CEU eTD Collection
Doctoral School School PoliticalPublic Science, Doctoral of Policy, International Relations and In partial fulfilment of partial In of the fulfilment REGIONAL Depar NON - STATE tment Relations ofInternational and EuropeanStudies (IRES)
CONVERGENCE Supervisor:Professor DPP Uwe PUETTER,
ACTORS Central European University European Central requirements the Doctor of degree for of Philosophy
Budapest, Hungary Budapest, IN Johannes Mue Johannes
EURO Submitted toSubmitted
AND 2014 By
- PRO ME
DITERRANEAN - ller
INTEGRATION
POLITICS:
ADVOCACY
CEU eTD Collection regions. neo applying groups r wide i contexts two on Euro or associations, business NGOs, it hypotheses functionalist heterogeneity, study exte what Euro a of concept the towards themselves position as them addressed regionalism largely has research, policy foreign research Previous organizations. state have but regionalist encompasses which space, geographic attempted have S ABSTRACT nterviews and event observation event nterviews and
ince argues -
Mediterranean
approaches the approaches h 19s te uoen Unio European the 1990s, the
ange of of ange comprehensive of a of
,
nt they become political actors at the regional level regional the at actors political become they nt s el s on as well as lo eutd n h eegne f Euro a of emergence the in resulted also that endeavors .
pro This leaves open the question of question the open leaves This - ucinls itgain theory integration functionalist
Euro - ntttoa volatility, institutional integration character integration to create regional institutions regional create to Euro - eierna rgoaim allows regionalism Mediterranean regional
- have Mediterranean Mediterranean Euro
surveys
a case case nd assisted by insight from insight by assisted nd - produced produced Med Med
politics studies ,
of non of . as
Findings i networks of local authorities local of networks
a . , and illustrate and ,
n, outcomes
hybrid miia eerh o upr ti on relies point this support to research Empirical non - and utie b dcmn aayi, stakeholder analysis, document by sustained
state organizations state
n hs tps f raiain, particularly organizations, of types these on oenetl n non and governmental the - state dynamics, dynamics, state ndicate political
EU political region political to
at the level of level the at why and how non how and why
, North Africa and West Asia. West and Africa North , like the
how region the Union for the Mediterranean, the for Union the the possibility and fruitfulness of fruitfulness and possibility the non oyetiiy Bsd n neo on Based polycentricity. - - eierna shr o non of sphere Mediterranean New eierna rgo, n to and region, Mediterranean
- non state
and Regionalism
characterized by internal by characterized
- . tt o state the Euro the nldn b advocacy by including In reaction, In alism
il of field
- to (re to of regional of governmental tools - state organizations state
rganizations has unleashed unleashed ahas -
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ybrid approache
the
i nter present
macro - These driven actors - state state
like s - - - ,
CEU eTD Collection his inhis best interculturalfamily their the all quest understanding. for Euro in and easier, at members CEU unofficial his for mentorship to motivation Bojinović insightful Montere Daniel indispe panel, supervisory my of imple in struggles for parents from received of result direct a is dissertation This Ac knowledg his continued belief in the core ideas of this study this of ideas core the in belief continued his - Notably addition, In aac Jit cdmc Initiative Academic Joint Sabanci nsable -
Mediterranean affairs affairs Mediterranean for their help their for
xhne wt Piip Schmitter, Philippe with exchanges Fenk to to Stefano raisedGuzzini of mythe awareness who first of qualities
ti tei hs eeie from benefited has thesis this , eta Erpa University European Central work on this project this on work
during family ments o, Benedetta Voltolini and Holly Oberle Oberle Holly and Voltolini Benedetta o, I would like to acknowledge to like would I menting it. menting . I am am I . fins and friends, ,
h ipeetto o ti study. this of implementation the
also .
Academically, the feedback received from the members the from received feedback the Academically, may much obliged much . I would I .
not olaus Foremost, colleagues.
h inspiration, the have M tak as g t te ay staff many the to go also thanks My .
also h ae on a o t mk suet life student make to lot a doing are who i arisen
to my supervisor at CEU, at supervisor my to Adil Faitout, without whom my interest interest my whom without Faitout, Adil c ad yea uosa was Kurowska, Xymena and scu project particularly lsbt Johansson Elisabeth
in the first place. first the in
, and for his patience with my with patience his for and , udn in funding edak and feedback
utemr, t Furthermore,
like to thank Stefan Cibian Stefan thank to like wud ie o thank to like would I were invaluable invaluable were
h cnet f the of context the
support I wish him and him wish I - Nogués
Uw he e Puetter, Puetter, e kind have I to Ana , CEU.
and my my
CEU eTD Collection T ABLE OF 3 2 1 INTRODUCTION ABBREVIA KEY LIST OF TABLES LIST OF 6 5 4
5.1 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 5.2 5.1.3 5.1.2 5.1.1 4.2.2 4.2.1 3.3.2 3.3.1 3.2.4 3.2.3 3.2.2 3.2.1 3.1.3 3.1.2 3.1.1 2.1.3 2.1.2 2.1.1 1.4.2 1.4.1 1.4.1 1.3.2 1.3.1 5.1.4
REGIONAL NETWORKS AN NETWORKS REGIONAL AND CATEGORI MAPPING EURO D RESEARCH EMPIRICAL NEO EURO THE APPROACHING C P E D C O C N A R E M E S S I NTERGOVERNM O ELECTED ELECTED URVEY
UROPEAN UROPEAN URO RIMARY OLLECTING ONCEPTS AND EGIONALISM AND DAPTING DAPTING OCUMENT EW EW AND PERATIONALIZATION OF - EDITERRANEAN FUNCTIONALISM FOR EU FOR FUNCTIONALISM - NTENTS MEDITERRANEAN POLITI MEDITERRANEAN - Survey Conclusions Survey Institutions into Embeddedness Location Date, Founding Groups Types of Intra Mediterranean for the Union The Guides Interview Transcription and Research Interview Case Selection Dimensions Directory Contexts Interaction and Organizations International Criteria Inclusion and Integration Activity Political Regional Orientation Regional Non of Formation North Non Spillover Political Neo Polycentricity Asymmetry, Volatility, Hybridity, Eu The Non Euro the in Analysis EFP Fits All: Our Size M
......
R ...... EDITERRANEAN C ESULTS C C I ONTEXTS SINCE - - - I F ASES NTEGRATION , OMPARAT Functionalism and Euro and Functionalism - State Groups in Neo Groupsin State Policy Foreign Actors European in State NITIATIVES AS
S OREIGN EU Intergovernmentalism EU I - NTERVIEW URVEY South Heterogeneity South ro H TIONS ENTAL
......
- ...... YPOTHESES Mediterranean as a Region a as Mediterranean M I NTEGRATION EANINGS P D IVE OL ATA C
......
...... , ONTEXTS AND P
T ICY ICY
AND
R ...... C ESIGN ANDMETHODS ESIGN OLITICS P ...... HEORY
2008 ...... EGIONALISM ONCEPTS - OLICY - ZING EURO ZING State Organizations State D SUB S
MEDITERRANEAN REGIO MEDITERRANEAN
...... TUDIES AND O
......
BSERVATORY ......
...... RO T
...... A HEORY CS AND INSTITUTIONS CS AND CCESS CCESS - - and and Constituency : Functionalism REGI - I MED NON MED NDICATORS N
......
...... - ...... ON Mediterranean Institutions Mediterranean ......
- ...... P N ONAL NGOS ONAL MEDITERRANEAN NON MEDITERRANEAN OINTS
-
ON ...... S R TATE TATE ...... ESEARCH ...... - S ......
......
TATE TATE ......
- ii ...... STATE POLITICS STATE A
...... CTIVITY ......
...... - A Med ......
...... CTORS
......
...... N
......
......
......
......
......
...... - STATE ORGANIZATIONS STATE
......
......
88 87 85 82 79 78 71 70 68 67 66 62 60 58 57 56 55 53 52 49 48 46 46 41 39 36 34 32 32 26 24 21 20 18 16 14 12 ......
...... 7
......
91 78 66 45 30
V V 7 1
CEU eTD Collection 7 9 8
9.3 9.2 9.1 8.4 8.3 8.2 8.1 7.3 7.2 7.1 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.1 9.6 9.5 9.4 8.1.4 8.1.3 8.1.2 8.1.1 7.3.1 7.2.4 7.2.3 7.2.2 7.2.1 7.1.5 7.1.4 7.1.3 7.1.2 7.1.1 6.3.7 6.3.6 6.3.5 6.3.4 6.3.3 6.3.2 6.3.1 6.2.5 6.2.4 6.2.3 6.2.2 6.2.1 6.1.6 6.1.5 6.1.4 6.1.3 6.1.2 6.1.1
CONCLUSION: REGIONAL CONCLUSION: ENTITIES TERRITORIAL DESE PRIVATE SECTOR: N E A T S 14 EPUF T A P C A P R C L P A OCAL AND UB
HE HE URO ERSPECTIVES OLITICAL ROGRAM AND ROSS OMPARING EGIONAL SSOCIATION OF NNA MBIGUOUS ROLES AND T SSOCIATED THROUGH ETWORKS OF
KM AS A KM AS - D E REGIONAL ENVIRONMENT - URO
ESERTEC ESERTEC The Origins of ARLEM of Origins The COPPEM Commission Mediterranean The Cities Network Euromed The Orientation Regional Pressure Integration Advocacy Relations Institutional Orientation Regional Relations Institutional Advocacy Euro Networks Sectoral Organizations Actorhood Regional Institution Academic Intermediate as an EMUNI Pressure Integration Reports and Declarations Regional Euro Character and Group Formation as EMHRN The Activity of A Refocus UfM: Regional Euro Character and Group Formation Actorhood Regional Euro The Network National French the FFM and Regional Euro Character and Group Formation - L M AND CASE FINDINGSCASE AND INDH EDITERRANEAN - A O M EMUNI: R - - - - S CTIVITY RIENTATION Mediterranean Orientation Mediterranean Med Orientation Med Orientation Mediterranean Med N EGIONAL F UB EDITERRANEAN
...... OUNDATION ON L C P - OCAL AND ONCEPT - - -
- M R ROJECT ...... level Advocacy level Advocacy level Advocacy level Med Civic Encounter: a national intermediary national a Encounter: Civic Med - iterranean Orientation iterranean ...... EGIONAL S
EDITERRANEAN ...... TATE TATE
E A URO
ARLEM ......
UTHORITIES IN :
IN EURO IN A a Regional Intermediary Regional a RTEC, ASCAME, EMA ASCAME, RTEC, ...... C
G E HE SSOCIATION FOR OOPERATION R -
URO N ROUPS I C NGO M
NTEGRATION EGIONAL ...... EU H ATIONAL ONVERGENCE AND ADVOC ONVERGENCE
...... ALISM ED ED
...... UMAN
...... -
...... M
AGENDA ...... E ......
...... - EDITERRANEAN DUCATION C
...... MED NETWORKS MED
HAMBERS OF ......
...... A R ...... N E UTHORITIES
IGHTS IGHTS ......
ETWORKS URO ......
...... T ...... HEORY C ......
OOPERATION AND - ......
M ...... N P ...... OLITICS ETWORK EDITERRANEAN ......
C ...... iii ...... S
...... OMMERCE AND ECTORAL
......
......
......
...... P ...... ACY OLITICS D
...... P ...... EVELOPMENT ...... OLITICS ......
...... I ...... NDUSTRY ......
......
......
......
......
138 134 133 132 130 123 121 120 119 118 118 116 113 112 110 110 109 105 102 204 202 199 197 194 192 190 186 182 179 176 174 172 172 169 167 166 162 160 159 157 154 149 148 145 143 142
99 95 92 91
......
192 172 142
CEU eTD Collection
REFERENCES DOCUME CITED LIST OF SUR OF LIST ANNEX F: ANN ANNEX D3:QUESTIONNA INTERVIEW ANNEX D2: INTERVIEW ANNEX D1: E OF INDEX ANNEX C3: I OF INDEX ANNEX C2: S OF INDEX ANNEX C1: O STATEMENT ANNEX B: DECLARATION ANNEX A:
EX E: TRANSCRIPTION EX E:TRANSCRIPTION
...... VEYED ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS VEYED NTERVIEWS URVEY DIRECTORIES URVEY VEN NTS GUIDE FOR REGIONAL A REGIONAL FOR GUIDE NON FOR GUIDE F OBJECTION F
OF INDEPENDE OF IRE FOR NON FOR IRE TS CODES
......
......
......
......
...... - STATE STAKEHOLDERS STATE - NT WORK AND SOLE USE AND WORK NT STATE STAKEHOLDERS STATE
...... AND CONTEXTS ND GOVERNMENT OFFICI GOVERNMENT ND ...... iv
......
......
......
......
...... ALS ......
.
233 223 217 216 215 215 214 213 209 209 208 208
CEU eTD Collection i Keywords: L L ntegration IST OF IST OF Dimensions9.2: Table th for Matrix9.1: CaseTable Characteristics of 5.2: Loc Table Founding5.1: NonTable Dates of Research3.1: Table Structure 1.1: Euro Table
UfM MENA EU ENP EMP EFP K T
ABLES ,
EY
European Policy Foreign
A Non BBREVIATIONS
- St ation of ation of Organizations’ Secretariats Headquarters or - ate Med Policy Choices Union the MediterraneanUnion for East North and Middle Africa Union European Neighborhood PolicyEuropean Euro ForeignEuropean Policy a tr, Euro ctors, - Mediterranean Partnership
e Comparison of North
......
- State OrganizationsState
...... -
eierna, Regionalism, Mediterranean, v
......
...... -
South RegionalismSouth
......
......
Regional Regional ......
206 193
83 82 59 14
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first and foremost first an NTRODUCTION In erged. its borders″ its borders″ outside area an or country a toward name its in conducted and level, EC/EU the at decided are that disposal, its at has EC/EU the that instruments the all of use the by made are that actions, and decisions, declarations, of body ″that h present the
or beneficiaries or
Frequently, Euro Frequently, divides. Despite a resulting asymmetry in asymmetry resulting a Despite divides.
s , a multifaceted web of intergovernmental and non and intergovernmental of web multifaceted a , - (Bicchi, 2) 2007, p. tudy, the abbreviation ‘EU’ is used as an umbrella term including when making making when including term umbrella an as used is ‘EU’ abbreviation the tudy, Mediterranean Partnership (EMP) Partnership Mediterranean
aiu region various s f h Mediterra the of es aspect of of aspect European foreign policy″ , or or ,
policies
Euro the the to focus to - Mediterranean regional cooperation is cooperation regional Mediterranean effect -
eierna (Euro Mediterranean iie fo te ot Arcn and African North the from divided
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CEU eTD Collection Euro 285) p. 2005, Euro on platform” conceptual Schumacher af Mediterranean have studies of number A Mediterranean. Southern of the Bojinović of weakness much in the governments authoritarian to related supra been alone let intergovernmentalism, has affairs Mediterranean 409) p. 2012, multidimensional state persisting of coalitions namely of cases non “numerous by processes regionalization are there region” the Furthermore, in active are tanks think and intra many intra weak the to contrast “[i]n that 187) p. 2009, Fenko, (Bojinović regionalization″ of process own its in area an not and area neighborhood (EU) Union European the being Mediterranean the of point starting research a is prevails ″what Thus ewrs r neednl, ewrs f eerh etr ad epistemic and centers research of networks communitie independently, can or and One networks affairs. local Mediterranean the Mediterran the intensifying in observe constantly cooperation lead', society's 'the civil regional taken 1970s since have inter “Since - ,
Mediterranean Human Rights Network, shows Network,Rights Human Mediterranean Ana
Fenko Fenko - eierna itrainl non international Mediterranean Bojinović . . opld vlm “o rvd fr mr theory more a for provide “to volume a compiled
s, local communities cities local s, and Ju - Frequently, the perceived insignificance of non of insignificance perceived the Frequently, oenetls wsi sac, t s h non the is it scarce, was/is governmentalism argues fairs, mostly regarding the fields of civil society NGOs and networks. and NGOs civilsocietyof fields the regarding mostly fairs, enemann, in her research o research her in enemann,
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(Bojinović Fenko, 191) 2009, p. Šbč Bjnvć 20, p 2007, Bojinović, & (Šabič -
external actors” actors” external individual non individual that transnational NGOs critically NGOs transnational that s el s o h srn rl of role strong the to as well as - operation - - - tt atr n Euro in actors state tt atr who actors state state actor state Bjnvć Fenko, (Bojinović - prtn in operating - nomd and informed (Schumacher, s networks, ns, s in Euro in s However, regional 333) . .
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Mediterranean co Mediterranean M Mediterranean civil society cooperation like cross editerranean, Johansson editerranean, , Feliu argues, human rights advocacy groups have contributed to “shaping contributedto have rightsadvocacy argues, Feliu human , groups
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in Arab Mediterranean countries Mediterranean Arab in .
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- Nogués, 2011, p. 31) p. 2011, Nogués, (Feliu, 2005, p. 380) p. 2005, (Feliu, (Schmid,2009) (Feliu, 2005 (Feliu, - Nogués, Nogués, 2006) finds a “(virtually hermetic) hermetic) “(virtually a finds , p., 379) . Feliu Feliu . . and to establish establish to and , in line with her with line in ,
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revolts and regime changes in Arab states have triggered further triggered have states Arab in changes regime and revolts Secretariat governance and and governance Secretariat .
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Mediterranean e aus th values he - ot rltos rud h Mdtraen e, novn te frequent the involving Sea, Mediterranean the around relations South yet
Throughout history, empires and nation and empires history, Throughout comprehensive t olw icsin o te itrcl oe f h Mediterranean the of role historical the of discussions follow at - h s ezed n Pina and Herzfeld as ch
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Arab Association (Deutsch Arab Association also - - s rsetvl oinaim o coas n political and scholars to orientalism respectively ism
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mere misrepresentation mere has (Börzel & Risse, 2004, p. 3) p. 2004, Risse, & (Börzel (Bicchi, 2007, p. 10) 2007, (Bicchi, p.
ht oe ie is l’ i.e. all’, fits size ‘one that en otoesal discussed. controversially been
which n hs understanding this In - level and EU and level s considered is
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cncos approach conscious a multi . te Us self EU's ″the n hs understanding, this In - ht the that , Bch, 2006) (Bicchi, level act level
cal, economic, and cultural situations cultural the and on economic, situations cal, (Puetter & Wiener, 2007) Wiener, & (Puetter F “s at f h Erpa integration European the of part “is EFP -
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making processes in order to explain to order in processes making hrb, ot f h fed f EFP of field the of most Thereby,
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CEU eTD Collection 'milieu goal' to export regionalism and regional integration schemes, as well as to to as well as schemes, integration regional and regionalism export to goal' 'milieu 287) p. because model own option″ default a its as isomorphism institutional export to tend institutions promote to attempt unreflexive an as characterized be targetedarea″ the on have to expected is policy the effects the to according it adapt and policy EU’s the analyse acknowledges equally institutions EU and states le three on based intergovernmentalism″ “ideational a of is framework a result in making the and action, the governing change″ policy paradigmatic principles the in also but format, duri moments policymaking in researched been Bicchi have policy normative unreflective of effects The foremos and “ 436) p. 2007, (Merlingen, arbitrariness″ administrative and politics of technologization the violence, epistemic by characterized relations in empower to seeks it those of agency very the inscribes whethe es b a oenetl oiy entrepreneur policy governmental a b) vels,
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Our Size Fits All Size Fits Our ng which ″policy initiatives lead to significant innovation, not only in the in only not innovation, significant to lead initiatives ″policy which ng a be caatrzd y tblt a wl a cran reversing certain as well as stability by characterized been has odtos a a oiy window policy a a) conditions: U eierna policy Mediterranean EU
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CEU eTD Collection conclusive chapter of this study of conclusive chapter non of role the non n dynamics, integration of promotion. task non of action concerted on contexts, conside change incremental and continuity 118) path follow and continuity” reflect innovations institut historical normative South″ G the in counterparts preferred the as regions to relating and creating of policy Policy″ Neighborhood EU's 2012) rel deliberative internal in increase EU’s the with homologous is framework UfM intergovernmental mechanisms″ and structures making decision institutional EU's the and Process Barcelona the with compatible UfM the fold″ EU the into ″back brought regionalist inter an in organizations regional approach. Thus, theEU ofas isconceived employing 'civilizing power'. other with preferably negotiate - state levelstate .
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will (Balfour, 2009, p. 2009, (Balfour,
return. First, a normative effect, institutions EU as normativeFirst, effect, a return. uig ciia junctures’ ‘critical during . .
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specific elc te xsec ad nlec o piae cos sc as such actors, private of influence and existence the neglect - ucinls nraie f h hsoy f uoen integration. European of history the of narrative functionalist - level politics. In some cases, employees can be expectedtoemployees be can cases, some levelIn politics.
regional agenda and type of regionalism. Third, a social a Third, regionalism. of type and agenda regional . While .
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definition of EU policies towards the Israeli the towards policies EU of definition alue the expertise and the communicative the and expertise the alue ics or ics , 2012, p. 21) p. 2012, , 19 s of civil society at the domestic level”the domestic at society civil of s h sm atos noted authors same the
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while Regionalism and Integration and Theory Regionalism integration integration theory,especially neo in
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been addressed by addressed been
ucms of outcomes
- . state neo The (de - CEU eTD Collection uey oml nerto hs a lat n fet n h pltcl eae vocabulary debate, political the on effect an least ″at has integration formal purely term″ long the in accomplished be to purposes cultural socio and economic political, of range broad a for neighbours their to link or lead to want isolation of perils the of aware countries of variety ″a projects, and schemes 2005, p.Hettne, 277) periphery, space. Euro the targeting institutions and policies existing the from derived regional well as practice in regions outlining for used been has interdependence of notion The regionalism. political or strategies e the regionalization. of processes Euro integra of extraordinarily highlevel the for suitable hardly is reference ‘ the macro of level ‘ trans Euro of context characterization subsequent the for allow To world region’ world region - h gorpia budre o rgos ed o e otnet ucms of outcomes contingent be to tend regions of boundaries geographical The politics. of level important an be to continue regions World fc o a eln o ’eogn tgte’ r s ucms f region of outcomes as or together’ ’belonging of feeling a of ffect odr ciiis n inter and activities border
1.4.1 Notably, t Notably,
integration faces frequent problems in case delimitation case in problems frequent faces integration as well as Turkey and Israel as 'intermediate frontier' frontier' 'intermediate as Israel and Turkey as well as -
ness The Euro The is mostly used interchangeably wi interchangeably used mostly is - regions - eierna pltc, hs eto itoue ky em regarding terms key introduces section this politics, Mediterranean ’ he Euro he
f gorpi sae s rqety oprd o h E, this EU, the to compared frequently is space geographic a of .
- will be referred to as to referred be will Mediterranean as a Region asMediterranean a - Mediterranean space spans across the EU core, the MENA the core, EU the across spans space Mediterranean Thus, c Thus, - tt rltos acros relations state tion respectivelytion confederation. (cf. Keohane & Nye, 2001) Nye, & Keohane (cf. ommunity approaches conceive of a region as region a of conceive approaches ommunity 21 -
Mediterr regional politics in the following. While While following. the in politics regional
n cnetaiain f h regional the of conceptualization and th ‘macro th
na sae ie te EU’s the given space anean a e o cutis Te term The countries. of set a s (de Prado, 2007, p. 20) p. 2007, Prado, (de - region’. . While the study of study the While . (Geyer, 2006; B 2006; (Geyer,
, for this study it is it study this for , In today’s regional regional today’s In The The - Mediterranean politics at the at politics - building . Even . jörn -
CEU eTD Collection & Käkönen, 1999) Käkönen, & previously roles states to unique on take partly which stage world the on actors as organizations 107) p. organizations″ 2007, Hettne, regional between relations ″formalized or regions″ among position. institutional its to matters it Broadly, state member a of region' 'home the which regionalism)” (hard organizations and p.(Fawcett, 433)2004, arrangements interstate by formalized pan to networks, and groups regional consolidating regionalism), through (soft community or awareness regional of sense a promoting “from spac geographic of practices to reference 5) p. to space″ regional particular actors a along reorganize of set any by urge the region: a within development and peace wealth, t modifying or maintaining creating, at aimed are that objectives concrete and values ideas, of body ″the regionalism: of definition broad programmatic” politically is socially are regions “all Hurrell, to According strategy. than goes much that″ further it usually but imagination; and consciousness collective the on and leadership and .
Regionalism Inter Regionalism is frequently understood to include a community dimension or or communitya dimension toinclude understood is frequently Regionalism - regionalism ees o ″ytmtc nentoa peoeo, aey ikgs built linkages namely phenomenon, international ″systematic a to refers , to which ‘regional realistto , which e
. Thus, regionalism is an extraordinarily broad term which ranges which term broad extraordinarily an is regionalism Thus, . . refers to a phenomenon phenomenon a to refers After all, ″when regions assume a After will actorness, need ″when all, assume regions necessarily
Mr nrol dfnd inter defined, narrowly More . . agl rfr t a parity a to refers largely
oprto o codnto o atr s actor of coordination or cooperation (Hurrell, 2005, p. 53) p. 2005, (Hurrell,
(de (de Lombaerde, 15) 2006, p. ’ approaches devote attention devote ’ approaches 22 or (Schulz, Söderbaum, & Öjendal, 2001, Öjendal, & Söderbaum, (Schulz,
o n dooy poet prdg or paradigm project, ideology, an to - . The present study subscribes to a to subscribes study present The . ae 'group based - constructed but region but constructed einls rfr t regional to refers regionalism e rvso o scrt and security of provision he .
-
or subregional g subregional or - to - ru daou' in dialogue' group rtg i a given a in trategy
(Lähteenmäki - building (Björn roups as aas CEU eTD Collection 1999, p. 215) 1999, institutional declaration. or treaty by formalized Integration decision joint of component political a with potentially boundaries″ internal lowering ( characterisedprogressive differentiation by the of large of ″process a considered been specifically has integration state towardspartial unification″ or complete isolation a c level. meso or micro a at regionalization from 'continentalization' term The hereadopted isas to attributed importance reduced inter a led implies intergovernmentally term the accounts, other in while p with interchangeably used is ’regionalization’ ’ a towards fragmentation context. ’Europeanization’ non and institutions state of transformation 2006,Langenhove, p. 4) regions” the between contacts organized more for arise also oordination refer to refer oordination oad icesd oprto, nerto, ovrec, oeec and space″ geographical politics, and a within given development coherence economic security, culture, as such convergence, fields of variety a in integration, identity cooperation, increased relativ towards from change of process ″a Regionalization
, s eeal c generally is policy .
,
attitudinal
″a process in which units move from a condition of total or partial or total condition of a from move which″a in units process refers to a ’region a to refers .
onsidered a a onsidered h term The world of regions’ regions’ of world ae explicit makes and , - tt itgain Te eiiin f 'regi of definition The integration. state security a as be ue wt rfrne o global to reference with used been also has voluntary htrgniy n lc o cooperation of lack and heterogeneity e oiia itgain a tk pae n the in place take can integration Political - building’ project in some in project building’
23
h dfeec o ‘macro of difference the - dimensions dimensions tt ognztos hn sd n the in used when organizations state
ltcly rvn rgoa integration’, ’regional driven olitically
process of legally sovereign states, states, sovereign legally of process Integration (de Lombaerde, 2006, p. p. (de 13) 2006, Lombaerde, Ktesen 2005) (Katzenstein, (Schulz5) 2001, p. al., et - Lhenäi Käkö & (Lähteenmäki making
eod oprto or cooperation beyond
Sdram van & (Söderbaum accounts, or to the to or accounts, Lnbr, 1963) (Lindberg, - - regionalization’ scale territorial scale . Frequently, onalization' onalization' .
. Inter . ibid nen, ) - , . CEU eTD Collection Clea 20, . 32) p. 2008, War (Calleya, Cold the of end the after cleavages global central the of one became divide The ‘South’. Asian West and African North the and ‘North’ European s and politically also sub MENA and EU its between divide the by predominantly structured gap, wealth the and pluralism domestic of to external theregionthose including programs, or policies Mediterranean own their pursue which organizations intergovernme and regional of fragmentation and variety the by fueled is volatility Euro the for institutions and policies which with frequency the of light the in also but region, MENA the of instability political the to p a considered Euro Foremost, specificities. its account into Euro of study A rhetoric. integrationist a of inter policy, foreign European Beyond case. Mediterranean non of role regional the study to framework theory a section Euro the of particularities
. the of basis the On Furt
utdmninl rcs o itroenetl einls wt a partly a with regionalism intergovernmental of process multidimensional 1.4.1 . Awareness of these particularities is considered vital for the devel the for vital considered is particularities these of Awareness . hermore, the Euro the hermore,
Hybridity,V articularly “volatile regional process” regional “volatile articularly
I cnrs t te em 'eeoe' n 'developing', and 'developed' terms the to contrast In . ocio olatility
-
- e trs n cnet in concepts and terms key - eierna rgo wl b outlined be will region Mediterranean (cf. Bojinović,Šabič & (cf. 2007) cnmcly mrs hs eeoeet bten the between heterogeneity this marks economically, Mediterranean is extraordinarily heterogeneous in terms in heterogeneous extraordinarily is Mediterranean - regions. The Mediterranean Sea, geographically but geographically Sea, Mediterranean The regions. , Asymmetry,, P - - state interaction in the Euro the in interaction state Mediterranean regional politics needs to take to needs politics regional Mediterranean 24 -
eierna coeain a been has cooperation Mediterranean olycentricity - e hv be rvme. This revamped. been have Med (Panebianco, 2010, p. 163) p. 2010, (Panebianco, - state organizations state rdcd in troduced .
-
Med has features has Med hs eto, the section, this n h following the in North in the Euro the in opment of of opment - South
due ntal this -
CEU eTD Collection ofrne te ege f rb tts te uf oprto Cucl te Arab the Council, Cooperation Gulf the States, Arab of League the Conference, Euro circles concentric of case covers range its involvement of the LeagueArab States of andMaghrebArab Union. the institutions EU of role North the in reflected ‘inter of features has also Mediterranean most the far by is Islam widespread members. UfM Southern many of language common the is Arabic Culturally, 'South UfM. the of of members agenda Southern the an among regionalization' advances further EU the Moreover, Union. African al are members UfM African North the the Morocco, With of UfM. exception the at status observer holds which League, Arab the of members are Turkey, and Israel of exceptions the with states, Mediterranean Southern most between instance for h Algeria, and Morocco disputes, territorial and struggles political conflict, Armed 1) world″ contemporary the in integration regional of degree relative heterogeneit internal security and opportunities distinction tu big oae a te te etee rm t Nrhr nihoig region. neighboring Northern its from extreme other the at located being thus , - aine n nerto sae osiue a ieso o Euro of dimension a constitutes state integration in Variance Euro Finally, Medi U governance EU
erna rne tts nld te U UM Ognzto o te Islamic the of Organization UfM, EU, the include states range terranean h
as a geopolitical and economic dimension, highlighting a gap in wealth, in gap a highlighting dimension, economic and geopolitical a as r lgo ars te EA states. MENA the across eligion parts - Mediterranean cooperation could be called 'cross called be could cooperation Mediterranean d Pao 20, . 3 Ntal 2000) Nuttall, 43; p. 2007, Prado, (de . okn rus ht h MN sub MENA the that argues Coskun y. -
ot prt apoc o Euro of approach parity South of existing regional organization regional existing of ave been an obstacle t obstacle an been ave and of the sum of EU member states, and the formal formal the and states, member EU of sum the of and
(cf. Adams, Adams, 1993) (cf. hc i caatrzd y ebrhp vras and overlaps membership by characterized is which - regionalism’. Its structured heterogeneity is heterogeneity structured Its regionalism’. 25 .
o closer South closer o o tee esn, h Euro the reasons, these For - e gvrac, h defining the governance, Med . Even s. rgoa mmesi by membership regional , - ein a ″h lowest ″the has region - South integration South oe o hn n the in than so more o ebr o the of members so (Coskun, 2006, p. 2006, (Coskun, - regionalism', as as regionalism', - Mediterranean
- South . Yet, . -
CEU eTD Collection as a specialized regional exception of the ENP” ENP” the of exception regional specialized a as des integrationist and agenda functionalist wider region and exchange cultural of agenda EMP’s the process” integration the to helpful be can similarity) on than complementarity on more (based “reciprocity on based be could credo spillover Euro mostly neo of applications Previous take theregion’s to polycentricity accountempiricalresearch. in into framework analytical resulting the Furthermore, stakeholder. Euro as inter and structured non how account into take to expected is s this reaction, In study. this in cooperation regional of case regardingrelevance thechoice ofpolicy accessby points non reg polycentric a created has governance of hand. theother on model Union’ ‘Mediterranean the of sense the in autonomy organizational embedde between oscillates Euro Furthermore, the Union. African and Union Maghreb - Euro the considerations, these of sum In
e institutions Med 1.4.2 referred to referred - e itgain rvr multi driver, integration Med
The prevalence of various cooperation formats situated at multiple levels multiple at situated formats cooperation various of prevalence The Neo in
-
the Barcelona Process Barcelona the Functionalism and Euro Functionalism the theory as theory the - regionalist heterogeneity, and to the multiple influential EU roles EU influential multiple the to and heterogeneity, regionalist Fr ntne Moxon instance, For . dness within EU governance on the one hand, hand, one the on governance EU within dness - fu
a cinls to nctionalism
benchmark , arguin , - (Moxon etrl diitao, and administrator, sectoral 26 - Mediterranean Mediterranean
- to assess the ambitions and agenda of agenda and ambitions the assess to tt gop ec t te Euro the to react group state
-
Mediterranean is considered a a considered is Mediterranean - oa cnet wih s f particular of is which context, ional rwe eonzs a recognizes Browne ign which “is to the credit of the EMP the of credit the to “is whichign h Euro the g that g - Browne, 2003, p. 94) p. 2003, Browne, Beig 20, . 14) p. 2007, (Boening, - ulig Beig ihihs its highlights Boening building,
a positive integration outlook integration positive a - - Mediterranean governance Mediterranean Institutions will need to be to need will tudy’s theory framework framework theory tudy’s - state groups.
