JJT. Classiftcatlon. 14 IT. CLASSIFICATION OF LIVERWORTS. Bryophytes are devided into two groups, Liverworts and Mosses. Liverworts are simplest and pioneering group of land plants. The first comprehensive account of classification was given by Nees Von Essenbeck (1833-1838) - an earlier German Bryologist in his Naturgeschichte der europaischen Labermoose. After that, Gottsch, Lindenberg and Nees (1844- 1847) published a classical work on bryophytes in Synopsis Hepaticarum. Later, Stephani (1898-1924) wrote ^Species Hepaticarusi' , Endlicher (1841) classified the Hepaticae as follows: ORDO - Ricciaceae s.str,,Corsinia,Sphaerocarpos, etc. ORDO - Anthocerotae, Anthocerox , Manioc lea , Calobryut» , ORDO - Targioniaceae, Targionia, Cyathodium ORDO - Marchantiaceae, (equivalent to sub-order Marchantiinae). ORDO - Jungermanniaceae, su-b-divided into the following genera." - I. Frondosae. 1. Metzgerieae : Metzger ia. 2. Aneureae '• Riccardia,, An ear a 3. Haplolaeneae : Pellia, Slasia^ Synphyogyria . 4. Diplomitrieae : Blyttia (Pal lav icxv ia f- ftoerckia) , 5. Codonieae '• FossorsbroTiia, II. Jubuleae - iejeunear Phragmicomaf Frullania, Jabula, Pore 1 la f Radula, etc. IV. Mastigophoreae - Sendtrisra (- ilastiQophBrki^ii^erhtrrYta. 15 V. Trichomanoideae - Lepidoziaceae, Calypogiaceae + Pleurosia. VI. Geocalyceae - Geongylanthus^ GeocalyXf Saccogyna . VII. Jungermannideae - Chiloschyphus, Harpanthus, iophocoiea.(including Lophozia, Aplozia, Cephalozia etc.) VIII. Gjonnomitria - Mar supe 2 la, Nordia, Gyanom itr XOTI , Haplomitr iuvi. The above classification has resemblance to that adopted by Gottsch, Lindberge and Nees in the Syttopsis Hepaticarum (1844-1847). This system was revised by Lindberge (1875) in his "Hepaticae iri hibernia mansee Juiii lectae" . Certain innovations are striking particularly the derivation of the Foliose Jungermanniales at diverse points from the thallose Jungeremanniales. Lindberge's system was based on an earlier system in which three divisions were adopted as follows: I. Jungermanniaceae. II. Marchantiaceae. A. Merchantieae a. Eumarchantieae. b. Targionieae. B. Ricciaceae. III. Anthocerotaceae. Lindberge (1875) has adopted this system as follows: I. Marchantiaceae. A. Schizocarpae : Marchantiaceae, Targioniaceae. B. Cleistocarpae : Corsinieae, Ricciaceae, 11. Jungermanni aceae. A. Schi zocarpae. 16 a. Anomogamae. 1. Frullanieae : Frullaniaceae, Lejeuneacaeae, Radulaceae, Porellaceae, Pleuroziaceae. 2. Metzgerieae : Hetzg^r ia. b. Homogamy. 1. Opi sthogamae. i. Lepidozieae : Lepido2iaceae, Odontochis -maceae, Cephaloziaceae, Lophocoleaceae. ii. Saccogyneae : Calypogeiaceae, Southbyaceae. iii. Riccardieae : Riccardiaceae. 2. Acrogamae. iv. Blepharozieae : Ptilidiaceae. V. Jungermanleae : Jungermanniaceae, Lopho -ziaceae, Scapaniaceae. Vl. Acrobolbeae •• Acrobolbus ^ Gongylanthu-:. vii. Fossombronieae : Metzgeriales, except Riccardia , Met^rger ia and Calobryales. B. Cleistocarpae. 1. Sphaerocarpeae : RiellSf Sphserocurpos. 