Goat Milk in Human Nutrition

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Abfrrct Goat Tift adin prodpc of yoglul cbccsc ad powdcr bllE thrFfold dgdficancc ia hnu+r mrilio: (l) &cng tdq{tn{ b tu dcvclopilg wodd t'en fron cou, nilg tcadngpcople ry-P 1taftl"8 "{ rub tZl di@i *i6; Tlry-{bqcs ind ga$T4EsdDal asoracrs" u{&ir.h is a sigrifcaqt s4ncot in nay popubdos of.-&tcl@ oorltrcs;ed q) flIiDg fre gstroEornic neds of cunoisscur costn€ra urtich is a grof irg rrrlret rbarc in nany &idqcd Cgnccraing (t) rary nschiepto\rcncut'inmilL yield udlact$onlcog& of dairyge$s,cspcclOyiir Oevaoltrg;G""gg1d.* nugtbc.aootttFtr$od tbruSb bcttre&rcadon/socodo!, fec&g andgencdss. Cosccdegf2), tidsrntfaccd nodic{ r*cue to'prorridc cvidcne aha promotmat fasts brs bccn cooduac4 hrt is vcry urrch DFc&d toic&n dcd6nril l8ainstgoa8rrndafistandaetbcnanyoat'calapedrecsabmtbcncdicalbcoc66fimgodri{&cruunptoawU &oundirtndcpttilicaionsandthopoprlaprcss" eoatsharcneq{dArcCftrcnccsinrnu'lmf,physfoilogl ndF961 biochcoisayAromshccpedcafilgrreichqppottsfuemcodmOfDryuni$sErafnicsofekygodp*6rhttr1a nridm" Cmning (3), a fuv eoutrbs lib Eranbc bnrc pionccrcd a vcry welt-orguizd lldrsEy of Spd niq prrqdn€er. Pmcclgirg, nrdcdag; Dronodou odrpscge, whichbas crced a stsmg asnlncselicohle[Lg io poFcr&mEy, tt $o.*y-unchobe cqicd fuec $rusal b.1c6,P qt-q$"* md toat nilkpro&rces,Thc pysoloei;-d biochcmicalfrctsofecridErcgdlitbsofgodn&{€insrbqdy}norynrnlhnlcexpbnrE gspgd{y;dtcUbfarrfs iDsortqlkofchortaad.ncrlhrnch{nftqracids,uti*-lavcrccipizoancdcd.'ahr&fri;ddffi-dru; !.op$fUoqymccptoftailcnrt-qfoo$ tobcFcrtthsannccdshasDtb€coqUicaogoqni[,odfspodncrrl er,olbcrriscthccdrichmcntofshortaadmcdiumcbqinfrttyaddshtodhillq,qdfuir8lcatlrcilcconrato;omr*d; cowbrc4cauldhavebccmsavalucdcmnucr*tcm Atsorwisionsohadictuyremncodalioslbflads;-trii.. 6e bcalth bcncfir of sme cescutirl tr rypcts rbc idca of pmoting sclh'hiltrc vffte god yo*-t, g".t *cercrE goatrnilt'povdcraewidcly4prcciacdmnd6cwod4godMcrisnotFodrcdu5nrtcrcclnncrclanyitsrgd6E-- vdrrna O N3 Rlbli@ by Escricr B.V. fcyro*W,nilqlWim lv.lrciSbdtEdrcdiuocllintry*idqCqrydtaXcq5r,CrodebclqGdEilkporqa;GodtotE

L Introdlction ences (Cruncc and Chabert, 200Q:Boyazogh nId Mordd-&b, ?fiL; Ilsldtr ed Fabny, Ugq Ttc irnpoqnoe of g@ts as providccs qud the tfaeqt-dn, 1992,?o01; Morod-fthq aud Bofazogh, wuld of css€Drial food b mcd ed dairy ptoducts f99q Rr{rim ct aL, 1999). Ttis iqpgtqs.is &D has been discosscd qd doconcnrcd in nany receat rcflcctcd- in.ep lgg9st rrirnal mDbcc incrcas fu Foeecdtgs of ndonal d intmcionat codef. gBats fung 6e hst 20 les (EAO, 2001), C&blG l) ard the lrgpst irs€ase in goat ni& pco&ction t*, ' ltl: *l-30l-8il l-?J,ln., tut *l-g0?-{J31-?8],,. Dage conpacd to othcr rnrrrrmafien &m aniimdr E*adt &e*' [email protected] (G.F.W. grcofia). Mlkptorbcion of goats is likclyto bemrchgrcer G.EW. Hrenlek/Snull fufipttt Research 51 p0Aq 155-t63 ts7

