JJT. Classiftcatlon. 14

IT. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVERWORTS. are devided into two groups, Liverworts and Mosses. Liverworts are simplest and pioneering group of land . The first comprehensive account of classification was given by Nees Von Essenbeck (1833-1838) - an earlier German Bryologist in his Naturgeschichte der europaischen Labermoose. After that, Gottsch, Lindenberg and Nees (1844- 1847) published a classical work on bryophytes in Synopsis Hepaticarum. Later, Stephani (1898-1924) wrote ^Species

Hepaticarusi' , Endlicher (1841) classified the Hepaticae as follows:

ORDO - Ricciaceae s.str,,Corsinia,Sphaerocarpos, etc.

ORDO - Anthocerotae, Anthocerox , Manioc lea , Calobryut» ,

ORDO - Targioniaceae, Targionia, Cyathodium ORDO - Marchantiaceae, (equivalent to sub-order Marchantiinae).

ORDO - Jungermanniaceae, su-b-divided into the following genera." - I. Frondosae. 1. Metzgerieae : Metzger ia.

2. Aneureae '• Riccardia,, An ear a

3. Haplolaeneae : , Slasia^ Synphyogyria .

4. Diplomitrieae : Blyttia (Pal lav icxv ia f- ftoerckia) ,

5. Codonieae '• FossorsbroTiia,

II. Jubuleae - iejeunear Phragmicomaf Frullania, Jabula,

Pore 1 la f Radula, etc.

IV. Mastigophoreae - Sendtrisra (- ilastiQophBrki^ii^erhtrrYta. 15

V. Trichomanoideae - Lepidoziaceae, Calypogiaceae + Pleurosia. VI. Geocalyceae - Geongylanthus^ GeocalyXf Saccogyna .

VII. Jungermannideae - Chiloschyphus, Harpanthus, iophocoiea.(including Lophozia, Aplozia, Cephalozia etc.)

VIII. Gjonnomitria - Mar supe 2 la, Nordia, Gyanom itr XOTI , Haplomitr iuvi. The above classification has resemblance to that adopted by Gottsch, Lindberge and Nees in the Syttopsis Hepaticarum (1844-1847). This system was revised by Lindberge (1875) in his "Hepaticae iri hibernia mansee Juiii lectae" . Certain innovations are striking particularly the derivation of the Foliose at diverse points from the thallose Jungeremanniales. Lindberge's system was based on an earlier system in which three divisions were adopted as follows: I. Jungermanniaceae. II. Marchantiaceae. A. Merchantieae a. Eumarchantieae. b. Targionieae. B. Ricciaceae. III. Anthocerotaceae. Lindberge (1875) has adopted this system as follows: I. Marchantiaceae. A. Schizocarpae : Marchantiaceae, Targioniaceae. B. Cleistocarpae : Corsinieae, Ricciaceae, 11. Jungermanni aceae. A. Schi zocarpae. 16

a. Anomogamae. 1. Frullanieae : Frullaniaceae, Lejeuneacaeae, Radulaceae, Porellaceae, Pleuroziaceae. 2. Metzgerieae : Hetzg^r ia. b. Homogamy. 1. Opi sthogamae. i. Lepidozieae : Lepido2iaceae, Odontochis -maceae, Cephaloziaceae, Lophocoleaceae. ii. Saccogyneae : Calypogeiaceae, Southbyaceae. iii. Riccardieae : Riccardiaceae. 2. Acrogamae. iv. Blepharozieae : Ptilidiaceae. V. Jungermanleae : Jungermanniaceae, Lopho -ziaceae, Scapaniaceae. Vl. Acrobolbeae •• Acrobolbus ^ Gongylanthu-:. vii. Fossombronieae : , except Riccardia , Met^rger ia and Calobryales. B. Cleistocarpae.