2. Thallocarpeae : Thai locar pus (=Ricc.in curtisii). III. Anthocerotaceae 1. Anthoceroteae. Schiffner (1917) pointed out that the genera and species of Lindberge's (1875) system were arranged in a descending pattern i.e. the Anthoceroteae were considered as the primitive while the Marchantiaceae the most complex. The imperfection of this system was largely resolved by Hofmeister (1851) and Leitgeb (1874-1881). Leitgeb^ made some improvements in Schiffner's (1893-1895) system which 17 are as follows: I. Marchantiales. 1. Ricciaceae. 2. Corsiniaceae. 3. Marchantiaceae. a. Astroporae : Cleveaceae, b. Operculatae : Grimaldiaceae. c. Targionieae : Targioniaceae. d. Compositae Marchantiaceae, Conocephalaceae, Lunulariaceae. II. Jungermanniales. 1. Jungermanniales anakrogynae. a. Sphaerocarpideae. b. Rielloideae. c. Metzgerioldeae : Aneuraceae, Metzgerlaceae. d. Leptotheceae : Moerck in, P^il laviciri ia, e. Codonioideae : Pelliaceae, Blasiaceae, Fossombroniaceae f. Haplomitrioideae : Calobryales. 2. Jungermanniales akrog3mae. a. Epigoniantheae : Jungermanniaceae b. Trigonantheae : Lepidozioid, Calypogeioid, Cephalozielloid, Odontochismoid, c. Ptilidioideae : Ptilidiaceae. d. Scapanioideae : Scapaiiiaoeae. e. Stephanioideae, Radula. f . Pleurozioideae.Pi<?urc)z;:a , g. Bellincinoideae. Porellaceae. h. Jubuloideae. Lejeuneaceae, Frullaniaceae. 18 III. Anthocerotales. a. Anthocerotae. Some changes in Leitgeb's system (1874-1881) were followed by Schiffner (1893-1895) in "^ Die Naturlichenpflanzenfamilien edited by Engler and PrantleC1894). The system followed by Muller (1905-1916) was that of Leitgeb^ and Schiffner^with minor alterations.This system was also followed by MacVicar (1926)with exception that following Cavers (1910-1911) he elevated the Sphaerocarpales to the rank of order and placed them at the beginning of the system. Dumortier (1874) introduced a system in which he devided the Hepaticae into five equal families : Jungermanniaceae, Marchantiaceae, Anthocerotaceae, Targioniaceae, Riccciaceae. Classification of Travison is important as it included number of new generic groups and some new tribes. His classification is as follows: I. ORDO Jungermanniaceae. Jungermanniaceae foliose. 1. Schistochlleae Trevis. Schiztochila, NotsrisXaco11a 2. Acoleae Dumort. Lepidolaeria,, Tr icholea. 3. Scalieae Tevis. Scalia, RhopaXarithus. 4. Mesophylleae Dumort, Herberta, Gackstrowia, Lepicoleaf Slesophylla, Solenostoma. 5. Lejeuneae Diamort. Colura, Lejeuneaf Synbiezidiumj Trevisr Omphalarithus . 6. Frullanieae Lindb. Bryopteri, Thysananthus, Ptychocoleus, Trevis^ FruJlania. 7. Porelleae Pfeiff. Porella, Bel 1 ir,ciT,ia, 19 Campanea, 8. Jungermannieae Dumort. Radula, Patarola, Mylia, liar t iriel I i a^ PIagiochiIa,r Pleur oziSr Odon tochissia , DipIophylleJa, Anthoschyphus. 9. Saccogyneae Dumort. Lindigiella^ Acrobolbus, Calypogea^ Geocalyx 10. Fossombronieae Trevis. Fos-:ovibroyi ia, Petalophyl2um. 11. Noterocladeae Trevis. Hateroclada. Jungermanniaceae frondose. 12. Dilaeneae Dumort,. Podovtitr ium. Pal lavicinia, Di laena. 13. Symphyogyneae Trevis. Symphyogyna, SoleTiochaetiuTu. 14. Metzgerieae Nees. HymenophytoTi^ Metzg&r ia^ Riccardxa 15. Pelliaceae Dumort. Pellia, Papaea, 16. Biagieae Dumort. Biagia^ Blasia. 17. Podantheae Trevis. Podanthe. II ORDO - Monocleaceae Cohn. 1. Calobryeae Trevis. Calobryun. 