proteins against which antibodies in animal experi- cow milk and some goat milk" However, gulnea pigs ments have been deNnonstrated (Ilanson and Mansson, fed goatnilk without this polymorph btrt instead with 1961). B-Lactoglobulin is not present in buman milk a-s-2-casein showed only n NEo an allergic reaction, and has tferefore been assrmed to be the most offend- which lead to the conclusion that goat milk lacking ing protein in cow millc, however comparative studies c-s'l-casein is less allergenic than othcr goat milk showed no difre,rcncd betwecn the allergenicity of For goat breeding prograns, this new knowledge p-lactoglobulin and caseins @uqgin-Wolfr et al., could be a cballenge and rewarding, especially since 1980; Taylor, 1986). In actual clinical skin prick-tests selection for or against a-s:l-casein is norr p:acticed on 21 adult and 13 infant patients with suspected in some countries, because of difre,rences in cbeese cow milk allergies, cr-lacidhnnin caused tbe most yield ant renneting (Rereuf, 1993; Moioli er al., positive slcin reactions. Ten ofthe 13 infants sho\ped 1998). Croat milk with the genetic trait of low or positive leactions, while only 5 of the 2l ailults re- no c-s-l-casefu\ but inst€ad with c-s-2-casein, has acted (Kaisa, 1990). Of these 5 adule, only one . less ctrrd yield, longer r€nnet coagulation time, more hgd,a weak lg$-titer (FT rSA) against cr-lactatbumin heat lability, and wealcer qrrd frmness, which also Horever, seven of tbe infants sho\iled positive RAST may explain the benefie in digestibi[ty in the burnan tegts ageinst whole rnilk with different trevels of digestive tract (Ambrosoli et al", 1988). IgG-titers against any or all five major rnilk pro- 6qat milk as a zubstiffie for corv vnilk was shrd- lains. The highest titer of 1:3200 was found against ied in 38 children during a 5 momhs pqiod Mack, a-s-casein and P-casein in u infant 2.5 years old, 1952). The chi-ldrren on goat rnilk nrpassed those on ,which was trcated againstproblems of rcsorption with cou' 'nilk in weight gain" heigbq skelctal nineraliza. a hlryosensibilization tbcrapy. Crenerally, Igc-titers tion, and blood s€rum contents of Vitamin A, calciunl, wcre highcr against cascins than against whey thiarnin, riboflavin" niacin and henoglobin Similar proteins. f,ndingc were obtalncd in sbdies wi&nts (Pa* et al., Cow milk allergy is considcred a oomrnon disease 1980. In Flrench clinical sfiirdies orm 2O years with with a prevalen en of 2,.5% in children druing the first 3 corv milk alergypaticnts the concluqion was that sub. *undeniabld' yeaA of life @r;sinco and Bcllanti, 1993), occuning in stiotion with goat "'irt was follored by l2-3O% of iqfrnts less rhan J 6p6fts old (Ia,tlre et aL, iqprovements (Sab.hh et d., 199).In otbcr Fuench 1982),,with an orrcrall freArency in Scandinavia of exe,nsive clinical snrdies witb chil&en altergicto co\il 7-8% (gost et aL, 1988), eryc,lr as hi$r as 20% in some rnillg tbe treamcnt with goat mitk pro&rced positive ueas (Nestle, 1987), and reported in Italy in 3% of rcsults in93% of the chil&in andwas reconnended chitdrenuruler Zyeat o{age @evilacqua et al., 2000). as a valuable aid in child nutrition bccause ofless aller- Tleatnent with goat niitt rcsOvea betwecn 30 and g€Nlicity andbctt€r digestibility thrn ** .iit 6"1o.