in dry (75%) year. The mean inclination of the river bed is 19 °/OQ. 1.1.5. Vit River Its source is in the Balkan mountain in the vicinity of the town of Teteven. The river flows into the Danube at the town of Somovit. Its length is 189 km, the catchment area is 3 225 sq.km and the mean inclination of the river bed is 9.6 °/oo. The mean annual water flow of the river is 486 x 106 cu.m. and 333 x 106 cu.m. in dry year. 1.1.6. Osam River The river takes its name after the feeders Beli and Tchemi Osam flow together. Its length is 314 km, the catchment area is 2 824 sq.km and the mean inclination of the river bed is 6 6 5.7 °/oo.