2. Monocleae Nees. MoTioclea. III ORDO - Targioniaceae Corda. Targionia, Cyathodiun. IV ORDO - Marchantiaceae Corda. 1. Dichomineae Trevis. Lunular ia, Rupiniaf Clfwea. 2. Marchantieae Trevis. Marchantia, Preissia. 3. Qrimaldieae Reichenb. Coriocephaluw, Duviortiera., Asterel la,. Gr imaldia . 4. Hypenantreae Trevis. Asterella,, Rhacotheca . V ORDO - Anthocerotaceae Trevis. Dendroceros, Anthoceros:, Notothylas. VI ORDO - Ricciaceae Dumort. 1. Sphaerocarpeae Dum. Riella, Sphaeroc^os. 'T 20 2. Corsinieae Huebn. Corsinia. 3. Riccieae Nees. Ricciai, Ricciocarpus . In contrast to the arbitrary classification of IKunortier (1874) and Trevinsen (1877), an acceptable system was put forward by Spruce (1884-1886). His system is as follows: Subordo - Jungermaniaceae. Tribus I. Jubuleae : Frullariia, lejeunea. II. Jungermannieae. Subtribus : 1. Eaduleae : Radula. 2. Porelleae : Par el la. 3. Ptilidieae : Ptilidiaceae, sensu Evans. 4. Trigonantheae •• Lepidoziaceae and Calypogiaceae. 5. Scapanioideae : Scapaniaceae, Schi stochi1aceae. 8. Epigoniantheae : Lophocoleaceae, Chonecoleaceae, Plagiochilaceae, Jungermanniaceae, Lophoziaceae. 7. Fossombroniaceae. a. Fossombronieae typicae Fossombrortia^ Noteroclada, b. Leptotheceae. i. Foliosae : Calobryuvt , ii. Frondosae : Pal lai'icinia, HoTioclea . 8. Metzgerieae • Riccardiaceae, Metzgeriaceae. Subordo - Marchantiaceae. Subordo - Ricciaceae. Subordo - Anthocerotaceae. The major limitation of this system lies in the acceptance of four divisions. The division into sub group 21 of the Jungermanniaceae was by far natural and was followed, with little change by Schiffner (1893-1896) and Muller (1905-1916). Spruce's (1884-1885) classification served to influence that of Evans (1892), At the beginning of the twentieth century many imporant innovations were introduced. Howe (1897) following suggestion of Qayet (1897) separated Anthocerotae from the Hepaticae as a distinct class. Howe (1899), in Jungermanniales recognised the family Jungezmannlaceae and the Metzgeriaceae. Campbell (1912) accepted the suggested division into two classes, Jensen (1915) retained this classification, his arrangement follows that of Lindberge (1875); in that, leafy Hepaticae are arranged into two groups, Acrogammae and Opistogammae, based mainly on position of gynoecia (archegonium) on long or short branches. At about the same time, Cavers (1910-1911) introduced a new classification of the Bryophytes. He treated Sphaerocarpales as the most primitive, keeping it in the benginning of the Bryophyta. His system is as follows*. Order I Sphaerocarpales, Sphaerocarpaceae. Riellaceae. Order II Marchantiales, Ricciaceae, Corsiniaceae, Targioniaceae, Monocleaceae, Cleveaceae, Marchantiaceae, Aytoniaceae (Grimaldiaceae). Order III Jungermanniales. Aneuraceae : Metzgeriaceae. 22 Blyttiaceae : Pallavlciniaceae. Codoniaceae : Codoniaceae. Calobryaceae, Lophoziaceae : Epigoniantheae, Cephaloziaceae : Trigonantheae. Ptilidiaceae, Scapaniaceae, Radulaceae, Porellaceae, Pleuroziaceae, Lejeuneaceae •• Frullaniaceae, Order IV Anthocerotales. The classification of Joergensen (1934) is similar to Jensen (1915) in the recognition of 'tribes' of leafy Jungermanniales. Species of this have been incorporated