*t 40% of &e problan cascs; and in one pctianlar srudy aod FabEe, 1997; Fabre, L997;Gl:zc{,idc tef1. 49 of 55 tcated chil&en be,nefited frml traah€Nlr wirh InSpanisU strdies withrars, whichhad50% of &eir goat rnifk. "of distal smatt intestine rcmovedby rescction" sinufating The wide vaibty genetic pollmorphisms the paihological condition of malabsorption slndrone, (Cnoactau&, 1995) of thc diftrent cascins and whey the feiding of geat 4Ik instead of cosr milk as pan prcteins adds o thc oomplexity ef 1Ss sear milk allergy of the dict Fsult€d in significantly higb€r digestibil- sioation aqdOmUry to d€t€rmine which proteinis ity and absolption of itm and co1ryrcr, thus preventing mainly rccponsiblc fora allmgic rcaction" Howev€r, anania@crionucvo €t aL,2002). Also inthese snrd- it,has nw been shovm that this genetic protein dfircr- ies, theutiliation of fat ardweightgain was inproved sity may acnrally tretpidentify which protein is the al- with goat milk in tb dict, co'mpacd to qow milk, and qf lergen, if ge,netic polyrmorphisns 'nilk proteins ue levets of choleqtc,rol were redrce4 wtile tiglycedde, qpecificslty.used for clinical tcsts (Bwifacqua et aL, IIDL, GOT and GPT vaftres remained nomal (Alfe,rez 2000). Grinea pigs had dlergic rpactions to goat millc et aL, 2001). It was concluded tbat the consunption of with a-s-1-casein, similar to cow milk, which only goat milk rc&lces lotal cholestcrol lerrels and tb LDL has this protein polfmspb, and whicb may explain frastion because of the hi&er prcsenoe of mcdium tbc eommonly formd cross-immunc reaction be,we€n chain triglycerides (MCT) Q6% itgqat rnilk versus G.EW: Hacrrlch/Snall P.rlrlnlrr.glnt Research il PA04) 155-163

B-, x-caseins, p-lactoglobulin, a-lactalbunin, tnrt they Table 3 differ in genetic polfnorpbisms aod their frequencies -Alrcragp anim acid cornposition (g^00g Eilk) in prucins of goat and nilk ad Orr, f976) in goat populations (Martin, 1993; Grosclaude, 1995; cw @os*i Jordana et al., 1996). The.pre.sence of the a-s-l-casein Go6r Cow Dfierencc (%) bait has been studied much in Ecent years, when it milk mi& fq goat milk was discovered that it has six difrerent types, A B, C, Essential anino acids E, Fand"bull" in goatmilk In cow mi[q a-s-l-casein Trl44ophan 0.044 0.0{6 Threonioe 0:f63 0.r'19 +9 is the major cr-s-casein. The 'bull'type or absence in Isobncinc O2lfl 0.1!r9 +4 some goat milk means tbat in difrerent goats thc ma- bucie 03f4 o322 jor (a-s-casein is the ct-s-2-casein vaiant. but which Lysine Or9l) u26t +11 has diffcrent digestibility and cleose naking proper- lfidhiooirc 0.080 0.