. functionalist case Regarding Boening . interested
designed -
hybrid Med’s have and
CEU eTD Collection einls ipis ny o ncsaiy coeain oad itgain n the and integration towards cooperation necessarily) (or only implies regionalism bureaucracies regional inhibit regionalism depoliticizationdirection of Euro of politicization the in increase dimension the on Mediterranean. the to integration European of experience the transfer to beneficial be would it that summit presid French 167) p. 2011, high that complications the all embodies supporting de and to regionalization approach functionalist flexible, new, a suggests it as contradictory “ 1210) co technical of areas with entrusted agencies new of creation emphasis the their “sounded in intergovernmentalistaspects, on functionalist Medit a for proposals original the that argues Gillespie She succe “historically that argues funct te M’ rl i Mdtraen euiy s hog deepening through is security spill political theory functionalist Mediterranean and predictability) in and role it through partners its among trust increasing (hence institutionalization EMP’s “the
assesses that
the considers Panebianco oait ethos” ionalist Similarly, .
neo a . n Sroy eidd h priiat o te 08 f constitutive UfM 2008 the of participants the reminded Sarkozy ent This Hold
su i in in ssful
ors - agn fo fntoaim o oiiiain s iutnosy an simultaneously is politicization to functionalism from ranging ucinls aed cn vroe obstacles, overcome can agenda functionalist argument can argument Hle, 01 p 158) p. 2011, (Holden,
” en considers considers en Similarly, Bicchi remarks that “[t]he overall balance of the UfM the of balance overall “[t]he that remarks Bicchi Similarly, eomn [eod hlo neo shallow [beyond velopment including territorial disputes and the the and disputes territorial including . (Boening, 2007, pp. (Boening, 11 She ” (Bicchi, 2011,(Bicchi, p. 14) tegrating neighboring countries” countries” neighboring tegrating
cnwegs that acknowledges
UfM project focus focus project UfM be substantiated by official rhetoric: for instance, for rhetoric: official by substantiated be the -
eierna rltos n a tp n th in step a and relations Mediterranean project focus focus project - level political regionalism implies” implies” regionalism political level - vr n em o Ernst of terms in over 27 agig ht []e f faeok is framework UfM “[t]he that arguing , –
12) .
“we should avoid to to avoid should “we .
- operation” operation” of the UfM UfM the of - o be to erranean Union, next to their to next Union, erranean iea itgain bt t also it but integration] liberal
Beig 20, . 4) p. 2007, (Boening, o idpnec of independence low rato t recen to reaction a (Gillespie, 2011, p. 2011, (Gillespie, as as ie that given
as neo Haas’ elcie f a of reflective sue that assume eration (Holden,
t was it - e t . CEU eTD Collection variety in organizations’ background, res background, organizations’ in variety non in diversity ‘EU the exactly is whichhas regionalism affected the n it that argues study this case, Euro for conditions the and bias box. black a to relegating risks which blocks’ ‘stumbling or concept. neo how out point will it Furthermore, policies. and non institutions regional around autonomous converge less even which in ways the specified has presentThe study thepremises of challenges t However, 157) area peaceful a of establishment (Panebianco, 2010, p.(Panebianco, 165) spill spontaneous any for room no is action. society’s government the from autonomously “ the by wished deeply is makers” realm political the to economic Ma the of and technocratic highly appears some recalls cooperation technical neo and actors private on insistence “UfM’s - In the the In ucinls hs co has functionalism . The author On the one h one the On the identify to attempts it perspective, empirical an from hand, other the On - ucinls asmtos A i hs en ocie, h etr project entire the conceived, been has it As assumptions. functionalist This way, it attempts to move beyond the emphasis on integration on emphasis the beyond move to attempts it way, This
Panebianco Panebianco eierna ae nntt atr ae urnl nt be o act to able not currently are actors nonstate area Mediterranean (Panebianco, p. 164) 2010, (Panebianco, - While a While state actors’ reactions to regional policies and institutions. institutions. and policies regional to reactions actors’ state notes the that rseille final statement, it seems that a sort of spillover from the from spillover of sort a that seems it statement, final rseille and, from a theory perspective, it highlights how neo how highlights it perspective, theory a from and, […] […] also believes also that cknowledging that neo that cknowledging If state actors are able to control regional dynamics,there regional control to able are actors state If cie o atraie ahas o h cascl spill classical the to pathways alternative of nceived .
… […] - Mediterranean integration differ from the European the from differ integration Mediterranean as it happened in Europe” Europe” in happened it as on From the analysis of the Paris Declaration Declaration Paris the of analysis the From - . state organi
l ee ad ay osrit lmt civil limit constraints many and level al - ources, strategies, and levels of autonomy, of levels and strategies, ources, over towards more regional integration” regional more towards over dynamics 28
- his conclusion conclusion his from two points. functionalism might have a European a have might functionalism zations converging around them.zations converging around
of integration and disintegration and integration of - tld Euro styled’ (Panebianco, 2010, p. 2010, (Panebianco,
uoen policy European - tt organizations state - Mediterranean - functionalism Given the Given inhibitors
- over over -
CEU eTD Collection regional the regionalistorganizations,of policies. address better to here understood studying for value holds argue will chapter following non of role ensuing the including institutions, Mediterranean this, Euro the it. within organizations politics t region, unexpected dynamicspotentially atlevel.regional contradictingand Euro the it has has it Upon
, with a focus on European foreign policy analysis and the role of non of role the and analysis policy foreign European on focus a with , - his chapter has has chapter his Mediterranean, suggesting an alternative approach to studying it. Based on Based it. studying to approach alternative an suggesting Mediterranean, - eierna non Mediterranean
reviewed and discussed the discussed and reviewed pltcl n hsoia contextualization historical and political a Subsequently, it has it Subsequently,
Euro
introduced existing approaches to to approaches existing introduced how the how - Mediterranean non Mediterranean - tt shr i epce t poue manifold, produce to expected is sphere state
application of neo of application
reflection
pointed out out pointed 29
- of neo of state politics state - ee febc, y non by feedback, level - functionalist integration integration functionalist the
- f h Euro the of functionalist theory in theory functionalist
regional characteristics regional - state organizations. state . Integration theory is theory Integration Euro
- - Mediterr Mediterranean anean theory - - Euro state state state
The
of - CEU eTD Collection integr forces stagnation or countervailing of juxtaposition frequent the challenges non including actors by upon acted or induced are which changes, rate abil theory’s neo the acknowledging teleological, and normative less are variants recent more Its terms. regional usually territorial, in t international groups” regionally by “bargaining the specifically and integration, regional 62) p. further 2009, Schmitter, taking & (Niemann by resolved be only can which demands, and neo of core the At scope. broader explicitly an with designed been had it though integration a an to ‘retreated’ often has it processes, regional in actors study.analytical this for framework se a consequence, In approaches. Regionalism New and Comparative of insight from Euro the to applicability its enhance neo to modifications discusses non of role the approaching for th on Based 2
t of concepts and hypotheses will be be will hypotheses and concepts of t N EO While neo While c In ation processes. ation - functionalism is its “basic tenet: integration leads to tensions, contradictions, tensions, to leads integration tenet: “basic its is functionalism - (Acharya & Johnston, (Acharya Johnston, & 2007a, pp. 3 F ontrast to its classical functionalist predecessor predecessor functionalist classical its to ontrast UNCTIONALISMF ity to grasp integrative as well as disintegrative dynamics, like transactionlike dynamics,disintegrative wellas as integrative grasp to ity e preceding literature review, this chapter introduces a introduces chapter this review, literature preceding e ask creation was central, neo central, was creation ask - functionalist thought has previously emphasized the role of non of role the emphasized previously has thought functionalist
OR - - functionalist integration theory which are expected to expected are which theory integration functionalist state actors i actors state E URO
- Tu, neo Thus, . ucinl oi as a a atr taey The strategy. actor an as also logic functional - - eierna cs, nldn toe derived those including case, Mediterranean M ED – - functionalism has approached integration approached has functionalism 30 4) itle a a ai fr developing for basis a as distilled N n the Euro the n .
ON
- - ucinls adess oiis in politics addresses functionalism S TATE - Mediterranean space. Mediterranean P Mtay 1965) (Mitrany, OLITICS piain o European to pplication - nertv action″ integrative
oriented pressure oriented theory framework framework theory
- state groups, state i which in , and
It also It - lin state ear an
CEU eTD Collection gnis hs itrss eoe affected″ become interests whose agencies governmental or parties, groups, pressure aroused by mobilized being of capable but convergence, original the in ignored or latent arenas, issue and tasks functional of continuity In goals″ tounderstood tend organizational an accumulation policyof and tasks same the reaching for means for sector whic a in worse) or better (whether performance unexpected by generated hypothesis spillover institutions″ central b to likely is it that but forthcoming be calibrationofintegrationbetter theory 'hybrid' regions. to le the and processes these Studying authority. and scope, design, their for feedback potential a with institutions, regional around converge to actors various leading identities, and and formation In centers. the facilitate which non transnational of reorientation dynamics unleash frameworks regional this definition this (increasing thelevel of(increasing commitment) both″ or by or of scope the commitment) (expanding sector their related another, with in collaboration satisfied to unequally resorting but motives goals these of of variety attainment scheme a integration for an goals collective of members whereby ″process h specific common goals have been set will result in the search for alternative for search the in result will set been have goals common specific h N neo a Again,
eo -
functionalism expects “that conflict between national actors is very likely to to likely very is actors national between conflict “that expects functionalism and es f oenne hog wih hy prt am t cnrbt t a to contribute to aims operate they which through governance of vels neo techniques - , functionalism, institutions are understood to shape actor preferences actor shape to understood are institutions functionalism, level
builds on the recognition that recognition the on builds - Shitr 16, . 164) p. 1969, (Schmitter, ucinls udrtnig mle ta government that implies understanding functionalist
refers to the commitment to mutual decision mutual to thecommitment to refers
nesfig hi cmimn t te rgnl sector original the to commitment their intensifying . Factors underlying spillover underlying Factors — tep t rsle hi dsaifcin ihr by either dissatisfaction their resolve to attempt - state groups oriented towards emerging regional regional emerging towards oriented groups state e resolved by expanding the scope or level of level or scope the expanding by resolved e Shitr 16, . 162) p. 1969, (Schmitter, 31
Shitr 16, . 162) p. 1969, (Schmitter, (Schmitter, 1969, p.(Schmitter, 162) 1969, .
″[f]rustration and/or dissatisfaction and/or ″[f]rustration Neo
- include the ″interdependenc the include
functionalism’s functionalism’s — ged o agreed - making in terms in making of Silvr is Spillover . controversial defined as defined as a . some n
and - driven
the e
CEU eTD Collection hs pesrs r ‘med are pressures these strategies. political in resulting actors, by support or interest of expressions neo In changing/adjusting institutions″) muddle and mandate″) its of scope the expanding without organization supranational the retrenching intergovernmental strictly but independent, specialized functionally spillove Besides j of degree increasing an in and areas decisionmaking″ policy an in of actors national variety more involve expanding to tends it i.e., tendency, cumulative a has hypothesis’ ‘politicization the Finally, outcomes. integration of externalization an to leads position external collective a that stipulates contradictions. and spill economic beyond informed, are outcomes tasks″ organizational central expand and the redefine to order in crises especially and frustrations upon seize who elites, institutions, political of talents ″creative 2.1
-
2.1.1 functionalism, functional pressures or imbalances are likely to be translated to translated be to likely are imbalances or pressures functional functionalism, - Adapting I about
spill Political Spillover Political
″hn ainl cos r t miti rgoa coeain without cooperation regional maintain to try actors national (″when - r back, build back, (Schmitter, (Schmitter, 1969, p. 166 , neo ntegration ntegration
n diin te neo the addition, In - functionalist account functionalist - up ae’ oad te eutn coeain objectives, cooperation resulting the towards iated’ T
( heory
(ibid)
″concession b ″concession (Ni emann & 2009,emann p. 55)Schmitter, .
n neo In ) .
- s ucinls ‘xenlzto hypothesis’ ‘externalization functionalist 32
distinguish y member states of greater authority toauthority greater of states member y
- functionalism - over effects, by i by effects, over states that states
spill diitaos f regional of administrators
the “process of spillover of “process the , - around (“ around h vros possible various the ntegration tensions ntegration .
proliferation of proliferation
institutions Hence oint ″ ), ,
CEU eTD Collection Nean Shitr 20, p 55 pp. 2009, Schmitter, non & by action (Niemann political emphasize tenets key Its spillover’. present the of emphasis the Yet, alliances. of cultivation the by 60) p. Schmitter,& 2009, (Niemann or mediation occurs spillover itself″ process integration the outside originating contradictions and ″tensions the to on based spillover exogenous include areas″ 2009,p. 58)Schmitter, other into effects spillover [undesired] later about concerns benefit occurrence, rare a be to expected regional at tasks be to likely Countervailing states″ member between diversities other are which forces 57) p. 2009, Schmitter, strong″as) (regarded is action where further areas with interdependence th objectives the and area issue “ them upon act and persuasive be to pressures functional consider decision institutions, Furthermore
f h frt nertoa se is step integrational first the of
strong in the Euro the in strong
rain f itgaie rsue exerted pressure ″integrative of creation
forces forces
through elite socialization, whe socialization, elite through
, mechanisms mechanisms , ee i ulkl.Wie therefore, While unlikely. is level eaebtd y h eooi, utrl lgl dmgahc and demographic legal, cultural, economic, the by ″exacerbated r - elations making arrangements, or policies. policies. or arrangements, making ie sovereignty like .
.
N eo
with non with - - ucinls as tks no account into takes also functionalism Mediterranean case, and the expansion of functional of expansion the and case, Mediterranean nesod o ud te medi the guide to understood . ri ae cniee) ain, n we the when and salient, (considered) are erein n niiulplc fields policy individual in This kindThis of - - state groups, potentially constituting advocacy constituting potentially groups, state consciousness and domestic constraints constraints domestic and consciousness Nean Shitr 20, . 56) p. 2009, Schmitter, & (Niemann –
57) ufcety ain ta i otegs the outweighs it that salient sufficiently study 33 Nean Shitr 20, . 56) p. 2009, Schmitter, & (Niemann ,
reas
possibly in alliance with regional regional with alliance in possibly policyis entrepreneurship is placed on placed is
spillover in the original sense sense original the in spillover c ultivated s ultivated
y urntoa institutions″ supranational by In this understanding, actors understanding, this In i i psil that possible is it , the concept of ‘politicalof concept the - pillover refers to the to refers pillover oenetl elites governmental ation when the original the when
countervailing f pressures of Nean & (Niemann (Niemann & (Niemann supported Social .
″the are is . CEU eTD Collection osdrd n set f h Europeanization the of aspect an considered region a to a of ‘ intermediate 856) levels” national and/or regional the at groups complementary me all or some representing non new of participation “ been has processes outcom non of role epistemic even and social political, levelregional positions or t consider Intergovernmentalism revisions. co of its integration, neo Though technical or organizations intergovernmental committees. of secretariats bureaucracies, . With its focus on incremental change, neo change, incremental on its focus With Furthermore, - prto and operation h rl o non of role The 2.1.2 es. A A es. he regionalization of non of he regionalization hs s n contr in is This
-
functional t . Non be o priming cycles’ of integration, and integration, of cycles’ priming
epistemology and and epistemology variable stage ‘transformative of cycles’. -
State Groups in in Groups Neo State es relevant less neo
regional group formation”, defined as the “formation and active and “formation the as defined formation”, group regional integration ism subscribes to a transformative ontology regarding regional regarding ontology transformative a to subscribes ism or
- functionalism -
n neo in tt ognztos s osdrd o e relevant be to considered is organizations state Federalism Federalism mbers and designed explicitly to promote the interest of interest the promote to explicitly designed and mbers - oenetl r quasi or governmental a t o the to st -
ucinls rltd o sub to related functionalism , including processes processes including , o peeec formation preference for methodology - state groups respectively
c. oaci Shmefni, 2009) Schimmelfennig, & Moravcsik (cf. drse a efc ta has that effect an addresses - Functionalism 34 event
focuses on the gradual i gradual the on focuses -
functionalism attributes leeway to the leeway attributes to functionalism to further increase with the transition the with increase further to r transnationalization or - - oue apoce of approaches focused tt atr i dfnn regional defining in actors state - oenetl organizations governmental
betwee
t oh h sae n the and state the both at
their
- mjr institutional major n
Shitr 17, p. 1970, (Schmitter,
shifting orientations shifting n trans and similarly
ntensification f non of
- national
Liberal
during which - be state en CEU eTD Collection form [the form around bureaucracies] atthe region” level ofthe to extends actor’ state groups of sub of networks private unions, trade orga concerns. thus region, a in actors key of non potentia made, ultimately are decisions where arenas supranational or intergovernmental integration about perceptions and ideas demands, non light, this In actors. rational and autonomous 856) of sense larger a acquire thereby, and, etc., satisfaction, emotional inducements, material to due rewarding as activitysuch regard to come processes regional in observers or participants which non to applied be can identity” regional of cente new a to loyalties of shift a by even or politics, level regional in participation by demands, policy of addressees chosen the by reflected self their even and agenda, and attention actors. - nizations (NGOs), think tanks, think (NGOs), nizations governmental actors can can actors governmental .
mn te micro the Among
The theory The lly initiating political spillover, spill spillover, political initiating lly
(cf ye o atr i neo in actors of Types Nean Shitr 20 Schmitter, & Niemann . - national territorial entities territorial national
expects that non that expects - sector corporations, business associations, interest groups, and groups, interest associations, business corporations, sector transnational transnational - foundations affect on byn ter rgnl prtoa o policy or operational original their beyond going
research institutes and networ and institutes research - the integrativethe “interest associations and social movements that social movements and associations “interest
state actors transfer their cr their transfer actors state f Neo of 9 p 49) p. 09, - - - - understanding, to the regional level. This is This level. regional the to understanding, ucinls icue non include functionalism around, build around, , or coalitions and networks of these types these of networks and coalitions or , state groups; it is defined as “the extent to extent “the as defined is it groups; state 35 -
ucinls i te supin of assumption the is Functionalism
respectively disintegrative stances disintegrative respectively . dynamics and pressures to those to pressures and dynamics - ral defined Broadly tt atr cn hne their channel can actors state - frate - up etc. I etc. up loyalty (Schmitter, 257) 2005, p. rnal r. Thus, - yblc is status ties, symbolic ” n this understanding this n
oss (Schmitter, 1970, p. 1970, (Schmitter, ks, political parties, political ks,
the “development the - te em ‘non term the , national political national - governmental .
- - , CEU eTD Collection 728 n$, ooc (,9 It) Eyt 644 n$, r odn 597 Int$) (5,977 Jordan or Int$), (6,474 Egypt Int$), (5,193 Morocco Algeria Int$), like (7,268 countries MENA and Int$), (14,102 Bulgaria or Int$) (35,295 France co European between basis (PPP) parity power 67) democracy)″ demography, (development, 2007b) importance pluralism. domestic system economic global the in position state, integration sub the across distributed A to refers 51) p. 2009, polities″ democratic have they that and systems productive “presumes between transactions including space, given Neo s
] nlecn plc otoe idpnet f oto b authorit by control of independent p.(Schmitter, 851) 1970, outcomes policy groups organized influencing formally and demands and articulating of capable and organized differentiated are states member within functionally which to “extent c - . - regions hapter 1 hapter functionalism has specified a number of preconditions for integ for preconditions of number a specified has functionalism
Euro the importantly, Most Figures for 2012 illustrate the divergence in aggregated GDP on a purchasing a on GDP aggregated in divergence the illustrate 2012 for Figures 2.1.3 .
the
ht ebr onre ae eaiey eeoe ad iesfe i their in diversified and developed relatively are countries member that
highly heterogeneous heterogeneous highly o oten eierna governments Mediterranean Southern to .
North of this study has argued has study this of ot rtcl o h peet td, h cniin f nenl plura internal of condition the study, present the to critical Most - South Heterogeneity eae t ti, s this, to Related units and units Euro
the the - Mediterranean. In particular, In Mediterranean. .
background conditions conditions background shared elite ideology. elite shared - e fcs te i disequilib big “the faces Med on the dimension of their their of dimension the on , integration prec integration ,
overeignty
36 translation] [author’s
nre lk Gray 3,6 Int$), (38,666 Germany like untries
rsrain s f particular of is preservation Specifically, n Specifically, f a of onditions are asymmetrically are onditions , quality of democracy, and democracy, of quality , the region the c. cay & Johnston, & Acharya (cf.
ih ae f econo of rate high respective sub respective Nean Schmitter, & (Niemann im f h tre Ds three the of rium Kae, 97 p. 1997, (Khader,
is constituted by constituted is eo rative steps in a in steps rative - groups” y functionalism - regional lism mic
CEU eTD Collection eeoi wl o sm Erpa leaders″ European some of will hegemonic members” 2014) House, (Freedom a ‘free’, democracy and freedom political in reports features democratic lack entirely region MENA combin states, emigration. and instability social spurred has development, Mediterranean Southern in pressure conflict and Mediterranean an GDP/capita including of ratio the regarding low particularly score regions 2013) Programme, Development Nations (United (HDI) Index Development Human level negligible 262) in global to proportion a as development their by demog defined group and one to geographic attributed are Israel for except countries MENA 2013) (IMF), Fund Monetary (International . h p The states MENA in investment Foreign separate “cannot regions As Trade d h MN rgo, h mjrt o cutis n hc ae ae ‘o free’ ‘not rated are which in countries of majority the region, MENA the nd based on based Algeria
Sdram Srga 21, . 580) p. 2010, Sbragia, & (Söderbaum - olitical olitical
prone than prone among (Portnov, Shechter, Gradus, & 2006, p. 174) . Furthermore, Furthermore, . as well. as which
Freedom House Freedom divide
h Suhr Mediterranean Southern the ranks 82ranks . the EU and its member states member its and EU the Southern Mediterranean states are significantly more fragile fragile more significantly are states Mediterranean Southern
ahc ie n b ter mediu their by and size raphic between etet lw hs elnd ih time with declined has flows vestment hra mn Erpa sae fgr o tp f the of top on figure states European many whereas nd , Egypt ranks 112th, Tunisia 91 Tunisia 112th, ranks Egypt ,
for GDP,but104 for country data country ,
the the hmevs rm h wat and wealth the from themselves illustrate the gap between EU members, all rated all members, EU between gap the illustrate North and South persists persists South and North remains low as well, and well, as low remains . In a socio a In . 37
Csal, 09 p 324) p. 2009, (Costalli,
, attempting CDM 2009) (CIDCM, . states states th
ad i and ,
ueos tts f h MENA the of states Numerous on HDI. - economic cluster economic (CIDCM, 2009) (CIDCM, . has d ih lw economic slow with ed
Individual countries in the in countries Individual te ih o ″ certain ″a of light the n to measure homogeneity measure to
rts f economic of rates m
been at a a at been st . , and Lebanon 88 Lebanon and ,
ne fgrs and figures Index MENA investment MENA cos h Euro the across te Barcelona the , Jfé 20, p. 2007, (Joffé, . Demographic . power of their their of power ing study, ing HI rank HDI d particularly all th - ,
CEU eTD Collection dynamics, their consequences in the field of non of field the in consequences their dynamics, study present reflecte be to expected Euro of components key role double takes study this contestation group of a Euro framework analytical its Moreover, heterogeneity. non by employed strategies the grasp to attempts also It MENA. from groups or individuals include which alliances North for forum a as politics regional of conceives it Accordingly, and attention devoting by gap this mitigates neo of spot” Euro the of character asymmetric and Mediterranean. heterogeneous the account into peripheral populations However conflict” value and differences cultural abiding and 3) donor a adopted had Process . At
contribute to ″the management of unequal power, and the mediation of deep and deep of mediation the and power, unequal of management ″the to contribute y a by co cntlain i Suhr cutis r considered are countries Southern in constellations Actor Euro the of heterogeneity the of effects the to addition In
the same time same the priual wt rgr t plc otus eeiil o Southern for beneficial outputs policy to regard with particularly ,
actors
, this this , research research as a theory a as -
functionalism functionalism
account
″ involvement can also entail also can involvement no con te pcfct that specificity the account into (Zielonka, 2006, p. 11) p. 2006, (Zielonka, ,
ou o ter oiia tasoiin o t to transposition political their on focus the involvement in regionalism can empower Southern states Southern empower can regionalism in involvement the s as well as an an as well as
in d o bt institutionally both for - eierna institutions. Mediterranean - ( Mediterranean orientation
cf. cf. policy - recipient approach recipient - state actors in tackling the effects of effects the tackling in actors state imn & cmte, 09 p 63) p. 2009, Schmitter, & Niemann oiin advanced positions institutional and organizational logic organizational and institutional
to to .
Thus, this study inevitably needs to take to needs inevitably study this Thus, 38 non
the “control by the metropolis of various of metropolis the by “control the
- state actors’ state - state engagement, and will discuss discuss will and engagement, state rvn n indigenous and driven
will account for the potential intra potential the for account will (Soler i Lecha & García, 2009, p. 2009, García, & Lecha i (Soler neo Gue & ot 19, . 53) p. 1999, Hout, & (Grugel .
-
ucinls i pae i a in placed is functionalism This
y non by
asymmetric distribution asymmetric - Mediterranean space, Mediterranean obe oe a be can role double e einl arena. regional he
- traditio a state actors. actors. state - ot non South
the Euro the Ti study This .
reflected in reflected integration nal -
Med’s - “dark state The - - . CEU eTD Collection neighborhood has been explained explained been has neighborhood factors NAFTA actors″ strategic 26) core unique own their ″display to considered partners″ equal are countries developing S lean to understood ″increasing diversity, scope, non and fluidity unofficial or informal 2007a) Johnston, if even exchanges, cultural and societal scholarship Regionalism New case. Mediterranean approaches Regionalism neo While policy.foreign European addressed be to expected are institutions political regarding Euro f the in constitution mutual their ne h 1990s, the ince . 2.2 - As Albert and Reuber Reuber and Albert As e rgoa rltosis i relationships regional New
Mediterranean
New and Comparative and New Regionalism (Albert & Reuber, 2007, p. 553) p. 2007, Reuber, & (Albert Shr, 02 p. 172 pp. 2002, (Schirm, that
einlsto i te es ta i rsls rm h patcs f political of practices the from results it that sense the in regionalisation - ucinls i a te oe f hs study this of core the at is functionalism
North . -
Instances of new regionalism are defined, in one account, by account, one in defined, are regionalism new of Instances South regionalization is supported by non by supported is regionalization South acces North
towards deep deep towards mle a implies
points s -
South are ru, rgoaiain a awy as b fae as framed be also always can ″regionalisation argue,
nihfl eadn te eeoeet o te Eur the of heterogeneity the regarding insightful non on focus research – I ti rset Euro respect, this In . tae lc i wih high which in blocs “trade 3) ollowing. by . today's n multi the Similarly, the emergence of ″strategic traders″, regionally traders″, ″strategic of emergence the . - sect Specifically, S Specifically,
eae t this to Related - 39 conformity″ as ‘administrators’ as well as actors of of actors as well as ‘administrators’ as
rl integration oral - Shf & itr, 03 p 2) p. 2003, Winters, & (Schiff
eihrl divisions″ peripheral tid wave' 'third
approach of the EU towards its its towards EU the of approach
tend - - chirm chirm 2001, p.al., (Schulz 1) et tt organization state , e bracais n EU and bureaucracies Med
the te oyetiiy f the of polycentricity the , s
- integration context context integration
economic foreign policy foreign economic - to emphasize regional regional emphasize to Tl, 07 p. 2 pp. 2007, (Telò, noe countr income shows otiuin o New of contributions
Gyr 20, p. 2006, (Geyer,
(c for the US and US the for f Ahra & Acharya . ’ choices s’ e and ies
their their – .
are are 4) o - . CEU eTD Collection o this address to attempts coexist” regionalization underst to “need the regards Functionalism 1007) p. 2010, Rosamond, & Lack automatically” occur not did spillovers that possibility the and dynamics neo as true specifically is projects?” regional contemporary co be sense neofunctionalist 1000) p. 2010, possible” is evolution such that fact the to us blind not etc.), apart fall again, advance deteriorate, advance, can projects (such integration regional in teleology inherent no is “there while that argue Rosamond scholarship” meta re proper fruitful: as ill system″ regionalist open Joffé by considered been has Wiesebr & Radtke 2009; Brown, compete competitiveness trade integrated f non f - suited for accommodating IPE or constructivist approaches, has been recognized been has approaches, constructivist or IPE accommodating for suited - Recently, a dialog of New Regionalism and neo and Regionalism New of dialog a Recently,
hoeia bnft fr h poet f oprtv rgoa integration regional comparative of project the for benefits theoretical - state organizations and Euro and organizations state
for the pr the for -
inspection of classical integration theory) brings clear methodological and methodological clear brings theory) integration classical of inspection crfltetet facmltd nihsfo E tde (nldn a (including studies EU from insights accumulated of treatment “careful (Warleigh I cneune te ak wy hud einl nerto i the in integration regional should “why ask they consequence, In . Tl, 07 p 10) p. 2007, (Telò, ovision of hegemonic stability of ovision blocs
-
ak Rsmn, 00 p 993) p. 2010, Rosamond, & Lack challenge (Warleigh (Joffé, 2007,(Joffé, p. 256) the -
functionalism functionalism set as ″perhaps, the first genuine attempt at creating an creating at attempt genuine first the ″perhaps, as peey ue ot s psil ed on of point end possible a as out ruled mpletely n 2002) on, - (Warleigh up - by means of its research focus on the interactions the on focus research its of means by ak Rsmn, 00 p 1001) p. 2010, Rosamond, & Lack . One form of linking New Regionalism and Neo and Regionalism New linking of form One . - Mediterranean regional institutions. In addition, itaddition, In institutions. regional Mediterranean . In this sense, sense, this In . f hc is which of . and how formal and informal practices of practices informal and formal how and -
already 40 Lack & Rosamond, 2010, p. 1001) p. 2010, Rosamond, & Lack eetees t Nevertheless, .
to Southern hinterlands Southern to
“took account of of account “took oty retd t enhancing at oriented mostly - functionalism, often considered considered often functionalism, Northern (Warleigh e ntaie o te EM the for initiative he .
r mrig centers emerging or - W Lack & Rosamond, & Lack arleigh
dis (cf. Murray & Ti study This .
that should that - (Warleigh integrati ak and Lack . This . ve P - -
CEU eTD Collection renewed impetusrenewed cycles priming revision mechanism of type the i.e. dimension, the and taxon, constitute regionally transactions during provided subj ‘br to institutions prompt attainment their Euro ce in context, this in possible are actors Shifting mobilization adv their to orientation, and composition non on focused is research its consequence, persi the and conflicts major of politicization the by underlined is expectation This framework. analytical study’s this in linearity or automatism spillover beyond looking implies dynamics disintegration non expected The asymmetryand the of Euro to attention pays 2.3 - ce t dcsoa cce rgrig hi rvso. uig h ety points entry the During revision. their regarding cycles decisional to ected tt atr adesd y hs study this by addressed actors state -
neo In Mediterranean
Concepts and Hypotheses and Concepts Euro . constitutions, orientations, expectations, and strategies strategies and expectations, orientations, constitutions,
-
ucinls, nrae i tnin a t coeain betvs and objectives cooperation to as tensions in increases functionalism, f ucinl pressures, functional of r ucinl rsue cn e ce uo ad ntuetlzd by instrumentalized and upon acted be can pressures functional or -
eierna dcsoa cycles decisional Mediterranean for existing for (Niemann &(Niemann Schmitter, 2009,p. 54) hs cycles, these those d o d system system of - lin r oriented political actors political oriented r
a caatr f Euro of character ear North
institutions as well as as well as institutions - Med - governance. stence of authoritarian states in the MENA region. In region. MENA the in states authoritarian of stence South specificities emerging from from emerging specificities South iterranean
regional
and rtain cases even shifting loyalties towards loyalties shifting even cases rtain eak out' from any encapsulation any from out' eak . - o h lvl f oenne hy address they governance of level the to political ee dnmc in dynamics level
cc ojcie icuig h potential the including objectives ocacy 41
relate to their respective regional regional respective their to relate after repeated to shape the direction, i.e. the spill the i.e. direction, the shape to
- pl txn. usin regarding Questions taxons. spill eierna itgain and integration Mediterranean .
