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Symptom Dimensions and Brain- Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66met Polymorphism in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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Symptom Dimensions and Brain- Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66met Polymorphism in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder April 2020, Volume 6, Issue 2, Number 21 Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences "Caspian J Neurol Sci" Journal Homepage: http://cjns.gums.ac.ir Research Paper: Symptom Dimensions and Brain- Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met Polymorphism in Obsessive-compulsive Disorder Shahrzad Hoveyda1 , Javad Khalatbari2* , Javid Peymani3 , Hasan Ahadi3 1. Department of Health Psychology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran 2. Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch, Tonekabon, Iran 3. Department of Psychology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Use your device to scan and read the article online Citation Hoveyda S, Khalatbari J, Peymani J, Ahadi H. Symptom Dimensions and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met Polymorphism in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Caspian J Neurol Sci. 2020; 6(2):84-93. https://doi.org/10.32598/CJNS.6.21.222.1 Running Title BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism and OCD : https://doi.org/10.32598/CJNS.6.21.222.1 A B S T R A C T 2018 The Authors. This is an open access article under the CC-By-NC license. Background: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a serious neuropsychiatric disorder. The clinical prominence of the OCD symptoms dimensions and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism are of significant importance. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the symptom dimensions and BDNF val66Met polymorphism genotype in Iranian patients with OCD. Materials and Methods: A total of 83 patients diagnosed with OCD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM5) criteria, and 83 matched controls were included this case-control study. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) was used to investigate symptom dimensions. In addition, BDNF val66Met polymorphism was genotyped using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR- RFLP) method. Results: The obtained data indicated that the most prevalent obsession was contamination (62.6%) and the most prevalent compulsion was cleanliness (69.8%). Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between the genotypes of BDNF val66Met polymorphism in OCD (P<0.01). Besides, carrying the” T” allele confers increased the risk for the presence of OCD [χ2=4.7, P=0.003; OR Article info: (95%) 1.93 (1.24-2.99)]. Received: 12 Dec 2019 Conclusion: The symptoms dimensions of OCD in the Iranian sample were similar to other populations. Moreover, the findings suggested an association between BDNF val66Met First Revision: 05 Jan 2020 polymorphism genotype and OCD in the explored Iranian sample. The inheritance hypothesis for Accepted: 25 Feb 2020 the TT genotype was the recessive model. Published: 01 Apr 2020 Keywords: Obsessive-compulsive Disorder; Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; Polymorphism; Genetics * Corresponding Author: Javad Khalatbari Address: Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch, Tonekabon, Iran Tel: +98 (912) 1777634 E-mail: [email protected] 84 April 2020, Volume 6, Issue 2, Number 21 Highlights ● The contamination (62.6%) and the cleanliness (69.8%) were the most prevalent obsession and compulsion, respec- tively in the studied sample. ● There was a significant relationship between the TT genotype of BDNF val66Met polymorphism in OCD. Introduction metry, cleanliness, and hoarding [15]. Abramowitz et al. also suggested 5 clusters, including harming, contami- bsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) nation, hoarding, unacceptable thoughts, and symmetry is a disabling neuropsychiatric condi- [16]. In addition, Williams et al. expressed 4 symptom tion with very serious impairments and dimensions, consisting of contamination/cleaning, doubt prevalence of 1%-3% [1, 2]. Studies about the damage/checking, unacceptable thoughts/the O indicated an association between OCD coercion of thoughts, and symmetry/order for OCD [17]. and various functional impairments and decreased qual- ity of life [3]. OCD could lead to functional impairments Furthermore, Heyman, Mataix-Cols, and Fineberg in multiple ways [4]; it has adverse consequences, such expressed cases, including the fear of causing harm to as personal, interpersonal, and quality of life problems someone, the fear of self-harm, the fear of contamination, for patients [5, 6]. the need for symmetry or exactness, sexual and religious obsessions, the fear of behaving unacceptably, and the Numerous patients with OCD demonstrate major defi- fear of making a mistake, as the most common obses- ciencies in the ability to truly assess the risk probability; sions [18]. They also cited