Antisemitism and the 'Alternative Media'

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Antisemitism and the 'Alternative Media' King’s Research Portal Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Allington, D., & Joshi, T. (2021). Antisemitism and the 'alternative media'. Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. •Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. •You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain •You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 26. Sep. 2021 Copyright © 2021 Daniel Allington Antisemitism and the ‘alternative media’ Daniel Allington with Tanvi Joshi January 2021 King’s College London About the researchers Daniel Allington is Senior Lecturer in Social and Cultural Artificial Intelligence at King’s College London, and Deputy Editor of Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism. Tanvi Joshi is an independent scholar. Authorship statement Daniel Allington is the author of this report. Revision history The first draft of this report was submitted on 24 August 2020. This was revised following double-blind peer review, with the final draft submitted on 9 December 2020. Minor corrections were made shortly before publication on 22 January 2021. Funding statement The research presented in this report was supported by a grant from the office of the Government's Independent Adviser on Antisemitism, Lord Mann. The funder played no part in the research, including the analysis or interpretation of the data. Acknowledgements Grateful thanks are due to Lord John Mann for commissioning this research, to Will Allchorn and Matt Bolton for advice in the crucial early stages of the project, and to Siobhan McAndrew and David Toube for comments on the first draft. Suggestions received via anonymous peer review were invaluable. Executive summary • Three of the four ‘alternative media’ platforms analysed were found to promote a negative view of Jews • The fourth was found to promote a negative view of Muslims, but not of Jews (although it sometimes made use of arguments and images that are in other contexts used to stigmatise Jews) • A significant relationship was found between holding antisemitic views and having a positive opinion of each of the three platforms that were found to promote a negative view of Jews • A significant relationship was also found between holding antisemitic views and having a positive opinion of the Russian state-owned propaganda broadcaster, RT (formerly Russia Today) • By contrast, there was no relationship, or a substantially weaker and more conflicted relationship, between antisemitism and evaluation of named ‘mainstream media’ sources • Moreover, drawing on the ‘mainstream media’ in general for political information was associated with lower levels of antisemitism • In the interests of reducing prejudice, it would appear desirable to encourage use of high quality, reputable sources of information at the expense of low quality fringe sources • Partial solutions to the problem could include: o Demonetisation of problematic websites (for example, through withdrawal of advertising) o De-prioritisation of content from such websites in social media news feeds and search algorithms o Guidelines for members or employees of organisations such as political parties, voluntary sector organisations, trade unions, and media companies, both against sharing content or repeating claims from such websites and against providing them with content in the form of interviews, quotations, or stories o In extreme cases, legal or regulatory sanctions against the owners of the websites themselves • However, it is at least as important for government, individual consumers, and other stakeholders (including social media companies) to play their part in ensuring that reputable media-producing organisations are able to remain viable as businesses that can both invest in and promote high-quality content within a democratic regulatory framework 1 The magic of words has transmuted a pernicious medieval superstition into an even more debasing and corrosive modern superstition. — Joshua Trachtenberg, The Devil and the Jews 2 Contents Figures ___________________________________________________________________ 5 Tables ____________________________________________________________________ 6 1. Introduction: antisemitism and the ‘alternative media’ __________________________ 7 1.1 What is antisemitism? _________________________________________________________ 7 1.2 What are the ‘alternative media’? _______________________________________________ 8 1.3 The structure of this report ____________________________________________________ 10 2. Radio Albion, TR News, Skwawkbox, and the Canary: an in-depth analysis _________ 12 2.1 The right wing sites __________________________________________________________ 12 2.1.1 Radio Albion ____________________________________________________________________ 14 2.1.2 TR News _______________________________________________________________________ 18 2.2 The left-wing sites ___________________________________________________________ 21 2.2.1 Skwawkbox _____________________________________________________________________ 23 2.2.2 The Canary _____________________________________________________________________ 28 2.3 Summary __________________________________________________________________ 31 3. Content analysis of Jewish-related articles on four ‘alternative’ sites ______________ 32 3.1 Research questions __________________________________________________________ 32 3.2 Methodology _______________________________________________________________ 32 3.2.1 Sample ________________________________________________________________________ 32 3.2.2 Code development and inter-rater reliability __________________________________________ 32 3.2.3 AnalytiC methodology ____________________________________________________________ 33 3.3 Findings ____________________________________________________________________ 34 3.4 Summary __________________________________________________________________ 