95 a be can 1995
of institutional institutional of 'initiation cycles' providing providing cycles' 'initiation of regionally involved involved regionally of cnmc r social or economic h heterogeneity the ocie o as of conceived , and to be to and , n policy and the . CEU eTD Collection or integration within or across fields or sectors. or fields across or within integration or induc institutionally upon or incentives. pressures, functional and interdependences organization capacity an holds knowledge and political address access points. to The allocation. funding and structure, project competence, formal of sense the in field given a of governance regional prior is this for condition shape to attempting by instance policyma of processes Euro the institutional that: non a regarding confirmed empirically be can it whether inquires à non Euro thepoly to reacts study this of framework analytical scholarship. be Regionalist Comparative subsequently of can light the which in theory, discussed integration in founded approach regional Euro of explanations - vis -
state level, and by its attention to the multiple roles of European institutions institutions European of roles multiple the to attention its by and level, state
- B A) to expects study This C) B2) Mediterranean by Mediterranean non ) t - t
he group promotes the intensification or expansion of regional co regional of expansion or intensification the promotes group he t e ru ses o eoe rgoa pltcl co ad o otiue to contribute to and actor political regional a become to seeks group he Mediterranean space, geographic explicitly whether implicitly or so - he group focuses focuses group he t state actors. state he group mobilizes and acts upon integration or disintegration dynamics, dynamics, disintegration or integration upon acts and mobilizes group he
political processes and processes political - Med institutional Med Based primarily on th on primarily Based considering ig r ntttoa rvso respec revision institutional or king
both substantiate EFP analysis by contributing additional contributing by analysis EFP substantiate both its activities at the regional regional the at activities its
the regional agenda regional the
on the organiz revisions, as well as to provide an alternative an provide to as well as revisions, impact 42 e notion of political spillover, this study study this spillover, political of notion e ations ations
of regional North regional of The condition for this is constituted by constituted is this condition for The centricity and heterogeneity of the of heterogeneity and centricity constituting ‘regional centers’ for centers’ ‘regional constituting or to or
build coalitions. build second condition is that is condition second negvrmna and intergovernmental tively - South specificities atspecificities South
- state organization state utemr, the Furthermore,
adjustment - . operation operation
The first The
for , vis ed -
CEU eTD Collection epciey o ucinl rsue i seii plc fed; pcfcly if or specifically, implausible work.irrelevanttheir for fields; pressures and policy dynamics regional specific consider involved in stakeholders pressures functional to respectively hypothesis. the of supportive considered are concepts hegemonic the regarding contestations o agenda official po and concept the reference regarding geographic different a towards than dominant less regardin equally, Union, European than Hypotheses EU from theyoriginate if even integration, or operation non sectoral individual way, government to reactions non provide entryaccess and points. d csoa cce rgrig Euro regarding cycles ecisional -
tt gop, h non the groups, state B A) neo While B2) oad a pcfc sub specific a towards )
g the Euro g the h ognzto’ avcc oinain oad te Euro the towards orientation advocacy organization’s the thei respectively organizations when h ognzto’ Eur organization’s the the
will be
group avoids reference reference avoids group - functi
respectively towards the sum of its constitutive states or regions; or states constitutive its of sum the towards respectively te e isiuin ivle. I involved. institutions key the f -
Mediterranean spaceMediterranean disconfirmed if: onalism theorizes the regional the theorizes onalism
- led regional processes. In a a In processes. regional led - tt gop i qeto ae lo osdrd potential considered also are question in groups state - - tt atr ae xetd o rmt rgoa co regional promote to expected are actors state region, iis f h Euro the of licies o
- Mediterranean geographic focus is less dominant dominant less is focus geographic Mediterranean
- eierna isiuin ad poli and institutions Mediterranean e.g. (cf. Checkel, 2003) to to
43 towards integration r representatives have not ‘gone native’ ‘gone not have representatives r
- eierna fly lg wt the with align fully Mediterranean
emergence and reorientation of reorientation and emergence h geograp the - tr, nenl eae or debates internal turn, n sponsored regional programs regional sponsored iclr mtal reinforcing mutually circular, r disintegration or .
r if or i soe f the of scope hic - eierna is Mediterranean
its cies dynamics positions which - . CEU eTD Collection document, document, and interview research. how on focus a with th specify i of disintegration as desirable.sectors considers it if respectively integration or cooperation ae on Based C)
h ognzto i neutr is organization the e ensuing analytic ensuing e h ter faeok ulnd hs far thus outlined framework theory the
neo - functionalist hypotheses functionalist al framework framework al
l bu te rset o Euro of prospects the about al as well as the as well as 44
have been implemented in implemented been have
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- Mediterranean ndividual
survey, CEU eTD Collection quasi or governmental regional Hence, politics. institutional regional on research states within member embeds which perspective 'inclusive' an to opposed as adopted, 13) p. 2006, Lombaerde, (de d to as so institution boundaries venues regional existing regarding politics ‘successful’ counter region Mediterranean interdependence a b complemented interviews, stakeholder c) sites interaction at observation participatory and research survey on based considered be non can Mediterranean that actors and organizations relevant on research survey a) collection: data of layers three implied has project present research interview on emphasis disserta this in collection data for used methods sub research specific and indicators research frame theory the transposes chapter This 3 d datasets nd
E MPIRICAL T
- oenetl raiain cnttt te nt o analysis of units the constitute organizations governmental e choice he
n analysis and , region ae eieto i dfnd y h rne f h Euro the of range the by defined is delineation case
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ESEARCH
s respectively the transaction patterns transaction respectivelythe s - f hs study this of tt shr, ) ouet nlss n raiain sampled organizations on analysis document b) sphere, state efine a space “ space a efine I dsuss h oeainlzto o rlvn cnet in concepts relevant of operationalization the discusses It . D s ESIGN ANDESIGN
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hrb, an Thereby, selection bias of Comparative Regionalism towards Regionalism Comparative of bias selection Empirical research conducted in the context of the of context the in conducted research Empirical
which can then (ex post) be 'compartmentalized'″ be post) (ex then can which o ou o te allegedly the on focus to - questions. Furthermore, it lays out the specific the out lays it Furthermore, questions. cnmc rnato rts n policy and rates transaction economic M
. 45 ETHOD nta o te rain f hi regional their of creation the of instead
This data This wo
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is complemented by statistics by complemented is . Since .
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introduce empirical research on on non introduce empirical research 3.1 ois f hs st this of topics
3.1.1 Operationalization of Operationalization Indicators Concepts: r epce t v to expected are
rtge ad ehd epoe, hc ae usqety outlined subsequently are which employed, methods and trategies
Formation ofFormation Non Shitr 17, . 85 p. 1970, (Schmitter,
‘regional group formation’ by the “classification of data on sectorial on data of “classification the by formation’ group ‘regional d. ah f h related the of Each udy.
li regional claim r ars tp o gop sco o atvt, geographic activity, of sector group, of type across ary - State Organizations State regional - tt gop. T groups. state dity, and reliabilitydity, mind. and in
- 6) state actors, representation.
A neo As . funding systems. systems. funding 46
usin ct ars te various the across cuts questions - derived concepts, chosen with the with chosen concepts, derived - ucinls epcs rus to groups expects functionalism this in work at mechanisms he
the
es of regional nongovernmental regional of es
rnntoal cntttd in constituted transnationally following sections review following sections cmte hs suggested has Schmitter o ti dmnin the dimension, this For - state organizations will will organizations state
f hs study this of
the .
CEU eTD Collection regard. this in character organization’s an of determinant key a be to expected is institutions influen of aim actors, strategic actors, analys Data this. from benefits ascertain re by therationales towhich understand non possible it makes this neo a From funding. to access or advocacy of terms in e.g. organizati which for reasons the of understanding an to contribute to expected is information such Furthermore, sphere. Euro the of nature the into ultimately and organization, provid colleagues their and of group high likelihood regional to actorhoodautonomous Euro pronouncedly a has group constituted regional a considered be will it objectives, institutions regional of involvement o group’s a if data, empirical interpreting for example address - orient towards specific region specific towards orient aa eadn te egahc n poesoa bcgon o interviewees of background professional and geographic the regarding Data
organizations the agenda of which is aligned is which of agenda the organizations es
h conditions the by members of other non other of members by ig t srcue ad content and structures its cing
organization - hc shape which Mediterranean regional outlook, outlook, regional Mediterranean s nih it te osiuie rcs o a non a of process constitutive the into insight es wih ret oad ofca rgoa plc wt the with policy regional official towards orient which s al ons subscribe to the Euro the to subscribe ons etr’ seily eadn ter osblte to possibilities their regarding especially centers’ , - u i hs oe o rmt is w advocacy own its promote to come has it but state groups, and this group fro group this and groups, state
gops oiia aec. o rvd one provide To agency. political group’s a s s lo ie a dsenn embedded discerning at aimed also is is 47
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with official regional policy, from policy, regional official with . If rigins can be be can rigins
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- - eierna non Mediterranean functionalist perspective, functionalist - ru hs en newly been has group Mediterranean concept, Mediterranean t il e osdrd a considered be will it - state actors or actors state m the beginning the m rcd o the to traced ientor - - state state CEU eTD Collection Sweden with regard to inte to regard with Sweden the regarding matter to with or constitutive Euro the of self varia short seeks allow also category research this orientation, UfM. the and institutions EU contested is it which along dimensions Euro the of salience the of understanding researched. organizations the within and across approaches regional regarding discrepancies beyondscope. theirdynamics direct wou orientations, Euro of degrees actorhood regional understand policy and organizations to complex second The - in the organizations researched. Furthermore, these particularities are expected are particularities these Furthermore, researched. organizations the in understanding. tions in regional in regional in tions Research Research non Regarding 3.1.2 - n a ru’ rgoa oinain n auto and orientation regional group’s a ing making arenas. arenas. making -
term benefits by political orientation towar orientation political by benefits term - eierna space Mediterranean Regional Orientatio Regional n n btat es, usin ae lo erd oad the towards geared also are questions sense, abstract an In aiain o idvdas f oten eierna background Mediterranean Southern of individuals or ganizations Euro on - d ofr ta rgoa coeain cee cet regional create schemes cooperation regional that confirm ld eierna oinain a cmae t atraie regional alternative to compared as orientation, Mediterranean ad n srtgc betvs niae b re by envisaged objectives strategic any and ,
- hs complex this state groups’ regional orientation, the North the orientation, regional groups’ state - Mediterranean regionalism and to its to regionalism and Mediterranean
terest implies terest n miia rsac rgrs h rlto o non of relation the regards research empirical in
ou o idvda cutis s oiy nefcs e.g. interfaces, policy as countries individual on focus rcultural dialog, Germany regarding industry involvement, involvement, industry regarding Germany dialog, rcultural aa n hs dmnin is dimensions these on Data To grasp the grasp To n
emphasizes r epce t b rfetd y h roles the by reflected be to expected are
a long a -
particularly in its variant as promoted by the by promoted as variant its in particularly
perception of potential gains potential of perception - 48 term change of a group’s per group’s a of change term s - precise the and idea, Mediterranean
for insight on whether an organization an whether on insight for h rl o cnetto ad on and contestation of role the ds regional centers centers regional ds - dniiain its identification,
xetd o otiue to contribute to expected institutions,organizations, - South particularities South - retto. High orientation.
from regional from
capacity for for capacity spective or or spective or whether or - state of CEU eTD Collection theory perspective,fin theory policy agenda mobilize, to organizations by employed strategies the governments ad to prefer negotiation intergovernmental individual to and contexts organizations supranational respective the Foundation. Lindh Anna the Commission, European the of comprise centers Primarily, here. precondition first a considered is channels access regional target a as Mediterranean t regard, this In g of levels of importance policy uncovering to geared is research in activities respective its studying moni by assessed be will policymaking The Secretary UfM the of origin the as Jordan or Secretariat, UfM new the of location the as Spain
oig avcc o negotiation or advocacy toring,
activity political on Research ere f n raiains novmn in involvement organization’s an of degree
3.1.3 or - shaping,
- i General. siuinl revision nstitutional
rs ohr ye o acs points, access of types other dress Regional Political Activity PoliticalRegional or sectoral associations sectoral or
or or the EU institutions, particularly the the particularly institutions, EU the e ques he
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on and Integration and and negotiation in negotiation and forming - 49 tt organizations state -
tt atr hv cnrbtd Fo a From contributed. have actors state to identify to
tives or demands. or tives nldn ntoa or national including political activity political E EEAS uro
those processes of regional of processes those as addressees of advocacy. of addressees as
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eierna crec codnto rgm b pitn t a increasing an to pointing by regime coordination currency Mediterranean only , limited limited “[i]t is definitely a complex if not impossible undertaking to identify the identify to undertaking impossible not if complex a definitely is “[i]t politics - tends to take to tends functionalist perspective, the development of a regional a of development the perspective, functionalist Vloii 21, . 35) p. 2012, (Voltolini, indirectly intergovernmental data can be gathered on individual individual on gathered be can data focuses , oeg ad regional and foreign the the frequently abstract frequently
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CEU eTD Collection listings on organization websites. Nevertheless, the database is likely to be be to likely 8 is database the Nevertheless, websites. organization on listings extensiv on based publications, policy and academic other on based identified been have organizations relevant potentially points, starting these Beyond survey. present the in included be previous These of outcome the Mediterrane in w or criteria inclusion different regarding th Euro the towards non of reorientation the on research empirical intended fragmented was existing, it First, selection. case and analysis, description, theorganizations researched, of from news me publications and sites web the from primarily information, available publicly on drawn position their Euro the to C1) non riparian Mediterranean and Mediterranean surveys the structure to collected was Data
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rried out in Brussels on April 11, 2013. April 11, on Brussels in out rried ere specific to one policy field field policy one to specific ere s
- f h Rn Syox onain o the for Foundation Seydoux René the of tt organizations. state
52 contributed to the selection of groups to groups of selection the to contributed were which
dia,and from sou academic - tt organizations state Scn, t loe focusing allowed it Second, . odce fr h proe of purposes the for conducted
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decide potentially regionalizing groups, as i as groups, regionalizing potentially staff. Including this criterion makes sure that the that sure makes criterion this Including staff. .
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whether to include individual groups in the the in groups individual include to whether -
Mediterranean focus is more pronounced more is focus Mediterranean 53
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led by led outsourced an or subdivision a than more is group a if only formation n the with line in activity, political p respectively independence organizational of degree certain A an extended time. for period of which organizations project. contracted a of duration usual project formally are which groups certain by fulfilled be might criterion This nature. temporary long A their political actorhood islikelyif be limited. to agency group respective nean scope. While i While scope. nean s at f h sre cnutd but conducted survey the of part as
offices or administrative staff, most most staff, administrative or offices - another another . Thereby, media outlets and outlets media Thereby, . term operational perspective, going beyond projects or progr or projects beyond going perspective, operational term . In order to prioritize in this survey, this criterion is defined as fulfilled fulfilled is defined as survey,criterion this prioritizein to order In
already included some independence organizational - unl based, but but based,
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of plentitude regional mechanisms and fin and mechanisms regional
group. group.
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- funct 54 have been operating for longer than the than longer for operating been have online projects have been included even included been have projects online
have develo have ionalist dimension of regional group regional of dimension ionalist local local placed in a separate category and and category separate a in placed hypothetical t h sm tm, it time, same the At rjcs r ssand by sustained are projects
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falls within falls the hybrid and interr and hybrid the 3.2.2 a tasomd by transformed was
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iual atr h entry the after ticularly a period of extended EU foreign policy competences and European and competences policy foreign EU extended of period a - ak Gs r ivle i Euro in involved are IGOs task - Mediterranean policymaking.
can also also can - tt gop surveyed, groups state Ter tnig n h cnet f hs israin sa a) as is dissertation this of context the in standing Their . egional nature of the Euro the of nature egional targets : a large part of Euro of part large a
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of
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dispose
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organizations, Mediterranean institutions institutions Mediterranean is emerge 56 ute isie by inspired further
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3.2.4 are ulig ae poie cnrs o cer on contrast a provide cases outlying constitutes
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two categories of cases of categories two Case Selection Case
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Document,
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other by footnotes by study’s Research eti tps f non of types certain
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each state
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3 R
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ersonal contactsin : Research Research
is meig ad conferences and meetings mits, colle
Structure cted for case organizations regarding, on the one hand, one the on regarding, organizations case for cted contribute to processespolicymakingcontribute institutional of or seeks to become regionalGroup political a actor andto Neo Non Materialization for advocacyfor perception and ofke interviewAnalysis regarding of primary points data access Interviewswith non regional Awareness of channels political Non revision - - nesadn, n oeainl cp; n o te other the on and scope; operational and understanding, tt lvl dcmns nld ognzto charters, organization include documents level, state - - - State AdvocacyState functionalism spillover and componentits political InvolvementState Euro in
the documents. internal form of / adjustment / - d Text based documents, statistics and macro and statistics documents, based and
technical bodies or committees, declarations committees, or bodies technical ocuments going beyond the general survey general the beyond going ocuments - 59 State stakeholders State
documents plc pap policy , ttoa dcmns bu non about documents itutional s media, and brochures and media, s - Med Politics? d tourism were consulted in consulted were tourism d y venues
nld pooos and protocols include
r ad evaluation and ers
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CEU eTD Collection uds ee sd o dfeet upss bt tutrd along structured but purposes, different dif for to used 24 were able of guides total be a to Thus, as preferences. so language Spanish interviewees’ and accommodate French, German, English, in mirrored and semi for guides Marseille, Tarragona, Brussels,Paris, Istanbul, Jerusalem, Ramallah,and Amman. Face Turkey. non the as well as UK, the and Spain, Slovenia, Italy, Germany, France, Denmark, Belgium, agendas offices organizations’ events political of number interviews separate standardized research interviewee, the by employed. were accepted questionnaires were interviews phone nor face conducted were interviews semi research, empirical study’s this of component extensive most the As study.the document database of this previously conducted media news European major of review press of level the at revision institutional or policy of proxy a as intended
telephone ‘piloting’ of series a After 3.3.1 - .
U onre o Eyt Isr Egypt, of countries EU
Interviews were conducted with stakeholders based in the EU countries of countries EU the in based stakeholders with conducted were Interviews s inter as
Interview Research Interview - to - structured interviews was developed for each of three target groups target three of each for developed was interviews structured - ae neves ee ceue i Bri, acln, Madrid, Barcelona, Berlin, in scheduled were interviews face viewe
(listed in Annex C2) Annex in (listed has has es or questionnaire respondents, sometimes sometimes respondents, questionnaire or es cont
y eehn ad face and telephone by n conferences and ributed to ributed
and Transcription 52
e, aetn, odn Mrco Tnsa and Tunisia, Morocco, Jordan, Palestine, ael,
niiul stakeholders individual
. a better insight into insight better a
- Moreover based intervi based 60
( itd in listed , participation or observation at a at observation or participation , - to
- face. ews, a set of complementary of set a ews, ne C3) Annex
n ae ete face neither case In actor constellations actor contributed h sm research same the regional politics. A politics. regional implicitly , n vst to visits and in - str
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CEU eTD Collection researcher. 9 follow in or conversation the of end the at confirmed was interview each of status anonymity and confidentiality permitted Euro no the in topics Key policyposit of advocacy and dissemination the in used strategies the and points, cons ‘non the in topics interview Key organizations. neo a from derived categories along analysis, document and research survey from findings substantiate category aim partly questions Interview affiliation. organizational stakeholder’s the to due guides the from diverged slightly information guides government and researched. dynamics the into insight with academia from interviewees institutions, UfM institutions, EU in organizations non among from advocacy or relations external in working staff and makers questionnaireone questions.
neve gie ad usinars n h ohr neve lnugs can languages interview other the in questionnaires and guides Interview n - state actors, their policy input and the position of non of position the and input policy their actors, state - policy its organization, respective the of titution Three Three if hardware recording voice by or tools software by recorded were Interviews Mediterranean politics. of categories a) and b) b) and a) categories of - structured answers. For all interview guides, questions were designed designed were questions guides, interview all For answers. structured
T
y h itriwe Ohrie itriw oe wr ta were notes interview Otherwise, interviewee. the by target groups groups target he eadn saeodr interaction stakeholder regarding
and related organizations related and English
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o ofcas n diplomats and officials for t artv ad process and narrative at , b) potential addressees of non of addressees potential b) , e i itriw research: interview in hed 61
- . - state’ guides address the process of process the address guides state’ 3 n niiul interviews individual In . 9
neves ee subsequently were Interviews - eae atvte ad access and activities related l raiain, n c) and organizations, al - state organizations within organizations state
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- state actors towardsstate Interview constitutive process constitutive - eierna politics. Mediterranean - tt shr, s ned osiue fo ars te entire the across from constituted indeed is sphere, state
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62 ad dniiain a tcld by tackled was identification and n nwr rgrig h ge the regarding Answers
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the ways in which the organization is perceived to contribute to contribute to perceived is organization the which in ways the
- of of becoming level officials officials level After asking the interviewee to clarify her or his relation to relation his or her clarify to interviewee the asking After eotn, lobbying, reporting, usin wr frt se rgrig h interviewee’s the regarding asked first were questions ument components of this study.umentcomponentsof
a pro r with or - tt shr a te einl ee tns to tends level regional the at sphere state - integration at Euro force 64 infer
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space, which provide reference and allow s
contribute to an understanding of of understanding an to contribute for a critical evaluation of this research dim research this of evaluation critical a for assessed
will provide an overview of the international organizations international the of overview an provide will
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tt atr’ ciiis n h Euro the in activities actors’ state ucinls standpoint functionalist s siuinl otcs o non to contacts nstitutional
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CEU eTD Collection and the seat UfMaround and ofthe in Secretariat Barcelona Euro whether balance institutional of calibration the Indeed, sponsor. major or stakeholder, as well as formal sub a only involve and politics Brussels from individual non Euro for formats the and dialog policy intergovernmental internal EU’s the between design institution in parallels The res chapter the aspect, latter this in Particularly countries. Arab in changes regime to reaction in often changes, policy subsequent to and 2008, in Mediterranean the for Union the constit the with began that developments institutional and political to devoted and Process Barcelona and addressees Mediterranean This 4
earch reports. well earch as media as 4.1 E -
U pa EU URO
hpe introduce chapter
European Initiatives European Policyas Access Points goes beyond previous publications, publications, previous beyond goes - institutional contexts contexts institutional M tes a hrl b overlooked. be hardly can rtners EDITERRANEAN - Mediterr relevance
arenas nomlcnet, Uisiuin anan ky oe s initiator, as role key a maintain institutions EU contexts, informal
a feunl be cnetd ilsrtd y h qeto of question the by illustrated contested, been frequently has anean politics should be cond be should politics anean s
h Erpa Nihoho Plc. atclr teto is attention Particular Policy. Neighborhood European the f non of h cr institutions core the
ih ead o hi rl a role their to regard with P OLITICS ANDOLITICS relevant to Euro to relevant - tt activity state -
eierna itroenetl ilg involving dialog intergovernmental Mediterranean 66 I eie plcmkn a te U level, EU the at policymaking Besides NSTITUTIONS I focus It . -
ru o E ebrsae. n most In states. member EU of group and policymaking contexts contexts policymaking and - draw Mediterranean politics Mediterranean ucted primarily in Brussels in primarily ucted ing
es .
n uvy n document and survey on
plc a policy s on
the the h isiuin of institutions the Euro - Mediterranean ccess points, points, ccess are
detached f Euro of ution of ution
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CEU eTD Collection expected expected to UfM are the and EU the Bothlevel. EU Mediterraneanpolicymakingat respectivelyof of survey v study’s this of results the discussing to Prior p. 8) 2008, of states and regions the in frontiers its beyond system this of extension the in also increasingly and regions, the and states member the “considera Euro Mediterranean” the i emerged indeed has system [governance] a such that demonstrates states partner see to allows that argues / Mediterraneo (Casa House ofthe ForeignMinistry case Denmark of Mediterranean Danish the the and Spain, France, in Mediterraneocasa) of Euro case of the dimensions the in of some or all Medite regarding types various of focal operate points also governments individual importance, of be to expected be can Min relevant While agenda. their promoting when governments enues, this section introduces the functioning of of functioning the introduces section this enues, 4.2 - onig u te nest o itrainl eain i te Euro the in relations international of intensity the out Pointing non addition, In
eierna gvrac rpeet the represents governance Mediterranean
rranean affairs. These include These affairs. rranean Primary Contexts Contexts Primary ble experience in the organization of multi of organization the in experience ble .
provide access points non for n nesadn o te U unn is nenl oenne outward governance internal its turning EU the of understanding an
that “the complex and extensive relationships between the EU and the and EU the between relationships extensive and complex “the that (Cardwell, 2011, p. 230) p. 2011, (Cardwell, - tt atr cn e xetd o drs idvda national individual address to expected be can actors state since 2008 a specific ‘Inter specific a
.
- state organization.state 67 . In a similar vein, Emerson vein, similar a In
- Arab Partnership Programme in the the in Programme Partnership Arab
oeta fr h E t eet its exert to EU the for potential h Uin o te Mediterrane the for Union the - - ministerial Mission for the U the for Mission ministerial tier governance between itself, between governance tier h periphery” the
nentoa interaction international sre ad agencies and istries - e, Cardwell Med, argues that argues (Emerson, fM’ an n - CEU eTD Collection published on October 8,2012. October on published 12 11 10 Thestates. riparian Mediterranean by spearheaded be to side, European the on and, allowed which system rotation Secretariat UfM the to official assumed Co permanentlyUfM Northern (EEAS) Service Action External European the when involving high ad of number the occasions. specific at held SOMs expert by complimented months, two mandate budgets, or projects individual approve to e.g. (SOM), Meetings Officials Senior through operates intergovernmentalism UfM of type quotidian more Co Southern and Northern its of role the were Ministerials sectoral four instance, for 2013, In Ministerials. Affairs Foreign regular as well as Government and State of Heads of Summits biannual envisaged inaugurated, was it which by 2008, of Declaration intergovernmental for venues of provision the is institutions its by Secretary led 2010, since Spain, Barcelona, from operated has Secretariat UfM The
Interview 2r1 with a U with 2r1 Interview 2013. 11, April on out carried official a regional with 5e2 interview Anonymous UfM interview with Marcus Cornaro, Acting Director of the European Neighbourhood Policy, Policy, Neighbourhood European the of Director Acting Cornaro, Marcus with interview UfM
governance UfM in institutions EU of involvement The 4.2.1 . 11 - General, Fathallah Sijilmassi, Fathallah General,
f SM tk pae n eua itras uuly agn fo oe to one from ranging usually intervals, regular in place take SOMs UfM The UnionThe fortheMediterranean -
ranking officials, has increased2008. since ranking officials, for Euro for
f h UM rsdny n diverts and Presidency UfM the of - - hoc events organized or co or organized events hoc Presidency in 2012 in Presidency fM official carried out on November 14, 2012. 14, November on out carried official fM - Mediterranean states to be represented be to states Mediterranean
” . 12
This move abandoned the previously envisaged envisaged previously the abandoned move This , and th and ,
- since 2012. 2012. since Presidencies, Summits and Ministerials, the the Ministerials, and Summits Presidencies, 68 - e European Commission “seconded an “seconded Commission European e organized by the UfM Secretariat, of Secretariat, UfM the byorganized
scheduled to take to scheduled
Among the purpose of the UfM the of purpose the Among from the original original the from
policy dialog. The Paris The dialog. policy was formalized in 2012 2012 in formalized was but also but
at an equal footing equal an at
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UfM regarding its regarding In addition, In . 10
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the ten CEU eTD Collection 15 14 13 non to interest particular of be to organizationsattempt that to approach the expected be can Jordan and Egypt a maintains group, aligned’ Co Southern the holds Jordan context. Co S first the held Egypt context. UfM the in roles key maintained have Egypt Euro these of components the all veryare relations useful” 5+5, the Secretariat, UfM the we, that Euro for concept new the [designing are Yet, Barcelona. individual and EEAS the severa in various Euro the to relative activities transversal and Mediterranean” regional its address essentially will UfM the towards input Commission’s “the that envisaged was it inauguration, inter and triple and EEAS the of involvement
Anonymous interview 2g4 carried out on November 20, 2012. 20, November on out carried 2g4 interview Anonymous Inter 2013. 11, April on out carried official a regional with 5e2 interview Anonymous - rsdny n hs en codntr f h Aa psto wti te UfM the within position Arab the of coordinator a been has and Presidency eod h ifunil Umme tts n te Uisiuin, odn and Jordan institutions, EU the and states member EU influential the Beyond the regard stakeholders EU and government that indicates research Empirical
view 3g1 with a French diplomat carried out in Paris on January 21, 2013. 21, on January Paris in out carried diplomat a French with view 3g1 U mat on impact EU l of them in parallelin them of l - einl rmwrs ad hog te mul the through and frameworks, regional leading role within the group as well, ac well, as group the within role leading - Med intergovernmental frameworks as complementary and tend to work to tend and complementary as frameworks intergovernmental Med (Aliboni & opsd by composed venues are use in parallel. A French diplomat stated diplomat French A parallel. in use are venues
Euro
. Commission Directorate Commission 14 Ammor, 2009, p. 8) - eierna plc truh h EP truh bilate through ENP, the through policy Mediterranean
. 13
Isr This has entailed competence struggles, e.g. b e.g. struggles, competence entailed has This
h Erpa Commission European the e, h Bla UM members UfM Balkan the ael, - Presidency and has also coordinated a ‘non a coordinated also has and Presidency - Med relations], we have to use all the tools the all use to have we relations], Med
UfM its member through states. 69 .