1. Sphaerocarpeae : RiellSf Sphserocurpos.

2. Thallocarpeae : Thai locar pus (=Ricc.in curtisii). III. Anthocerotaceae 1. Anthoceroteae. Schiffner (1917) pointed out that the genera and species of Lindberge's (1875) system were arranged in a descending pattern i.e. the Anthoceroteae were considered as the primitive while the Marchantiaceae the most complex. The imperfection of this system was largely resolved by Hofmeister (1851) and Leitgeb (1874-1881). Leitgeb^ made some improvements in Schiffner's (1893-1895) system which 17 are as follows: I. . 1. Ricciaceae. 2. Corsiniaceae. 3. Marchantiaceae. a. Astroporae : Cleveaceae, b. Operculatae : Grimaldiaceae. c. Targionieae : Targioniaceae. d. Compositae Marchantiaceae, Conocephalaceae, Lunulariaceae. II. Jungermanniales. 1. Jungermanniales anakrogynae. a. Sphaerocarpideae. b. Rielloideae. c. Metzgerioldeae : Aneuraceae, Metzgerlaceae.

d. Leptotheceae : Moerck in, P^il laviciri ia, e. Codonioideae : Pelliaceae, Blasiaceae, Fossombroniaceae f. Haplomitrioideae : Calobryales. 2. Jungermanniales akrog3mae. a. Epigoniantheae : Jungermanniaceae b. Trigonantheae : Lepidozioid, Calypogeioid, Cephalozielloid, Odontochismoid, c. Ptilidioideae : Ptilidiaceae. d. Scapanioideae : Scapaiiiaoeae. e. Stephanioideae, Radula. f . Pleurozioideae.Pi

III. Anthocerotales. a. Anthocerotae. Some changes in Leitgeb's system (1874-1881) were followed by Schiffner (1893-1895) in "^ Die Naturlichenpflanzenfamilien edited by Engler and PrantleC1894). The system followed by Muller (1905-1916) was that of Leitgeb^ and Schiffner^with minor alterations.This system was also followed by MacVicar (1926)with exception that following Cavers (1910-1911) he elevated the to the rank of order and placed them at the beginning of the system. Dumortier (1874) introduced a system in which he devided the Hepaticae into five equal families : Jungermanniaceae, Marchantiaceae, Anthocerotaceae, Targioniaceae, Riccciaceae. Classification of Travison is important as it included number of new generic groups and some new tribes. His classification is as follows: I. ORDO Jungermanniaceae. Jungermanniaceae foliose. 1. Schistochlleae Trevis. Schiztochila,

NotsrisXaco11a

2. Acoleae Dumort. Lepidolaeria,, Tr icholea.

3. Scalieae Tevis. Scalia, RhopaXarithus. 4. Mesophylleae Dumort, Herberta, Gackstrowia, Lepicoleaf Slesophylla, Solenostoma. 5. Lejeuneae Diamort. Colura, Lejeuneaf Synbiezidiumj Trevisr Omphalarithus .

6. Frullanieae Lindb. Bryopteri, Thysananthus, Ptychocoleus, Trevis^ FruJlania. 7. Porelleae Pfeiff. Porella, Bel 1 ir,ciT,ia, 19

Campanea,

8. Jungermannieae Dumort. Radula, Patarola, Mylia, liar t iriel I i a^ PIagiochiIa,r Pleur oziSr Odon tochissia , DipIophylleJa, Anthoschyphus.

9. Saccogyneae Dumort. Lindigiella^ Acrobolbus, Calypogea^ Geocalyx

10. Fossombronieae Trevis. Fos-:ovibroyi ia,

Petalophyl2um. 11. Noterocladeae Trevis. Hateroclada. Jungermanniaceae frondose.

12. Dilaeneae Dumort,. Podovtitr ium. Pal lavicinia, Di laena. 13. Symphyogyneae Trevis. Symphyogyna, SoleTiochaetiuTu. 14. Metzgerieae Nees. HymenophytoTi^ Metzg&r ia^

Riccardxa 15. Pelliaceae Dumort. Pellia, Papaea, 16. Biagieae Dumort. Biagia^ Blasia. 17. Podantheae Trevis. Podanthe. II ORDO - Monocleaceae Cohn. 1. Calobryeae Trevis. Calobryun. 2. Monocleae Nees. MoTioclea. III ORDO - Targioniaceae Corda. Targionia, Cyathodiun. IV ORDO - Marchantiaceae Corda.