35 4. Survey of media use and antisemitic attitudes in the British population ____________ 37 4.1 Research questions __________________________________________________________ 37 4.2 Methodology _______________________________________________________________ 37 4.2.1 Questionnaire ___________________________________________________________________ 37 4.2.2 Sample ________________________________________________________________________ 38 4.2.3 Code development for the open question _____________________________________________ 39 4.2.4 DesCriptive statistiCs ______________________________________________________________ 39 4.2.5 Contextualisation of the ‘very right-wing’ and ‘very left-wing’ samples ______________________ 39 4.2.6 Inter-rater reliability for coding of the open question ___________________________________ 39 4.2.7 Instruments for the measurement of antisemitism _____________________________________ 40 4.2.8 AnalytiC methodology ____________________________________________________________ 41 4.3 Findings ____________________________________________________________________ 41 4.3.1 PerCeptions of the ‘biggest problem’ _________________________________________________ 41 4.3.2 Relationships between antisemitism and perCeptions of the ‘biggest problem’ _______________ 42 4.3.3 SourCes of politiCal knowledge ______________________________________________________ 43 4.3.4 Relationships between antisemitism and sourCes of politiCal knowledge ____________________ 43 4.3.5 Evaluations of specifiC media platforms ______________________________________________ 45 4.3.6 Relationships between antisemitism and evaluations of specific media platforms in the main sample _____________________________________________________________________________ 46 4.3.7 Relationships between antisemitism and evaluations of speCifiC media platforms in the ‘very right- wing’ and ‘very left-wing’ samples _______________________________________________________ 48 3 4.4 Summary __________________________________________________________________ 49 5. Conclusion ______________________________________________________________ 51 References _______________________________________________________________ 54 Appendix I: Codebook for articles _____________________________________________ 63 Appendix II: Tables for Chapter 3 _____________________________________________ 64 Appendix III: Questionnaire __________________________________________________ 65 Appendix IV: Codebook for open question answers
Recommended publications
  • Rough Transcript, Check Against Delivery
    1 ED MILIBAND THE ANDREW MARR SHOW 28TH JUNE 2020 ED MILIBAND MP Shadow Business Secretary (Rough transcript, check against delivery) AM: Welcome Mr Miliband. Was it right that Rebecca Long-Bailey was sacked? EM: It was. It’s important to explain why, because Rebecca is a very decent person, but the reason why there was a problem – the Maxine Peake interview, so the original interview Rebecca then tweeted, is not that it had a criticism of the state of Israel. I’m a big critic of what the Israeli government has done on a number of occasions. Instead it was a false criticism of the state of Israel linked – or rather, the Israeli Defence Force – linked to the death of George Floyd, wrongly, saying that somehow the tactics that killed George Floyd had been learnt from the Israelis. Let me explain why this is an important point. And the problem is that over the centuries when calamitous things have happened Jews have been blamed. And that’s why there was an anti-Semitism issue in that – in relation to this. And that’s why I believe Keir took the right decision. AM: Do you think that Rebecca Long-Bailey understood that? Do you think that she is anti-Semitic? EM: No, I don’t think she is anti-Semitic. I think she made a significant error of judgement. I know Rebecca well. I think she’s a decent person. But let me tell you what this underlines. This underlines the fact that Keir recognises the gravity of the hurt that has been caused to the Jewish community over the last few years by our failure to deal properly with issues of anti-Semitism.
    [Show full text]
  • Antisemitism in the Radical Left and the British Labour Party, by Dave Rich
    Kantor Center Position Papers Editor: Mikael Shainkman January 2018 ANTISEMITISM IN THE RADICAL LEFT AND THE BRITISH LABOUR PARTY Dave Rich* Executive Summary Antisemitism has become a national political issue and a headline story in Britain for the first time in decades because of ongoing problems in the Labour Party. Labour used to enjoy widespread Jewish support but increasing left wing hostility towards Israel and Zionism, and a failure to understand and properly oppose contemporary antisemitism, has placed increasing distance between the party and the UK Jewish community. This has emerged under the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn, a product of the radical 1960s New Left that sees Israel as an apartheid state created by colonialism, but it has been building on the fringes of the left for decades. Since Corbyn became party leader, numerous examples of antisemitic remarks made by Labour members, activists and elected officials have come to light. These remarks range from opposition to Israel’s existence or claims that Zionism collaborated with Nazism, to conspiracy theories about the Rothschilds or ISIS. The party has tried to tackle the problem of antisemitism through procedural means and generic declarations opposing antisemitism, but it appears incapable of addressing the political culture that produces this antisemitism: possibly because this radical political culture, borne of anti-war protests and allied to Islamist movements, is precisely where Jeremy Corbyn and his closest associates find their political home. A Crisis of Antisemitism Since early 2016, antisemitism has become a national political issue in Britain for the first time in decades. This hasn’t come about because of a surge in support for the far right, or jihadist terrorism against Jews.
