EERI / Suraj Shrestha EERI / Suraj Shrestha EERI / Suraj Shrestha
April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks Performance of Cultural Heritage Structures
Suraj Shrestha Senior Engineer/ Urban Planner Dharan Sub-Metropolitan City Office
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
EERI Briefing Series of Videos
Introduction: Objectives, methodology, unique features, team – Bret Lizundia Nepal Earthquake: Geography, demographics, and general damage – Surya Shrestha Seismology and Ground Motion – Kishor Jaiswal Building Performance Part I: Building type overview, RC frame with masonry infill, and woodframe – Hemant Kaushik Building Performance Part II: URM bearing wall, postearthquake safety evaluation, barricades/shoring, school retrofits – Bret Lizundia Health Facility Performance – Judy Mitrani-Reiser and Hari Kumar Social, Psychological and Cultural Factors – Courtney Welton-Mitchell Geosciences – Jan Kupec Emergency Response – Ganesh Kumar Jimee Performance of Cultural Heritage Structures – Suraj Shrestha Building Codes – John Bevington Lifelines – Rachel Davidson Resilience and Community Case Studies – Chris Poland Summary of Findings – Bret Lizundia
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Traditional Town Planning of Ktm Valley
EERI / Suraj Shrestha Pulchowk Sankhamul
EERI / Suraj Shrestha
Swotha PATAN DURBAR SQUARE
Source: www.chinabuddhismencyclopedia.com Dharma Chakra EERI / Suraj Shrestha Case of Patan •Main streets in 2 cardinal EERI / Suraj Shrestha directions bounded by 4 Imadol Mounds-Dharma Chakra layout Lagankhel •Durbar Square-Central part
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Traditional Town Planning of Ktm Valley
Elements of Urban Planning (Case of Patan) EERI / Suraj Shrestha •Paths and Nodes-Main, secondary streets and funerary roads •Districts-Residential neighborhoods, e.g. Machindra Baha •Edges-Private residential squares, e.g. Nagh Baha •Landmarks-all nodes, districts and edges have temples or stupas
Swotha Narayan Temple at Swotha Node
EERI / Suraj Shrestha EERI / Suraj Shrestha EERI / Suraj Shrestha
Machindra Baha Nagh Baha Bhinche Baha
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Overview of Nepal’s Heritage Sites
Every Nepalese village has its shrine, and in Kathmandu, temples are central to community life. Prof. Madhab Gautam (TU) - “Kathmandu is a city for which the cultural sites are part of its skeleton. If you take them away, the city collapses.” (source: www.theguardian.com) Nepal’s World Heritage Sites Cultural • Kathmandu Valley: 7 Monument Zones-Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Patan Durbar Square, Hindu Temple of Pashupatinath and Changu Narayan and Buddhist stupa of Swayambhu and Boudhanath (1979) • Lumbini: the Birthplace of Lord Buddha (1997) Natural • Chitwan National Park (1984) • Sagarmatha National Park (1979)
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Typologies Of Heritage Structures
1. Traditional brick masonry with timber frame structures
Source: M.Shakya, H. Varum, R. Vicente & A. Costa “Structural Vulnerability of Nepalese Pagoda Temples”
Base Stone
EERI / Suraj Shrestha
Beam, Bracket & Column
Plank & Batten EERI / Suraj Shrestha EERI / Suraj Shrestha EERI / Suraj Shrestha Kathmandu DS Wedges EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Typologies Of Heritage Structures
2. Brick masonry structures in lime or mud mortar (Bhimsen Tower – “Vajra” made up of brick dust, lime, black lentils and caramel)
EERI / Suraj Shrestha EERI / Suraj Shrestha Kathmandu DS Kathmandu DS Source: www.en.wikipedia.org
Bhimsen Tower- Source: www.rediff.com Before and After Kal Mochan Temple Earthquake in Tripureshwor Source: www.mashable.com
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Typologies Of Heritage Structures
3. Made from stone
Source: Prof. S.R. Tiwari/ Temples of Nepal Valley
Source: www.cctv-america.com Vatshala Devi Temple of Bhaktapur DS-Total
EERI / Suraj Shrestha collapse Krishna Temple Section of in Patan DS Krishna Temple
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Architecture Of Heritage Structures
Source: Prof. S.R.Tiwari/ Temples Tiered/Pagoda style of Nepal Valley Stupa/Chaitya style Shikhara style
Tiered/Pagoda Stupa Shikhara
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Extent Of Impact
In famous Durbar Squares, damage is less than some media reports imply. Still, scale is huge: Nearly 750 monuments damaged, with approximately half collapsed Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Sites: Out of 7 Monument Zones, 5 suffered damage
EERI / Suraj Shrestha EERI / Suraj Shrestha EERI / Suraj Shrestha Bhaktapur DS Patan DS Kathmandu DS
Changu Swayambhu Narayan Temple Source: honeyguideapps.com EERI / Suraj Shrestha
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Extent of Impact
Post Disaster Need Assessment (Government of Nepal, 2015) Cultural Heritage Total Disaster Effects: NRs. 19,223 million (US $193 million) • Damage: NRs. 16,910 million (US $170 million) • Losses: NRs. 2,313 million (US $23 million) Cultural Heritage Total Needs: NRs. 20,553 million (US $206 million) • Cultural Heritage accounts for 3.1% of US $6.7 billion total needs for all sectors.