1. Dichomineae Trevis. Lunular ia, Rupiniaf Clfwea. 2. Marchantieae Trevis. Marchantia, Preissia. 3. Qrimaldieae Reichenb. Coriocephaluw, Duviortiera., Asterel la,. Gr imaldia .

4. Hypenantreae Trevis. Asterella,, Rhacotheca . V ORDO - Anthocerotaceae Trevis. Dendroceros, Anthoceros:, Notothylas. VI ORDO - Ricciaceae Dumort. 1. Sphaerocarpeae Dum. Riella, Sphaeroc^os. 'T 20

2. Corsinieae Huebn. Corsinia. 3. Riccieae Nees. Ricciai, Ricciocarpus . In contrast to the arbitrary classification of IKunortier (1874) and Trevinsen (1877), an acceptable system was put forward by Spruce (1884-1886). His system is as follows: Subordo - Jungermaniaceae.

Tribus I. Jubuleae : Frullariia, lejeunea. II. Jungermannieae. Subtribus : 1. Eaduleae : Radula. 2. Porelleae : Par el la. 3. Ptilidieae : Ptilidiaceae, sensu Evans. 4. Trigonantheae •• Lepidoziaceae and Calypogiaceae. 5. Scapanioideae : Scapaniaceae, Schi stochi1aceae. 8. Epigoniantheae : Lophocoleaceae, Chonecoleaceae, Plagiochilaceae, Jungermanniaceae, Lophoziaceae. 7. Fossombroniaceae. a. Fossombronieae typicae Fossombrortia^ , b. Leptotheceae.

i. Foliosae : Calobryuvt ,

ii. Frondosae : Pal lai'icinia, HoTioclea . 8. Metzgerieae • Riccardiaceae, Metzgeriaceae. Subordo - Marchantiaceae. Subordo - Ricciaceae. Subordo - Anthocerotaceae. The major limitation of this system lies in the acceptance of four divisions. The division into sub group 21 of the Jungermanniaceae was by far natural and was followed, with little change by Schiffner (1893-1896) and Muller (1905-1916). Spruce's (1884-1885) classification served to influence that of Evans (1892), At the beginning of the twentieth century many imporant innovations were introduced. Howe (1897) following suggestion of Qayet (1897) separated Anthocerotae from the Hepaticae as a distinct class. Howe (1899), in Jungermanniales recognised the family Jungezmannlaceae and the Metzgeriaceae. Campbell (1912) accepted the suggested division into two classes, Jensen (1915) retained this classification, his arrangement follows that of Lindberge (1875); in that, leafy Hepaticae are arranged into two groups, Acrogammae and Opistogammae, based mainly on position of gynoecia (archegonium) on long or short branches.

At about the same time, Cavers (1910-1911) introduced a new classification of the Bryophytes. He treated Sphaerocarpales as the most primitive, keeping it in the benginning of the Bryophyta. His system is as follows*. Order I Sphaerocarpales, Sphaerocarpaceae. Riellaceae. Order II Marchantiales, Ricciaceae, Corsiniaceae, Targioniaceae, Monocleaceae, Cleveaceae, Marchantiaceae, Aytoniaceae (Grimaldiaceae). Order III Jungermanniales. Aneuraceae : Metzgeriaceae. 22

Blyttiaceae : Pallavlciniaceae. Codoniaceae : Codoniaceae. Calobryaceae, Lophoziaceae : Epigoniantheae, Cephaloziaceae : Trigonantheae. Ptilidiaceae, Scapaniaceae, Radulaceae, Porellaceae, Pleuroziaceae, Lejeuneaceae •• Frullaniaceae, Order IV Anthocerotales. The classification of Joergensen (1934) is similar to Jensen (1915) in the recognition of 'tribes' of leafy Jungermanniales. Species of this have been incorporated in the archaic classification given by Frye and Clark (1937- 1947) in which all the leafy hepaticae are placed in the only one family Jungermanniaceae with many tribes. All the preceding post Darwinian classifications were buucd on auuumptiou of a gradual Inoreaae in complexity witYiin f.h^. gro\5p. Tbf=-y rftflftntrt thft 'aritithetic concept* with the consequence that reduced sporophytes were primitive. 23

