Journal of and Magnetic Materials 323 (2011) 2949–2952

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Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

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Metamagnetic transition and magnetocaloric effect in antiferromagnetic TbPdAl compound

Jun Shen a,n, Zhi-Yi Xu b, Hu Zhang b, Xin-Qi Zheng b, Jian-Feng Wu a, Feng-Xia Hu b, Ji-Rong Sun b, Bao-gen Shen b a Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China b State Key Laboratory for Magnetism, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China article info abstract

Article history: Magnetic properties and the magnetocaloric effect of the compound TbPdAl are investigated. The Received 25 September 2010 compound exhibits a weak antiferromagnetic (AFM) coupling, and undergoes two successive AFM Received in revised form transitions at TN ¼43 K and Tt¼22 K. A field-induced metamagnetic transition from AFM to ferromag- 16 May 2011 netic (FM) state is observed below T , and a small magnetic field can destroy the AFM structure of Available online 22 June 2011 N TbPdAl, inducing an FM-like state. The maximal value of magnetic entropy change is 11.4 J/kg K with

Keywords: a refrigerant capacity of 350 J/kg around TN for a field change of 0–5 T. Good magnetocaloric properties Magnetocaloric effect of TbPdAl result from the high saturation caused by the field-induced AFM–FM Magnetic entropy change transition. Metamagnetic transition & 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V.

1. Introduction crystallize in two structures, i.e., the hexagonal ZrNiAl-type struc- ture (space group P62m) serving as metastable high-temperature In the recent years, magnetic refrigeration materials have been modification and the orthorhombic TiNiSi-type structure (space studied widely because of their potential applications in magnetic group Pnma) acting as stable low-temperature modification. The refrigeration. Room-temperature giant magnetic entropy change neutron diffraction investigations on TbPdAl have revealed that

(DSM) around the transition temperatures has been observed in the compound orders antiferromagnetically below the Ne´el tem- many materials that experience a first-order transition perature TN¼43 K, accompanied with an additional first-order [1–4]. Recently a number of investigations on the magnetocaloric at Tt¼22 K [12,13]. In the TbPdAl compound with effects (MCEs) of magnetic materials also concentrated on the rare a hexagonal ZrNiAl-type structure the AFM nearest-neighbor earth (R)-based intermetallic compounds with a low-temperature exchange coupling together with a strong magnetocrystalline aniso- phase transition, because magnetic materials exhibiting large MCEs tropy gives rise to the formation of geometrically frustrated mag- at temperatures below 70 K are potential magnetic refrigerants for netic moments, which are reduced in size compared with coexisting the liquefiers [1,2]. Some R-based compounds with ferromag- non-frustrated moments [13,18]. To understand the effects of the netic (FM) or antiferromagnetic (AFM) phase transitions have been complex AFM structure and the magnetic phase transition on found to possess not only large DSM but also considerable refrigerant magnetocaloric behavior, we study the magnetic property and the capacity (RC) [5–10], which are just required by magnetic refriger- MCE of TbPdAl compound in the present paper. It is found that ant materials. Among the R-based magnetocaloric materials, TbPdAl is a weak antiferromagnet and a field-induced metamagnetic the R3TAl (T¼Ni, Cu and Pd) series is a subject of special attention. transition from AFM to FM state below TN leads to a high saturation These compounds exhibit complex magnetic structures and possess magnetization, thereby inducing a large MCE. different magnetic phase transitions, which can induce interesting magnetocaloric properties. In fact, the RTAl (T¼Ni and Cu) com- pounds have been demonstrated to exhibit large MCEs [5–7]. The 2. Experimental crystal structure, phase transition and magnetic properties of RPdAl have been studied in detail by neutron diffraction and magnetic Polycrystalline TbPdAl was prepared by arc melting in a high- measurements [11–17]. It was found that the RPdAl compounds purity argon atmosphere. The purities of starting materials were better than 99.9% for Tb, Pd and Al. The sample was turned over and remelted several times to ensure its homogeneity. Ingots n Corresponding author. Fax: þ861082543736. obtained by arc melting were wrapped by molybdenum foil, E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Shen). sealed in a quartz tube of high vacuum, annealed at 1050 1C for

0304-8853/$ - see front matter & 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2011.05.042 2950 J. Shen et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 323 (2011) 2949–2952