Source: sikkanet.com Source: www.cnn.com Damaged Kathmandu DS A Buddha Statue covered in debris in Bhaktapur DS
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Damage Patterns
Performance of monuments varies
Source: www.un.org Source: www.kathmandulivinglabs.org EERI / Bret Lizundia Chyasilin Mandap in Bhaktapur DS- Patan DS-Before and After Earthquake seismically strengthened and undamaged
Source: EERI / Suraj Shrestha EERI / Suraj Shrestha EERI / Suraj Shrestha www.artbynatashajade.wordpress.com Similar Temples- Anantapur Temple (Superstructure collapsed) and Pratappur Kathmandu DS-Before and After Earthquake Temple (Plinth damage) of Swayambhu
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Damage Patterns
Brick masonry with timber frame structures performed better than massive brick masonry structures in lime or mud mortar Tall structures on narrow bases collapsed Compression & shear failure of masonry on corners and walls at the base thus narrowing the base, tipping over the structure and leading to collapse Low amplitude ground motion in the short period range is less damaging to low rise masonry buildings.
EERI / Suraj Shrestha EERI / Suraj Shrestha A temple in Kathmandu DS Low rise temples in Kathmandu DS EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Damage Patterns
Top level of some tiered temples collapsed probably due to top heaviness
EERI / Suraj Shrestha
Source: Shashank Shrestha/ ventzine.co EERI / Suraj Shrestha Taleju Temple in Nine storey palace Patan DS in Kathmandu DS JayaBageshwori Temple at Gaushala
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Damage Patterns
Some examples of pounding observed
EERI / Suraj Shrestha
Palace premises near Nasal EERI / Suraj Shrestha Chowk in Kathmandu DS
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Good Performance
Restored monuments performed well
EERI / Suraj Shrestha 55 Windows Palace in Bhaktapur DS
EERI / Suraj Shrestha Bhimsen Temple in Patan DS EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Good Performance
Most of the Tiered temples with wide plinth base performed well despite some examples of bad performances.
EERI / Suraj Shrestha
Taleju Bhawani temple in Kathmandu DS EERI / Suraj Shrestha
Source: www.retro-blogging.blogspot.com Nyatapola in Bhaktapur DS- Complete collapse of Maju Dega built in 1702 survived Great Temple in Kathmandu DS- EQs of 1833, 1934 & 2015 Before and After Earthwuake
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Good Performance
Stupas performed relatively well, perhaps due to their dome shapes
Source: explorehimalaya.com Source: twiggietruth.wordpress.com Boudhanath Stupa after EERI / Suraj Shrestha Swayambhu Stupa- Other April 12 and May 25 EQ monuments collapsed, but main stupa still stands.
A small stupa near Swayambhu EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Good Performance
Pashupati Nath Temple It isn't very tall, so it may have been less affected by long period ground motion. Timber frame structure/wooden wedges connect the parts. Lighter weight at the top and heavier at the bottom. Has been renovated many times because of its
importance and revenue generation capacity EERI / Suraj Shrestha Bottom copper and golden roof is wide Pashupati Nath enough to prevent rain and sunlight from Temple making direct impact on wooden structures of the temple frame, thus minimizing deterioration of the temple.
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Reasons for Failure
Quality of materials and construction (wooden wedges vs nails, brick quality) Poor maintenance and deterioration (e.g. rotted wood, loose capitals): Repeatedly reported as a cause of damage But is this the only reason? Possible other reasons Failure of joints Inadequate seismic features (like stiffness, strength)
EERI / Suraj Shrestha EERI / Suraj Shrestha Poor quality of bricks in a neo-classical Rotted timber taken out from a heritage structure in Kathmandu DS collapsed temple in Kathmandu DS EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Possible Reasons for Failure of Walls
Source: Prof. S.R. Tiwari/ Temples of Nepal Valley De-lamination of the multi- layered walls Bulging of the stiffer face brick shell Soft story at ground floor level
Source: Matthias Beckh Typical Wall-section EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Possible Other Reasons for Failure
Age of the building
Source: www.en.wikipedia.org Source: shailendrabangshi.blogspot.com
Char Narayan Temple in Patan DS built on 1565 AD- Before and After Earthquake
EERI / Suraj Shrestha EERI / Suraj Shrestha Kasthamandap in Kathmandu DS built out of a single Sal tree in early 16th century. M0st timber is from that period.