MODERN SYSTEMS The modern systems have a common feature with the attempt to derive, gametophytes of Hepaticae from erect thallose progenitors than prostrate one. In that concept, they all derived from the system of Wettestein (1903-1908, 1911) which is taken as the modern system. It's basis is the erect, isophyllous hepaticae are primitive. From this concept, the following arrangement is done: Order I Jungermanniales. Family 1. Haplomitriaceae, 2. Acrogynaceae ( = Jungermanniaceae). 3. Anac^pgynaceae { = ^^ceae + Sphaero- -carpaceae) a. Sphaerocarpeae. b. Metzgerieae. Order II Marchantiales. Family 1, Marchantiaceae. a. Targionieae, b. Corsinieae, c.Marchantieae. Family 2. Ricciaceae. Order III Anthocerotales. Family Anthocerotaceae, Wettestein*s concept was taken up by Verdoorn (1932a} and Buch (1936) and further developed by Evans (1939). Classification by Vardoorn (1932) is noteworthy as he made an attempt to define groups and listed all the known genera. His system is as follows: Sub class - Hepatlcales. Order I. Jungermanniales acrogynae. 24

Sub order - a) Haplomitrieae. Family 1. Haplomitriaceae. Sub order - b) Macvicarieae. Family 2. Macvicariaceae. Sub order - c) Jungermannieae, Family 3. Epigonanthaceae (Jungermannlaceae)

4. Scapaniaceae. 9. Pleuroziaceae. 5. Schistochilaceae. 10. Gobeliellaceae. 6. Cephaloziellaceae. 11. Radulaceaea. 7. Trigonanthaceae. 12. Porellaceae. 8. Ptilidiaceae, Sub order - d) Jubuleae. Family 13. Lejeuneaceae 14. Frullaniaceae. Order - II. Jungermannlales anacrogynae. Family 1. . 2. Codoniaceae (Fossombroniaceae), 3. Haplolaenaceae (Pelliaceae + Blasiaceae). 4. Monocleaceae. 5. Dilaenaceae. 6. Metzgeriaceae. 7. Aneuraceae. Order III. Sphaerocarpales. Family 1. Sphaerocarpaceae. 2. Riellaceae. Order IV. Marchantiales. Family 1. Marchantiaceae. 4. Targioniaceae. 2. Operculatae. 5. Corsiniaceae. 3. Astroporae. 6. Ricciaceae. Sub class - Anthocerotales. 25

Order V. Anthocerotales. Family - Anthocerotaceae. The classification of Verdoorn (1932) and Evans (1939) reflect the morphological studies of Goebel (1915-1930) on the Marchantiales, establishing Marchantiales as a sporophyte reduction series. Muller (1905-1916) considered the thallose condition as primitive. Within the Jungermanniales, evolution is presumed from an isophyllous erect gametophyte to anisophyllous type, Muller's (1905-1916) system is as follows: Order I. Anthocerotales. Family 1. Anthocerotaceae. 2. Notothy1aceae. Order II. Harchantiales. Sub order A. Sphaerocarpoideae. Family 3. Sphaerocarpaceae, 4. Riellaceae. Sub order B. Machantioideae. a) Caudiciformes. Family 5. Targioniaceae. 7. Conocephalaceae. 6. Qrimaldiaceae, 8. Lunulariaceae (Cyathodiaceae) b) Quadranticae. Family 9. Cleveaceae 11. Exormothecaceae. 10. Marchantiaceae, 12. Corsiniaceae. Sub order C. Riccioideae. Family 13. Oxymitraceae. 14. Ricciaceae.

Order Jungenanniales. Sub order A. Jungermannioideae anakrogynae. Family 15. Metzgeriaceae. 18. Dilaenaceae, 26

16. Aneuraceae. 19. Blaslaceae 17. Pelliacdae 20. Codonlaceae Sub order B. Calobryoideae. Family 21. Haplomitriaceae. Sub order C. Jungermannloldeae akrogynae. a} Jungermannleae. Family 22. Ptilidiaceae. 31. Barpanthaceae. 23. Lophocoleaceae, 32. Cephalozlaceae. 24. Lophoziaceae. 33. Odontoschismaceae. 25. Marsupellaceae. 34. Lepldozlaceae. 26. Nardiaceae. 35. Calypogeiaceae. 27. Southbyaceae. 36. Radulaceae. 28. Plagiochilaceae. 37. Pleuroziaceae. 29. Scapaniaceae. 38. Madothecaceae. 30. Cephaloziellaceae. b) Jubuleae. Family 39. Frullaniaceae 40. Lejeuneaceae.