(n3 Cltdnc lXl46 ocx) ties (Remenf, 1993). The differrences in genetic 6pes +s4 Pbcoylalarirc 0.155 0.159 are due to amino acid substiortions in the protein Tlrodoe O.l7!, 0.1!t9 +13' cbains, which in urn are responsible for the differ- Vdtue 024/0 0,cm +9 c,nces in digestibility, cheese uraking properties and No.ccscotiat anino acids flavors of goat qritk products (Rystad cr aL, 1990), Argioinc O.l 19 0.119 but &e anino acid substihilions also enable tbe detec- Hictidiac 0.089 0.G9 tion of even snall amounts of afrrlteration with sow Alahe 0.llE 0.113 milk (Aschatrenburg aud Dance, 1968; Amigo ct al., Aspddc.cid 0210 0.250 f989).In a study of x-caseindigeetion,2T difremces Gluasic acid 0.626 0.6t9 Ctrycirc 0.050 0.fro in aoino acid seqirence betwcen cow and goatmilk ca- Prolire 0368 0.319 scin nacropeptidcs wcre fomd (Merciq et aL,ln6). S€ri[c ol$ 0.179 Peptides formed Aomgoat gilk casein by poteases tasted much less bigerrhan tho,scfromcorv millr casein '(Pelissier ad Manchon, 196). Cascin micelles, the fom of cascin molecule suspendcdin goat milk, also 4. Comparative fat omposition of goat milk difrcr mirdcedly from cou' milk in less complete sedi- p-casein rcntation rale, grcater solubili:zation, smaller Amuch overlookpd comlronent in Soat milk is its size of micelle, mse calcium and pbospbnrs, less fat or lipid contcnr Avcrage goat milk ftt differs in -,solvation, and los' heat stability (Jenness, 1980). cont€nts of its fatty aci& sipificantly frrom avcnage . Average amino acid compositim of goat and cow 6snr rnilk fat (Ienress, 1980), being much, higbcr in milk, as published in officid USDA tables, shows .buqrric (O4:0), cExoic (C6:0), caprylic (C8S), capric higher levels of 6 of the l0 essential amino acids: thre- (C10:0), luuic (C12O), mydstic (Cl4O), palnitic onine, isoleucine, lysine, cystine, t''rosine, valine in (Cl6S), linoleie (C18:2), but lon'er in stcaic (Cl8:0),. goat nilk (Posati and Otr, 1976) (Tabl'e 3). lbcir com- and oleic rcid (C18:1) Gable 4). Thrcc of tbp MCT parative net$olic efrects barrc not been sardied much (C6414) have acorally be€n nan€d after goats; be- in goat '"'itt, hs this aould aid in the interyrctrtion of cause of thcir prodoninamein goat mi*. some of the tapirical beneficiat.effects of goat milk in Cagric, cqprylic acids and,MCf have become e- human nutrition In sardies witl rats, which had mal- tablishd nedical treebmcnts fc an anay of clinical absorption syndnomcs, it was found that.goat rnillr im- disord€$, including nalabsgrpdon syn&omcs, chy. proved theinte$inal absorption of copper, wbich was Iurira, steatorrhea, lpatipoproteinenia intestinal attibuled to tbe higher oontents of cysteine (dedved lesection, pr€Nnature infant fecding, non-thriftinqss fron cystire) in goat nilk (83mg/lO0g,l than in oon' of children, infaat malnudtioq qprlepsy, cystic fi- mttk (28m811009 @ariionuevo ct aL,2W2). Ovetr brosis, cffonary by-pass, and gallstones, because of allr the adrlt daily dietary nutrient recomme,ndations theiruiquerirctabolic abtlity to prrorride direct cneqgr for esscntial amino acids would be met equally or e,x- inst€ad of being depoeitcd in adipose tissues, ad ceedod by a O5l goat milk compared to becauee of their actions of lowddng serum cboles- ow millc (NRC, 196E). t€nol, inhibiting and limiting cholesterol deposition G.EW. Hacrrlein/SllzaL fun irrolilt Resealr,n il P004) 155-163