- Generals cording to a diplomatic source diplomatic a to cording
, or between Brussels and Brussels between or , iaea UfM tilateral
rae a overlapping an creates , and Turkey, which which Turkey, and ,
that “while we “while that Atr its After .
outhern etween - - state Med ral . 15 -
CEU eTD Collection Secretary General of Maghreb Union discuss ways to implement EU’s proposals supporting supporting proposals EU’s implement to ways discuss Union Maghreb Maghreb’. thein integration of General Secretary 17 16 sub African North encouraging thereby Union, Maghreb Arab the with links strengthened pledging 2012 in o held Ministerial intensification a with routinized, increasingly become have relation bilat a inter in located frequently are c ministries, government individual within though UfM, the within position EU the of coordination the for group working work, general its to addition In policy. trade and are groups those Among Affairs’. ‘Foreign as categorized those by particularly affairs, Council Mediterranean Affairs Foreign the and sust is (PSC) formations Committee Security and Political the within work Thereby, coordination. policy intergovernmental of mechanisms internal The
Anonymous interview 5g2 with a government official carried out on April 11, 2013. April 11, on out carried official a government with 5g2 interview Anonymous U egbuho If Cnr pes r press Centre Info Neighbourhood EU -
action in these contexts has a Euro a has contextsthese in action einl integration regional Middle East/ Gulf group Gulf East/ Middle Us oe n Euro in role EU’s
a In eral or country or eral 4.2.2 t te ege f rb tts s el s o the to as well as States Arab of League the to s ddition to bilateral and multilateral formats led by EU institutions, the EU’s the institutions, EU by led formats multilateral and bilateral to ddition
Intra rltos Te uoen omsin a as advocated also has Commission European The relations. f ained by the various Council working groups of relevance to Euro to relevance of groups working Council various the by ained the - EU Intergovernmentalism EU - specific specific focus. geographically oriented groupings Mashreq/ groupings oriented geographically
- eierna pltc cnius o e hpd hog its through shaped be to continues politics Mediterranean . 17
ifrn uis r departments or units different s This This , but also those covering matters of development and development of matters covering those also but ,
ompetences for MAMA policy and for UfM policy UfM for and policy MAMA for ompetences objective elease of August 15, 2013 titled ‘Commissioner Füle and and Füle ‘Commissioner titled 2013 15, August of elease - Mediterranean 70 was
the the
MAMA further further
regional orientation instead of orientation regional
group uf Cooperati Gulf . manifested 16
rqety intra Frequently,
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Maghreb (MAMA) Maghreb
in n Council on
Joint a - EU -
CEU eTD Collection 19 17, 2012. December 18 from interlocutors five and states member EU Mediterranean five comprises format on based is It 1990s. early the to also back dates and Forum Mediterranean is Western the as known which scheme, 5+5 the in found be can venue interaction Mediterranean studies. case in significance potential their to due here highlighted actors’ state distinguishable study acronyms d dissertation this to inter the Neither Euro the targeting contexts parliamentary S ofnon aims const to expected developed be can these involved, funding the to Due beginning. have very the instruments, from them with ENP provided already were the or time over through structures permanent primarily EU, the by funded Communication
re rsac hs rdcd dtbs o inter of database a produced has research urvey Full copies can be requested from the author. from be requested can copies Full Joint Communication on ‘Supporting closer cooperation and regional integration in in integration regional and cooperation closer ‘Supporting on Communication Joint 4.3
survey The .
Intergovernmental Contexts Intergovernmental Non and
a structured but informal dialog of Mediterranean Mediterranean of dialog informal but structured a of surveyed organizations and contexts and organizations surveyed of - state activitystate points. well as access as advocacy and orientation and advocacy entries - state nor the non the nor state
n 2012 in
f inter of e o hi sz ad complexity. and size their to ue
which constitute potential potential constitute which . 18 -
tt contexts state Finally, numerous numerous Finally,
- state Directories underlying this study are annexed underlying Directories are state study this .
T he most relevant among them of these are these of them among relevant most he -
Mediterranean Mediterranean 71 rdcd dtbs of database a produced
- State Activity State large
are reproduced are addressees - - cl porm ad projects and programs scale tt, inter state, 19
However, r eierna region. Mediterranean or riparian
n aea for arenas and -
gny n inter and agency A prominent Euro prominent A i n Annex Annex n
h nms and names the states. The 5+5 The states. the Maghreb’ of of Maghreb’ the itute both the both itute
rud 50 around F
to this to
non - - - CEU eTD Collection 23 22 Conference. 21 20 UfM the with engaged be to come has and groups, working and committees it Furthermore, 4. of Bureau a by chaired constantly is it but rotate, assemblies its of Venues Parliament. European the from Euro the across from its parliamentarians on based 2000s in early Inaugurated scope. omnisectoral and visibility its to due significant is (EMPA), (PA UfM the the theEuropeanCommission and both EEAS. states, participating of points focal national the on Secretariat. UfM the by backed recently a offices specific by organized been have Summits and meetings format, 5+5 the for Secretariat no is there While Parliaments. a Presidents is parliamentary to the there 5+5, level particularlyof of the dimension at organized been have Government and State of Heads tourism, of Summits defense, individual Moreover, migration, environment. and Interior, education transport, the of topics covering meanwhile, place ot core, its at of conceived were Ministers Foreign of reunions annual originally, While Ministers. of level the summit. 2012 its with specifically ( Union Maghreb Arab the of members the to correspond which Mediterranean Southern the
Website for the 5+5 Malta Summit of 2012. Reference access on November 20, 2013. on November access 2012. of Reference Summit Malta the 5+5 for Website Interview 3e1 with an EU official carried out in Brussels on January 23, 2013. 23, on January Brussels in out carried EU official anwith 3e1 Interview 8, 2012. December on out carried diplomat anwith Italian 2g2 Interview U egbuho If Cnr pes ees o Arl 3 21 o a + Daou Ministeri Dialogue 5+5 a on 2013 23, April of release press Centre Info Neighbourhood EU A
rgrs h inter the regards s Union du Maghr du Union
–
f) peiul Euro previously UfM), eb Arab eb - alaetr dmnin te alaetr Asml of Assembly Parliamentary the dimension, parliamentary her ‘configurations’ of Ministerials have regularly taken taken regularly have Ministerials of ‘configurations’ her
rdcso faeok, t rns oehr 280 together brings it frameworks, predecessor ; UMA). The 5+5 scheme has recently been revived, been recently has scheme 5+5 The UMA). ;
20
Today, 5+5 is a multisectoral format, primarily at at primarily format, multisectoral a is 5+5 Today, - Mediterranean range, including 49 Delegates 49 including range, Mediterranean 21
In addition, interaction at SOM level relies level SOM at interaction addition, In - eierna Primnay Assembly Parliamentary Mediterranean 72 , notably in 2003 and 2012. In addition, In 2012. and 2003 in notably , d omtes f h hs countries, host the of committees nd a se te eeomn o various of development the seen has
23
22
as well as on the involvement of involvement the on as well as
al al CEU eTD Collection r epce t b rlvn t piae oprtos n hi Euro their in inter cases, other In endeavors. corporations private to relevant be to expected are Mediterranean the and (MedReg) Gas and Electricity for Regulators Mediterranean the of Association the communication, Euro Mediterranean riparian the Besides infrastructure. Association to related fields in prolific Inter governments. constitutive their from autonomy of degree con inter These states. range acrossthe agencies or Ministries,units government toorganizations’ Euro access inter Euro the in or (MIO ECSDE), Development Sustainable and Culture Sustainable Environment, for for Office Information Parliamentarians Mediterranean of suppor (COMPSUD), Development Circle the like formats specific in other each joined have parliamentarians Individual well. as format 5+5 Mediterranean the Inter in Cooperation 2006. in the(CSCM) and succeeded Security which on Conference Mediterranean Parliamentary the of Assembly Parliamentary also Sea Mediterranean the across Inter Marseille. in held was states member UfM the across from Parliaments of Presidents of Summit first a 2013, in addition, In Secretariat. texts tend to have agendas for cooperation in specific sectors, sometimes with a a with sometimes sectors, specific in cooperation for agendas have to tend texts - - alaetr dmnin sepce t prov to expected is dimension parliamentary scn ky ieso o Euro of dimension key second A
eierna Ntok f euaos EEG rgrig electronic regarding (EMERG) Regulators of Network Mediterranean of the National Agencies for Energy Conservations (MEDENER) and the and (MEDENER) Conservations Energy for Agencies National the of Its Secretariat in Malta sustains the Parliamentary Dimension of the of Dimension Parliamentary the sustains Malta in Secretariat Its - eierna Frm ofrne eis I ti td, the study, this In series. conference Forum Mediterranean - Mediterranean agenda - agency contexts have been set up as networks or in or networks as up set been have contexts agency ted by a Secretariat hosted by the Mediterranean the by hosted Secretariat a by ted occurs Transmission System Operators (Med Operators System Transmission - Med international affairs joins individual individual joins affairs international Med 73
n h cnet f h riparian the of context the in ide valuable venues for non for venues valuable ide - setting. - parliam
- agency contexts are are contexts agency entary cooperationentary - Mediterranean - agency - - TSO) TSO) - state only - - CEU eTD Collection Also, a whole range of institutions and government agencies, foremost the European the foremost agencies, government and institutions of range whole a Also, office MENA further and Jordan in Representation Permanent a maintains It Mediterranean. Southern the in transitions multi the of context has (EBRD) Development and to scope its Reconstruction expanded for Bank European The fund. InfraMed the and programs joint up set has it which with Secretariat, UfM the to staff numbering staff significant aroun a with 2002, in (FEMIP) Partnership and Investment Euro for Facility a launched (EIB) Bank Investment European The well. as offices or programs Mediterranean sustain institutions European further far, engage with Euro questions of non by involvement and advocacy Inter Brussels. in Regions the of Committee the by hosted Secretariat a by coordinated and countries 30 than more from representatives 84 by constituted is which (ARLEM), Authorities was authorities regional and local of level the at cooperation 2010, In 2012. a in with Charter provided and institutionalized been have Institutions Similar and Councils European inter Mediterranean Police)which in various(Euromed entities governmental participate. o case the in as projects, individual of context the Besides the key dimensions of Euro of dimensions key the Besides Inter
d 50. The EIB maintains specific FEMIP offices and has additionally seconded additionally has and offices FEMIP specific maintains EIB The 50. d omlzd n the in formalized - - level equivalents. Since 1995, Euromed Summits of Economic and Social and Economic of Summits Euromed 1995, Since equivalents. level ntttoa cnet ae osdrd tid e dmnin f Euro of dimension key third a considered are contexts institutional - insti - - state context. These are most frequently driven by the respe the by driven frequentlymost arecontext. These state tkhle Davle atesi amd t uprig system supporting at aimed Partnership Deauville stakeholder uinl otxs r epce t poie potnte for opportunities provide to expected are contexts tutional uky n 09 n t fu EA onre i 21, n the in 2012, in countries MENA four to and 2009 in Turkey Euro - Med governance.Med - eierna Asml o Lcl n Regional and Local of Assembly Mediterranean s, aiming at an investment value of €2.5 in 2015. in €2.5 of value investment an at aiming s, - tt ognztos priual fr hs that those for particularly organizations, state - Mediterranean cooperation introduc cooperation Mediterranean 74
coeain n oiy training policy in cooperation f
- Mediterranean ed thus ed ctive - CEU eTD Collection Programme. 24 Co and Security for Organization The states. MENA seven involves which Dialog Mediterranean (NATO) Organization’s Treaty Atlantic North the by absorbed been Union’s European Medite the of role well.Western The Euro the Foundati Lindh Anna the contexts, these among From Europe agencies. and governments European and Region Arab the and involvedArab 1992, since has, and for Cairo in office robust a maintains (CEDARE) Development and Environment for Center Germany. and Malta, Switzerland, by financed and agreement international an on based was which Studies Diplomatic of Academy Mediterranean Dialogue. for Citizens launched has it 30, netw national in organized largely Euro the across from NGOs 4,000 of network a forged 2005, since these Li to Anna The frameworks. parallel in or UfM the respectively EMP the with conjunction in founded changes in regime of SouthernMediterranean states. Neighbo European the in support society civil for facility targeted a as launched was Democracy for Endowment European financed governmentally but s MEFTA, Euro a of objective the with notably most Mediterranean, the across trade promoting of matters in involved is Commission,
U egbuho If Cnr pes ees o Mrh , 03 bu te iies Excha Citizens the about 2013 1, March of release press Centre Info Neighbourhood EU Furthermore, various field various Furthermore, beyond scope geographic a of contexts and organizations Intergovernmental on isexpected to interestbe of notable to NGOs. - eierna hv feunl dvlpd Mdtraen ieso as dimension Mediterranean a developed frequently have Mediterranean ometimes EMFTA or EU or EMFTA ometimes
high 24
ndh Foundation operating in matters of cultural dialog has, dialog cultural of matters in operating Foundation ndh - profil ic 19, h Uiest o Mla a hse a hosted has Malta of University the 1990, Since
- e specific organizations have been intergovernmentally been have organizations specific
orks. Headquartered orks. programs - MED FTA). MED 75 - like M
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on Aa Vie o DAWRAK or Voices Arab Young
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n G cle the called IGO An rhood, in the light the in rhood, - Mediterranean, nge nge - - - CEU eTD Collection negvrmna ognztos s el s non as well as organizations intergovernmental to sectoraleffortsinterest by non the including Th relevance, ecosystem its conservation for specifically Mediterranean the targeted have (MEAs) Agreements Environmental Multilateral broad Geographically En Global the and Bank World the involves also which MedPartnership the through forged been have UfM the to ties Recently, region. the across offices in people 80 than more totaling staff a with (RACs), Centers Activity si has and EU, the and states 21 Mediterranean involved has 1975, since force in been UN has (UNEP) the Programme of Environment (MAP) Plan Action Mediterranean The Mediterranean. the to specific a Institute.Gender is which of outcome recent most the (BMENA), Initiative Africa North and East Middle Broader its sustains group G8 the Furthermore, France. in Secretariat own countries, Mediterranean Southern of number a involved has Agreement Hazards Major Mediterranean and CoE the 1987, since Already instrument. financial targeted a and of Council The ( Europe Barcelona. from coordinated is program riparian Mediterranean Cross Red A matters. development and governance on initiatives several launched Co Economic for Organisation The well. as security a operates (OSCE) Europe in operation ese programs or policy schemes of ‘external’ organizations are expected to be of be to expected are organizations ‘external’ of schemes policy or programs ese ntd ain or Nations United multi various addition, In CoE) has engaged with the Mediterranean through its North its through Mediterranean the with engaged has CoE) - retd African oriented
aiain wr poer i seiial cnrnig issues confronting specifically in pioneers were ganizations and has evolved into an intergovernmental platform with its with platform intergovernmental an into evolved has and - - stakeholder frameworks involve both governmental or or governmental both involve frameworks stakeholder uain aebr Areet UE / AEWA). / (UNEP Agreement Waterbird Eurasian - state actors. - 76 operation and Development (OECD) has (OECD) Development and operation
c te su of so off spun then nce - focused Mediterranean focused - state groups. The Global Water Water Global The groups. state vironment Facility (GEF). (GEF). Facility vironment - initiated European initiated - ald Regional called - South Centre South Partnership CEU eTD Collection of activities, discuss and resultingof selection the non the of results the Gulf the and issues. individual regarding Council, Cooperation Union Maghreb Arab the specifically organizations, regional other as well as region UfM the outside from governments address to expected be can meetings or conferences direct at and events. inter for allows which staff of number non considerable a by employ contexts these access of number ‘physical’ a Indeed, well. for as organizations options providing thereby capitals, MENA and European in concentrated are Secretariats or headquarters, venues, key their extent, large a To advocacy. for points access potential and activities, actors’ state multi SocialConference Dialogueand theEuroMed Forum. the as well as (FOROMED) Forum instituti Euro explicitly an of conferences and events non for to expected constituteare accessnatural points non for multi their to Due Bank. World the and EIB the authorities, local governments, of coalition a tank think a as founded was Integration the launched de on initiative 2020 Horizon has itself UfM The standing. various of network and organizations (GWP dimension Mediterranean a has Partnership Most of these organizations and contexts constitute potentia constitute contexts and organizations these of Most high Finally, non time, same the At nlzd o oe xet fr ntne h itroenetl Mediterranean intergovernmental the instance for extent, some to onalized - state actors’ involvement in Euro in involvement actors’ state - level meetings of a less formalized character can provide arenas provide can character formalized less a of meetings level - state dimension of the survey conducted, including their range their including conducted, survey the of dimension state - - state organizatio state pollution of the Mediterranean. The Mars The Mediterranean. the of pollution - esnl neato wt non with interaction personal - Mediterranean politics. There are countless are There politics. Mediterranean 77 - -
ns of specific geographic backgrounds geographic specific of ns tkhle Mdtraen Economic Mediterranean stakeholder Med scope. Some of them have been been have them of Some scope. Med
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CEU eTD Collection groups groups thestudy someof degree,particularly to whencomes geographic it to aspects. co of purpose the for sufficient level a to Hungarian and Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, German, level stake potential a groups. relevant addition existing Annex in reproduced study. thisto relevance contextsof and organizations s The in cases for purpose stated and fields. policy (re non Mediterranean c This 5
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hapter presents the research results of of results research the presents hapter Survey Results Survey h rlvn cmiain o wb erh ewrs ee applied were keywords search web of combinations relevant , eeat to relevant rsace’ lnug skills language researcher’s e literature - depth depth is outlineddocument in and interviewthis chapter. research Thi s regards s In addition to the indexed organizations, countless other groups withgroups other countless organizations, indexed the to addition In in Euro in nducting
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tt actors. state Based on the resulting organization directories, the selection of selection the directories, organization resulting the on Based
the Mediterranean riparian field of of field riparian Mediterranean the F - state groups towards the Euro the towards groups state .
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ATEGORIZING
groups’ organizational structure organizational groups’ this survey. This restriction is expected to skew the results the skew to expected is restriction This survey. this
uvy eerh otiue isgt regarding insight contributes research Survey published the results of a survey focusing on focusing survey a of results the published allowed E 78 URO
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Their names and acronyms are acronyms and names Their Mediterranean level in different in level Mediterranean
survey
regionally oriented regionally ytmtcly cne. In scanned. systematically ouet ol i English, in only documents , membership membership , regionalization conducted conducted N composition,
ON o identify to
(Šabič & & (Šabič non f Euro of -
S
- TATE state
the - CEU eTD Collection hs include These governance, or policy of questions towards orientation economics. FEMISE or for region Mediterranean independent. formally are others while un to attached organizationsare these of Society. RiskSome Mediterranean Euro Affari Istituto the the e.g. Internazionali, structure, distinguishable a operate that facilities training study comprises sectors. and types across orientation base been neo on based study, this for employed framework analytical The the existing networks spearheaded have cooperation, in instance for interlinked, well are surveyed permit and level, an ofdispose actors theory on focused and 2007) Bojinović,
41 of number A rese tanks, think 50 covered has Research 5.1.1 on d
characterized by characterized Types ofGroups
Te rsn survey present The . h epcain f raiain dvlpn a Euro a developing organizations of expectation the th h ErMd Non EuroMed the h slcin f ae studies. case of selection the e e diversemost types ofgroups. cross increasing potential to potentialincreasing .
as well, such as the Community of Mediterranean Universities, Mediterranean of Community the as such well, as
tpcl no ‘typical’ - eeat hrceitc. t results Its characteristics. relevant -
Mediterranean - eierna Simlgcl ete o te Euro the or Centre, Seismological Mediterranean
parallel fiel parallel
n - oenetl organizatio governmental - oenetl ltom te Mediterranean the Platform, Governmental cover ned te eta non central the Indeed, Pertinent c Pertinent
ds of activity of ds cooperation within more than than more within cooperation mat 79 ed the
ter rmrl Eur primarily
formalized formalized n oe etr, h organizations the sectors, some In
oordin politically rh inst arch
and were surveyed for this study. this for surveyed were ation bodies cover the Euro the cover bodies ation
by at the Euro the at field o
- ofr that confirm ns
tts euain and education itutes, - eierna groups Mediterranean individual cities which cities individual tt drcoy f this of directory state
frequently , of - functionalism, functionalism,
local government local - Mediterranean - Med regional Med n among one non
iversities ih an with - state has - -
CEU eTD Collection Euro net specific field or Confederations, Enterprise of Union Mediterranean associations, trade and business regional by complemented are They AREVA. French the and initiative Desertec the them among level, regional a at engage to started have ventures joint and companies various private of number the a While with networks. corporations union trade and sections or networks Euro or Forum, Capital Euromed observatory, energy Mediterranean the e.g. included, were whichpromotes cultural dialog.also the e.g. network, C Medmaravis. network the e.g. F Lindh Anna the in embedded national a constitutes Spain in Encounter Civil Euromed The level. national the at organization leading a is World Mediterranean numerous in dialog cultural policyregionaland coordinates Italy, Napoli, primarilybased in Mediterraneo) Euro ar but outlook, dialog. cultural promote or Mediterranean Euro Euro large the as such networks, and NGOs Several Encounter. Civic Euromed the or Foundation, - - -
co large and associations professional or business 34 addition, In Mediterranean hubs. For instance, the Mediterranean Foundation (Fondazione Foundation Mediterranean the instance, For hubs. Mediterranean Non Med e Irgtr Cmuiy Vros country Various Community. Irrigators Med -
Med Center of Mediation and Arb and Mediation of Center Med onain f h Wmn f h Euro the of Women the of Foundation cntttd rmrl wti oe onr i wih hy ucin as function they which in country one within primarily constituted e - oenetl ltom codnt NO oprto ars the across cooperation NGO coordinate Platform, Governmental onain pc o Kolde Europ Knowledge of Space Foundation
ntaie. n rne te eé edu Fudto fr the for Foundation Seydoux René the France, In initiatives. specific ertain ertain
Euro TNGOs udto. Gs frequ NGOs oundation. -
eierna porm remain program Mediterranean -
Mediterranean Human Rights Network or the or Network Rights Human Mediterranean ak h ln bten G ad research and NGO between line the walk
Other groups are regionally inclined in their in regionallyinclined are groups Other itration; moreover, a number of corporate of number a moreover, itration; 80
- - ee hb o atvte, u i also is but activities, for hub level Mediterranean - pcfc cnmc cooperation economic specific nl wr i seii fields, specific in work ently e
- in the Euro the in eierna (WEM) Mediterranean - cl transnational scale r h environment the or s o instance for
eaiey low, relatively works like the the like works - Med space Med r porations porations
the
CEU eTD Collection is at 10 at is of number staff average an professional or business those for whic for networks and organizations instance, For occupation. primary their as surveyed organizations the for work people of numbers considerable that indicates or research.environmental promotion investment in structures substantial developed have funding mixed long certain Thereby, standing. different long and programs individual multi of examples 13 as Euro the to ‘external’ originally organizations Finall parties. political platforms news oriented regionally professional, primarily types’: ‘other as characterized were organizations 15 further A Authorities. Committee Standing Euro or Mediterranean coastal such of multitude a is There survey. the in included were governments city or and Europe Solidarity of Association the Co Mediterranean Forum, Union Trade Euromed fo only and scarce still are initiatives hav unions Development Germany the as such initiatives Moreo figures staff Though . 2. In addition, many organizations maintain routinized working groups, hire hire groups, working routinized maintain organizations many addition, In 2. e ver, 13 networks of sub of networks 13 ver,
mirrored ae n cnmc s el s clua ecag otok Trade outlook. exchange cultural a as well as economic an have operation
for the Euro Mediterranean Partnership of Local and Regional and Local of Partnership Mediterranean Euro the for
hs uies ru epnin yt rl Euro truly yet expansion, group business this , or ae o Mdtraen rnhs f non of branches Mediterranean of cases four y,
- - eierna ntok, uh s MED as such networks, Mediterranean
tkhle cneecs r ofrne eis Numerous series. conference or conferences stakeholder for each organization were difficult to obtain, survey data data survey obtain, to difficult were organization each for .
8. - term proje term 8 per organization. For transnational NGOs, this figure this NGOs, transnational For organization. per 8 - based based - national territorial entities, i.e. regional, municipal regional, i.e. entities, territorial national h information was gathered, the survey indicates indicates survey the gathered, was information h ur were included in this survey, notably notably survey, this in included were ur cts were included in the database, but with a with but database, the in included were cts - Euro term projects with governmental, private, or private, governmental, with projects term 81 - - Mediterranean were reviewed, as well as reviewed, were Mediterranean e Ascain o Coeain and Cooperation for Association Med
like EuroMed News EuroMed like - IIS r the or CITIES
- or networks of of networks or Mediterranean - state the the CEU eTD Collection TNGOs TNGOs EntityTerritorial Networks Unions / Corporate Trade Professional/ Business / Founding / Type Year increasing tendencyA for numbers predecessors. upon build them of most since and meanwhile, operation ceased have a limited is figures information these of comparability which for categories selected for inauguration formal of years the lists out geographic of sense the in observed, be can extension and formalization increasing their releases, press and histories non additional of founding m Mediterranean the for Union the and Foundation, Lindh sectors its across field findings Survey capacityhypothetical for for least At organizations. four a that member their of staff work. their conduct to organizations on rely which networks represent entries directory many time, same the At structures. governance organizations’ through involved directly o researchers employ and consultants,
Table 5.1.2
5 . 1
: - Founding ii nme o people of number digit Founding Dates Founding
confirm the growth of the specifically Euro specifically the of growth the confirm
. The inaugurations of each the Barcelona Process, the Anna the Process, Barcelona the each of inaugurations The Date tangible
of Non - tt ognztos Mroe, ae o organization’s on based Moreover, organizations. state , Location, Constituency and larger -
State OrganizationsState regional actorhood 6 0 0 1980 Before
can be identified nevertheless. Nevertheless
raiain, hs mle a considerable a implies this organizations, r temporary project staff. Yet staff. project temporary r
works s various organizations can be expected to expected be can organizations various s ok mmesi o saf size staff or membership look, urnl existing currently 82 2 0 4 1989 1980
ol b cery discerned. clearly be could
o Euro for ,
- these .
7 5 6 1999 1990
figures figures
-
eierna non Mediterranean - Mediterranean non Mediterranean
-
ay have triggered the the triggered have ay raiain o three of organizations permit to extrapolate to permit
15 6 16 2009 2000
more
-
. people are people Table Table 9 2 6 2013 201
- - state state 0 The The
- 5 . 1
CEU eTD Collection 2005) So in environments restricted politically from activity ‘outsource’ to opportunity an provides also Europe in cooperation for Mediterranea Southern of staff employ to tend offices antenna operate Europe in based primarily are that organizations various not countries, Mediterranean Southern countries Mediterranean Southern groups of concerns the of bias ‘Northern’ overall geographic and Germany,in 13 Brussels, Spain. in 19 Mediterraneancountries. European figures survey These - - - Madrid - - de - MediterraneanEuropean its of headquarlocation se legal permanent and discernable a with organizations for figures Euro to cities and countries certain of centrality loc primary the on Figures
France: other countriesother Greece: Malta: Spain: Italy:2 - France, Marseille 16 in Table Table
.
7, of which7, in8 Rome 6 19
41 5 5 , .
2 concentration of organizations of concentration o , :
f whichf 7 Barcelona, in whichof in 17 Location At At
: 5 in MENA countries. Moreover, even those entirely based in Europe in based entirely those even Moreover, countries. MENA in h sm time same the
o
indicate that the majority of organizations are indeed based in based indeed are organizations of majority the that indicate f Organizations’Headquarters or ters respectivelyters secretariats.
regarding : 102 the Euro the
to o ognztos ofcs a sre o niae the indicate to serve can offices organizations’ of ation Paris
7
in other non other in , and Île -
Mediterranean concept, and and concept, Mediterranean 2 f h sree ognztos r bsd in based are organizations surveyed the of 12 etitos o lrls ad tf sft i many in safety staff and pluralism to restrictions
. Of those, 41 are based in France, 27 in Italy, andItaly,in 27 France, in based are 41 those,Of 4 in in 4 e, 9 raiain ae eduree in headquartered are organizations 19 Yet, ably Tunisia, Morocco and Egypt. In addition, In Egypt. and Morocco Tunisia, ably - ten eierna countries Mediterranean uthern
in European countries is likely due to the to due likely is countries European in - Berlin in 5 - - Mediterranean nonEuropean 83
- other countries: other Germany: Brusse Mediterranean countries of Europe of countries Mediterranean
n - Med politics. Med S origins ecretariats ls:
12 13 .
Maintaining the key venues key the Maintaining
- , whichof : 33
7
Table Table
presumably related to related presumably representations 5 . 2 countries - - - - 19 MENA: t r physical or at
other other Egypt: 4 4 Morocco: 5 Tunisia: indicates the indicates (cf Feliu, . : .