    [Show full text]
  • 'The Left's Views on Israel: from the Establishment of the Jewish State To
    ‘The Left’s Views on Israel: From the establishment of the Jewish state to the intifada’ Thesis submitted by June Edmunds for PhD examination at the London School of Economics and Political Science 1 UMI Number: U615796 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615796 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 F 7377 POLITI 58^S8i ABSTRACT The British left has confronted a dilemma in forming its attitude towards Israel in the postwar period. The establishment of the Jewish state seemed to force people on the left to choose between competing nationalisms - Israeli, Arab and later, Palestinian. Over time, a number of key developments sharpened the dilemma. My central focus is the evolution of thinking about Israel and the Middle East in the British Labour Party. I examine four critical periods: the creation of Israel in 1948; the Suez war in 1956; the Arab-Israeli war of 1967 and the 1980s, covering mainly the Israeli invasion of Lebanon but also the intifada. In each case, entrenched attitudes were called into question and longer-term shifts were triggered in the aftermath.
    [Show full text]
  • Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020
    Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020 Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020 Nic Newman with Richard Fletcher, Anne Schulz, Simge Andı, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Supported by Surveyed by © Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism / Digital News Report 2020 4 Contents Foreword by Rasmus Kleis Nielsen 5 3.15 Netherlands 76 Methodology 6 3.16 Norway 77 Authorship and Research Acknowledgements 7 3.17 Poland 78 3.18 Portugal 79 SECTION 1 3.19 Romania 80 Executive Summary and Key Findings by Nic Newman 9 3.20 Slovakia 81 3.21 Spain 82 SECTION 2 3.22 Sweden 83 Further Analysis and International Comparison 33 3.23 Switzerland 84 2.1 How and Why People are Paying for Online News 34 3.24 Turkey 85 2.2 The Resurgence and Importance of Email Newsletters 38 AMERICAS 2.3 How Do People Want the Media to Cover Politics? 42 3.25 United States 88 2.4 Global Turmoil in the Neighbourhood: 3.26 Argentina 89 Problems Mount for Regional and Local News 47 3.27 Brazil 90 2.5 How People Access News about Climate Change 52 3.28 Canada 91 3.29 Chile 92 SECTION 3 3.30 Mexico 93 Country and Market Data 59 ASIA PACIFIC EUROPE 3.31 Australia 96 3.01 United Kingdom 62 3.32 Hong Kong 97 3.02 Austria 63 3.33 Japan 98 3.03 Belgium 64 3.34 Malaysia 99 3.04 Bulgaria 65 3.35 Philippines 100 3.05 Croatia 66 3.36 Singapore 101 3.06 Czech Republic 67 3.37 South Korea 102 3.07 Denmark 68 3.38 Taiwan 103 3.08 Finland 69 AFRICA 3.09 France 70 3.39 Kenya 106 3.10 Germany 71 3.40 South Africa 107 3.11 Greece 72 3.12 Hungary 73 SECTION 4 3.13 Ireland 74 References and Selected Publications 109 3.14 Italy 75 4 / 5 Foreword Professor Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Director, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (RISJ) The coronavirus crisis is having a profound impact not just on Our main survey this year covered respondents in 40 markets, our health and our communities, but also on the news media.