Wlett and Stampfer (2m3) clearly states that "some Babayao, V.IL, 1981. lvlcdium chain lcnglh fatty acid csters and faa are healthy for the heart". their nodical and aotsitional applicdioos. J. As. Oil Chem. Soc. 59, 49A-5lA- I Bgrionucvo, M., Alferca MJ.tvL, Ircpcz Niaga, L, Srnz Sampeldyo, l'l'R, Caryos, M.S- [email protected] effect of goat 5. Other unique compon€nts in goat milk milkon outsitive utilizatioa of iros md cqpcrin malabsorption q'odrcme. J. Dairy Sot 85. 657&. ' Therc are a number of unique physiological and BectL T., 19E9. fus Milk, the Naturd Altem*irrc vit. 6f07. T&&I Beck hblistrcss, I(cortbk, Wcsten AusEalia, p. 160. anatomical differences benreen goats and conrs which Se'rilacqua, C., Mdti& P- Cuda& C, Fauguant, L, Piot, lvt, translatc composition goat into differences in of mitk Bouvicr, F., Moftedi, E", Pilla, F., IIqmao, tvl,2000. Alagic and its pro&rcts (Haenldn, 1992, 19%,2001). This . sco3itizatio to ni& proteis iD guinca pgs ed cow mi& aod was alrcady recognized by tbc Go* MIk Task Force goat silts of diftreot glootlTca. In: Crmncc, L., Chabcrt, Y. of the National Conference on Interstate Milk Ship (Eds.), Procccdings of tbe Scrrcoth Inicmational Confcrc,nce on Cods, vol IL l$tifidc do fEbtagp, lbors, Bacc''p. Sl4; ments (NCIMS, USA) (Atherlon, 1983) and lead to Bryazogb L, Morm&Fcbq P., 2001. l{cditsnaocan dairy shccp impqtant decisions by this governing body of tb r a[d goat groducts and their guality, A siticd rcvforw. SEall US dairy idlstry toq,ards setting sepanfe standards Rumia" Rc* ilO, 1-ll. for goat milk from cow milk for butter frt content Brrccgitr-Wotfi, A., SiS!€r, E- Iniae$ C-lt, B€rger,R, Birbauncr, rnininum,, solids-not-fat contelrt, somatic cell count A., Jusg !v!, 19E0. Thc diagDodic aignificaoce ofantibodics to naxitnun, method for only nucleated cells in mi& rrcios ow's milk Fotcirs. Eur. 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Irst NdL Rpch" Ag!o& PubL Pdis, hance, Fdy.cid onpoeffm of cqirc pilb mjos hucbsl-cnain" p.l2Ll%. aod Elos tuy acid& J. Dairy Sci" 8a a7ESt4. FAO, 1990. Prorhcrion Ycqtoo& 1990. Food & Agiicultuc eeocolt R;Di $aeio, L" Mazzoctt, P. 198E. Coucot of c-s-l Orgoiz$os of fu U!ftci Ndions, vol 44. Stilistbal Scrics" c.sch ed coagutdm lropcrdcs in ged Dilk I. Dsiry Sci" Ronc, Italy, p. 2a3. 7t,2h2E. FAO, 1994. hodnctioo Yeoto* 194. Food & Agiculnne Amigq L., Ihirca, L, Fcoadcz, C. Saotamde G. Ramos, lv!., ot'galritafios of tp Uaird Na$oqs, vol 48. Sad$ical Scrics, 1989. Coryicol of o clccirtryhoraic od imnuological Roc, Italy, p. 243. mahod fc tb dcuoinatio of goat od cow mittr in cheesa FAO, 2001. Prroduction Yc$ook 199. Food & Agdcdturc Mitchc,isscosc.h 4, 2lS-218. . Orgaaizdion of tbe Uaitcd Nadoos, vol 53. Satistical Scrics A8clufictrbu& R. hcc J.E., 196E. Dercrioo of conr's milk in No. 156, Rorc, Italy, p,251. goat's mi& by gel slccbopholtsis. J. Ddiry Rcs. 35, 3E3. Frem4 G. (Ed.), lgyl. lnt€rc* lihlritionnel ct Daetiqre du Irit a6clton, Ev. 1983. RcDorr of 6e NCIlvlS Goat MilkThskForce de Chcrnr, vol tl. I!