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Possible Other Reasons for Failure
Topography effect (hilltop vs base) Geological condition (water table, thickness of lake sediment, proximity of bedrock to the surface) Source: albinger.me
EERI / Suraj Shrestha
Source: www.konviktion.wordpress.com
Taumadhi square in Bhaktapur suffered less damage probably due to soil nature
Hilltop Effect on Swayambhu EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Issues in Rebuilding
Key question: Rebuild with traditional techniques and materials or include some form of enhancement? Positive side Plenty of available artists/ masons Guthi: Community based management
EERI / Suraj Shrestha
Source:www.en.wikipedia.org Mr. Amrit Man Buddhacharya, a member of An artist involved in wood Swayambhu Management and Conservation carving Committee EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Issues In Rebuilding
DOA staff size to manage the scale (1 Architect, 13 Engineers, 12 Archeologists, 3 Sub-Engineers, 4 Lower level supervisors) Lack of proper documentation and record of art and artifacts/ Lack of drawings (both architectural and structural) of monuments Reaching consensus on plans on how to rebuild • Expert advice desired but how to reach consensus? Funding issues • Foreign donors and agencies pledged more than $3 billion in aid in a donor conference held in Kathmandu on June 25, 2015 but its proper utilization should be ensured Technological issues
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Recommendations
Pilot study vs. large program Repair guidelines (Norms/ Standards) needed Material testing warranted for Quality assurance Strong motion instruments would help improve understanding of behavior Analytical modeling recommended Shake table testing of repair, retrofit solutions Research studies on underlying reasons of good and bad performance of monuments needed to verify effectiveness of local traditional technology and materials
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
References
● Tiwari, S.R. , “Temples of the Nepal Valley,” Himal Books, Kathmandu, 1989 ● Wolfgang Korn, “The Traditional Architecture of the Kathmandu Valley”, Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathmandu, Nepal, 1989 ● Matthias Beckh, 2006, “Traditional Construction Techniques of the Newars at the Itum Baha Monastery in Kathmandu” , Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Construction History, Exeter 2006 ● M.Shakya, H. Varum, R. Vicente and A. Costa, 2012,“Structural Vulnerability of Nepalese Pagoda Temples,” 15th WCEE, World Conference on Earthquake Engineering ● Bijaya Jaishi, Wei-Xin Ren, Zhou-Hong Zong and Prem Nath Maskey, 2003, “Dynamic Analysis of Old Multi-Tiered Temples in Nepal” IMAC, XXI, “A Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics” ● Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission, “Nepal Earthquake 2015: Post-Disaster Needs Assessment: Executive Summary (PDNA),” Kathmandu ● “How did Pashupatinath Temple survive the Great Earthquake of Nepal?”, 2015 (online), www.honeyguideapps.com
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
More Information: Reports, Data & Photos http://www.eqclearinghouse.org/2015-04-25-nepal/
Visit EERI’s Virtual Clearinghouse Website for: Geolocated Data Map Photo Gallery Team Report (available in late summer 2015) Reports from other teams & organizations Curated Topic Posts Thanks to my Virtual Team Collaborator, Camilla Favaretti, who uploaded my photos to the EERI map
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the following individuals and organizations who supported my reconnaissance effort: EERI’s Learning from Earthquakes Program for travel and logistic support NSET for coordination, logistics, and linkages to local individuals and organizations in Nepal Dharan Sub-Metropolitan City Office for granting me the leave to participate in the team EERI LFE Team Members for the discussion and intellectual stimulation during the visit that enhanced my thinking and findings Prof. Dr. S.R. Tiwari, Prof. P.N. Maskey for sharing their views Ram Gopal Shrestha from Bhaktapur Municipality, Rohit Ranjitkar from KV Preservation Trust, Sampat Ghimire & Devendra Bhattarai from DOA, Amrit Man Buddhacharya from Swayambhu Management and Conservation Committee for guiding the tour to the damaged sites Bret Lizundia for reviewing the content
EERI LFE Briefing for the April 25, 2015 Nepal Earthquake and Aftershocks