10 days and then quenched to room-temperature. Room-tem- its Ne´el temperature TN is determined to be 43 K, which is in good perature X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements on powder agreement with the previous results [12,13]. The neutron diffrac- samples were performed using Cu Ka radiation to identify the crystal tion investigations reveal that the TbPdAl compound has two structure. The Rietveld refinement shows that the prepared sample is successive magnetic phase transitions at TN ¼43 K and Tt¼22 K. of single phase, crystallizing in a hexagonal ZrNiAl-type structure. The phase transition at Tt, for which no clear peak is observed in were measured as functions of temperature and the M–T curves as reported in Refs. [12,13], is associated with the magnetic field using a superconducting quantum interference device AFM structure transition. In hexagonal TbPdAl, one-third of the Tb

(SQUID) magnetometer. The temperature dependent magnetization moments (at Tb2) are highly frustrated between TN and Tt. The wasmeasuredinbothzerofield-cooled(ZFC)andfield-cooled(FC) geometrically frustrated Tb2 spins in TbPdAl lead to the change processes in order to determine the magnetic reversibility and the from a purely commensurate AFM structure at higher tempera- magnetic transition temperature. With the sample cooled down to ture to a purely incommensurate at a lower

5 K in a zero field, the heating curve from 5 to 300 K was measured temperature of Tt. Two-third of the non-frustrated Tb moments in a magnetic field of 0.05 T and the cooling curve from 300 to 5 K (at Tb1 and Tb3) show commensurate AFM ordering below TN was also measured in the same field. In order to determine DSM, the [15,16]. In addition it can be found from Fig. 1(a) that consider- isothermal magnetization curves were measured in a temperature able differences between the ZFC and the FC M–T curves at rangeof5–89Kwithatemperature step of 3 K under the magnetic temperatures lower than about 30 K are observed and gradually fields up to 5 T. The sweep rate of the field was 0.015 T/s to ensure increase with the decrease in temperature, which is related to the that the M–H curves could be recordedR in an isothermal process. frustration effects of the magnetic structures [12,15,16]. The H Using the Maxwell relation DSM ¼ 0 ð@M=@TÞHdH, DSM is calculated temperature dependences of the magnetization at different mag- from the isothermal magnetization data. netic fields are shown in Fig. 1(b). A field-induced metamagnetic

transition from AFM to FM state is clearly observed below TN. When the applied magnetic field is higher than about 0.6 T the 3. Results and discussion magnetization as a function of temperature for TbPdAl exhibits

stepwise behavior above TN, which corresponds to the FM–PM Fig. 1(a) shows the temperature dependences of ZFC and FC transition. A similar result is observed usually in AFM materials magnetizations for TbPdAl in a magnetic field of 0.05 T. The with a low critical field (BC) required for metamagnetism [9,19]. results in Fig. 1(a) show that TbPdAl undergoes a second-order The reciprocal magnetic susceptibility w1 versus temperature for AFM–paramagnetic (PM) transition as temperature increases and TbPdAl in a field of 0.05 T is shown in the inset of Fig. 1(a). It can be seen from the inset that the magnetic susceptibilities of TbPdAl compound at temperatures above 150 K perfectly follow the 1 Curie–Weiss law w ¼(Typ)/C, where yp is the PM Curie temperature and C is the Curie–Weiss constant. The value of yp is estimated to be about 38 K. The positive value of yp implies the presence of FM interactions above TN in TbPdAl compound because yp reflects the collective exchange interactions in the compound. From the value of C the effective magnetic moment

meff per Tb ion for TbPdAl, obtained from the linear temperature 1 χ dependence of w at 150–300 K, is 9.66 mB, which is close to the 3þ value expected for a free Tb ion (meff¼9.72 mB). Fig. 2(a) shows the isothermal magnetization as a function of

magnetic field for TbPdAl around TN. The magnetization of TbPdAl below TN is found to increase slowly with the increase of magnetic field in a very low field range due to the existence of AFM ground state. However a field-induced metamagnetic transition from

AFM to FM state occurs below TN, which leads to a sharp increase of magnetization when the applied field exceeds a certain value.

The critical field (BC) required for metamagnetism for TbPdAl is determined from the maximum of dM/dH–H curve, as shown in

Fig. 2(b). The value of BC is found to decrease first slowly below Tt and then rapidly between Tt and TN with the increase of tem- perature (see the inset of Fig. 2(b)). A similar result has been

reported previously [13]. The BC value at 9 K is 0.55 T, which is in good agreement with the value reported by Kitazawa et al. [14].