$. N.L R!ch. Agon Pubt- Pdis, Fn@, (dth addcoda). Mmco, p. ?. P. 199. G.F.W Haenlein/SnaU Rtotinaltt Rcseateh 5I (20U) 155*163 163

P., Reinqt, Fahr, A., lW.IJtilisation du lait de chevrc clr€z Scnvabc, A.D,, Bemett, L.R, Bouman, LP., 196,4- Octatoic acid I'enhnr Expericnce de Ctcbil. Ia: Proccedings of &e Colloquc absorptio atrd oxidation in bumans. I. Appl. Physiol. 19,335- Inbrets NutsitioDnel ct Dictttiguc du Lait dc Cbsvre, rlot 337. 81.r hsr NaL RtrlL Agru. hbl., Paris, hance, pp, lfg. Sanz Saryelayq MI-, PcEz, L, lvtdtitr Alonsq LJ. Aimigo, L, t2t. Boza J.,2002, Eficcts of coDccntrates with difcrcnt contents Rcmcuf, F., 1993. Iniucnce du potynorphisrc gcnaique de la of protecteA fu dch in PUFAs on thc pcrfonnance lactating casoine c;s-l caprine sur lcs caratcristigucs physico-cbimiques Crra,nadiDa goats. Pdt IL'MiIk producrion and composition. ct acbnologiqrs du lait. ldt73,549-557. Ssall Rumil Rcs.43, l4I-148. Razafindrakoto, O., Ravelomanam, N,, Rasolofo, A- TantitrhsAryanangiol P., Hashin, S.A., l9?5. Medium+hain Rakotoqinanasa R.D,, Gorrguc, P., CoSnin, P., Eriend, r{., triglfaidc fccdilg iu prcn8nrc infants: eEeas on frt and Desjcu* J.F., 1993. Le lait do chcvre pcut-il tuplacer le lait nitrogeo absosfliol. Pediafiics 55, 359-3?0. & vacbe cb I'eoftnt rralDEEi? Lair 73, 60l{11. lantibhcdhyathogbt P., llashin, SA- 1978. fvlediu*chain Rubino, R. Mord'Fcbq P., Raicri, C., PcEaz& C., Suri, F.!vl, tigb,ccridc fccdirg in pEcnatuc idntg: c.fiects on calciun 199. Epical Foducts of ttc srull rlrDinart sccq and tbe ud nagcsfurn absoredos. Pediarics 6f, 59-545. &ctos afiectiog tlFir qualiry. Snall RuEin. Rcs. 34, 23$ Taylc, SJ-, 1p$f. rnmunologic aad allcrgic proeerties of conr's n2. milrr protoirrs il bmns. J. Food Protection 49,239-.ZSA. Rystrd, G., Kmtsco, WJ., Abraharuscn, RIC, 1990. Efiect of Watker, V,, f964. Thcrapcutic uscs of goat -t& in rnodcrn tbreonirc and glyeinc oo tho rcctalde.h:rde fcmation in gpat's ncdicilc. In: Procccdings of the Iaemadonal Conftrence on yogbua milk J. D€iry Res. 57,40t-411. Croats. British God Socicry Publishcrs, Londoo, UK p. 53. Sabbah, .d, I{assoun, S., Drouct, NL, 19E7. L'alecgie su lait de Wil€tt, Vf.C. Staspfts, fvt.l, 2003. Rcbuilding tbc food pyraoi4 vacbc ct sa subctitution pd b t it dc dcrrre" In: hoccedings Sci AE 2tE (l),64-71. of thc Colloqrro Intercts Nurftiooncl ct Dictetiqoe du Lait dc ?c',g, S.S., 1996. Comparisoo of golt trilk standards with cow Chcvrc, rol Ef, hst Nat Rcch. Agon. PubL, kdg fran€, milkstaDdards fcraalyscs of somatic cell conu, frt and protcin pp. lll-I18. in god milk- SDaII RoEiD. Rps. 21, XLI-2?f..