    [Show full text]
  • Peter Moffat Writer
    Peter Moffat Writer Barrister turned writer, Peter Moffat started out writing plays – his first, ‘Fine and Private Place’ was broadcast on BBC Radio – before going on to create several television dramas, including ‘Criminal Justice, ‘Silk’ and ‘North Square,’ which he won the Broadcasting Press Guild Writer’s Award. He was awarded two BAFTAS for ‘Criminal Justice,’ which was the basis for HBO’s Emmy-winning series ‘The Night Of,’ starring Riz Ahmed. His most recent series for Showtime, ‘Your Honour,’ stars Bryan Cranston and ‘61st Street’ with Michael B. Jordan as Executive Producer. Agents Charles Walker Assistant [email protected] Olivia Martin +44 (0) 20 3214 0874 [email protected] +44 (0) 20 3214 0778 Credits Television Production Company Notes 61ST STREET AMC Studios Executive Producer: Michael B. Jordan 2020 YOUR HONOR CBS for Showtime 10 x 60 2020 Producer: Liz Glotzer and Michelle & Robert King Lead Director: Ed Berger Starring: Bryan Cranston and Courtney B. Vance THE LAST POST BBC 6 x 60 2017 Aden 1965. This is the story of a British army unit fighting a Yemeni insurgency in the Middle East and the women and children who were there with them. THE NIGHT OF HBO Executive Producer 2016 Based on the Peter's orginal series Criminal Justice United Agents | 12-26 Lexington Street London W1F OLE | T +44 (0) 20 3214 0800 | F +44 (0) 20 3214 0801 | E [email protected] Production Company Notes UNDERCOVER BBC1 6 x60' with Sophie Okonedo and Adrian Lester, Denis 2015 Haysbert Director James Hawes, Exec Producer Peter Moffat THE VILLAGE series Company Pictures 6 x 60' with John Simm, Maxine Peake, Juliet Stevenson 1 / BBC1 Producer: Emma Burge; Director: Antonia Bird 2013 SILK 2 BBC1 6 x 60' With Maxine Peake, Rupert Penry Jones, Frances 2012 Barber, and Neil Stuke Producer: Richard Stokes; Directors: Alice Troughton, Jeremy Webb, Peter Hoar SILK BBC1 6 x 60' 2011 With Maxine Peake, Rupert Penry Jones, Natalie Dormer, Tom Hughes and Neil Stuke.
    [Show full text]
  • How Does Personal Politics and Identity Influence Media Framing?
    SCHOOL OF MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION COMM5600 – Dissertation and Research Methods How does personal politics and identity influence media framing? Assessing religion, political engagement and party affiliation as moderating influences on framing effects. Sean Clarke Word Count: 14,804 Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of MA Political Communication 3rd September 2018 I confirm that this dissertation is entirely my own work. 1 Abstract One of the key processes through which media effects can occur is media framing. Many studies in the past have explored the effects of media framing on audiences, showing that frames can be very effective at influencing the attitudes of those exposed to the frame. Furthermore, there have been numerous studies that examine the factors which may influence the effectiveness of news frames. These can come from the frames themselves – such as the credibility of the news source or the framing techniques used – or at audience level. This study is primarily interested in three audience- level factors that might influence framing effects, that of political engagement, political affiliation and religious identity. With these three variables being tested, this study aims to answer the question as to the effect of personal identity and personal politics on media framing. Using the issue of antisemitism in the Labour Party, an issue that combines religion and party politics, this study aims to test the attitudes of participants when exposed to two different news frames, with political engagement, political affiliation and religion acting as layered independent variables. To do this, an experimental research design using an A/B random assignment test will be used to survey respondents and collect statistical data fit for analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Labour, Antisemitism and the News – a Disinformation Paradigm
    Labour, Antisemitism and the News A disinformation paradigm Dr Justin Schlosberg Laura Laker September 2018 2 Executive Summary • Over 250 articles and news segments from the largest UK news providers (online and television) were subjected to in-depth case study analysis involving both quantitative and qualitative methods • 29 examples of false statements or claims were identified, several of them made by anchors or correspondents themselves, six of them surfacing on BBC television news programmes, and eight on TheGuardian.com • A further 66 clear instances of misleading or distorted coverage including misquotations, reliance on single source accounts, omission of essential facts or right of reply, and repeated value-based assumptions made by broadcasters without evidence or qualification. In total, a quarter of the sample contained at least one documented inaccuracy or distortion. • Overwhelming source imbalance, especially on television news where voices critical of Labour’s code of conduct were regularly given an unchallenged and exclusive platform, outnumbering those defending Labour by nearly 4 to 1. Nearly half of Guardian reports on the controversy surrounding Labour’s code of conduct featured no quoted sources defending the party or leadership. The Media Reform Coalition has conducted in-depth research on the controversy surrounding antisemitism in the Labour Party, focusing on media coverage of the crisis during the summer of 2018. Following extensive case study research, we identified myriad inaccuracies and distortions in online and television news including marked skews in sourcing, omission of essential context or right of reply, misquotation, and false assertions made either by journalists themselves or sources whose contentious claims were neither challenged nor countered.