6 The
or
CEU eTD Collection others, others, national is it others, in individuals; are constitute looserthey yet can also long communities’ ‘policy in actors, governmental with including or social political, in life” economic together linked are who actor of kinds different of “clusters employing hubs network constitute which institutions and organizations of types and sectors across the of headquarters the hosts additionally which intergovernmentally governed Egypt and 2014, of as EU include activity re Mediterranean Mediterranean EU an of but nature similar and Secretariat. UfM the of location town other and Barcelona while activity, of centers notably constitute regions neighboring its and Marseille as well as field. the in initiatives political key of center the been have politics. asons of visibility and funding. Finally, funding. and visibility of asons
eas non because h sre co survey The Euro of hubs political as cities certain discern to possible is It non of membership of type The They are frequent locations of locations frequent are They t s ie. eea gop cniee a Euro as considered groups Several mixed. is it
oiy ewr Ana Network Policy . Some have established additional representations in Brussels for for Brussels in representations additional established have Some . (Peterson, 2009, p. 105) p. 2009, (Peterson, Tunisia Tunisia riparian - tt gop’ fie ae oeie hse b ognztos of organizations by hosted sometimes are offices groups’ state nducted also also nducted
n Morocco and ebrhp eetees eint themselves designate nevertheless membership - level out level
Anna Li Anna
yi (PNA), lysis Brussels is a p a is Brussels o Catalunya of s identified look. A number of organizations with a primarily a with organizations of number A look. , - ndh Foundation.
state groups varies: in some cases, members cases, some in varies: groups state
- oh lsiid s piiee prnr’ y the by partners’ ‘privileged as classified both conferences, host Euro host conferences, . While non While . term, interest term, - MENA count MENA ee ascain o lcl rus i yet in groups; local or associations level
yet
84 Euro n hc networks which in
are frequently clustered around cities around clustered frequently are olitical hub due to the EU institutions, EU the to due hub olitical . - Mediterranean are hs ol b frhr tde by studied further be could This - state ac state -
based based advocacy
well ries with clusters of Euro of clusters with ries - The Paris region in Francein region Paris The lcd n h lgt f the of light the in placed tors can be tied together, tied be can tors (Peterson, 2009, p. 108) p. 2009, (Peterson, - Mediterranean - Med organizations, or or organizations, Med
r cnevd f as of conceived are networks - coalitions. Mediterranean
which cut cut which
with a a with Euro -
Med - ,
CEU eTD Collection groups groups complex, be more with mu bottom integration or cooperation regional promote to expected are organizations Others integ an promote to tend groups These it. from originate indeed several and policies, Mediterranean EU’s non surveyed Many groups. state indicates on or advocacy their in agenda integration sometimes and groups, ide Euro Certain vision or strategy EU of part been times, at has, dynamics integrative of stimulation The studycase chapters. non constituency European non Southern both towards a from often most constituency, original their are There countries European Mediterranean time,non same membership from the At base countries. riparian in member stronger acro from membership as in mind in as - state organizations’ choices to do so do to choices organizations’ state
Neo 5.1.3 - homogeneously up. In most cases, the group’s relationship to regional institutions is likely to likely is institutions regional to relationship group’s the cases, most In up.
a two a - incentives for expansion of expansion for incentives ucinls de nt rsm ta integration that presume not does functionalism
Embeddedness into InstitutionsEmbeddedness . EU Mediterranean policy shapes the activities of numerous non numerous of activities the shapes policy Mediterranean EU - way relationship between intergovernmental organizations and non and organizations intergovernmental between relationship way - eierna Eu Mediterranean -
e isiuin wr agal fudd ih neo with founded arguably were institutions Med aie gna n ils ie ua rgt o eeg security. energy or rights human like fields in agenda rative ss the range of UfM me UfM of range the ss
adopt or promote the promote or adopt –
ltiple confounded and potentially conflicting roles. whether consciously or not not or consciously whether - tt gop rcie U udn ad ik o the to link and funding EU receive groups state is rope
their membership beyond the countries formingcountries the beyond membership their
rwn ars te raiain surveyed. organizations the across growing
and the the and will be dis be will 85 - the specific
- mber states mber rud ciiis Ti interpretation This activities. ground EA region MENA cussed
– regional concept or vision of a of vision or concept regional
non - nevertheless maintain a maintain nevertheless in detail in the following the in detail in state groups support an support groups state - rmtn non promoting . h rtoae for rationales The - functionalist
- - state state - - CEU eTD Collection raiain; s oehn wrh working worth something as organizations; of couple context.cooperation one just than more in cooperation spearheaded have authorities local a ‘pioneering’ of various fields in entities overlaps, territorial organizations of membership governments, local cooperating of area formalized the in instance, For interlinked. strongly particularly are organizations actors external various geography institutional region’s the inter of disposal organization’s frameworks. regional existing currently the to opposed organizations to detached support quasi from ranging continuum clos more practice policy organizations’ at looking and discussed few even ties, butpolitical which have be neverthelessregionally come to oriented. or funding EU on dependence little with out started which groups Med one perspective policy UfM the or EU the adopt will it that clear from far is it funding, EU receives and policies Mediterranean non a if Even actor. oriented regionally polit or funding EU are Nor ‘center’. regional - organizational The interrelations of the landscape of Euro of landscape the of interrelations The organizations of autonomy operational prospective the regarding Details Euro The ed
based on case study results, going beyond the pertinent survey indicators indicators survey pertinent the beyond going results, study case on based oiia leaders, political independent - Mediterranea
network Euro the across
r i t in are operative raiain, oprtn gop, eahd groups detached groups, cooperating organizations, n concept, often considered an an considered often concept, n
a bee has - e ou of focus he Gs i EU via IGOs , constituted by riparian organizations, organizations, riparian by constituted ,
resources ctivity parallel each other, and individual individual and other, each parallel ctivity aotd s rfrne y manifold by reference a as adopted n - - to tt gop s uprig eti Euro certain supporting is group state 86 -
Mediterranean ofMediterranean field politics. - hs study this one. Vi one. ih twrs o ee against even or towards, with,
- cl is peeust t bcm a become to prerequisite a ties ical one gop, EU groups, founded is expected to correlate with correlate to expected is - Mediterranean non Mediterranean ce versa, there are many Euro many are there versa, ce ely. I sm scos non sectors, some In . Autonomy var Autonomy nagbe da f a of idea intangible - state actors with actors state - udd r EU or funded
ies along a a along ies
IGOs and IGOs
a better a . will be will While While - state An - - -
CEU eTD Collection Euro demands. integ and cooperation of terminology the to refer groups many ‘North’ and ’South’ region’s the both from members represent and staff, and resources of terms in actorhood to capacity operational an have many Second, ’region’. Mediterranean identities the regional wi actors neo a of sector the field, From NGO cooperation. business in and sector, the research the in protection, in environmental well particularly observed be can actors state The study. this in applied concepts Euro or reorientation or formation specific the and intensification, of tendencies theory to relation inherent its in also but selection, case for and purposes mapping for significant is conducted survey The actors’ is funding agendas on at unclear the most. policy Mediterranean to linked directly are geography’or sources different from funded those and these organizations, autonomous s re rsls niae ht the that indicate results urvey existing -
in stake a with groups of subset relevant a constitute surveyed groups The Med affairs, but the but affairs, Med - 5.1.4 ucinls prpcie ti eegn non emerging this perspective, functionalist - level policy access points and to argumentatively employ the the employ argumentatively to and points access policy level ies n itrss eadn te ute dvlpet f h Euro the of development further the regarding interests and ideas , h field th
-
regionalist agenda regionalist a basis f a SurveyConclus -
r sector or or regionally driven and oriented demands and advocacy anddemands and oriented regionallydriven or y operate in a context of contending interests and ambitions and interests contending of context a in operate y
- n hs nue ter existen their induced has and pcfc intere specific ions . First, a considerable number of groups subscribe to subscribe groups of number considerable a First, . U s ky ore f udn fr eti formally certain for funding of source key a is EU
sts disposing of a potential to to potential a of disposing sts 87
nae ih h bodr ‘regional broader the with engage - tt shr hs ruh about brought has sphere state - making. e n oe cases, some in ce ration in their policy policy their in ration
Hence, the Hence, foundations of foundations - Med no Med navigate effect . Third,.
both
n of - - CEU eTD Collection the emerging system of the Eur the of system emerging the EPUF, with conjunction In policy. research and education of an field the from as instance selected was which Spain, in based (EPUF) Forum University Permanent a monitoring, advocacy, in active is it Brussels, and Copenhagen in NGO primarily Based constituted network. regionally a (EMHRN), Network Rights Human Mediterranean non Mediterranean o study case national or local of variety t natio the with start will 6 Chapter activity. of field and type respective one organizations and cases individual affiliated studies networks and 3, chapter in introduced criteria selection case the on Based study chapters barriers. Euro the of conceive might trade o primary their to competition Euro the of conceive might groups advocacy com by he Anna Lindh Foundation (ALF). Since these Since (ALF). Foundation Lindh Anna he 5.2
. peting actors from outside the Euro the outside from actors peting Selected Cases Selected . C
Interests ases The following chapters will discuss discuss will chapters following The d network nd ffers were selected from the survey the from selected were
wherever rel partly
particular and political claims claims political and - tt involvement. state
consi
- ulig Frhroe te hpe wl ades Euromed address will chapter the Furthermore, building.
evant t f eea organizations several of st insight into the differences in national tradi national in differences the into insight Gs n ohr ty other and NGOs rganizational target. Institutions supporting global free global supporting Institutions target. rganizational o - . - Med as yet another attempt to create regional trade regional create to attempt another yet as Med
Mediterranean University (EMUNI) currently based currently (EMUNI) University Mediterranean of these kinds kinds these of
- by h catr il otne ih h Euro the with continue will chapter The - - Med n,bt lsee ae o h group’s the on based clustered but one, 88 directory
- networks tend to be con be to tend networks e o non of pes field of politics. For instance, pro instance, For politics. of field eierna ie a institutional as idea Mediterranean eerh idns eadn the regarding findings research
to form a sub a form to il e icse i te case the in discussed be will
in case case in - tt ognztos this organizations, state
non - hy r rltd or related are they state organizations state - sample for for sample nal networks of of networks nal tions of Euro of tions stituted of a of stituted case - EU - -
CEU eTD Collection nldd no h sml a a ae f rcnl eegn Euro non a emerging in based recently group business a of case a as sample the into included Euro the r resulting its and cooperation Euro on focus its to 20 due interest particular over of is ASCAME countries. from members 200 than more by constituted Chambers t with continue will chapter The well. as case this of Med and regio Africa. North in scheme production energy University starting orientation regional ripari towardsthe distinctive its to due insight offers and training and research of field the in specializes MEDCOAST well. as Beirut and Aviv non global a of branch regional a constitutes Med Greenpeace network. MEDCOAST the and sub discuss will 6 chapter Finally, case. contrasting a constitute to expected thus is and UK. the and Egypt with individuals seven by 2012 in founded called organization non a to attention devote will chapter the Next, discussed. be will Slovenia in - regional environment groups as a contrasting a as groups environment regional nalized its member base, and is at the core of the UfM Solar Plan. The M The Plan. Solar UfM the of core the at is and base, member its nalized hpe 7 il ics fnig rgrig he css rm h priva the from cases three regarding findings discuss will 7 Chapter
ih th with - - eierna Ascain o Coeain n Dvlpet EA was (EMA) Development and Cooperation for Association Mediterranean part as discussed be will field, same the in work which organizations, TSO - n Aaei Networks Academic and of Commerce and Industry (ASCAME Industry and Commerce of state organization, operating a head office in Istanbul, represented in Tel in represented Istanbul, in office head a operating organization, state e an regions theMediterranean of eetc Foundation, Desertec 14 km 14 4 km 14
offers an example of a small and recently founded case, founded recently and small a of example an offers
okn i poet aaeet n clua dialog, cultural and management project in working elations - iain sta riparian . Dii
to UfM priority projects and initiatives. and projects priority UfM to h Di osrim a wl a the as well as consortium, Dii the
is o einly ol u a einl solar regional a out roll regionally to aims
international backgrounds from Germany, from backgrounds international 89 e EA s n noprtd Association Incorporated an is EMA te.
huh b Though
), a a ), but also the region. but also the Black Sea
case, Greenpeace Mediterranean Greenpeace case, he Association of Mediterranean of Association he regionally oriented oriented regionally sd n emn, t has it Germany, in ased
rmrl Mediterranean primarily
marine conservation, marine - - Med economic Med Mediterranean association
te sector, sector, te Desertec
Finally, edReg -
profit
CEU eTD Collection regional authoritiesand account into takes also it context, this In institutions. regional overarching to and (ARLEM) the to relations networks’ (UC Governments Local and Cities United the of the Commission Mediterranean (COPPEM), the and (ECN) Authorities Network Cities Regional Euromed and Local of Partnership Mediterranean Euro the Germanwithon focus a Euro the in development and cooperation economic promoting Chapter 8 will be limited to a study of n studyof a to limited be will 8 Chapter
funding programs which target the Euro the target which programs funding - e space Med ebde by embodied , . -
Arab business trade relations.Arab and
Euro - LG eierna Rgoa ad Loc and Regional Mediterranean - COMMED
h Sadn Cmite o te Euro the for Committee Standing the 90 etworks of Territorial Entities (TE) a (TE) Entities Territorial of etworks
) - . Me This case study case This diterranean cooperation of local of cooperation diterranean
- Mediterranean space, Mediterranean will discuss these discuss will l Assembly al cross - CEU eTD Collection to theregion to applies it study, this of approach research overall the relations their on focusing ALF, discusses based are they which that fact local of variety a by constituted be to tend organizations and networks of variety a incorporate and involve to intended organizations, society Organi Governmental International an structur governance is large at ALF UfM. component society civil / (ALF Euro Lindh Anna The sub with further s sub and networks regional with beginning 6 Chapters 6 ubdivided primarily into sections on individual organizations or sets of organizations, of sets or individualorganizations on sections into primarily ubdivided
6.1 R EGIONAL
Fondation Anna Lindh Anna Fondation Anna Lindh Foundation National N Anna LindhFoundationNational
ewr has r otn appoint often are heads network
the spe the - al roleal of 8
operating N - will divisions based on the analytical study. frameworkthis of ETWORKSAND cificities
nrdc eprcl eerh eut o te eetd cases, selected the on results research empirical introduce e and funding. funding. and e ALF - Mediterranean Foundation for t for Foundation Mediterranean
primarily in the field of cultural dialog. Natio dialog. cultural of field the in primarily (Johansson and
networks. of national of , FAL) used to be the flagship organization of the of organization flagship the be to used FAL) , has retained a similar role after the inauguration of the of inauguration the after role similar a retained has
to Euro to S UB -
ous 20, . 8) p. 2006, Nogués, t h sm time, same the At - - level NGOs and networks which constitute the constitute which networks and NGOs level R - EGIONAL Mediterranean regional politics. In line with line In politics. regional Mediterranean ly or nationally oriented NGOs, NGOs, oriented nationally or ly d y h gvrmn o te onr in country the of government the by ed 91 etworks - einl Gs Tee hpes are chapters These NGOs. regional
NGO
he Dialogue between Cultures between Dialogue he a neo a S it
Te present The .
s lo ntok f civil of network a also is - functionalist nal ALF networks ALF nal ain ie its given zation
perspective ae study case despite the despite EMP’s CEU eTD Collection be 26 19, 2012. September of reply a questionnaire 25 of sectors relevant addresses already framework intergovernmental an where from gains potential identify they if outlook regional strategicother'seach to greater activities, and a partnership” to invitations regular on institutions, both between information of exchange greater of Memorandum a In regional the in addressed frequently is Foundation orientati sub Mediterranean to belonging members by constituted Euro specifically or regional a have already themselves, by which, members also are there though activity, of scope national or regional, local, a have groups individual these non individual 4,000 around represent Altogether, states. Euro the across riparian networks these by Mediterranean represented organizations the in and countries larger in based with countries, across significantly vary networks national media, youth, education, fields of related and fields dialog intercultural the in activities coordinate offices its where It Minister. Foreign Swedish impetus former an on based Euro the 2005 from in originating inaugurated was Foundation Lindh Anna The
Anonymous interview 1g1 with a national diplomat carried out on October 24, 2012, following up on on up following 2012, 24, October on out carried diplomat national a with 1g1 interview Anonymous EU Neighbourhood Info Centre press release of June 21, 2012 on a ‘New cooperation agreement agreement cooperation ‘New a on 2012 21, June of release press Centre Info Neighbourhood EU tween UfM and Anna Lindh Foundation’. Anna and UfM tween -
to groups expects framework theory study’s This eierna ognzto. utemr, niiul ainl ewrs ar networks national individual Furthermore, organization. Mediterranean 6.1.1
Group Formation andGroup Formation Understanding n a i te pns case Spanish the in as on, - eierna Prnrhp ad a nmd fe the after named was and Partnership, Mediterranean
Character .
- f 2012 of s headquartered is governmental organizations. Thereby, organizations. governmental The status, origins, and outreach of of outreach and origins, status, The 92 -
te f ad h AF are o a on “agreed ALF the and UfM the , networks of a a of networks
structures of the ENP and UfM and ENP the of structures . oenne f h An Lindh Anna the of Governance their their
dp a Euro a adopt n lxnra Egypt, Alexandria, in . novmn, particularly involvement, 26 oe cie networks active more
- Mediterranean space Mediterranean pronouncedly - Mediterranean h ALF the most of most
Euro from . 25 e -
CEU eTD Collection Brussels on April 9, 2013. April on Brussels 29 28 27 annual the by Inspired Féminin’. au ‘Verbe called project for implemented on, regionally 2006 from Foundation Lindh Anna the from funding received had FFM group, a as 1992 to back Dating 2013. of as Forum) Women Mediterranean (FFM; evenand Salafigroups Bro well as as justgroups atheist and liberal well,including as highly diverse “more a in 2010 since position current his in worked program has and ALF’s education the an advisor network to been UK had the sub countryvia from range organizations constitutive of orientations geographic Accordingly, conflict. Palestinian UK on been has focus Others’ participation. development broader re conflict of field the in rooted are NGOs constitutive many ALF, the of network UK the of case the In theDanishnational of thenetwork coordinator, Cent case the In network. national a of ALF coordinators as engagement the their for respectively of structures transnational or national the in f involvement reasons organizations’ of range a identified has research Empirical cooperation.
Interview 4n1 with the British ALF Network Coordinator carried out on March 8, 2013. 8, on March out carried Coordinator ALF Network British thewith 4n1 Interview 2013. 29, on January out carried Coordinator Network ALF Danish thewith 3n4 Interview ontbe neve 51 ih he repr three with 5n1 interview Roundtable Denmark was that Denmark we was actually by asked were t in network Foundation Lindh Anna the of coordinator the or network, of head the of the became or was, CKU the why say, reason, pragmatic the but some Africa; North were further because they regional to or wanted Africa already, the we mechanisms North support before; in of and portfolio interested our course, East in are of Middle countries we’re, the that in is cooperation question the of “part
Méditerranée Femmes Forum the by presided is network ALF the France, In solution or in cultural dialog cultural in or solution
- . eae wr, eadn hmn ihs sus or issues rights human regarding work, related 29
- regional to broad regional foci. The present coordinapresent The foci. broad regional to regional
nae ih ates n h Mdl Es and East Middle the in partners with engage snaie o non of esentatives 93 political role” political . Several others have a background in background a have others Several .
- rb oprto o o te Israeli the on or cooperation Arab he Ministry F he of re Culture and Devefor - tt ognztos are ot in out carried organizations state . 28
The Egyptian network is network Egyptian The oreign Affairs”. or individual individual or
lopment,
t herhood
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Interview 6n3 with an ECEM Board Member carried out on October 16, 2013. 16, October on out carried Member Board ECEM anwith 6n3 Interview 2013. 16, October on out carried Member Board ECEM anwith 6n3 Interview Roundtable interview 6n2 with the ECEM President and a staff member carried out in Madrid on on Madrid in out carried member staff a and President ECEM the with 6n2 interview Roundtable neve 72 ih h Eeuie rsdn o IMd are ot n acln o De on Barcelona in out carried IEMed of President Executive the with 7n2 Interview Section titled ‘¿Qué es el Encuentro Civil Euromed?’ on the website of the Encuentro Civil Civil Encuentro the of website the on Euromed?’ Civil Encuentro el es ‘¿Qué titled Section - Mediterran
ECEM was formalized by gaining juridical personalit juridical gaining by formalized was ECEM members ECEM institutions, regional with alignment geographical a Despite (Lannon, Braga de Macedo, & de Vasconcelos, 2007) Vasconcelos, de & Macedo, de Braga (Lannon, 83 Indeed,
. in the SouthernMediterraneanin
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ary 2, 2014. ary - This This e o te uoen Commission, European the of Med
of Morocco with the European Union, that was anwas that European Union, Moroccothe with of
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a promoted was 106 . 85
of the MENA regio MENA the of society organizations in Spain in organizations society y in 2008. Since then, it has it Sincethen, 2008. in y
n ofrne, w a conferences, in
and a policy brochure policy a and Euro
n as a market a as n
- - Medite Mediterranean “it is difficult to difficult is “it no fr the for Union in cember 19, 19, cember
rranean Madrid orking orking an 86 s .
CEU eTD Collection 90 2013. 14, October 89 2013. 14, October 88 2013. 14, October 87 outlook and history relations international a policy domestic of topics on as well as Mediterranean, the in cooperation society iss has ECEM sent c other has among Morocco, it and Lebanon, network, Tunisia, to its missions substantiate To well. as officials government involving re orientation regional same time while the thestatus associate ofholding member ECEM. at of of coordinator official the is which (IEMed), Mediterranean Barcelona the through network ALF the to linked is questi a is ECEM’s highlighted, interviewee one As projects. or issues selected on cooperation as well as events to invitations mutual through including Euro part oft to of agenda official e to “tendency a has the cooperation that deplored interviewee ECEM Med
ECEM ECEM Wor gularly participates in regional in participates gularly Roundtable interview 6n2 with the ECEM President and a staff member carried out in Madrid on on Madrid in out carried member staff a and President ECEM the with 6n2 interview Roundtable o Madrid in out carried member staff a and President ECEM the with 6n2 interview Roundtable Roundtable interview 6n2 with the ECEM President and a staff member carried out in Madrid on on Madrid in out carried member staff a and President ECEM the with 6n2 interview Roundtable iterranean”, as as iterranean”, h Eceto ii Ermd a as idpnety use atvte o a of activities pursued independently also has Euromed Civil Encuentro The Foundation, Lindh Anna the with exchanges direct frequent had has ECEM
he sphere NGO centeredon Euro on of visions and philosophies and visions of on k Plan 2009 k ued a variety of publications and communications on the role of civil of role the on communications and publications of variety a ued
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2010
institutions “do not adjust to [ to adjust not “do institutions
- level civil society conferences and meetings, some meetings, and conferences society civil level xclude political questions” political xclude . 89
107 In addition to its direct interaction, ECEM interaction, direct its to addition In - Med politics Med
- based European Institute of the of Institute European based self ” a different] reality” different] a .
the Spanish ALF network ALF Spanish the cooperation with the ALF the with cooperation . - 88 understanding
ountries This
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ECEM nd n CEU eTD Collection Reference access on January 1, 2014. 1, on January access Reference 93 2014. 92 91 curreand devo observatory the as well, the across from countries organizations society civil national or are Findings reports. media an on represented and events, actors, to regard with Mediterranean, Internacional Cooperación AECID) de Desarrollo, Española (Agencia Development for Internation of Agency the through MFA Spanish the by financed been has and organizations, 17 of consisting membership own its has it though ECEM, standards’ political a produced also Spain in Unions’ 2012) Obreras, Comisiones Autonomous ‘Egyptian on report specific an Mediterranean’ ‘Unions on report a published Commissions Workers’ of Confederation Union The ECEM. of organizations member publication though this throughwas financed government funding. Power’ Political and Society
USO opinion piece of November 12, 2010, titled ‘Las dobles morales euromediterráneas’. morales dobles ‘Las 12, 2010, titled November of piece opinion USO Website of Adarve, Euro Adarve, of Website rsnain eto o te est o Ada of Website the of section Presentation
The Euro The leading by commissioned were studies and publications additional Various
. nt nt uprisings”popular 92 . 91
ECEM as a network is openly political, which is represented in Adarve as Adarve in represented is which political, openly is network a as ECEM
- Mediterranean Civil Society Observatory (Adarve) was developed by developed was (Adarve) Observatory Society Civil Mediterranean Cneeain idcl e oiins bea, 2013) Obreras, Comisiones de Sindical (Confederación exhaustive website, offering also a database of around 900 local 900 around of database a also offering website, exhaustive Aav mntr cvl oit dvlpet ars the across developments society civil monitors Adarve . - Mediterranean Civil Society Observatory. Reference access on January 1, 1, January on access Reference Observatory. Society Civil Mediterranean . The Workers Trade Union (Unión Sindical Obrera, USO) SindicalObrera, Union (Unión Trade The . Workers Eceto ii Ermd 2010) Euromed, Civil (Encuentro . tes “special attention to the context of political change political of context the to attention “special tes 93
pno piece opinion Pltcl rniin i the in Transitions Political d v, Euro rve, 108
- Mediterranean Civil Society Observatory. Observatory. Society Civil Mediterranean
n ‘Euro on Cneeain idcl de Sindical (Confederación
- niey f Euro of entirety Medit
ato’ transl [author’s
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s el a well as
aa el para ation] - Med , CEU eTD Collection 96 95 94 on and policy regional influencing on perspective a with coalition build to and agenda attem successfully have coordinators network national case, French the of example the by here illustrated cases, individual In criticism. or advocacy for addressees constitute institutions regional as well as Foundation Lindh social broad to issues technical from ranging outlook and cooperation pr Euro to commitment stated their in communality their as well as Foundation Lindh Anna the of networks national across differences drastic the both shown has section This (ECEM)” Euro the with cooperation and relationship close regard internat in pressures broader of part being by least at rights, Euro of agenda the activi the
Questionnaire response 6g2 received from diplomatic sources o sources diplomatic from received 6g2 response Questionnaire 2013. 16, October on out carried Member Board ECEM anwith 6n3 Interview Plan 2009 ECEM Work imarily at the local or regional level, they largely agree on the desirabili the or on level,agree local regional they largely imarilythe at
Euro - is te CM n is osiuie raiain hv be al t influence to able been have organizations constitutive its and ECEM the ties, role advocacy an defined has ECEM
Mediterranean cooperation frameworks. While individual constitutive NGOs act NGOs constitutive individual While frameworks. cooperation Mediterranean In various cases, networks of member organizations have acted with a political a with acted have organizations member of networks cases, various In . 6.1.6 95 oa pnin gemns n o wmns rights women’s of and agreements pension ional - .
96 M n ie ih hs a pns dpoai suc sae ta “e anan a maintain “we that stated source diplomatic Spanish a this, with line In
editerranean regional level regional editerranean
Regional Acto Regional integration. - e afis priual we i cms o h sca ad labor and social the to comes it when particularly affairs, Med –
2010.
rhood
. 94
One interviewee argued that through these through that argued interviewee One
109 for itself, for
-
Mediter regarding both regarding topics. Thereby, both the Anna the both Thereby, topics. this direction; this n October 21, 2013. 21, n October td o hp te official the shape to pted
ranean Civic Encounter Encounter Civic ranean ee etoe i this in mentioned were
the Spanish Spanish the the examples of examples the
ty of regional ty of and CEU eTD Collection akrud n o is raiainl rgn, t ean lne t governmentally sponsored proce to linked remains it origins, organizational its of and financial background this of light the In states. member EU as well as Commission European Jordan. and Morocco in Besides ‘antennae’ its at as well as Brussels, in representation 20 about of staff a employs network The MENA. and Europe in countries 20 over in based organizations member f regionallyconstituted and transnationally now is it Mediterranean, the of shores both from foundations political and NGOs of initiative the at 1997 in Founded network and advocacy, monitoring, includes activities of range network’s non Euro The Euro towardsa natio of convergence the by specifically illustrated neo regionalization. actorhood of hypothesis the supports orientation, original local a ne member ALF individual of activism political and contacts Euro developing 6.2 - - ucinls epcain f rus oinain towards orientation groups’ of expectation functionalist oenetl raiain atv i te il o hmn rights human of field the in active organizations governmental
6.2.1 The Euro The funding from its members or from political foundations, it is co is it foundations, political from or members its from funding - Mediterranean Human Rights Network (EMHRN) is a regional network of of network regional a is (EMHRN) Network Rights Human Mediterranean
Group Formation andGroup Formation Character - Mediterranean sses Euroof - - eierna isiuin. hs te einl ulo, high outlook, regional the Thus, institutions. Mediterranean Mediterranean Human Rights Network Human Mediterranean - Mediterranean cooperation. orientation. - 0 epe n t ha ofc i Cpnae, its Copenhagen, in office head its in people 30
1 10
nal NGOs nal
tworks, including those of those including tworks,
within the ALF network ALF the within einl centers regional - funded by the by funded rom over 60over rom policy. The The policy. - building. building. - level The
is CEU eTD Collection EMP” EMP” fo policy the on impact an have activities its far how in discern to difficultis However,it institutions.EU and NGOs other by least Process,at Barcelona the actorin “the an EMHRNas primary iscertainly a recognised identified addressee: processes” and Euro genuinely and EU’s the States, Partner the including EMP, the of dimension (inter)governmental the lobbying to dedicated is EMHRN’s activities the of part “great a that finds and EMHRN the to funding and working, c consultant, a as operating 99) wit contacts through e.g. EMP”, the within developments effectively more influence and “follow to serves Process” Barcelona the in involved organization rights human institutions, addressees. institutional relevant the among conclusions its promoting of capable is and ‘North’ hum monitoring in act to resources of disposes network The institutions. regional respectively governments and society civil between intermediary an the considered been has EMHRN research. previous with addition, In perspective. theory thi a of character comparative from advocacy political network’s the on focusing by EMHRN the on research previous to contributes study present The ommitments” (ibid). ommitments” . By demanding the use of conditionality as a tool to promote human rights and by and rights human promote to tool a conditionalityas of use the demanding By . The network defines itself as a “constructive interface between the EMP EMP the between interface “constructive a as itself defines network The Hü Van (van Hüllen, 2008,(van p. Hüllen, 24)
ln ple te iesos f tts mmesi, upss internal purposes, membership, status, of dimensions the applied llen (van Hüllen, 2008, p. 12) p. 2008, Hüllen, (van Erpa isiuin ad te NGOs other and institutions European h
h EHNatmt t pesr teE o sik o its to “stick to EU the pressure to attempts EMHRN the s study allows contrasting it with other cases as well as as well as cases other with it contrasting allows study s .
n ihs oiy oh n h ‘ot’ n i the in and ‘South’ the in both policy rights an Jnmn, 02 p 98) p. 2002, (Jünemann, i te ein n ohr eeat agents relevant other and region the in s .
In particular, the European Commission European the particular, In 111
- Mediterranean institutions Mediterranean Jnmn, 02 p. 2002, (Jünemann, .
rmulation t Busl office Brussels Its within the within
is
CEU eTD Collection 98 97 MediterraneanSouthern partners, interpretedas by an i by unit a as Union European the of perception the to due and changes, regime Arab i renewed a to due partly uncontested, largely remained non token,of the involvement same By the imp an of case the in assistance offered members long t Yet, case. ALF the for discussed as Israel geographic Euro o leverage joint the to due and rights, human of thefield in concerns shared regionally to due opinions, and people of exchange network’s the to due be might the Thereby, Euro survey. of member value added perceived a a to due of confirmed strongly was reference means geographical by including network, the within instab inherent the Indeed, vision. regional official the with aligns and identifies network the which to extent the into inquire necessaryto nevertheless is it perspective, theory Process, Barcelona the surrounding visions the to reaction a origins its at was EMHRN The
Interview 1n4 with a staff member of EMHRN carried out on June 29, 2012. 29, on June out of EMHRN carried member a staff with 1n4 Interview 2012. 29, on June out of EMHRN carried member a staff with 1n4 Interview - - - standing and close cooperation acr cooperation close and standing Despite this this Despite
Med institutionsMed coopera Med lt i uig h Euro the using in ility 6.2.2
l wie t pltcl ciiy a bcm mr vre wt tm. rm a From time. with varied more become has activity political its while all
cp i sbet o icsin icuig eadn te novmn of involvement the regarding including discussion, to subject is scope Euro - tion among n among tion Mediterranean Mediterranean Orientation tog sae Euro shared strong, . 97
- eierna rgoa rfrne a be discussed been has reference regional Mediterranean
etwork members etwork
oss members. For instance, Israeli EMHRN Israeli instance, For members. oss - - e rfrne te ewr’ specific network’s the reference, Med 112 Mediterranean Europe in the EMHRN has Europe the in Mediterranean e MR hs civd remarkably achieved has EMHRN he
. An interviewee elaborated that this that elaborated interviewee An . risoned Turkish network member network Turkish risoned nterviewee. nterest in the context of the of context the in nterest
98
n EU and EU n .
CEU eTD Collection 100 99 a of NGOs Six communications. joint through e.g. networks, or NGOs rights human other with issues institutional or policybroader on cooperation 18) p. 2006, Network, Rights Human EN EU, the of instruments “[s]trengthen to intends also EMHRN the aim, this To meetings. stakeholder by information, public promote representatives” state partner all towards as well as EU the ENP, the EMP, the of mechanisms the paper strategy terms” concrete in principles [its] implements Euro Partnership the ensure to institutions European states relevant the “with intervene to network the for out set EMHRN the of strategies key and statutes The consens this to interviewee challenge a constitutes countries Arab in trajectories political of heterogeneity increasing the time, same the At Mediterranean. unders an and issues, policy regional even or shared of different recognition increasing an countries, in based members EMHRN of socialization increasing highlighted have Euro the as complex as region a in ideal abstract an is this While
Interview 1n4 with a staff member of EMHRN carried out on June 29, 2012. 29, on June out of EMHRN carried member a staff with 1n4 Interview
Statutes Statutes cooperatio regional intensifying of idea overarching the to subscribes EMHRN
6.2.3 adn o te ikg o dvlpet i Erp t toe n h non the in those to Europe in developments of linkage the of tanding its p its of the Euro the of .