behaviors, such as cleaning, they are suspicious of everything and experience morbid hand washing, checking, ordering and arranging, hoard- obsessions. Therefore, they engage in mental rumina- ing, asking for reassurance, and mental acts, including tions and rituals to reduce their worries. These conducts counting, repeating words silently, ruminations, and could lead to the generation of the negative symptoms of neutralizing thoughts, as the most frequent compulsions. obsession, namely depression, emotional coldness, and Given some differences in the content of OCD symptoms reduced communication levels with others in the long in various cultures [19, 20], differences in the conse- term. The positive symptoms of obsession or ineffective quences of treatment, and various symptom dimensions symptoms, i.e. very time-consuming and prevent indi- of OCD, as well as the clinical importance of awareness viduals from accomplishing their goals and values of of OCD symptoms [17], it is always necessary to investi- life. These characteristics include repetitive behaviors, gate the prevalence of different types of OCD symptoms such as washing, checking, and counting, and could en- among multiple groups and at different times. danger the individual performance in personal, profes- sional, and social aspects [2, 7, 8]. Considering the limited studies on the prevalence of OCD dimensions, one purpose of the present study was Considering the dramatic effect of OCD on patients’ exploring the prevalence of different symptoms of OCD. quality of life [5], its relatively high global prevalence [9], Notably, genetic factors are among the most essential the increased frequency of its diagnosis [10], and the exis- dimensions of OCD [21]. Studies on twins and family tence of therapeutic challenges, including the recurrence reviews indicated the significance of inheritance and the of this disorder after treatment [11], it is always necessary crucial roles of genes in causing this disorder. The risk of to examine the OCD and its related dimensions. OCD in first-degree relatives of the affected patients is 4 times higher than the general population; its inheritance An important issue about OCD is the common types rate is up to 65% [22-24]. Heredity is a very prominent of obsessions and compulsions. In this regard, Good- subject in OCD that requires attention [25]. man et al. prepared a checklist of Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), consisting of >50 cases of In this regard, several genes, such as glutamate [26], obsessions and compulsions [12, 13]. Baer considered serotonin [27-29], Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase three factors, namely symmetry/hoarding, contamina- (COMT), and Monoamine Oxidase A (MAO-A [30, 31] tion/checking, and pure obsessions [14]. In another are candidates in OCD. Furthermore, the Brain-Derived study, Leckman discussed 4 factors of checking sym- Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a critical gene in OCD Hoveyda S, et al. BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism in OCD. Caspian J Neurol Sci. 2020; 6(2):84-93. 85 April 2020, Volume 6, Issue 2, Number 21 [32, 33], i.e. expressed in the brain tissue. This gene is Y-BOCS; the age range of 18-60 years, and providing on the short arm of chromosome 11 (11p14.1) and a personal consent to participate in the research. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) of BDNF gene (SNP, rs6265), i.e. the outcome of the substitution of Va- The study exclusion criteria were the lack of physi- line (Val) amino acid with Methionine (Met) in codon cal health; a history of major psychiatric disorders; and 66 (Val66Met) [34, 35]. substance dependence. Measurement tools included definitive psychiatric diagnosis, unorganized interview Studies reported that the BDNF level is lower in pa- [46], and Y-BOCS. The checklist’s questions included tients with OCD [36]. Wang et al. [32] in a Chinese Han the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, i.e. probed by a clinical population sample indicated that BDNF plasma/serum psychologist. In addition, the control group consisted of levels were lower in a group of patients with OCD, 83 individuals (34 men & 49 women) with no history of compared to the healthy samples. Wang et al. [37] stated psychiatric disorders. They were selected by the conve- that the BDNF significantly impacted the physiologi- nience sampling method and using a diagnostic inter- cal damage of OCD. Taj et al. [38] also argued that the view by a clinical psychologist and clinical examina- BDNF was associated with OCD and played a protec- tions by a physician. Besides, they matched the OCD tive role in this regard. group in terms of demographic characteristics, including age, gender, educational level, and marital status. The Marquez et al. [39] reported that the BDNF gene study inclusion criteria for the control group include the could be influential in causing OCD. Hemmings et al. age range of 18-60 years; adequate physical health to [40] also considered a dysfunctional
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