    [Show full text]
  • Antisemitism and the 'Alternative Media'
    King’s Research Portal Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Allington, D., & Joshi, T. (2021). Antisemitism and the 'alternative media'. Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. •Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. •You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain •You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 11. Aug. 2021 Copyright © 2021 Daniel Allington Antisemitism and the ‘alternative media’ Daniel Allington with Tanvi Joshi January 2021 King’s College London About the researchers Daniel Allington is Senior Lecturer in Social and Cultural Artificial Intelligence at King’s College London, and Deputy Editor of Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism.
    [Show full text]
  • Autumn 2015 Date Time Venue Contact
    North Lincolnshire Rural Touring Scheme AUTUMN Bringing theatre, dance and music 2015 to a village near you West Yorkshire Playhouse Beryl | Mazaika Music Cabaret Finger & Thumb Theatre The Ugly Duckling | The Fugitives In Concert Ian Keable The Secret World of Charles Dickens West Yorkshire Playhouse BERYL Barton woman who gives her absolute all, whether competing in East Germany or running the Hoover up the stairs; Charlie, her husband and soigneur, which is cyclist parlance for the bloke who trains, tinkers and hands out baby bottles of rice pudding along the route; and Denise, their daughter, who became a cycling champion in her own right. With just four talented performers & their bikes, Beryl evokes a sporting world before drugs and commercial sponsorship, a family pulling together against the odds, the admirable camaraderie and selflessness of the amateur cycling community and, at the centre of it all, one truly remarkable Maxine Peake’s charming and critically woman. acclaimed play celebrates the life of Beryl Target audience: Older audiences, Burton – the greatest woman on two women, mothers and daughters, cyclists wheels. Yorkshire woman Beryl Burton and anyone who enjoys a strong story was five times world pursuit champion, powerfully acted. thirteen times national champion, twice road-racing world champion and www.wyp.org.uk twelve times national champion. She Maxine Peake’s compassionate was awarded an MBE and an OBE. She homage…four stars. The Guardian was one of the most astonishing sports Burton’s story … brought to theatrically
    [Show full text]
  • The Labour Party
    The Labour Party Head Office Southside, 105 Victoria Street, London SW1E 6QT Labour Central, Kings Manor, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 6PA 0345 092 2299 | labour.org.uk/contact Dr Moshe Machover, zzzzzzzzzzzz BY EMAIL ONLY: [email protected] 30 November 2020 Ref: L1627330 Case No: CN-4925 Dear Dr Machover, Notice of administrative suspension from membership of the Labour Party Allegations that you may have been involved in a breach of Labour Party rules have been brought to the attention of national officers of the Party. These allegations relate to your conduct online and offline which may be in breach of Chapter 2, Clause I.8 of the Labour Party Rule Book. It is important that these allegations are investigated and the NEC will be asked to authorise a full report to be drawn up with recommendations for disciplinary action if appropriate. We write to give you formal notice that it has been determined that the powers given to the NEC under Chapter 6 Clause I.1.A* of the Party’s rules should be invoked to administratively suspend you from membership of the Labour Party, pending the outcome of an internal Party investigation. The administrative suspension means that you cannot attend any Party meetings including meetings of your own branch, constituency, or annual conference; and you cannot be considered for selection as a candidate to represent the Labour Party at an election at any level**. In view of the urgency to protect the Party’s reputation in the present situation the General Secretary has determined to use powers delegated to him under Chapter 1 Clause VIII.5 of the rules to impose this suspension forthwith, subject to the approval of the next meeting of the NEC.
    [Show full text]
  • Bad News for Labour: Antisemitism, the Party and Public Belief
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UEL Research Repository at University of East London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email protected]!)>+>,5?! (>)6>*,+!$D!G?*8*+D$%)>&*$+H!?58*,+5?!&$!?*8(%5?*&!F$%A9+!>+?!&'5!.5D&!C*+,!$D!&'5!3>A$@%!
    [Show full text]