99 olicies towards these entities by entities these towards olicies Regio
h cpct o is ebr t da wt te ehnss and mechanisms the with deal to members its of capacity the states that states (Euro - nal Mediterranean Human Rights Network of December 2008. December of Network Rights Human Mediterranean - - Mediterranean Human Rights Network, 2006, p. 17) p. Human 2006, RightsNetwork, Mediterranean level Advocacy level in its advocacy, the network the advocacy, its in P and and P
h EP hog training” through EMP the
. n hs otx, h EHN a forged has EMHRN the context, this In 113 disseminate reports and policy papers, papers, policy and reports disseminate
“directs its attention towards attention its “directs 100 . s codn t an to according us h network’ The (Euro
egahc scope geographic
- e, interviews Med, - - Mediterranean Mediterranean . It s aims toaims
2006 2006 - EU EU n. CEU eTD Collection 103 102 européenne‘. l’Union de politique nouvelle la accusation en met (REMDH) 101 Cabinets,throug permanently more EEAS Par European E the Commission, the in policymakers to operate advocacy EMHRN Regional advocacy. in dimensions bilateral and national the of role important more Action respective reviewthe ENP Plans. of would This conditionality. of principle the taken” in for measures of focus as rights well human as stronger policy foreign a European for called has EMHRN review, ENP recent Euro a demanded ind of movement free and mobility favor to policymakers EU urging Mediterranean, the Council European well policy as of towards as rights states policyindividual human of in Torture. the Wor and RightsWatch, Human and International Amnesty Euro the beyond stitutions. In June 2011, the network released critical reviews of the Mediterranean the of reviews critical released network the 2011, June In stitutions.
Interview 1n4 with a staff member of EMHRN carried out on June 29, 2012. 29, on June out of EMHRN carried member a staff with 1n4 Interview viin EMHRN the of Position News report of June 30, 2011 titled ‘Le Réseau Euro Méditerranéen des droits de l’Homme l’Homme de droits des Méditerranéen Euro Réseau ‘Le titled 2011 30, June of report News countries EU the in region MENA the from ividuals MR hs eadd eom o E ad Euro and EU of reforms demanded has EMHRN a despite advocacy regional on focus continued the confirmed Interviewees 102
, supported by financial resources, legal instruments, and by mainstreaming by and instruments, legal resources, financial by supported , liament. - depth reforms and in support of all democratic forces must also be also must forces democratic all of support in and reforms depth - Mediterranean hold Associate Member status of EMHRN, including EMHRN, of status Member Associate hold Mediterranean - Med ‘civil society support mechanism’. In a position paper on the on paper position a In mechanism’. support society ‘civil Med 103
Specifically, contacts operate through the Commission and Commission the through operate contacts Specifically, ew of the forthcoming review of the ENP of April 2011. April of ENP the review of forthcoming the ew of s mostly through its Brussels office, in personal contacts personal in office, Brussels its through mostly s
o seii rfrs “ocee oiis and policies “concrete reforms: specific for h the respective human rights units or desk or units rights human respectivethe h
114 rpa Etra Ato Srie or Service Action External uropean nal acrig o h EHN a EMHRN, the to according entail,
- eierna plc and policy Mediterranean 101
ld Organization against Organization ld . EMHRN has also also has EMHRN .
the CEU eTD Collection 107 106 105 104 Barcelona the in Society Civil of Involvement Genuine a ‘Towards titled report 2005 Euro the Specifically, Euro the of projects and policies mail, trai direct or well as releases contacts, direct advocacy through and press events at EMHRNnetworking of of dissemination the practice reporting, the encompasses consequence, In policymaking. regional constitute EMHRN the of activities the structure, actor and issue dependingon points, varyingaccess its Given Un at meetings relevant to work advocacy its extend to more be to capitals national or Brussels considers EMHRN society, civil on division a includes UfM the W addressee. Secretar by operates wh states policies member EU regional individual addressing an regarding Furthermore, advocacy meetings. that Council explained Association interviewee of Easte context or the Southern in the particularly in Delegations EU to contacts local including groups (MAMA) working Council through and officers,
Position of the EMHRN in view of the forthcoming review of the ENP of April 2011. April of ENP the review of forthcoming the view of in EMHRN the of Position 2012. 22, on October out of EMHRN carried member a staff with 1n3 Interview of EMHRN car member a staff with 1n4 Interview 2012. 22, on October out of EMHRN carried member a staff with 1n3 Interview ning for local local ning for network members doay n EU on Advocacy the Specifically, . iat of the Union for the Mediterranean tends to be be to tends Mediterranean the for Union the of iat 104 - e inter Med
it has suggested the suggested has it hile there have been meetings with EMHRN representatives, and while and representatives, EMHRN with meetings been have there hile - promising venues for advocacy. In In advocacy. for venues promising parliamen EMHRN has has EMHRN - ee dcsos a, oee, lo en hnee through channeled been also however, has, decisions level vne hpig wt a ou o rgoa ise and issues regional on focus a with shopping’ ‘venue ay ilg Te network The dialog. tary
-
Mediterranean regio Mediterranean . establishment of a human rights committee within committee rights human a of establishment 106 demanded
ried out on June 29, 2012. 29, on June out ried 115 c osrc a ie decision given a obstruct ich
h cmlt rvso o “structures, of revision complete the nal bodies and institutions" and bodies nal addition
nertd t pooas n a in proposals its integrated td ain lvl s well. as level Nations ited s aaiy ulig and building capacity as sidelined as an EMHRN an as sidelined , EMHRN has pledged EMHRN has , ahe / Ma / Maghreb
n Mediterranean, rn
. 105
shriq The 107 . CEU eTD Collection 110 109 108 5) Rights p. Network, 2012, work [members’] of “[p] inter and governmental Med 2012 its In institution a in an and processes consultation routinized Euro of focus rights human a of terms in results desired the yield to failed often has advocacy while Furthermore, revision. ENP 2011 the in equality a advocated successfully EMHRN Neighb European the reviewing to been have appears inspired by EMHRN demands. Coun Polish top a Foundation, Lindh Anna The suggestions. EMHRN following declarations oriented Parliamen European the Indeed, Process’. vcc, s mhszd y EMHRN by emphasized as dvocacy,
Anonymous interview 3g3 with a national diplomat carried out on January 24, 2013. 24, January on out carried diplomat a national with 3g3 interview Anonymous 2012. 29, on June out of EMHRN carried member a staff with 1n4 Interview on October out of EMHRN carried member a staff with 1n3 Interview - ossibility to influence regional policies and debates”, as well as as well as debates”, and policies regional influence to ossibility down quasi down traen s region a as iterranean of processes recent the in consulted consistently also were opinions EMHRN
6.2.4 s and nationals and governments
cil Presidency’s proposal of a a of proposal Presidency’s cil - 08 taey ouet EHN specificall EMHRN Document, Strategy 2018 UfM: AUfM: - NGO in the field of cultural dialog has drawn on EMHRN work. The The work. EMHRN on drawn has dialog cultural of field the in NGO
R o bod einl audience” regional broad a to efocus of efocus - oenetl ntttos n plc processes” policy and institutions governmental .
It .
A rod oiy n Ato Plans Action and Policy orhood lde t ofr o t mmes “[a] members its to offer to pledges ctivity
togr ou o hmn ihs n o gender on and rights human on focus stronger . 110
109
European En European t has adopted several relevant, regionally relevant, several adopted has t 116
terest in EMHRN opinion also constitute also opinion EMHRN in terest s el s y ersnaie o EU of representatives by as well as
dowment for Democracy also also Democracy for dowment (Euro
22, 2012. 22, - rfr t te Euro the to refers y eierna Human Mediterranean
- the the Med cooperation, Med
. 108 “dissemination
Specifically, cs to ccess the , - CEU eTD Collection also sets to outalso diversify EMHRN funding thi value added the network 18) p. 2012, Network, Rights Human partners” Mediterranean East EU and institutions, South and EU states the member of practices and policies into fed are recommendations work advocacy its of objective concern” ofregional issues the sharpening EMHRN theconcludes Document that institutions, although 8) p. 2012, Network, Rights Human r EuroMed regional on reporting regional or advocacy dialogue, for end receiving the at one no almost today is “there mor process disappeared” EuroMed the of dimension rights human the established, and in theEU” and M the a around rights in human promoting believe and protecting in Mediterranean another East one help and and another one from learn South together, work to wish destiny, and common EU the in organisations remain ca will work mandate future geographical unchanged, its although and process, Barcelona the in rooted historically remain will mandate regional and identity EMHRN’s “the o eocl is einl n ntoa advocacy, national and regional its reconcile To T
he Strategy Document Document Strategy he
a “eoekon n rsetdfris oko the on work its for respected and known “become has pledges pledges (Euro profile of its thematic work”, including by including work”, thematic its of profile
(Euro s brings to human rights work”rights human bringsto s that - eierna Hmn ihs ewr, 02 p 6) p. 2012, Network, Rights Human Mediterranean - Mediterranean Human Mediterranean Network, 8) Rights 2012, p. t il nevertheless will it (Euro
n solely be built on the fact that human rights rights human that fact the on built be solely n o ensure to - gt ad d and ights deplores Mediterranean Human RightsNetwork, 9) p. 2012, Fo ti disapp this From . . hl te document the While
and increase national to hwvr ta “hn h UM was UfM the “when that however, ,
117 ta EHN n mme plce and policies member and EMHRN “that emocracy issues” issues” emocracy
“strengthen its regional identity by by identity regional its “strengthen (ibid), the 2012 Strategy 2012 Document the (ibid),
itd vlain f current of evaluation ointed
attending to attending h ntok eie the defines network the
acknowledges that that acknowledges
(Euro (Euro - EU institutions and institutions EU level advocacy ed - -
Mediterranean Mediterranean “human rights “human iterranean
o less or e n that and .
the .
CEU eTD Collection 111 more by constituted is It advocacy. and representation, cooperation, for grouping Euro of dimension research University Permanent Euromed The organizations. re regional the regards study’s as this confirms hypothesis EMHRN the of case the Thus, EMHRN. the of focus rights sustaine the to attributed be can results policy specific ENP, revamped the decisionand institutions Southern key the to, limited not are but include, the which venues, political respective the towards towards advocacy policy autonomous an become European increasingly has EMHRN of Mediterranean, redefinition fundamental of time dis certain a At outlook. geographical original a network’s the maintaining while all triggered interlocutors, have framework place institutional in the by currently constituted difficulties perceived the time, same the At institutions. and processes political regional on focus advocacy sustained a Euro a h EMHRN the of in membership constituted idea the that indicates na research a Empirical with interview an in highlighted as policymakers, as well influ trace to difficulty The
Anonymous interview 5g1 with a national diplomat carried out on April 10, 2013. April 10, on out carried diplomat a national with 5g1 interview Anonymous 6.3
6.2.5 EPUF and EMUNI: and EuroEPUF
The EMHRN as aEMHRNThe Regional as
- making arenas of Euro arenas of making ence in the making of foreign policy affects researchers as researchers affects policy foreign of making the in ence - Mediterranean cooperation. EPUF is a Higher Education Higher a is EPUF cooperation. Mediterranean
- Med Education Politics Med Education ou (PF rpeet te cdmc and academic the represents (EPUF) Forum as remained largely uncontested, leading to leading uncontested, largely remained as Intermediary - retto ad coho o non of actorhood and orientation 118
- Mediterranean politics. In the case of the In politics. Mediterranean naeet rm traditional from engagement
- eierna, regionally Mediterranean, inl diplomat tional
d human d - actor state . 111
CEU eTD Collection 115 2013. 28, September the EPUF’, of Objectives 114 113 4, 2013. 112 relationsMediterranean Euro basic pillar of element, a areaas of educationresearch,higher and an the as in whic rectors the conference, this At st research and education the ensuring to and quality enhancing vocational tr of relevance to paid be education: of should field attention the “Particular in objectives other to sentence one merely devoted and Euro a of creation the Declaration Paris the However, 2007. in Declaration Cairo the especiallyfollowingEMP, the of part been has policy Education networks or institutions contribut pay an annual non from including networks research hi and universities of institutions private and governmental 100 than age of age of negotiations.
Interview 3n3 with a former EPUF Executive Secretary carried out on January 8, 2013. 8, January on out carried Secretary Executive EPUF a former with 3n3 Interview the Mediterranean. for Summit Paris 2008 the of Declaration Joint Do Report by the EPUF Executive Secretary titled ‘A New Phase in the Attainment of the Foundin the of Attainment the in Phase New ‘A titled Secretary Executive EPUF the by Report uoen omsin s el s oenet o te uoen countries, lin this European along progress make the to ones, Mediterranean of the particularly governments as well as Commission the pressure European to able be [] to order of in association rectors an in themselves the constitute all to call a “initiated cumentation of the EPUF General Assembly and ISLAH/EPUF Workshop, Barcelona, November November Barcelona, Workshop, ISLAH/EPUF and Assembly General EPUF the of cumentation
2005. in Spain, Tarragona, in Conference Rectors a at initiated first was EPUF 6.3.1
Group Formation andGroup Formation Character - riparian states including Belgium, the UK, and Estonia. Member Estonia. and UK, the Belgium, including states riparian 114 - eierna Un Mediterranean ”
. 115 aining to labour markets” labour aining to reportedly
The 60 participantsThe Rectors the Conference of first
h attended “consolidated themselves, particularly themselves, “consolidated attended h nee te elrto ol a a eaiey late relatively a at only Declaration the entered –
rm cos h Euro the across from initiating h Euro the vriy s n o te f cr initiatives, core UfM the of one as iversity 119 ion ion 600€,of around
. 113 the UfM in 2008 primarily outlined outlined primarily 2008 in UfM the - eierna uieste to universities Mediterranean
Even its short section short Even its gher education education gher
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Documentation of the EPUF General Assembly and ISLAH/EPUF Workshop, Barcelona, November November Barcelona, Workshop, ISLAH/EPUF and Assembly General EPUF the of Documentation Press release of July 2, 2012, titled ‘Commission launches new dialogue on higher education with with education higher on dialogue new launches ‘Commission titled 2012, 2, July of release Press Press release of March 2, 2010, titled ‘EU strengthens the European Neighbourho European the strengthens ‘EU titled 2010, 2, March of release Press . European the by suggested program ERASMUS+ the generally, More
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Dii presentation at the Euro the at presentation Dii Euro the at presentation MEDREG Euro the at presentation MEDREG PMD rsnain tte Euro the at presentation IPEMED U egbuho Inf Neighbourhood EU mmittee, a UfM flagship initiative, is constituted by over “a hundred experts from experts hundred “a over by constituted is initiative, flagship UfM a mmittee, egi peetto a te Euro the at presentation Medgrid
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Thereby, for both Me both for Thereby, terranean countries” terranean o Centre press release of February 25, 2013 on the Mediterranean Solar Solar Mediterranean the on 2013 25, February of release press Centre o
(e.g.Medgrid,Desertec)” - Mediterranean Rendezvous on Energy titled ‘Case study: cooperation cooperation study: ‘Case titled Energy on Rendezvous Mediterranean
suggest
- - - Mediterranean Rendezvous on Energy titled ‘Towards a Eur a ‘Towards titled Energy on Rendezvous Mediterranean
Mediterranean Rendezvo Mediterranean l’Energie ‘Réguler titled Energy on Rendezvous Mediterranean - Mediterranean Rendezvous on Energy titled ‘MEDGRID ‘MEDGRID titled Energy on Rendezvous Mediterranean ed by various by ed
. 216 dgrid and Dii, advantageous energy regulation regulation energy advantageous Dii, and dgrid - S) fnnil ntttos eg ER, EIB) EBRD, (e.g. institutions financial TSO);
- S, i, M [Mediterr OME Dii, TSO, is f h Mediterranean” the of ries
- 147 Mediterranean cooperation” Mediterranean
[author’s translation][author’s stakeholders t workshops” or through the “ the through or workshops” t d of activity has emerged. Within Within emerged. has activity of d us on Energy titled ‘Réguler l’Energie l’Energie ‘Réguler titled Energy on us nt of strong and independent and strong of nt Euro - - eierna Energy Mediterranean Mediterranean energy Mediterranean . 212
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215 213
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CEU eTD Collection 2013. 217 Euroof objectives the between balance the navigate challenges such to react to Foundation strategi The countries. in target communication project local and Europe in advocacy both regarding communication regarding concerns of number a entails turn, in This, region. MENA the in investment of many concerns, social of variety a upon touches it addition, In guarantees. investment and questions, legal institutions, regional of permanence the stability, political regarding concerns political by caused initiative. the in countries EU EU term memb the beyond slightly extending area target geographic a identifies Dii operation. its of scope geographic the identifying ‘EU term the preferred o most to contrast In formats. cooperation regional existing to relate strongly to expected be would scope regional a of objectives commercial with initiative large a perspective, study’stheory this From entities, intergovernmental or diversified along non for both expected are vision
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h vso o slr ene solar of vision The
7.1.3 - Mediterranean institutions and and Mediterranean institutions detachment their operation. logicsfrom of - EA s nedd o inl h cnrl novmn o non of involvement central the signal to intended is MENA
terminology
Euro - Med Orientation . -
MENA’ or ‘EUMENA’ to the term ‘Euro term the to ‘EUMENA’ or MENA’ them related to the North the to related them 217 g fo NrhArcn eet ae a ra rne of range broad a faces deserts African North from rgy
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CEU eTD Collection 218 place” in yet 2013a, p. 216) not are conditions market necessary the the since in phase especially starting crucial be will renewables of development the for commitment Euro the in situation institutional complicated” facilities to access secure “Getting titled study in addressed were major topics broader instance, its for study, started” In publications. key its of fi number a the on relied support has to aimed has Dii efforts, advocacy its well.For as Africa North in projects energy latter of implementation the that fact the despite organizations, advocacy foremost are Dii and Foundation Desertec the Both Foundation. the and Dii by conducted advocacy political of question the to leads this perspective, mainta while all place in renewables. of development EU to relates concept geostrategic and political to linked objectiv stated the effort, economic sectoral a as Equally, decisions. inherently are Foundation the and Dii both of ambitions The supporters. key its of weight political and financial the and scope
Web page of June 2013 about the ‘Desert Power: Getting Started’ publicat Started’ Getting Power: ‘Desert the about June2013 of page Web characterize is organizations Desertec the of case The
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h sm suy eoe sgiiat teto t te oiia and political the to attention significant devotes study same The
ining its ining - ee dbts eadn eeg dvriiain n the and diversification energy regarding debates level In particular, Dii relates strongly relates Dii particular, In –
autonomy from regional policymaking. Fr policymaking.regional from autonomy
fco ta i te EA states MENA the in that factor a - eierna a wl, ruby ic “ since arguably well, as Mediterranean
149
aca ad technical and nancial to the regional formats formats regional the to cluding “the long “the cluding de o t massive its to due d ion.
e of the Desertecthe of e
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term, (Dii, CEU eTD Collection otiue o h ado the to contribute competences” regulatory with body supranational a of implementation the facilitate to accordingly 220) i regulators the strengthening in and compa the ensuring “in which of role the MedReg as such networks sectoral on institutional and legal functions” political, combine should framework This integrated system. EUMENA power an for provides which framework, comprehensive a “adopt long ambitious study’s panel” industry an establish could UfM “the that suggests it Furthermore, agreemen swift for calls and Framework” Mediterra a creating […] framework binding a into translated 217) p. 2013a, dev the in sector” private the and institutions, financial international governments, together bringing by facilitator a as act “could countrie member different from bottom its continue (ibid). Mediterranean” the in energy “an as Plan discu Solar political for Mediterranean platform excellent the applauds study the UfM, the Regarding o rvd a tbe esetv fr netet. n h sot te and short projects first the the developmentof transmission infrastructure” of implementation In the with investments. combined be for should perspective objectives stable a provide to “ institutions should promote the adoption of credible long credible of adoption the promote should institutions . Fo .
comments also study same the institutions’, ‘political addressing to addition In r the “mid the r
(Dii, 219) 2013a, p.
. Institutionally, the study argues that “the MSP Master Plan should be should Plan Master MSP “the that argues study the Institutionally, . (ibid) -
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nean Renewable Energy Renewable nean - term policy in order in policy term Di 21a p. 2013a, (Dii, fr hm to them for s rm, policy policy rm,
n ta it that and (ibid). tibility
(Dii, The e . CEU eTD Collection ready to take up work’. up readyto take 219 a infrastructure, energy Euro a of benefits economic the on focus a with both argued been significance ‘ 2012 in Understanding of Memorandum a as classified in stakeholders based S co Southern of principle the highlighted has desalination. transf technology supply, energy African local North regarding funding project UfM in Institutions Financial International s newbala ″a of aim its in Plan European Eastern existing or scholarship programs” Fulbright US the of lines the along […] region EUMENA the for program exchange “flagship a of objective ambitious 230) regulation” sector power for standards minimum and codes network includi Framework, Energy Renewable Mediterranean full the the of on adoption agree should countries Mediterranean Southern and States Member EU “EU, the that others, among recommendation, the to leading framework, legal regulation” podd t te U n Euro and EU the to uploaded’ sanbe nry projects″ energy ustainable
Desertec Foundation press release of October 30, 2009 titled ‘Joint venture Dii established and and established Dii venture ‘Joint titled 2009 30, October of release press Foundation Desertec . h Dsre Fudto hs prie te UfM the appraised has Foundation Desertec The 2008, in UfM the of launch the Following Furt
emr, rae plc rcmedtos r sae, nldn the including stated, are recommendations policy broader hermore, (Dii, 243) 2013a, p. Di 21a p 221) p. 2013a, (Dii,
f h Dsre vision Desertec the of At the same time same the At
UfM
priority project priority outhern Mediterraouthern wl a wt rgrs o h esig fet fr social for effects ensuing the to regards with as well s nced north nced . . , in the light of its development dimension, the initiative the dimension, development its of light the in , 219
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Mediterranean Solar Plan Plan Solar Mediterranean - eae Mdtraen Solar Mediterranean related
- Di 21a p. 2013a, (Dii, Mediterranean g common ng also
been been was The CEU eTD Collection 2013. 220 energi renewable of expansion the for conditions necessary bas MENA ‘empower’ to effort an in youth, Mediterranean Southern targeting projects energy market partne (ibid) res the between, collaboration encourage and coordinate, “socio a that thereportproposes example, Maghreb” the in integration regional greater programs such since implementation, and funding in role addresses specifically it instance, for recommendations: countries” MENA for opportunity T transition’. ‘Socio subtitled and Power’ a outreach interdependence. energy for need increasing Mediterranean. an by pressure Southernintegration arguable an to made the consistently is reference Thereby, in objectives democratization and development
Anonymous interview 6n1 with a staff member of a non a of member staff a with 6n1 interview Anonymous d tdns o cnrbt fly o h dmcai poes y eadn the demanding by process democratic the to fully “contribute to students ed
. Desertec has specifically called for an EU EU an for called specifically has Desertec . For instance, Dii commissioned a study titled the ‘Economic Impacts of Desert of Impacts ‘Economic the titled study a commissioned Dii instance, For launched has Dii cause, main its supporting argument the substantiate To rsh ip and for stable institutions beneficialinstitutions stableto and ip for s in reflected debates. prominent media i rpr age ta te xot f ecs eetiiy s n economic an is electricity “excess of export the that argues report his . 220
h Erpa Commission European the - cnmc set o a EMN rnwbe energy renewable EUMENA an of aspects economic
suggests ( i, 03, . 4) p. 2013b, Dii, - economic development plan should aim toeconomic developmentshould plan 152
These points have been part of public of part been have points These
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the regulation of regulation of a the which , –
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“could play an important important an play “could osbe oiia actors” political ponsible rmt [t] ol for goals [its] promote es in Egypt and and Egypt in es o derives policy policy derives o Fr diffe a For .
future Euro future - Med rent - CEU eTD Collection 223 2013. 222 20, 2013. 221 the understand to than term long the in notas aMediterranean as hub, a border” choice a hardly is “there energy, in could sustainable a EUMENA” power to systemfor build needed t identifying of “spirit its out point to himself Schuman Robert quotes even Dii study, started’ ‘Getting its In proposals E the of memories Evoking the Foundatio implementation, Tunisia”.
Section ‘Mission and Vision’ on the website of Dii. Reference access on November 2 November on access Reference Dii. of website the on Vision’ and ‘Mission Section we Foundation Desertec eetc onain e pg ‘h Bnft o Dsre’ Rfrne ces n oebr 20, November on access Reference Desertec’. of Benefits ‘The page web Foundation Desertec n ecuae mta rlac a n cuty s eedn o oe single one on dependent is butrather thep supplier on country no as reliance mutual encourages and pol to contributes also It region. MENA the and Europe between “ Mediterraneanthe regio in both communities international strong similarly foster help can power clean in trade the and grids electricity incountries between neighboring Partnerships Union European the as cohesion, and peace ensure ties common other security has of sources terms energy in renewable advantages unlimited utilize to together “Working integrated power system lays the groundwork for much broader cooperation broader much for groundwork the lays system power integrated
hardly
221
by the reference integration: benefits to broader of
With regard to broader regional cooperation triggered by Desertec Desertec by triggered cooperation regional broader to regard With be a clearer reference to its integration rhetoric integration its to reference clearer a e ocee civmns aal o cetn te solidarity the creating of capable achievements concrete he b page page b uropean Coal and Steel Community, Dii also also Dii Community, Steel and Coal uropean n and in and DESERTECn other regions ‘The Focus Region EU Region Focus ‘The n n argues by reference to European integration: ower system as a systemower a whole” as
–
rd rltosis itreedny and interdependency relationships, trade (ibid). 153
- MENA’. Reference access on November on November access Reference MENA’. . 223
(Dii, 2013a, p. p. 245) (Dii,2013a,
than when it argues that argues it when than ” . 222
itical stability itical
has shown. has underpins its underpins 0, 2013. 0,
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CEU eTD Collection 227 226 225 2013. 224 financial industry, administrations, government was decision the high required light of of 2013, changes internal Initiative’s the with coincidence in acknowledged, Dii of CEO bidirecti Commission whether European to as disagreement the of Energy for General with contact frequent particularly in are representatives Desertec Mem ties MSP the concerned this officials, government of level the at meetings various and Secretariat other and forum a as UfM the of importance particular Commission and governments to ties region diversified with familiar is Dii that argued interviewee An high forged has Dii documents, policy and reports by advocacy to addition In
EurActiv news article of May 31, 2013 titled ‘Desertec abandons Sahara solar power export dream’. export power solar Sahara abandons ‘Desertec titled 2013 31, May of article news EurActiv o carried official a regional with 5e3 interview Anonymous 2013. 10, April on out carried official a regional with 5e3 interview Anonymous Anonymous interview 6n1 with a staff member of a non a of member staff a with 6n1 interview Anonymous Dii , -
level contacts at the level of individual governments as governments individual of level the at contacts level es f h Erpa Primn ad h Euro the and Parliament European the of bers
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non Institutional RelationsInstitutional - tt organizations state ismnts t positions its disseminates
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, positions have approximated each other. each approximated have positions , .
224
design of its original concept, particularly in the in particularly concept, original its of design ook place in December 2013 December in place ook -
distance el distance eie te emnn wr o th of work permanent the Besides 154 225 Frhroe a i cneec series conference Dii a Furthermore, . but also but
and has also specifically addressed addressed specifically also has and
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CEU eTD Collection 233 2013. 232 231 of the Maghreb’. electricity markets 230 MSP)’. Plan (the Solar Mediterranean 229 228 appro with met are proposals Desertec cases, other support who officials regional Thus, e been originally had which level, UfM at Ministerial Energy 2013 the of case the in true is This cases. individual in delayed by governmento German backed been have and delegations German joined also have representatives market” the of markets electricity the integrate Maghr to process the up “step to aim the with Algeria in Oettinger Commissioner met ministers energy Moroccan and Tunisian, Desertec in assistance t technical tool financial a as launched was Initiative Preparation Project Plan Solar Mediterranean the 2012, March In Africa. North in regulation energy supportive advocated has Secretariat UfM the instance, For UfM. the as well as Commission, Energy on Meeting Ministerial UfM coming the in endorsement political for submitted be will which Plan, Solar Mediterranean the develop to efforts collective the in involvement Secretar UfM “the that states edition 2013 its of release
Web article of November 1, 2013 titled ‘UfM at the 4 at the ‘UfM titled 2013 1, November article of Web News article of December 11, 2013 titled ‘Embattled UfM ministerial meeting focuses on energy’. focuses meeting UfM ministerial ‘Embattled titled 11, 2013 December of article News Fe on out carried 4g1 interview Anonymous Anonymous interview 6n1 with a staff member of a non a of member staff a with 6n1 interview Anonymous rs rlae f ue 0 21 tte ‘h Erpa Cmiso pooe itgain f the of integration promotes Commission European ‘The titled 2010 20, June of release Press UfM press release of March 20, 2012, titled titled 2012, 20, March of release press UfM
i hs en be o ez spot rm gover from support seize to able been has Dii or rejected been have Foundation Desertec the and Dii by made proposals The b te is se twrs ul nerto o tee akt it te European the into markets these of integration full towards step first the eb, eetc rpsl hv be opsd y niiul governments individual by opposed been have proposals Desertec ” 230 . 228 ,
and with first relevant investments already made. Importantly, Desertec Desertec Importantly, made. already investments relevant first with fficials directlyfficials in
a different vision different a
agt countries target bruary 27, 2013. 27, bruary xpected to pr to xpected intergovernmental negotiationsintergovernmental 155 th ‘The first operational financial tool for the the for tool financial operational first ‘The
Dii Desert Energy Conference’. Desert Dii of Euro of - state organization carried out on August 2, 2, August on out carried organization state . 229
val but considered self considered but val oduce a major breakthrough major a oduce
- Mediterranean energy ties energy Mediterranean y General praised Dii’s active Dii’s praised General y n ue 00 te Algerian, the 2010, June In mns te European the nments, . 231 implement o
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Anonymous interview 5e3 with a regional official carried out on April 10, 2013. 10, April on out carried official a regional with 5e3 interview Anonymous ou carried 4g1 interview Anonymous EIB web page of June 19, 2012 on the Mediterranean Solar Plan Plan Solar Mediterranean the on 2012 19, June of page web EIB - - em esetv o etbihn a EU an establishing of perspective term n 02 fr ntne te uoen netet ak none a announced Bank Investment European the instance, for 2012, In PPI) t
reactions to the Desertec agenda, Dii agenda, Desertec the to reactions ” a eeg mre bsd n dfeetae ad rda approach” gradual and differentiated a on based market energy nal ( European Commission & High Representative of the Union for Foreign for Union the of Representative High & Commission European
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CEU eTD Collection 237 national various by EMP, law Spanish non international an is (ASCAME) Industry and Commerce of Chambers Mediterranean of Association The large of politics, Eu in role, the of question the raises framework theory study’s This an integrationagenda thepromoted Eurofor Euro the affected directly or inspired has advocacy Dii’s that indicates Research question. in objectives economic the to legitimacy add to employed are references’ ‘integration f beneficial be would institutionalization formal and harmonization policy cooperation, regional increased ‘integrationas arguments’ organizations have Moreover, employed theUfM. both and direct created have neo study’s this sustain advocacy its of addressees and structure The agenda. economic its of pursuit the in contacts t ways, of variety a Security and Affairs p. Policy, 18) 2012, Community”
ASCAME Statute. ASCAME 7.2 - in work advocacy conducted have Foundation Desertec the and Dii both While
Mediterranean
Association of Mediterranean ChambersAssociation andof Industry Commerce . (European Commission & High Representative of the Union for Foreign for Union the of Representative High & Commission (European 237
t a fudd led i 18, og eoe h eegne f the of emergence the before long 1982, in already founded was It - cl ntok o a rmrl Mdtraen iain background. riparian Mediterranean primarily a of networks scale
he for he ties to regional to ties or the implementation of their concepts. At the same time, such time, same the At concepts. their of implementation the or oiia aed a nmru ocsos ad hs become thus and occasions, numerous at agenda political - rft soito b is ttt, ihn h framework the within statute, its by association profit - profit Dii has been particularly capable of forging high forging of capable particularly been has Dii profit and local Chambers of Commerce of Chambers local and
- level decision level - ucinls hptee, s oh organizations both as hypotheses, functionalist .