Most recent system is that of Schuster (1989).it is as follows:

Class Hepaticae. Sub class 1. Jungermazmidae Schust. Order i. Calobryales Campb. S.order - Takakiineae Schust. Fam. Takakiaceae Hatt.fc Inoue. Takakia Hatt.ec iTioue. S.order - Calobryineae Schust. Fam. Haplomitriaceae Dedecek. Hapiomitr iunt Nees. Order ii.Metzgeriales Schust.ex Schljakov. 11

S.order - Fossombronllneae Schuat.

Sub class 2. Marchantiidae (Marchantiae) Order Naladitales. Order Sphaerocarpales. 3 genera and 14 species. Sub order i) Sphaerocarpineae Cavers, ii) Riellineae Schust. Order Monocleales. 1 and 2 species. Order Marchantiales. 14 families, 30 genera. and 200 species. S.order Marchantiineae. Fam. 1. Cleveaceae Cavers. 5. Exormothecaceae K.Mull. 2. A3^oneaceae Cavers. 6. Marchantiaceae (Bisch.) Endl. 3. Lunulariaceae K.Mull. 7. Monoseleniaceae Inoue. 4. Conocephalaceae K.Mull. S.order Targionilnae. Schust. Fam. 8. Targionlaceae Endl. 9. Cyathodiaceae K.Mull. S.order Car^^plneae Schust. Fam.10. Carpaceae Prosk. (Monocarpaceae) S.order Corsiineae Schust. Fam.11. Corsiniaceae Schlff. 12. Oxymitraceae K.Mull. 13. Ricciaceae Dumort. S,order - Fossombroniineae Schust, Fam. - Fossombronlaceae Evs.

FossoTtihroTiia Raddi , Petalophy 1 lum Gott. ,

SeMardiella Kash. S.order - Pelliineae Schust. ex Schljak. Fam. - Pelliaceae Klinggr.

Pellia Raddi, Woteroclada Spr. 28

Fam. - Allisoniaceae (Schust.) Schuster & Inoue.

Al 1 isonia Herz. Calycular231 Mitt S.order - Phyllothallineae Schuster. Fam. - Phyllothalliaceae Hodgs. Phyllothallia HodgS. S.order - Pallaviciniineae Schust. Fam. - Pallavlciniaceae Migula emend Schust,

Pallai'icinia S.F.Gray, Hattor ianthus Schust.& Inoue. S.fam. - Symphyogynoideae (Trevis) Schust, ex Grolle. S.fam. - Podomitrioideae Schust, Podoaitrium Mitt, S.fam. - Moerkioideae Schust.

Iloerckia Gott. , Grserieothal lus Hassel- Fam. - Makinoaceae Nakai. S.fam. - Verdoornioideae Schust, Verdoomia Schust, S.fam, - Makinoldeae Makinoa Miyaki. S.order - Blasiineae Schust. Fam, - Blasiaceae Klinggr.

Blasia L, Cui'icular ia Steph. S.order - Metzgeriineae Schust. ex Schljak, Fam. - Aneuraceae Klinggr. Arieura Dumort. , Riccardia S.F.Gray, Crypiothal lus Malmb. Fam. - Vandiemeniaceae Hews. VaTidieaeriia Hews,

Fam. - Metzgeriaceae Klinggr. Hetzgeria Raddi , Austr ovietzger ia Kuw. , Apotbetzgerxa Kuw. S.order - Hymenophytineae Schust. 29

Fam. - Hymenophytaceae Schust. Hyaertophytuvt Dumort. Order - Treubials Schljakov. Fam. - Treublaceae Verdoorn.

