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Download Download 114 Prispevki za novejšo zgodovino LVI - 3/2017 1.01 UDC : 323.15(439.2=162.4)"1900/1914" Etienne Boisserie* Family Networks and the “Generational Key” in the Renewed Approaches of Social Questioning of the Slovak Elite at the Beginning of the 20th Century IZVLEČEK DRUŽINSKE VEZI IN »GENERACIJSKI KLJUČ« V PRENOVLJENIH PRISTOPIH K DRUŽBENEMU VREDNOTENJU SLOVAŠKE ELITE NA ZAČETKU 20. STOLETJA Do devetdesetih let 19. stoletja so večino javnih zadev glede slovaških elit urejali v majhnem mestu Turčiansky Sväty Martin v okraju Turiec v skladu z dolgoročnim programom, zasnovanim leta 1861, ki se je z uporabo klasičnega pristopa iz 2. polovice štiridesetih let 19. stoletja osredotočal predvsem na jezik in državno individualnost Slovakov v odnosu z Madžari in Čehi. V začetku 20. stoletja je prišlo do preobrata, ki je korenito spremenil glavno os javnih in družbenih dejavnosti v okolju izobraženih Slovakov. Ta preobrat je sovpadal z nastopom nove generacije, na katero so vplivale osebne izkušnje, pridobljene v tujem okolju med študijem v imperiju, posebno na češkem ozemlju, pa tudi v tujini. Pri tem so imele velik vpliv tudi dolgotrajne družinske vezi in lokalna oziroma regionalna solidarnost. Članek preučuje, kako in v kakšnem obsegu so ti dejavniki korenito prenovili pristop k družbeni refleksiji v večinoma slovaških okrajih v Kraljevini Ogrski v prvem desetletju 20. stoletja. Ključne besede: Slovaška, kulturna zgodovina, Kraljevina Ogrska, češko-slovaška vzajemnost * Associate Professor, PhD, Central –European, Czech and Slovak history at the National Institute for Eastern Languages and Civilizations (INALCO, Paris), [email protected] Etienne Boisserie: Family Networks and the “Generational Key” ... 115 ABSTRACT Until the 1890s, most public affairs surrounding the Slovak elites were managed from the small town of Turčianský Sväty Martin in the Turiec County, based on a long-lasting programme drawn up in 1861 that was mainly focused, in a classical approach from the late 1840s, on the language and national individuality of the Slovaks vis-à-vis both Hungarians and Czechs. A shift occurred in the early 1900s, having since deeply modified the main axis of the public and social activities in the educated Slovak milieu. This shift coincided with an emerging new generation influenced by a foreign experience observed personally during their studies in the Empire, especially in the Czech Lands, and sometimes abroad. Furthermore, it was based on long-standing family ties and local/regional solidarities. This paper studies the manner and extent to which these factors renewed the approach of social reflection in mostly Slovak Counties of the Kingdom of Hungary in the first decade of the 20th century. Keywords: Slovakia, cultural history, Kingdom of Hungary, Czech-Slovak mutuality Social and family relationships in the Slovak patriotic milieu in the second half of the 19th century have not yet been studied methodically through an approach combining the kinship dimension and “generation dynamics”. The notion of “kinship fronts”, as used by Giovanni Levi, is fruitful in both its dimensions: the first links families in the sense of non-co-resident groups with kinship ties, relations by marriage or the emerging fictional kinship relations. The second dimension, which is vertical, is comprised of “clienteles, protections and loyalty networks” which explain the behaviours and strategies of families or individuals from a historical perspective, keeping in mind that each family nucleus acts in a composite social network. The notion helps document the hypothesis of deep continuity in the Slovak patriotic milieu and its local and regional dimensions. It also enables the observation of the diversification and transformation of patriotic activities, all from the cultural and literary sphere to the sphere of politics in the wider sense, including the economy and education. The “generation” question is observed by keeping in mind the limits of an overly strict approach as highlighted by Jean-Pierre Azéma,1 and we refer rather to what can be called an “ideological system” defined as “what belongs to all and is the dominating question of the moment, the question that emerges during the ‘period of receptiveness’ and formation.” It must be underlined that “philosophical answers and political stances can be diverging or contradictory, but they nevertheless form a system.”2 The cohort as such is insufficient; many singularities have to be taken into 1 Jean-Pierre Azéma, “La clef générationnelle,” [The generational key]Vingtième Siècle, 22 (1989): 3–10. 2 Michel Winock, L’Effet de génération. Une brève histoire des intellectuels français [The generational effect. A brief his- tory of French intellectuals] (Paris: Thierry Marchaisse, 2011), 11. 