157 - Mediterranean region.Mediterranean
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o f CEU eTD Collection 241 240 239 ASCAME. of Secretariat the General 238 regarding itsASCAME orientation and regional advocacy activities. t into ideals these of translations the into look sections following The poetically integration political even and of ideals the highlights activ its from receipts as accruing well as institutions and agencies other by made grants members, its association. Lebanese organization Secretariat a by coordinated the with connection some have which institutions Mediterranean “those to Membership Associate offers fro exclusively almost drawn as Istanbul” explained interviewee.by an Bei of Chamber the Marseille, of Chamber the by supported Barcelona, of Commerce of Chamber
Questionnaire response 3n2 received from a former ASCAME President in January 2013. in January President a former ASCAME from received 3n2 response Questionnaire Statute. ASCAME Statute. ASCAME Interview 2n1 carried o carried 2n1 Interview acquaintances under the roof of ASCAME. We have become a family i family sense the true of word a become have We ASCAME. of roof the under acquaintances t of President and politics fraternity when and peace of lake a become [ will Sea ‘cooperation’. Mediterranean is the that world doubt today’s of keyword the say, to have “I The ASCAME constituency of more than 200 members and over 20 countries is countries 20 over and members 200 than more constituencyof ASCAME The
emphasize ’s Presidency rotates and was recently held by a Turkish respe Turkish a by held recently was and rotates Presidency ’s rut, the Chamber of Tanger, and the Chamber of of Chamber the and Tanger, of Chamber the rut, he ASCAME, I always tried to establish durable friendships and friendships durable establish to tried always I ASCAME, he
d byfor d a ut on October 3, 2012 and questionnaire received from a staff member of of member staff a from received questionnaire and 2012 3, October on ut
is f h Association” the of aims ASCAME ASCAME economic exchange, economic te ad evcs edrd o hr parties” third to rendered services and ities commerce walk together. […] […] together. walk commerce ”
[author’s translation] m Mediterranean riparian states. riparian Mediterranean m hosted
mer ASCAME mer ASCAME President:
irrespective
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funded “by membership dues, the contributions of the dues, “bymembership funded
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f h gorpi faeok hsn as chosen, framework geographic the of
158 international cooperation, cultural dialog, cultural cooperation, international
. 241 . 239
of Commerce of Barcelona Commerceof of prtos f SAE are ASCAME of Operations
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CEU eTD Collection 245 ASCAME. of Secretariat the General 244 ASCAME. of Secretariat the General 243 242 cast netwideand our fr ASCAME serving of understanding our limit not on, 2007 from co the prioritize we organizational, t arguing institutions, and of terms In integrationMediterraneanas of regional a well Euro as ASCAME membership, its of scope geographic the exceeding focus f e.g. i and cooperation Mediterranean ASCAME addition, “works ASCAME statutes, its o extension natural is a Sea Black the that assumption to According Sea. the of states riparian Primar
Questionnaire response 3n2 received from a former ASCAME President in January 2013. in January President a former ASCAME from received 3n2 response Questionnaire Statute. ASCAME Interview 2n1 carried out on October 3, 2012 and questionnaire received from a staff member of of member staff a from received questionnaire and 2012 3, October on out carried 2n1 Interview Intervi opttvns wti te e itrainl iiin f ao and labor of division international new the coopera within the competitiveness Euro and [broader] Europe populat the between of integration economic integration of area Mediterranea an of We creation integration. champion “we rom
l, SAE s Mediterranean a is ASCAME ily, 7.2.1 ew 2n1 carried out on October 3, 2012 and questionnaire received from a staff member of of member staff a from received questionnaire and 2012 3, October on out carried 2n1 ew Serbia or the Paris region. Paris the or Serbia o o 80 ilo ihbtns ofrn seii avnae and advantages specific offering inhabitants, million 800 of ion tion”
advocacy Regional Orientation Regional
ASCAME even went beyond the Euro the beyond went even ASCAME .
n to be one of our priorities [and we] we] [and priorities our of one be to n 243
, cnwegs h iprac o non of importance the acknowledges ASCAME has repeatedly addressed broader reg broader addressed repeatedly has ASCAME om Brussels to om Washington” hat hat
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to the shores of the Mediterranean the of shores the to . 245 - f the Mediterranean Sea” Mediterranean the f -
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CEU eTD Collection 248 ASCAME. of Secretariat the General 247 246 It Association. isdescribed intervieweeby an as the on focus core its regionally a as itself positioned has ASCAME scopepublications its Mediterranean and in activities.member concept, Mediterranean Thus, Euro the identified Euro ‘ 'Euro term the using avoids Turkey”. for membership Eu the Turkey when disturbing reveals thing only “the that emphasized ASCAME of President former Southern European’ association, arguin association, European’ Southern
Questionnaire response 3n2 received from a former ASCAME President in January 2013. in January President a former ASCAME from received 3n2 response Questionnaire 2013. in January President a former ASCAME from received 3n2 response Questionnaire Interview 2n1 carried out on October 3, 2012 and questionnaire received from a staf a from received questionnaire and 2012 3, October on out carried 2n1 Interview edr, uoe Eams n Load Porm Conferenc Programs Leonardo and Erasmus MEDITEX”.MEDITOUR and Euromed Economic of Week Mediterranean Leaders, Forum, a and Montana such speeches Crans events Days, 60 international Business madeat present occasions, be 32 will at up showed expanded cities, 22 have We visited countries. European and Mediterranean different from both NGOs “ oe oehrwt pltcas sae esn ad h rpeettvs of representatives the and persons state politicians, with together come - The Association. the of outlook geographic the on agree members ASCAME
Med] does not ‘explain itself’ well [and] what has been clear is that many peoplemanyis thatclear been has whatwell [and] ‘explainitself’ does not Med]
7.2.2 hl ACM has ASCAME while
Institutional RelationsInstitutional rm 6 t 23 ebr. … [ASCAME] […] members. 213 to 169 from - eierna wt te eierna Erpa co European Mediterranean the with Mediterranean
ro business business - eierna poet s eadd s n lentv o EU of alternative an as regarded is project Mediterranean it frequently relates to broad regional cooperation of a Euro a of cooperation regional broad to relates frequently it 246
Despite this broad regional focus, ASCAME consciously ASCAME focus, regional broad this Despite dpe a terminol a adopted -
eierna' o vi big iudrto a a as misunderstood being avoid to Mediterranean' 248 sector, particularly during the ITO Presidency of the of Presidency ITO the during particularly sector,
g that it that g 160 oriented oriented
g dfeet rm t from different ogy having is “ is possible that in this moment, [the moment, this in that possible FMP ofrne MED Conference, FEMIP s interface
hs las en and been always “has
with contacts beyond contacts with e fiil Euro official he untries”. f member of of member f
the e, 247 - -
CEU eTD Collection (EUROCHAMBRES), a leading European advocacy association. While While association. 250 2013. advocacy 249 European leading a Industry and (EUROCHAMBRES), Commerce of Chambers European of Association the to ties close po its furthered also has ASCAME 2013. November in signed eventually was EIB the and ASCAME between Understanding of Memorandum A institutions regional number of context the in of AFAEMME Organisations Businesswomen, Mediterranean of Association the and network, entity territorial a MEDCITIES, networks other two Furthermore, network. UNIMED the and ASCAME ‘ between on held was workshop special signature develo economic and social behind euro the defending Week Mediterranean including institutions tim Specifically
News section of the A the of section News Documentation of the VII Mediterranean Week of Economic Leaders, Barcelona, November 20 November Barcelona, Leaders, Economic of Week Mediterranean VII the of Documentation es, involving both a variety of regional non regional of variety a both involving es, important important personalities”. other among Mas Artur government,Mr.Catalan the President of the and Vive Lebanese the Vice the of Sleiman; Michel President Mr. Republic, the Sijilmassi; Fathallah Mr. Mediterranean, economic the international for Union the of Secretary in General the Hollande, François Mr. republic French the ASCAME of leaders of politic and euro economic presence with interviews the to thanks organizations increase to able been has he Furthermore, Center. Arbitration Mediterranean a of creation the “[President] Mr. Choucair has also persued in his efforts in orde in in efforts persued his also Mr.Choucair“[President] has
- eierna reg Mediterranean
f or eoadm o Understanding of Memorandums four of the , of the Mediterranean Week. Mediterranean the of eierna ek f Ec of Week Mediterranean - Med SCAME website. Reference access on December 10, 2013. 10, on December access Reference website. SCAME
h UM n te Eu the and UfM the f 03 hl i held 2013, of iterranean integration and collaboration as the driving forces forces driving the as collaboration and integration iterranean 250 o. mn te, e a mt h Peiet f the of President the met has he them, Among ion.
under itscurrentPresidency, whichunder it reportsthat on
pment of the region” the of pment Un iversity Barcelona n - 161 president of th of president
nmc Leaders onomic – SAE a formalized has ASCAME oen netet Bank Investment ropean -
- state organizations as well as region as well as organizations state held their respe their held
nepie Cooperation’ Enterprise ih ii scey g society civil with
amd t osldtn and consolidating at “aimed . 249 e EIB, Mr. de Fontaine de Mr. EIB, e
This context allowed the the allowed context This
has ctive general meetings general ctive litical leverage via its its via leverage litical ae place taken r to encourage
its op, and roups, specifically , .
The The is ih a with ties
seven major
- 22, 22,
al al – a
CEU eTD Collection the General Secretariat of ASCAME. of Secretariat the General 254 253 252 251 t to relate to itself positioned has Association the Thereby, directed declarations atEuro withthe likeBank. IGOs World Med the in Network Investment Anima the and EUROCHAMBRES Union multi to as well as projects’ ‘priority Euro UfM several to relates and It policies. and Mediterranean organizations Mediterranean of revisions specific various supported has ASCAME signed been hel was ASCAME with symposium joint a projects, and initiatives various in involvement its through and spe to relations Euro own its developed has EUROCHAMBRES
Questionnaire response 3n2 received 3n2 response Questionnaire 2014. 23, May on out carried representative a BUSINESSMED with 7n7 Interview 2013. in January President a former ASCAME from received 3n2 response Questionnaire Interview 2n1 carried out on October 3, 2012 and questionnaire received from a staff member of of member staff a from received questionnaire and 2012 3, October on out carried 2n1 Interview nerto; hrfr or eot o dcaain ae ietd any at mainly directed economic and are Commercea regional declarations in or of Chambers advanceorganizations, business at as well as UfM reports EU, to the governments, order our in therefore key integration; is or sector economic private of the outcomes the that account are into take which we because forums, of and meetings sectoral majority the reports produce “We
program Despite
7.2.3 f eierna Cneeain o Etrrss (Businessmed), Enterprises of Confederations Mediterranean of
. 251 Advocac 253 t piaiy iain osiuny ACM hs sud policy issued has ASCAME constituency, riparian primarily its
nd communication communication nd ii cabr, .. h Egyptian the e.g. chambers, cific hc i ssand by sustained is which d in Marseille in 2013 in Marseille in d - stakeholder initiatives. For instance, ASCAME cooperates with the with cooperates ASCAME instance, For initiatives. stakeholder y
- Med stakeholders: regional
from a former ASCAME President in January 2013. in January President a former ASCAME from media”. , and a cooperation agreem and a , EU funding and implemented in partnership partnership in implemented and funding EU 254 162
- Mediterranean dimension through itsthrough dimension Mediterranean - uoen uies Association, Business European
e xsig regional existing he high ent had previouslyhad ent - rfl Ivs in Invest profile
role of role
252 -
CEU eTD Collection 259 258 257 ASCAME. of Secretariat the General 256 255 ch 2013”. in ASCAME of important items most agenda the of one be will institutions and policies regional of changes to contributing and institutions EU’s the at role and say its increasing on focus more will in insight deeper a get to trying and were we who them explaining Eurochambres, and Parliament, European the Commission, EU the with activities lobbying took we term, 2007 the i during attention countries of of development the Mediterranean” for projects] [and studies se the and ye its to due ASCAME’ Br in primarily persuade EU on advocacy Mediterranean the of sides and southern northern the between bridge and capital economic the as role decisive its in Barcelona and Mediterranean the for Union the support to will strong “the had Week’ F frameworks. to the workings of the EU” the of workings the to
aracter ASCAMEaracter of considered are Questionnaire response 3n2 received from a former ASCAME President in January 2013. in January President a former ASCAME from received 3n2 response Questionnaire receive 3n2 response Questionnaire 2013. in January President a former ASCAME from received 3n2 response Questionnaire 2013 10, on December access Reference website. ASCAME the of section News Interview 2n1 carried out on October 3, 2012 and questionnaire received from a staff member of of member staff a from received questionnaire and 2012 3, October on out carried 2n1 Interview omre uh s ai, Barcelona Paris, as such commerce significant “We
ersn mr ta 3 mlin uiess fr hc rao w have we reason which for businesses, million 30 than more represent s former President explained that explained President former s curing of peace in the in peace of curing t undefined character undefined t r ntne i sae ta priiat o te 03 ‘Mediterranean 2013 the of participants that stated it instance, or representative power. […] […] power. representative . 257 -
ee isiuin a wl a te f: w hv cniud to continued have “we UfM: the as well as institutions level In addition, various EU various addition, In ses ad hn h Un the then and ussels, . 258 -
02 SAE rsdny “ Presidency: ASCAME 2012
d from a former ASCAME President in January 2013. in January President a former ASCAME d from For 2013, the interviewee remarked that remarked interviewee the 2013, For region. […] [T] […] region. , arguing that it “ it that arguing , helpful helpful legitimacy terms of in the association’s 259 ”. Mrele Itnu, oa Mln, and Milano, Roma, Istanbul, Marseille, ,
255 o hs aim, this To - 163 level institutions have been at the center the at been have institutions level
the e ae motn cabr of chambers important have We eeal, SAE a fcsd its focused has ASCAME Generally,
UfM has received particular scrutiny particular received has UfM he UfM and ASCAME can generate can ASCAME and UfM he is very important for the stability the for important very is o fr h Mediterranean” the for ion
the cp ad North and scope uig u Presidency our During te Southern the n .
“ASCAME
- South . 256 : ,
CEU eTD Collection 263 262 ASCAME. of Secretariat the General 261 Secretariat the General 260 process the into systematically sector private the involve to and integration economic Euro promote further to leaders “political urged 2010 of Declaration increased documents published also has ASCAME and secure a present en to regions between unification and about provide to able be will SMEs years, future in opportunities and finance necessary the underlying objectives argument The these policy been implementation athas the in as well as policymaking in sector private the of involvement increased the turn, In
vironment” Questionnaire response 3 response Questionnaire 2013. in January President a former ASCAME from received 3n2 response Questionnaire Interview 2n1 carried out on October 3, 2012 and questionnaire received from a staff member of of member staff a from received questionnaire and 2012 3, October on out carried 2n1 Interview of member staff a from received questionnaire and 2012 3, October on out carried 2n1 Interview youth”. intercu and culture equality, gender promote to infrast is objective transnational major promote to and standards and regulations policies, EU towards converge and modernization “ standpoint”private d to need would it what about position our contribute we there and commissions many in observers as such participate we matters, these the all in in and participate actors business and implement afterwards them;they can that so of[regional]these policies design economic that proposed have “We South the chambers have we o ep netet n rgoa itgain ntaie; o support to initiatives; integration regional and investment help to
5 million jobs in this sector [for instance sustained by a] “ a] by sustained instance [for sector this in jobs million 5
s h Euro the as
263 private sector involvement. The Barcelona Barcelona The involvement. sector private
”. . 262 260
Briefly, theBriefly, objective of ASCAME relations is economic in
of ASCAME. of - . Med Industrial Cooper Industrial Med 261 – n2 received from a former ASCAME President in January 2013. in January President a former ASCAME from n2 received
I don’t know know don’t I
– core core advocacy:ofASCAME’s
from Sfax, from Tunis, or small ones from ones small or Tunis, from Sfax, from
is chiefly that “[if] we will be able to prov able to be will“[if] we is chiefly that onl wt ohrognztos proposing organizations, other with jointly 164 to, eierna SlrPa […] Plan Solar Mediterranean ation,
utrs I te oil ra the area, social the In ructures. Euro - eierna Business Mediterranean ltural dialogue and dialogue ltural strong trade structure trade strong tbe investment stable
- Mediterranean o from the from o
ide CEU eTD Collection the General Secretariat of ASCAME. of Secretariat the General 266 265 264 provision the at aiming project (TIFM) Mechanism Facilitation Investment and Trade Euro the host to begun has UfM the Furthermore, 2014. in launched cooperation Med’ in ‘Invest the reflected increasingly projects focus UfM The ‘Bureau a developing is association the and Brussels members ASCAME Tribunal. Arbitration Bank Development Mediterranean conducted has and label or brand’ Euro the D Business of completion Area the Trade processes, Free Mediterranean and structures UfM of clarification particip sector private increased Secretariat, UfM the of funding called, It questions. institutional addressed development”. business unloc to conciliation and cooperation of spirit new a by driven be to decisions future vie our that guarantee with associated closely be to organisations business expect t for Union the shaping of
Barcelona Euro Barcelona Euro Barcelona Interview 2n1 carried out on October 3, 2012 and questio and 2012 3, October on out carried 2n1 Interview To promot To
elc te SAE agenda. ASCAME the reflect evelopment Initiative - - on Small and Medium Enterprises and Enterprises Medium and Small on e its points, its e Mediterranean Business Declaration of June 4, 2010. June4, of Declaration Business Mediterranean 2010. June4, of Declaration Business Mediterranean
in the involvement of the EIB in UfM project financing, through financing, project UfM in EIB the of involvement the in and board” on taken fully are ws 265 he Mediterranean” he
Beyond proposals for policy reform, this declaration also declaration this reform, policy for proposals Beyond ASCAME ASCAME
targeting small and r h multi the or , and for an externally funded funded externally an for and , 266 study a
has referred has n a esblt suy n Mediterranean a on study feasibility a and 165 inter alia inter . have undertaken ‘policy field trips’ to to trips’ field ‘policy undertaken have 264 Specifically - aimed tkhle ERMD net project Invest EUROMED stakeholder
The Declarat The
nnaire received from a staff member of of member staff a from received nnaire to the power of a a of power the to
medium enterprisesmedium (SMEs) , for additional business additional for , t h dvlpet f Euro a of development the at
certain of of certain demanded that the UfM “must UfM the that demanded f ersnain n h city. the in representation’ of ACM dmns are demands ASCAME ,
ion
stated its economic priority economic its to i te f, a UfM, the in ation te oeta of potential the k - ‘Mediterranean
Me Mediterranean that “[w] that diterranean - focused e also e .
- -
CEU eTD Collection 270 269 ASCAME. of Secretariat the General 268 Euro the 267 scale global the integration m in and energyof sources abundant holds Mediterranean Southern while market huge a and capital, rich technology, advanced boasts Mediterranean the that elaborated President former Its dynamics. trade existing the as Mediterranea the of South and North the of complementary the considering of light the In Specifically,ASCAME’s President previous c for need broader clear pursues ASCAME While workit association’s arguing by that an of anpower”
Questionnaire response 3n2 received from a former ASCAME President in January 2013. in January President a former ASCAME from received 3n2 response Questionnaire 2013. in January President a former ASCAME from received 3n2 response Questionnaire Article of May 19, 2014 on the UfM Secretariat website, titled ‘UfM supports trade development in development trade supports ‘UfM titled website, Secretariat UfM the on 2014 19, May of Article Interview 2n1 carried out on October 3, 2012 and 2012 3, October on out carried 2n1 Interview h pplto o yug epe n hs reg are considerablefacts advantages whe this in people young of population dollars. The trillion 8 of GDP total a and people of millions 500 of population total a about talking are we area, Mediterranean the In of. possession in is region und never should “[w]e made lothave a of progressalthough th design we the respect, this in in and programs; spectator, or policies a economic of implementation merely and not and actor, an as sector private the on “ has successfully convinced political organizations o organizations political convinced successfully has
7.2.4 - Mediterranean region’. Mediterranean nie nomto portal information online . are
270 Int
figures of this type this of figures
also egration Pressure egration h prevd eeis f Euro of benefits perceived The , in line with the arguments introduced in the theory chapter of this of chapter theory the in introduced arguments the with line in , ross osdrd in considered - Mediterranean cooperation based on existing commonalities. existing on based cooperation Mediterranean
erestimate the huge potential which the Mediterranean the which potential huge the erestimate
- cut
, ASCAME has advocated truly integrative policies integrative truly advocated has ASCAME , .
267
the context of of context the
policy
n SAE nevee sme u the up summed interviewee ASCAME An
goals n n takethelongview”.we ere isere ahead” longway still a 166 argues that
questionnaire received from a staff member of of member staff a from received questionnaire
te soito as epaie a emphasizes also association the , o i aot 0 mlin. These millions. 100 about is ion economic blocs economic - Mediterranean
f the importance to count to importance the f expensive qualified qualified expensive
hc cmee at compete which 269 oprto and cooperation
. 268
“Northern n as well as n
CEU eTD Collection 272 ASCAME. of Secretariat the General 271 by constituted German on focus a Euro the in cooperation economic promoting Association Euro emerging recently a of non a in based group business Mediterranean case a as sample study’s this of part constitutes Euro The programs welland as by as ASCAME’s by reflected been has centers on focus association’s The organization. the by advocated an policy substantial which to extent the regarding remarkable is ASCAME of case The venues. policymaking and concerns re the countries” European cooperatio in countries Mediterranean Southern and Northern the between tackled, the that argued consistently problems is multiple the which despite both project for a necessary is Mediterranean the and EU the between integration of area thesis
Questionnaire response 3n2 received from a former ASCAME President in January 2013. in January President a former ASCAME from received 3n2 response Questionnaire Interview 2n1 carried out on October 3, 2012 and questionnaire received from a staff member of of member staff a from received questionnaire and 2012 3, October on out carried 2n1 Interview 7.3 the of Findings
.
- One ASCA One Euro retto o ee sub even of orientation ttn ta it that stating - eierna Ascain o Coeain n Dvlpet (EMA) Development and Cooperation for Association Mediterranean - Mediterranean Association for CooperationMediterranean Development and Association individual members members individual ME interviewee pointed out that to this aim, this to that out pointed interviewee ME . 272 - SAE ae hs upr ti suys yohss regarding hypothesis study’s this support thus case ASCAME rb uies n tae eain. one i 20, t is it 2009, in Founded relations. trade and business Arab
hs okd o eov te cnmc n sca inequality social and economic the resolve to worked “has wealth divide across the Mediterranean Sea should be should Sea Mediterranean the across divide wealth
concrete results in terms terms in results concrete
- einl raiain twrs rae regional broader towards organizations regional –
mostly from the business sector thebusiness mostly from invo d institutional reforms of a regional scope ar scope regional a of reforms institutional d 167 lvement in lvement public - riparian state. EMA is an Incorporated an is EMA state. riparian
” . 271
hrb, h Ascain has Association the Thereby, of new cooperation initiatives cooperation new of - Mediterranean space, with space, Mediterranean - private partnerships. private
h rgoa political regional the “the dedication to an to dedication “the –
from Germany from n with the with n
e - CEU eTD Collection (‘Zehn Forderungen des BDI an die Union für das Mittelmeer’). das für Union die an BDI des (‘Zehn Forderungen 274 273 Germa the across exchange society through civil promote to 2012 in founded Forum operates Network Women’s initiative visible particularly One concern. cover to and UfM the of structures” “strong from ranging demands” “ten contributed (BDI) Industry German 2009 magazine the s addresses While well. as format digital in availably openly is but copies, hard po the whichlin pro network’ a with ‘development a of case a considered be also can EMA Commerce. of Chambers funds federal by for paid government German the to ties has it organization, autonomous an formally is it Germany.While in level state issue operates EMA Furthermore, 10 a by sustained Secretary association’s the by lead non and association charitable a of that is status juridical its actors, economic other of Euro broader the and
EMA website. Reference access on Decem access Reference website. EMA Magazine contribution of 2009 titled ‘Ten Demands of BDI to the Union for the Mediterranean’ Mediterranean’ the for Union the to BDI of Demands ‘Ten titled 2009 of contribution Magazine M satd ulsig n open an publishing started EMA regional of dimensions of variety a regarding initiatives launched has EMA issue litical and economic sphere economic and litical
ks the organization to research groups as well as individual contributors from contributors groups well toas individual research as organization ks the the entire Euro . 273 entirely pecific sectoral trends, it has addressed has it trends,sectoral pecific its Secretariat to an orientation of ‘exporting’ WTO and OECD standards OECD and ‘exporting’ orientationWTO of an to Secretariatits
t he Its - - member Board comprising diplomats and by an Advisory Council. Council. Advisory an by and diplomats comprising Board member integration agenda embedded into official policy. eoe t te no fr h Mediterranean. the for Union the to devoted d fie ae oae i Hmug wt a tf o fv people five of staff a with Hamburg, in located are offices ad - Mediterranean area. While close to corporations and a number a and corporations to close While area. Mediterranean - Med regionMed –
– n ide rcnl rcie a Dvlpet Sherpa’ ‘Development a received recently indeed and
s el s o aiu Nor various to as well as
. Each issue of Mediterranes is shipped in 10,000 in shipped is Mediterranes of issue Each . . - 274 specific
ber 9, 2013. - - eea. n aaeet em, M is EMA terms, management In General. otiuig aaie ald ‘Mediterranes’ called magazine contributing 168
sub
- raiain ad soitos at associations and organizations
political questions as well as in ain wellquestionsas as political h fia isiuin and institutions African th T
e eeain of Federation he n - - profit Arab CEU eTD Collection self on or relations bilateral on focusing organizations traditional beyond i.e. cooperation, Mediterranean Development region. under perceived a to response 16) Africa North so a of constitute and World So Arab the State of countries “the Hamburg that out the pointed Democrats of Chairman the magazine, ‘Mediterranes’ EMA’s to contribution a In city. port German biggest the Hamburg, in offices maintains itself EMA orientation. export pronounced economy’s its of consideration in and EU the non econ its of of light the in Germany, includes This involvement changing. rapidly the study, Euro in in this members EU Mediterranean throughout highlighted repeatedly As Southern the Germany, in actors economic and wellMediterranean, as in as other social of variety a to links broader its highlights it which in and activities, own its on focuses which ‘Ouissal’, EMA non besides other of number a from support receives but Germany, Hamburg, from administered equally is Forum Network The concerned. countries the , partly in reaction to the City the to reaction in partly , - definition, EMA’s activities in economic and research matters as well as on the on as well as matters research and economic in activities EMA’s definition,
ve The 7.3.1
ry name of EMA of name ry Regional Orientation Regional – Mroe, M pbihs n open an publishes EMA Moreover, . -
called focus region of Hamburg Senate’s politics” politics” Senate’s Hamburg of region focus called relations of one country to one region. In its mission sta mission its In region. one to country one of relations signals the association’s situation within the broader context of Euro of context broader the within situation association’s the signals -
Euro - - eeomn o eooi rltos o h MENA the to relations economic of development
State’s potential in terms of education, but also in also but education, of terms in potential State’s EU memberEU states.
- Mediterranean Association for Cooperation and Cooperation for Association Mediterranean - e o Euro or Med 169
- rb cnmc oprto is cooperation economic Arab - uine esetr called newsletter audience - tt organizations, state omic position within position omic (Alkazaz, 2009, p. 2009, (Alkazaz, tement and tement cial - - - CEU eTD Collection 276 275 and political of number a for support including vision broad and ethics organizational clear a of grouping a is it hand, one the On understanding. regional broad a has it hand, other the on Germany; on centered are operations its hand, one the On case. intriguing development of policy tenders publication the through also but projects, and events its through policymaking relevant regionally in processes. involved become to beyond and Germany Euro asso context: economic existing the by presented opportunity an as fields of variety Euro of potential the highlights consistently non further Turkey, states, Mediterranean Southern delineates but policy, EU of basis array cooperation” South to inter and regional EMA to central is exchange Region East Near and intended are dimension intercultural
EMA Region Map. Region EMA 9, 2013. on December access Reference website. EMA - t across from agencies government of variety a to ties maintains also ciation
hs EAs egahcl eeecs eebe hs o te government the of those resemble references geographical EMA’s Thus, Euro The e space Med of Euro of - ot coeain s h basis the as cooperation South - - u eooi fcs o te te hn, t ossety nelns its underlines consistently it hand, other the on focus; economic cut To eierna member Mediterranean . 275 -
Mediterranean cooperation. I cooperation. Mediterranean on its website. its on the involvement of SMEs in development policy, development in SMEs of involvement the -
eierna Ascain o Coeain n Dvlpet s an is Development and Cooperation for Association Mediterranean Mroe, t a sae te t eal croain base corporations enable to ties shaped has it Moreover, . -
regional cooperation. In this sense, EMA attaches high importance high attaches EMA sense, this In cooperation. regional Erp ad atclry Germany particularly and Europe ,
te soito sae that states Association the ,
t ‘M region’ ‘EMA its
tts f h Aa League Arab the of states “to design exchange across the Mediterranean the across exchange design “to the member states of the GCC, as well as as well as GCC, the of states member the 170 - ndeed, EMA defines its approach on the on approach its defines EMA ndeed, Arab and German and Arab
o te development the for
so as as so o nld Gray the Germany, include to t “ it ” Wie German While . - Arab c Arab EMA provides advice provides EMA lo mois sub embodies also . 276
h Association The f North of ooperation in a in ooperation - South - Arab in d The The - led he -
CEU eTD Collection official Euro official integration, and cooperation regional broader geographically has organization oriented pragmatically regional, semi a in objectives o socio gnzto fr oprtos n ohr cins; n h ohr ad i dfns its defines it hand, other the on ‘clients’; other and corporations for rganization
ad -
cultural objectives. On the one hand, it offers its expertise as an implementing an as expertise its offers it hand, one the On objectives. cultural pe a ubr f eeecs n eeet o dsore ht concern that discourse of elements and references of number a opted - Mediterranean to agenda a degree - oiia way. political Yet, the case of of case the 171 ,
which understands itself as a mediator, a as itself understands which
.
EMA
lutae hw sub a how illustrates n cnegs o the to converges and
- CEU eTD Collection Affairs Ministerial held in Germany in April 1999 which was the first to highlight the highlight to first the was which 1999 April in Germany in held Ministerial Affairs on up followed Plenary The 2000. in Session Euromed The of extension the with specifically reform, Eurointergovernmental institutional with concerned on focused less be to tends networks their by Advocacy entities. governmental ultimately are TEs it examines Gover Local and Cities United the of Commission Mediterranean the and (ECN) Network Cities Euromed the (COPPEM), Euro the for Committee stud this of understanding governance. regional regarding Euro the across governments regional and ne of number A 8
8.1 T ERRITORIAL
8.1.1 Networks
their political coordinationtheir The Euromed Cities Euromed The Network
Cities Network (ECN, tworks of sub of tworks
E of L sectoral NTITIESIN ocaland - - Med governance governance sub thelevelMed of to Mediterranean Partnership of Local and Regional Authorities Authorities Regional and Local of Partnership Mediterranean y’s theory framework. framework. theory y’s
einl oprto. nta, ewrs r primarily are networks Instead, cooperation. regional - national territorial entities (TE) based on city, municipal municipal city, on based (TE) entities territorial national E R URO TE egional egional
Réseau des Villes Euromed Villes des Réseau nm ewrs a cnttt rgoa atr i the in actors regional constitute can networks - through and venues. ARLEM other M ents (UCLG / CGLU (UCLG/ ents EDNETWORKS A 172 uthorities
- the conclusions of a Euro a of conclusions the eierna sae cr agenda core a share Mediterranean
This
chapter
- - national authorities. COMMED). In particular, In COMMED). introduces ) held its ) held -
Med Foreign Med the Standing the
first Plenary first
CEU eTD Collection 280 279 20, 2013. 278 277 website its on organization’ ‘partner a as listed also is which partnership” the in engage actively to Mediterranean the of and shores Southern Eastern the of cities of and cities European of volition the of out born “was princi promote to Governments. Local Cities and Euromed Eurocities the to linked be United existscooperation the with Furthermore, Bordeaux. City through of Committee to come has and institutions, other with on relations developed has It focusing members. across exchange and training, governance of questions management in active been has and network consultative role its In figures. population high with cities usually i.e. cities, major by constituted network consultative a as itself of conceives ECN Presidents. Vice were Lebanon Jdeidé, and Morocco, Fez, while France, Nice, of Municipality 2010 in instance, for network; the of Presidency non th to members are theEuro across cities total 2009.from A over in 110 of Session Plenary first its at only formalized was ECN The France. Bordeaux, of City the from o involvement
Website section of June 2010 titled ‘La création et l’évolution du R l’évolution et création ‘La titled June2010 of section Website secti Website ECN Statutes [‘internal regulations’] as published on November 12, 2009. 12, on November published as regulations’] [‘internal Statutes ECN French - Mediterranean Europe, Hamburg,e.g.Antwerp, or The ECN Technical and General Secretariat is hosted by the rotating rotating the by hosted is Secretariat General and Technical ECN The Eur “first the be to itself considers ECN ples of the Barcelona Process” Barcelona the of ples
- language version of the Euromed Cities network website. Reference access on November November on access Reference website. network Cities Euromed the of version language
exchanges ato’ translation] [author’s on of June 2010 titled ‘La création et l’évolution du Réseau des villes Euromed’. villes des du Réseau l’évolution et création ‘La titled June2010 of on f oa atoiis n h EMP the in authorities local s ewr. hs iue nlds vrey f uiiaiis from municipalities of variety a includes figure This network. is
n dao a te ee o TEs of level the at dialog and
. 280 .