Treubia Goeb., Apatreubia Hatt.et.al. Order - Jungermannlales Limpr. S.order 1.Herbertlneae Schust. Fam.- Herbertaceae K.Mull. Weri)er tusS.F.Gray. , Tr iaridrophyIIinit Full.& Hatt. S.fam. - Chaetocoleoideae Schust. Chaetocolea Spr, S.fam. - Trlchocoleoidae Makai.

7r ichocoJea Dum., Leiomitra Lindb., EotrichocoJea Sch, S.fam. - Blepharostomatoldeae GroHe.

BJepharostona Dum. Fam.- Grolleaceae (Sotari) Schust. Groiiea Schust. Fam.- Trichotemnomaceae Schust. 7richotejsTioma Schust. S.order 2. Anthelllneae Schust. Fam.- Anthellaceae Schust. Anthelia Dvim. S,order 3. Leplcoleineae Schust. Fam.- Vetaformaceae Full & Tayl. Veta-forraa Full, & Tayl, Fam.- Leplcollaceae Schust. LepicoJea Dum. S.order 4. Jungermanniineae. Fam.- Junsermaxmlaceae Dum. { Myeliaceae, Lophoziaceae, Mesoptychiaceae) Fam.- Gymnomltriaceae Kllnggr. S.fam.- Gsrmnomitrioldeae Kllnggr.

Acrolophozia Schust., Herzogobryun Grolle, 30

llarsupella Dum. , Gynnoinitr ion Corda, Prasarithus Lindb. & Am. S.fam.- Eremonotoideae Schust. Erenoiiotas Kwal. ex Pears. S.fam.- Stephanielloideae Schust.

Stephariiella Jack. Fam.- Scapaniaceae Mlgula S.fam.- Douinioideae Schust. Douinia (Jens.) Buch. S.fam.- Scapanioideae Migula

Scapania Dum., Dipiophyllam Dum. Fam.- Blepharidophyllaceae (Schust.)Schust. Elephar idiophylluTH Angstr. , Clandar iu» (Gr.)Schust.

KruTiodiplophyllun Groll. Fam.- Delavayellaceae Schust,

Delai-'ayella Steph. S,order - Geocalycineae Schust, Fam.- Geocalycaceae Kliggr. S.fam.- Lophocoleoideae Jeorg. (13 genera) S.fam.- Leptoschphoideae Schust. (6 genera) S.fam.- Geocalycoideae Kliggr, Ceocalyx Nees. , Hapanthus Spr., Saccogyna Dum. , SaccogyTiidium Grolle. Fam.- Plagiochtlaceae (Joerg.) K.Mull. S.fam.- Plagiochiloideae Joerg. (7 genera) S.fam.- Xenochiloideae Inoue. Xej:ochiia Schust. S.fam.- Syzygielloideae Schust.

Sy:!ygiel la Spr., Protosyzyeiella (Inoue)Schust. Fam.- Acrobolbaceae Hodgs, 31

S.fam.- Acrobolboideae Hodgs.

Acrobolbus: Ndes., 7y 1 imauthus Mitt., Marsupxdiua Mitt. S.lam.- Austrolophozioideae Schust.

Austro1ophozia Schust. Fam.- Arnelliaceae Nakai

Southbya Spr, Arnellia Lindb., Gongylanthas Nees. S.order 6. Brevianthineae Engel & Schust. Fam.- Brevianthaceae Engel & Schust. Brei'ianthus Engel & Schust. Fam.- Chonecoleaceae Scht.

Chonecolea Groll. S.order 7. Perssoniellineae Schust. Fam.- Schistochilaceae Buch. S.fam.- Pleurochladopsoideae Schust.

Pleurocladopsis Schust. S.fam.- Schistochiloideae Buch. (3 genera) Fam.- Personiellaceae Schust. Personiella Herz. S.order 8. Balantiopsidineae Schust. Fam.- Balantiopsidaceae Buch, S.fam.- Ruizanthoideae Schust. Ruizanthus Schust. S.fam.- Isotachidoideae Schust. (3 genera) S.fam.- Balantiopsidoideae Nakai

Balaritiopsis Mitt. , Anisotachis SchuSt. Fam.- Gyrothyraceae Schust.