116 Prispevki za novejšo zgodovino LVI - 3/2017 account, such as references to different founding events and social profiles. It has to be approached cautiously, but it does offer keys to analyse the divisions and dynamics of this milieu.3 Having set aside the kinship dimension in its quantitative aspects, we will here insist mainly on two aspects: the first one is the evolution of networks from the geographical point of view, and the second one is the turn of generations, i.e. the pillars and tools of the new approach that can be observed from the mid-1890s until the middle of the following decade. The Genesis of the Intellectual Shift Towards a Geographical Extension One of the weaknesses of a cultural and voluntary action lies in its narrow geographical base. This action was historically based in three small counties at the north of the Kingdom (Liptov, Orava, and Turiec) and connected with the mid-sized cities in the surrounding counties. The main patriotic activities were concentrated in this area, especially in Martin, with the Slovak National Party or SNS (founded in 1871), the press (mostly one daily and one monthly newspaper that can be considered as the sole political and cultural papers), and the main non-confessional associations. The leading position of Martin was challenged in the 1890s. This challenge came from networks built and developed in Prague and Vienna, where a handful of Slovak students had organized themselves in small groups and had been developing connections and solidarities for about a decade. Coming mostly from the Orava- Liptov-Turiec triangle, they were inspired by what is usually called “the spirit of Martin” [Martinský duch]. Some others were from what is called “Western Slovakia”4, where connections with Vienna and South Moravia were more frequent. The region, which was less influenced by the “historical core” of the movement and more connected to non-Hungarian parts of the monarchy, had already been organized based on the economic proximity and agricultural networks. Moreover, it was one of the regions active in creating cooperatives in the mid-century period and was close to Pressburg, where active upper-middle class Slovak patriots worked mostly as lawyers, organizing critics of the “conservative” or “old” centre, i.e. Martin. To name but two of those involved in what Pavol Blaho later called “the Awakening of the West”5: Jozef Dérer and Miloš Štefanovič, who were both lawyers in Bratislava and close friends. Although they had connections with the Party in Martin, they both developed harsh 3 Jean-François Sirinelli, “Génération et histoire politique,” [Generations and political history] Vingtième Siècle, 22 (1989): 71. 4 In the narrow sense of the word, “Western Slovakia” is the region located to the North-West of Bratislava, extending to the border with Moravia. In the broader sense, it refers to the long strip of land situated between the two rivers of Váh and Moravia. 5 SNA, BA, of. Blaho, carton (c.) 76, inv. č. (No.) 2059. Etienne Boisserie: Family Networks and the “Generational Key” ... 117 criticism towards what is frequently referred to as the “old” centre”, especially the latter of the two, who is seen asenfant terrible of the Slovak politics.6 Both of them are also interesting as representatives of what can be considered in hindsight as the transitional generation or “the intermediate outside-Martin generation“, embedded between a classical, language-focused approach to the national question and its further development. Both men belonged to families involved in the main cultural and political events, including the voluntary actions from the 1840s to the 1850s. Miloš Štefanovič was one of the most prominent figures of this generation. His patriotic pedigree was irreproachable: his father Samuel was one of the 22 members of the Permanent National Committee founded after the adoption of the 1861 Memorandum in Martin.7 The importance of Miloš Štefanovič in patriotic action relied on the two-fold long-standing family involvement in it – the manner in which he challenged the options adopted in the 1870s and the manner in which he shook the entire patriotic landscape. This is also a clue to the increasing role of the Western counties, including Pressburg, in the Slovak politics at the beginning of the 1890s. Miloš Štefanovič was a lawyer working in the city from 1887, having started his career at Dula’s office in Martin. He was highly esteemed and one of the “four stars” of the Slovak lawyers, alongside the Mudroň brothers and Štefan Fajnor.8 Both Jozef and Miloš took in young people coming to Pressburg in the 1890s, and both were in touch with the Viennese and Moravian activists and openly challenged the classical mode of action. The Hlas and Its Impact The 1890s were a time of renewal instigated by critics of the passive politics which was initiated in the 1870s. The most important impetus for the renewal of political action in the broader sense of the word was the creation of the Hlas review in 1898. Hlas attracted and brought together a new generation. Critical of Martin, this generation was headed by two former figures of the voluntary milieu of Vienna and Prague in the preceding decade, i.e.
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