279 C hs lie ti rl wti te UCLG the within role this claimed has ECN
Indeed, Indeed, 173 . o 277 - Mediterranean working group”, aiming group”, working Mediterranean
according to its statutes, its to according - h iiitv a te ie originated time the at initiative The 2012, it 2012,
Rotterdam. éseau des villes Euromed’. villes des éseau was accommodated by the by accommodated was
n ie wi line in -
, ECN identifies as a as identifies ECN , Mediterranean region -
Euro as well as towards towards as well as 278
h te general “the th - Medi
the network the terranean
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Anonymous interview 3i1 carried out on January 24, 2013. 24, on January out carried 3i1 interview Anonymous MED EU Neighbourhood Info Centre press release of November 14, 2013 on the CIUDAD final final CIUDAD the on 2013 14, November of release press Centre Info Neighbourhood EU - - ices was highlighted in CIUDAD. Therefore, nine projects were funded funded were projects nine Therefore, CIUDAD. in highlighted was ices IDDws ufte wt a Support a with outfitted was CIUDAD The eierna coeain truh oiotl ewrs u as through also but networks horizontal through cooperation, Mediterranean AT te da f Euro of idea the PACT, - rna Cte” (CES Cities” rranean d in theCIUDAD in d programme” PACT website. PACT
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Anonymous interview 3i1 carried out on January 24, 2013. 24, on January out carried 3i1 interview Anonymous 2013. 24, on January out carried 3i1 interview Anonymous 4 the of Documentation CES Tnsa Mrco n Lbnn Wt rgr t a oprto ta includes that cooperation a to regard With Lebanon. and Morocco Tunisia, h Participation in CIUDAD projects projects CIUDAD in Participation The du limited is Mechanism Supporting its and CIUDAD of actorhood the While chshafe - MED we MED atr f U oiy facilitator policy EU of racter
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ARLEM Plenary Session, Brussels, February 18, 2013. 18, February Brussels, Session, Plenary ARLEM
to . 336
an interviewee explained that “their twin city was Polotsk was city twin “their that explained interviewee an ae no osdrto” fr instance for consideration”, into take
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u know, the borde know,the u a v a Interview 1p1 with a CIUDAD project member carried out on October 24, 2012. 24, October out on carried member project a CIUDAD with 1p1 Interview I 2013. 24, on January out carried 3i1 interview Anonymous i Anonymous Brochure of November 2009 titled ‘Local Authorities Partnership in the Mediterrannean Programme Programme Mediterrannean the in Partnership Authorities ‘Local titled 2009 November of Brochure nterview 1p1 with a CIUDAD project member carried out on October 24, 2012. 24, October out on carried member project a CIUDAD with 1p1 nterview nlec, wud a, h pltc, h polici the politics, the say, would to Commission” try to locally I starting are we influence, so future; the in elaborate will Commission sub level, project higher moreto administrative “frompurely - - Various projects under CIUDAD and similar programs hav programs similar and CIUDAD under projects Various
ery different way, 40,ery like, different PACT). Lessons learned and recommendations.’ learned Lessons PACT). & io Cte Pafr (ENTP) Platform Cities Pilot & s scope. Mediterranean
in Europe in
are considered th nterview 3i1 carried out on January 24, 2013. 24, on January out carried 3i1 nterview e case of CIUDAD’s predecessor program, MED program, predecessor CIUDAD’s of case e . 338 acknowledge the parallels of Euro of parallels the acknowledge
rs are also what we make them” whatrs we also are make
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For instance, in t in instance, For
. and partlyway openly critical 337
50 years ago”.
local authorities; it’s easier it’s authorities; local In In ression that, maybe, you know, you maybe, that, ression this sense, sense, this
was 189 he case of the NEW MEDINA project in project MEDINA NEW the of case he -
level, I would say; so program level, programlevel, so say; would I level, 341 nagd o as so enlarged
the the
. 340 - ugsin o the of suggestions Mediterranean cooperation and cooperation Mediterranean
“something In contrast, In s f h European the of es . 339 ; and they don’t see that, see don’t they and ;
e been extended to a to extended been e o opie E a comprise to - PACT, a publication a PACT, the
they other
participant
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orting local uro - CEU eTD Collection 343 342 the instance, For character. integrative an of reform institutional for need the highlight to tends and character, functional a or cultural a of pressures, integration to refer to ha alliances regional Mediterranean chapter this in discussed Mediterr institu Euro of dimension T EU the to institutions. demands and ideas forward to position a in is Mechanism Supporting “ T cooperation: interconnectedness, eas tee r reco are there because e ciiis f E ad hi ntok hv cm t cnttt a integral an constitute to come have networks their and TEs of activities he project even hereby,
Interview 1p1 with a CI with 1p1 Interview 2012. 24, October out on carried member project a CIUDAD with 1p1 Interview 8.4 cooperation”.intergovernmental non about exchang it’s of need a that project, this about interesting is cooperation, what really that’s and level; governmental of need a is “there argued interviewee The
inlzto o ALM hl i parallel, in while ARLEM of tionalization
Local and Regionaland Authorities Local Euro in anean cooperation at program and project level project and program at cooperation anean 343 ve targeted various political channels in this quest. Their advocacy tends advocacy Their quest. this in channels political various targeted ve
- - tt atr, local actors, state eierna coeain Ter doay a rsle i the in resulted has advocacy Their cooperation. Mediterranean people involved in cooperation projects are wo are projects cooperation in involved people UDAD project member carried out on October 24, 2012. 24, October out on carried member project UDAD cooperation cooperation - ee isiuin. oa ad einl uhrte ad their and authorities regional and Local institutions. level
mnain fo te experts” the from mmendations increasingly
342 is underst is that
take on a consultative role consultative a on take uhrte, n nt only, not and authorities, n h lgt f Euro of light the in 190 ood to comprise to ood
- Mediterranea multi a developed , ilg nt ny at only not dialog, e, - and aee fed f Euro of field layered
a political component political a n Politics
since vis .
The TE networks TE The rking for regional for rking - - à o know, you Mediterranean
- the vis
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- - CEU eTD Collection thus thus far pattern will It far. thus discussed studies organization and case the of findings the orientat governme broader a geographical within of diversification the illustrates study levels case this Furthermore, hierarchy. various the among one at focus regional sub individual how illustrate TEs contexts, cooperation oriented regionally specifically of adoption the around a intensifiedas basis for cooperation. i ncreasing shared environmental pressure across the Mediterranean is emphasized is Mediterranean the across pressure environmental shared ncreasing - state entities shift their orientation and, to some degree, their loyalties towards a towards loyalties their degree, some to and, orientation their shift entities state rm ter prpcie lcl n rgoa atoiis have authorities regional and local perspective, theory a From
, e dfeecs and differences key s, , with, on thetheory a of focus these implications findings. ions within a national context. national a within ions
Euro a
aaoe of paradoxes - Mediterranean cooperation agenda. agenda. cooperation Mediterranean
The following chapter chapter following The 191 h non the
- state organizations discussed discussed organizations state will
compare and discuss and compare
converged examine examine n their In nt
CEU eTD Collection of operation as cla operation as of case each for indicates theory along wide T challenges. and Re Comparative on Euro the embedding account of perspective into taking of value the with possibly actors, pr political become they extent what to and region, Mediterranean non of light the in discussed non positions to common challenges activity. Euro the to approaches regarding findings research empirical Euro to restricti functionalism and of, potential the assess to order In 9 his study has intended to include cases of a variety of characteristics so as to take characteristics to a aas variety casesso include of of study to his intended has
omoting int omoting 9.1 C - tt ognztos oiin hmevs oad te ocp o a Euro a of concept the towards themselves position organizations state - ONCLUSION
nl pcue f Euro of picture angle
Comparing Non Comparing Furthermore, it discusses cross discusses it Furthermore, - egration at the regional level. regional the at egration - eeat iesos los o ter tutrd comparison. structured their for allows dimensions relevant state organizations state
: ssified by membership and staff sizestaff and ssifiedmembership by
R gionalism, gionalism, EGIONAL -
eierna non Mediterranean
Euro the - this study’s this State State - eierna rgo rsetvl t re to respectively region Mediterranean - combination eierna non Mediterranean - Mediterranean and conclude by suggesting by conclude and C Groups ONVERGENCEAND adopt towards EU towards adopt - r eierna cs i te xsig scholarship existing the in case Mediterranean esearch question esearch
niiul non individual
- of of case results regarding the specificities and specificities the regarding results case - e Rgoaim approaches Regionalism New 192 field of activity of field The final sections of this chapter engage chapter this of sections final The state actors, this chapter will compare compare will chapter this actors, state non
- tt actors. state - state state n t, h apiain f neo of application the to, ons - driven regionalism driven A - s , tt ognztos n their and organizations state DVOCACY activity, e.g. the multi the e.g. activity,
as wellas as which inquired why and how and why inquired which , regional o regional ,
future research avenues research future T e aito o cases of variation he
d egree offinancial egree rientation, scale rientation, inl political gional . Findings are Findings .
Table Table n the and - faceted 9 . 1 - -
CEU eTD Collection ned vros non various Indeed, i.e. off’, ‘take cooperation regional This NGO NGO R NGO E E T E NGO E T and field a of with groups institutionalfamiliarity theregional of policymaking and structures. governance prior on dependent context, regional Mediterranean neo the Euro the into integration institutional advocated successfully have or EPUF, of case the in as attempt haveASCAME, and in embedded become to strategy a pursued facilitates prio A reorientation. orientation economic and size, staff membership, and UfM with embeddedness statutory or YPE ERRITORIAL DUCATION CONOMIC CONOMIC CON ESEARCH
studyhas
Table OMIC - - Mediterranean contexts, as in the case of ARLEM. of case the in as contexts, Mediterranean ucinls expect functionalist
advocacy 9
. 1
: Matrix :Caseof Characte Matrix G MEDCOAST 14 EPUF EMA ARLEM COMMED, COPPEM, ASCAME EMHRN TSO DUN D O ECEM ALF
contribute ESERTEC ESERTEC REENPEACE REENPEACE RGANIZATIONS KM
NATIONAL NETWORKS NATIONAL NETWORKS
/
access. A access. DAN / - ebdens i, n fmlaiy ih rgoa institutions regional with, familiarity and in, embeddedness r /
tt ognztos ae Euro a have organizations state EMUNI
FFM
F
ECN, d an alternative anglealternative an d
MED / OUNDATION OUNDATION
M M ed to position themselves as a key interlocutor for a field, a for keyinterlocutor a as themselvespositionto ed ED
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to o gop’ ovrec twrs h Euro the towards convergence groups’ of ation time, same the t - UCLG PACT, R
ristics EG by whom and when and whom by /
- M /
DII / ED
/
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ENP structures. ENP 193
E M M ( E E (G E M E M E E R regional projects, as in the case the in as projects, regional LIMITED URO URO URO URO URO URO URO EGION
ED ED ED ED
regarding the question of whatmakes of question the regarding individual orga individual ERMANY + ------support
M M M M M M M
) ED ED ED ED ED ED ED
-
)
e oinain n pol and orientation Med it is taken into consideration. into taken is it /
Across case studies, case Across an organization’s regional organization’s an
+ + O O + + ++ + ++ ++ S These findings support findings These nizations have actively have nizations (+) +
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MBEDDEDNESS /
++
s
of Dii of large itical -
CEU eTD Collection individual ALF members or EPUF, via a critical commitment as in the case of other other of case the in as commitment critical a via EPUF, or members ALF individual of cases the in as it, with association clear their from ranging degrees, varying to convergence, regional Euro this to importance attribute Despite organizations Dii. or ASCAME of cases the in economic as and benefits political besides 14km, of case the in as interaction interpersonal o importance the highlighted Euro in involved directly stakeholders issharedintegration across stakeholders focus policy and constituted centers. regional non produced or As Mediterranean politics. an activity, political cross discuss will sections or objectives, institutions of questions act addressing governance, when or cooperation, Mediterranean to demands policy regional their direct and membership, constituted regionally agenda, 9.2 expected
among component ideational an signals research empirical Accordingly,
Regional Orientation Regional - ee decision level non previous
y neo by - state organizations tend to to tend organizations state . ors’ positions are are positions ors’ - The perceived importance of cross of importance perceived The governmental dynamics of a a of dynamics governmental Empirical research research Empirical ter aiain f h hbi isiuinl rmwr o Euro of framework institutional hybrid the of navigation their d
- nerto dnmc or dynamics integration ucinls, Euro functionalism,
- aes Feunl, hn doaig o itniid Euro intensified for advocating when Frequently, makers. - ae eut rgrig rus rgoa orientations, regional groups’ regarding results case
rgoa saiiy pae itrutrl ilg and dialog intercultural peace, stability, regional f nepne b rfrne to reference by underpinned - Mediterranean cooperation. Interviewees have Interviewees cooperation. Mediterranean for
- of backgrounds of different
eierna coeain a unleashed has cooperation Mediterranean - h peet td show study present the 194 Mediterranean terminology and concepts and terminology Mediterranean subsequently regionalize their operations their regionalize subsequently
oprto pressures. cooperation
egahc orientation geographic - Mediterranean cooperatio Mediterranean . fiil institutional official
s
ht regionally that h following The
towards n and n its - -
CEU eTD Collection o te atr’ gna, and agendas, actors’ other to to limited largely is this studied, organizations the crises’. ‘cartoon im Euro or Mediterranean non most by reciprocated are points These Europe. Mediterranean to linked frequently was Southern the Mediterranean in instability by caused externalities’ ‘negative mitigate to need the generally, More EPUF. of case the in highlighted was education higher of institutions F fields. policy certain in practices best of exchange the or funding, program to access circles, national from support political additional legitimacy, and visibility group’s the raise to attempt the ideals, non riparian originally in organizations. members ‘Northern’ of participation increasing members. EU Mediterranean b the out point institutions of majority ‘policies’. and ‘affairs’, ‘politics’, as also frequently less and ‘zone’, a ‘vi a ‘framework’, a ‘project’, a ‘space’, a ‘concept’, a ‘area’, an ‘region’, a as interchangeably, sometimes Mediterranean, in indifference thecase of Greenpeace. o cases the in avoidance strategic to members, ALF irto, h dbt aon te US the around debate the migration, - eierna cutis h have who countries Mediterranean nevees rm mn non among from Interviewees When
stakeholders the oeta motivations Potential
xsig Euro existing -
Arab links, for instance instance for links, Arab rm non from nft o regional of enefits - Med hs bevto i i ln wt sre fnig o the of findings survey with line in is observation This
ady occurs hardly iterranean institutional framework institutional iterranean - tt a wl a fo gvrmns n regional and governments from as well as state
or instance, instance, or f r hs egahcl extension geographical this or sion’, a ‘process’, an ‘idea’, a ‘union’, a ‘cause’, a ‘union’, a ‘idea’, an ‘process’, a sion’,
-
tt ognztos ee t te Euro the to refer organizations state - ihihe a icesn itrs i Euro in interest increasing an highlighted proclaimed ‘war on terror’, or the Danish Danish the or terror’, on ‘war proclaimed rsosblt fr naeet y non by engagement for responsibility a 19
5 regarding the the regarding cooperation
h petg o non of prestige the
sp triggere ecific policies and institutions or institutions and policies ecific ACM ad eetc or Desertec and ASCAME f
d hc as include also which
very by stakeholders based based stakeholders
cnmc interests, economic
idea or or idea
s otse by contested is Importantly, the Importantly, nld cultural include - Mediterranean h official the s -
state non in - - - - CEU eTD Collection 345 344 remainhave to critical see and how all we try can it”. improve to by arguingup that EPUF. of case the in as region, Mediterranean or ASCAME, of agenda stakeholder the advocated by objectives the achieving time”. take stating by cooperation Mediterranean outlook. non of majority the space, Mediterranean Arab of persistence Euro the for reason key a is in and contested particularly Israel of inclusion The Balkan. Western the of notably including EMA of case approaches EC early from addition In a maintain groups scope geographic
Interview 3n4 with the Danish ALF Network Coordinator carried out on January 29, 2013. 29, on January out carried Coordinator Network ALF Danish thewith 3n4 Interview 2012. 24, on October out carried Secretariat of the COPPEM member a staff with 1n1 Interview
Despite the omnipresent uncertainty regarding uncertainty omnipresent the Despite
framing ofcooperationframing
when it comes to to comes it when O niiul tts r rus f tts n h Euro the in states of groups or states individual ne interviewee ne , an under an , 344 . Accordingly,. attitudes diverge regardi stakeholders’
In certain cases, positive outlooks are conceiv are outlooks positive cases, certain In
due to the importance Euro of the due to f Euro of focus on focus standing of Euro of standing to readjustment of the the of readjustment to summed up his impressions regarding the future of Euro of future the regarding impressions his up summed Turkey, Mauritania, Turkey, -
eierna cooperation Mediterranean . and
Mediterranean riparian state riparian Mediterranean
defines -
Mediterranean ht w cn ec or obj our reach can “we that
individual - state stake state 196 and
One interviewee summed interviewee One - Mediterranean cooperation,“ Mediterranean Us overarching EU’s
non the non the the the
holders holders as implying Euro implying as , as in the case the in as , . - state t h sm time, same the At future prospects prospects future s , as in the case ASCAME case the in as , - - EU Mediterranea EU eierna a Mediterranean
ed of as conditional on conditional as of ed organizations - subscribe to subscribe eierna notion, Mediterranean 345 ng the desirabilitythe of ng an
cie, u i will it but ectives,
alternative Euro alternative appro of the businessof - Arab of his position his c t the to ach
a positive a individual the Euro the s n the in as
n states n fis is ffairs persists we just
- - - . CEU eTD Collection case studies can studies interpretedcase be low as regions similar and Mediterranean sector. target Euro at advocacy prospec enough, necessi a regarding e.g. dynamics, integration of aim governance, and structures relevant the with familiar non neo in suggested as coverage’ sectoral ‘relevant Second of terms First conferencesministerial meetings, workshoor organizations centers regional that shown to that non of orientation regional the to addition In
advocate specific regional policies regional specific advocate 9.3 , - , individual state organizations’ access. access. organizations’ state
groups Regional political activity by non by activity political Regional
non
Activity Political the , t only for certain sub certain for only t
- ep Euro deep regional regional state stakeholders perceive the the perceive stakeholders state
organizations tend to engage in ‘venue sh ‘venue in engage to tend organizations
commonly facilitate political advocacy by advocacy political facilitate commonly loig them allowing
utscoa characte multisectoral Euro hl ti lmt te plcblt o neo of applicability the limits this While specifically
- oiy eeiiin r loain f diinl iaca resources. financial additional of allocation or redefinition policy eierna lvl eed o ter o their on depends level Mediterranean - f Euro of Mediterranean non Mediterranean - eierna integration Mediterranean
- iet hi pltcl ciiy t Euro at activity political their direct o acran eeis f urntoa activity’. supranational of benefits ‘ascertain to eierna affairs. Mediterranean - sectors, and t and sectors, Third , individual policy adaptations adaptations policy individual , r
in regional decision regional in - - f Euro of s intensity spill - non , state groups go beyond their original original their beyond go groups state tate actors is conditioned by several factors. several by conditioned is actors tate ‘ 197 gains from re from gains he intensity and type of groups’ political groups’ of type and intensity he - oiy proc policy state groups, n groups, state ps. - state organizations’ staff staff organizations’ state - Med
- ln fntoa necessities functional along functionalism as a precondition for precondition a as functionalism y f nesfe cooperation. intensified of ty traen regionalism iterranean -
over or over
Several opping’ across opping’ an argumentative mobilization argumentative an se a vros ees of levels various at esses - - gional activity gional ucinls to functionalism making gnztoa ntr and nature rganizational eo spill
- fun mn te studied the among - around. . Case studies have studies Case ctionalism lutae b the by illustrated
the overlapping the - Mediterranean ’
to be high be to
ed t be to tends
h Euro the signal expects mission o this To
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in a -
CEU eTD Collection 349 assessments. personal the Ambassador’s reflects 348 assessments. personal the Ambassador’s reflects 347 346 to with reference non of rest the mean, I but, […] education. colleagues] diplomat [My important t and intergovernmentalism together”. gath they that example good a is this but Israel, in democracy and go the criticize Forum, Lindh Anna opinions critical that opined diplomat Another o note “take to and internationally” or regionallynationally, fields related the on NGOs sector, private [the] by arranged being are meetings group working forums, meetings, if invitations, though them, one interviewee increasing explicitly opposed NGOs. funding for non of aware be to stated off convergence regional Euro at organizations state
icials Interview 3g1 with a French diplomat carried out in Paris on January 21, 2013. 21, on January Paris in out carried diplomat a French with 3g1 Interview intervi Anonymous Questionnaire response 2g1 received from a natio a from received 2g1 response Questionnaire Reference 2012. 12, November on diplomat national a from received 2g1 response Questionnaire - state actorsc state One One addition In Another . ot einl fiil ad ilmt h wr itriwd o ti study this for interviewed were who diplomat and officials regional Most 348 “because they can do and say things t things say and do can they “because national
vernment on this issue or on other issue; so it’s civil society, it’s open, it’s society, civil it’s so issue; other on or issue this on vernment f the ideas, discussions of the meetings for further consideration further for meetings the of discussions ideas, the f
diplomat to whathas to case shown by been the studies regime change an play a very important role” very playan important a ew 5e1 with a regional official carried out on April 12, 2013. 12, April on out carried official a regional with 5e1 ew
ilmt ihihe the highlighted diplomat “they will have a lot of non of lot a have will “they
is
they all speak English or French, and they’ve had a good a had they’ve and French, or English speak all they - generally state actors’ activities and of policy papers produced by produced papers policy of and activities actors’ state also also - Mediterranean level and the feedback created by their their by created feedback the and level Mediterranean e oilzto o dpoas non diplomats, of socialization he
in Arab countries: “I think theArab status in countries: exists today “Ithink quo argued also also
the population are different, and it’s where the where it’s and different, are population the
ecmd y oenet n reg and government by welcomed 198 that nal diplomat on November 12, 2012. Reference Reference 2012. 12, November on diplomat nal willingness are -
. governmental organizations here that here organizations governmental 349
hat we states cannot do or say. […] […] say. or do cannot states we hat accepted by accepted
Similar eas o te aue of nature the of because
to “respond to participation participation to “respond to
point , t her government: at the at government: her he s
are political role of non politicalof role -
tt atr are actors state er and do and er
frequently 346
things made
ional ”. 347 -
CEU eTD Collection 351 350 However, groups. state neo confirm research empirical of findings the which to extent the indicated have sections previous The likelyare and increase to further. non of ways various non smaller from feedback they UfM, the or EU the by funded are programs p upload to and demands express institutions Mediterra by advocacy non Mediterranean on research of core the non to institutions civilcontribution of society” taking, are they even projects, infrastructural interviewee saying” are citizens can governments where longer no
Anonymous interview 3r1 with a regional diplomat carried out on November 13, 2012. November carried on out diplomat a regional with 3r1 interview Anonymous 13, 201 November carried on out diplomat a regional with 3r1 interview Anonymous 9.4 oal tog, hs td hs hw ta lns f Euro of links that shown has study this though, Notably .
Ambiguous roles nean institutional integration. institutional nean
n turn in ht vn hs dvsos hc “ou mr o, o know you on, more “focus which divisions those even that
non
rgas and programs - -
state actors go beyond the civil society field which is so often at often so is which field society civil the beyond go actors state state actors, and can be considered considered be can and actors, state . provide 350 - state involvement in Euro in involvement state -
ucinls epcain rgrig h rgoa rl o non of role regional the regarding expectations functionalist Broken down to to down Broken Euro
and . 351 - new tt ognztos a i te ae f CIUDAD of case the in as organizations, state - Mediterranean cooperation cooperation Mediterranean
the EU ag the EU even
opportunities for for opportunities - s roposals to the regional level. In addition, even addition, In level. regional the to roposals ae rus I svrl fields, several In groups. tate institutions fod o goe ht ii scey wh society, civil what ignore to afford As the UfM Secretariat UfM the enda
discussed 199 and n and
-
Mediterranean politics have emerged have politics Mediterranean are are
can act act can e hi rsetv constituencies respective their ed to take into consideration, consideration, into take to ed
regarding ikd o previous to linked tends to entail to tends as a transmission belt for belt transmission a as building blocks of of blocks building , this implies this ARLEM, ARLEM,
- Mediterranean certain 2.
new regional new a number of number a to the same the to ciiis or activities
.
t the at Thus, Euro Euro on , the
to if - - -
CEU eTD Collection projects closer to projects potential stakehol provides also it the while instance, For policy. foreign and regionalism of duality the navigate to need politics non that implies this Notably, issue given a on interlocutor preferable the finding in challenges raises frequently addressees Accordingly, governance. UfM in and Process Barcelona the in stakeholders key as and ENP; the regarding especially policymakers, immediate as actors; other and states member by policymaking for cooperation Mediterranean with comprises shopping venue organizations’ European representations Southern maintain involve and closely members they if even theactivities, as their Europe for of hub conceive primary groups most question, this to approach proactive a Me Euro the across from members constitutive diverse together bringing of challenge Mediterranean. towardsthe of and roles of multiple the of consequence volatility the to and region the sp ecific challenges ecific diterranean region diterranean
Euro N
on h itgain gna medd in embedded agenda integration the
- project - tt gop oeaig cos h Mediterranean the across operating groups state e politics. Med
y non by
- e acs poin access new oriented approach of the UfM the approach of oriented and ambiguities to actors involved, related to to related involved,actors to ambiguities and - tt organizations state ( cf. Malhotra, 1997) Malhotra, cf.
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Sdram Srga 2010) Sbragia, & Söderbaum . eea aog h sree gop, and groups, surveyed the among Several non
202 - oprtv Rgoaim n New and Regionalism Comparative illustrated again, has, sections receding state political sphere has emerged with emerged has sphere political state eedn o te etr tp and type sector, the on depending T
heory ru that argue - functionalism as a tool for studying for tool a as functionalism
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eierna level Mediterranean Medite , Euro Euro - o lvl o dmsi pluralism domestic of levels low rna po rranean Mediterranean governance might indeed resemble indeed might governance Mediterranean
a ait o variety a y light of the various external various the of light - defining Mediterranean regional cooperation has features of ‘regionalism by ‘regionalism of features has cooperation regional Mediterranean of the the of
o Euro to litics eetees niae that indicates nevertheless prl ee ars scos Wie re spil true While sectors. across even partly ,
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oenetl n non and governmental
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organizations that maintain a presence in presence a maintain that organizations 203 n h Suhr Mediterranean Southern the in
(cf .
eerhd n hs study this in researched Xnks 1999) Xenakis, . its hi atvte sron the surmount activities their - oenetlatvt a the at activity governmental rhetoric and a and rhetoric .
o oe xml, the example, one For
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idns f h peet study present the of Findings
illustrates illustrates EU - rvn hrce o Euro of character driven
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for various reasons and in various ways various in and reasons various for c commit the unforeseeable the egration experience. egration onsequentialism convergence and convergence
- a resource to link the dimensions of regionalism, non regionalism, of dimensions the link to resource a tt ognztos eaig o Euro to relating organizations state (Risse, 2000) - non are Euro a to hs ovrec o atr aon te Euro the around actors of convergence This -
oenetl eain o te Euro the of relations governmental generally niiul from Individuals 204
, appropriateness appropriateness , - .
Mediterranean vision Mediterranean
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elce i te Euro the in reflected Its niae tasomtv efc on effect transformative a indicate
expectations regarding expectations
a regionalism can unleash. can regionalism mong - tt dnmc a the at dynamics state (March & Olsen, 1998) Olsen, & (March icability of integration of icability oh non both –
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- tt atr, t lo ils nih rlvn t Comparative to relevant insight yields also it actors, state either
European integrationtheory has als has counter o indicated o - eierna rgoaim a b itrrtd to interpreted be can regionalism Mediterranean - region Toa & éral, 99 p 15) p. 1999, Tétreault, & (Thomas
- ein ta d nt ety al no theory into fall neatly not do that regions eierna cs t ohr North other to case Mediterranean
(Mattl 205
the limitations of the application of application the of limitations the
i, 1999, pp. 15 pp. 1999, i, (Joffé, 2007, p. 264) p. 2007, (Joffé, cascl itgain hoy and theory integration ‘classical’ Clea 20, . 38) p. 2008, (Calleya, - or blocs″ blocs″ - tt dmnin f regional of dimension state
Jfé 2007, (Joffé, New Regionalism. - Middle Gyr 20, . 29) p. 2006, (Geyer, – - Mediterranean case. Mediterranean 16) an, China and South and an,China of the Euro the of - at Partnership East
to East Asia and Asia East to f core peripheral core f . Based on this on Based . p 221 pp.
nae in engage
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- South HeterogeneitySouth the desirability of Euro of desirability the a regional regional a 9 . 2 : for Dimensions
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level governance level - expected to highlight the divisions the highlight to expected nd o smlry tutrd einl oprto schemes. cooperation regional structured similarly for ined ot dvds te rifl plcto o a iia research similar a of application fruitful the divides, South the North of Comparison Euro 9
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2 hs td’ fnig wud e poiig vne for avenue promising a be would findings study’s this ot Arc,Ws Ai, r ot America North or Asia, West Africa, North - .
making co parity and
suggests startinga point. - While stakeholders r stakeholders While
- Mediterranean cooperation, Mediterranean Mediterranean
-
r h mtpos ple t is region its to applied metaphors the or onstructivism
206
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i which n
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olives this desirability is heavily is desirability this within Europe as well as as well as Europe within
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CEU eTD Collection am non the at regionalism Mediterranean remains Euro at volatility and instability political address to institutions and stakeholders among highlighted o been has Mediterranean countries individual in organizations society civil of importance Euro to a impetus contribute governments renewed ‘new’ many that emphasized also have stakeholders considered frequently are changes organizations non Mediterranean opportunities be to used well. as regionalism actors’ into schemes integration bitions that to answering can contribute in question the this future. The
in n in
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called the ‘Arab Spring’ ‘Arab the called
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ihn h fed of field the within hmevs s el s y fiil ad diplomats and officials by as well as themselves
have reacted have revolts and regime changes in Southern Mediterranean states Mediterranean Southern in changes regime and revolts - a satisfactory a
state activity and politics politics and activity state
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Mediterranean cooperation. cooperation. Mediterranean to these dynamics these to
ntbe governments instable
Euro answer. have unleashed a variety of challenges as well as as well as challenges of variety a unleashed have , including with regard to a to regard with including , reasons - eierna politics. Mediterranean -
tt lvl il ed o oe ies and ideas novel to lead will level state Perhaps, the dynamics unleashed by Euro by unleashed dynamics the Perhaps, 207 retations retations
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CEU eTD Collection Statement ObjectionThe of isattached to this thesis A notablyResearch, contains no It materials any in accepted degrees anyfor other other institutions. referencebibliographical where except person, appropriate acknowledgment thesis containsnoThis / published and previouslywritten or by materials another A NNEX NNEX
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