The low Bc indicates that the TbPdAl compound is a weak antiferromagnet, and a small magnetic field can destroy the AFM structure of TbPdAl, inducing an FM-like state. Therefore,

the magnetization of TbPdAl is easily saturated below TN and above the critical field due to the field-induced FM state; thus a high saturation magnetization is observed. The saturation moment at 5 K and in a magnetic field of 5 T is found to be

8.1 mB. Therefore, this is expected to be capable of achieving a large DSM for TbPdAl. Fig. 3 shows the Arrott plots of TbPdAl compound at different temperatures and its inset indicates the magnified Arrott plots Fig. 1. Temperature dependences of zero-field-cooling (ZFC) and field-cooling (FC) magnetizations for TbPdAl in a magnetic field of 0.05 T. The inset shows the in a temperature range of 9–39 K. According to the Banerjee reciprocal magnetic susceptibility w1 versus temperature in a field of 0.05 T. criterion [20] a magnetic transition is expected to be of the J. Shen et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 323 (2011) 2949–2952 2951 −Δ

Δ

Fig. 4. Magnetic entropy change DSM as a function of temperature for TbPdAl for different magnetic field changes up to H¼5T.

values of DSM of TbPdAl are positive at temperatures below TN and under lower magnetic fields, but they change to negative values with temperature and applied field increasing due to the field-

induced AFM–FM transition. The negative values of DSM in the FM and the PM states result from magnetically more ordered config- uration, with an external magnetic field applied [21]. However, the

positive value of DSM in the AFM ordering is due to disordered magnetic sublattices antiparallel to the applied magnetic field [22].

A small positive value of DSM for TbPdAl indicates a weak dom- inance of AFM ordering at low temperatures. It can also be seen

from Fig. 4 that the DSMT curve exhibits a small peak around Tt, which is associated with the frustrated AFM structure [15,16]. When

the temperature is increased to TN, the field-induced AFM–FM transition leads to a large negative DSM. The maximum value of – Fig. 2. Isothermal magnetization (M) and dM/dH as functions of magnetic field for DSM is found to increase monotonically with applied magnetic field TbPdAl around TN. The inset shows the temperature dependence of the critical increasing and reaches a value of 11.4 J/kg K around TN for a field (B ) required for metamagnetic transition. C magnetic field change from 0 to 5 T, which is comparable to those of TbNiAl compound [5] and amorphous GdNiAl alloy [23], but it is

much larger than those of RAl2 (R¼Nd and Gd) compounds [24].The RC value of TbPdAl compound has also been calculated using the approachR suggested by Gschneidner et al. [25].TheRCisdefined T2 as RC¼ 9DSM9dT,whereT1 and T2 are the temperatures corres- T1

× ponding to both sides of the half-maximum value of DSM peak. The estimated RC value for TbPdAl is 350 J/kg with T1¼30.6 K (temperature of the cold reservoir) and T2¼69 K (temperature of the hot reservoir) for a field changing from 0 to 5 T. It is interesting × to note that although some compounds with a first-order phase

transition exhibit large DSM around their phase transition tempera- tures, their RC values are much smaller than that of TbPdAl due to

the fact that the DSM peaks of the first-order phase transition materials are relatively high and narrow; for instance ErCo2 exhibits a DSM value of 33 J/kg K, but an RC value of only 270 J/kg around its Curie temperature TC¼35Kforafieldchangeof0–5T(theRCvalue is estimated from the temperature dependence of DS in the Fig. 3. Arrott plots of TbPdAl at different temperatures. The inset displays M magnified Arrott plots in a temperature range of 9–39 K. literature) [26]. The relatively large DSM valueandtheconsiderable RC value around TN for TbPdAl are due to the high saturation magnetization caused by the field-induced metamagnetic transition. first-order when the slope of Arrott plot is negative, whereas it will be of the second-order when the slope is positive. It can be clearly seen from the inset of Fig. 3 that the Arrott plot of TbPdAl 4. Conclusions exhibits obviously a negative slope below TN, confirming the existence of the field-induced first-order AFM–FM transition. The TbPdAl compound orders antiferromagnetically below the

However, the positive slope above TN indicates a characteristic Ne´el temperature TN ¼43 K, accompanied with an additional first- of field-induced second-order FM–PM transition. order phase transition at Tt¼22 K. The compound is a weak The DSM of TbPdAl is calculated based on the isothermal antiferromagnet and undergoes a field-induced metamagnetic magnetization data. Fig. 4 shows –DSM as a function of temperature transition from AFM to FM state below TN, which gives rise to a for different magnetic field changes up to H¼5 T. It is found that the large MCE. Sign change of MCE from negative to positive with 2952 J. Shen et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 323 (2011) 2949–2952

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