Gyrothyra Underw. S.order 9. Lepidoziineae Schust. Fam.- Lepidoziaceae Limpr. (7 sub families, 28 genera) 32

Fam.- Phycolepidoziaceae Schust.

Phycolepidozia Schust. Fam.- Calypogelaceae (K.Mull) H.W.Arn,

Calypogia Raddi, Metacalypogeia (Hatt.) Inoue. S.order 10. Cephalozilneae Schust. Fan.- Cephalozlaceae Mlsula (5 sub families, 12 ^renera). Cephaloziellaceae Douin (7 genera) Jacklellaceae Schust. Jackie!la Schiffn. Adelanthaceae {Joerg.) Grolle. (2 genera) S.order 11. Ptllldlineae Schust. Fam.- Ptilidiaceae Klinggr, Nees. Mastigophoraceae Schust. Masiigophora Nees. Chaetophyllapsidaceae Schust. (2 genera) S.order 12. Lepldolaenineae Schust. Fam.- Lepidolaenaceae Nakai (3 genera) Jubulopsldaceae (Haml.) Schust. Neotrichocoleaceae Inoue. (2 genera) S.order 13. Porellineae Schust. Goebeliellaceae Verdoorn. Goebeliella Steph. Porellaceae Cavers. Porella L. , Ascidiota Massal. , hfact'icar ia Nichols Fam.- Jubulaceae Klinggr. Jubula Dum. , fruUania Raddi, — (6 genera) Lejeuneaceae Cavers. (75 genera) S.order 14. Radulineae Schust. Fam.- Radulaceae (Dum) K.Mull.

Radula Dum. 33

S.order 15. Pleurozllneae Schust. Pleuroziaceae K.Mull.

Pleurozia Dum,, Eopleurozi^ Schust.

Certain families because of con'troverslal nature or complexity are treated separataely. I Fam.- Jungermannlaceae S.fam.- Lophozloldeae (14 genera) S.faiD.- Mesoptychioideae Schust.

Hesoptychia (Lindb & Am. ) Evs. Jamesonlelloideae Inoue. (Jane-vonieiia 6 fienera) Jungermannloldeae ( 9 genera) Scaphophyllldeae Schust. Scaphophyliun Inoue. Notoschyphoideae Schust. Notoschyphus Mitt. Gottschelioideae Schust. Gottschelia Groll. Mylloideae Qro. My Ha S.F.Gray. II Fam.- Lepidozlaceae S.fam.- Lepidozloideae Limpr. (7 genera) Bazzanioideae Rodw. (4 genera) Drucelloideae (Bosen) Schust. Brucella Modgs. S.fam.- Zoopsidoldeae Schust. (9 genera) Lembldioldeae Schust. (6 genera) Neogrollenoideae Schust. Neogroliea Hodgs. Micropterigioldeae Gro. ( 2 genera) 34

Protocephalozioideae Schust.

Pratolepidozia Spr.

Ill Fam.- Lejeuneaceae. S.fam.- Ptycanthoideae Mizut. (22 genera)

ArchilejeuriBA (Spr. )Schiffn. Nearoiejeuneea (Spr)Schiffn Brachiolejeunea (Spr )Schif fn. .Masti goiejeurjea (Spr)Schif

Lopholejeunea (Spr)Schiffn. Schiffrieriolsieunea Verd.

Caudalejeuriea Steph. Tuzibeanthus Ha"tt.

PtycsTitbes Nees, S.fam.- Lejeuneoideae (40 genera)

Macrolejeunea (Spr.)Schiffn CiadoJejeunea Zwlchel.

Leptolejeunea " S.genus Vrepanolejeunea

Che-jlolejeuriea " Leucolejeunea Evs.

HarpalejeuTiea " Pycnolejeunea (Spr)Schiffn

DrBparioIeJeunea " Lejeunea

Rectolejeunea Evans. S.fam.- Nipponolejeuneoideae Schust.

Nipponolejeunea Ha't't. S.fam.- Tuyamaelloldeae Schust. (5 genera) Cololejeuneoideae Herz. (7 genera) Metzgeriopsidoideae Schust. & Kachr.

Metzger iopsis Spr.