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MEMOIRS ZOOLOGICAL Surl/EY Oli INDIA MEMOIRS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SURl/EY Oli INDIA - - - -- -- - - - - - - - - --- -- -- -- -- ' \~()lti'IIYe ; .: '1'8 NUJrt"ber :. 4 ~ . ' .' .. ~.:. -' - - - - -- - - - - -- -- TAXONOMIC STUDIES ON AN'TS OF SOUTHERN INDIA (INSECTA: HYMEN'Ol'TERA : FORMICIDAE) R,. 'N. TIVv'AII [ M,emoirs: 18 No. 4 'Taxonomic Studies ,on Ants of Southern India (Insecta : Hymenoptera : Formi,cid,ae) R. N. TIWARI Editled by the Director. Zoological Survey of .India Zoological Survey of. India 'M' Block, New Alipore Calcutta 700 053 CITATION TIWARI, R.N., 1998. Memoirs; 18 No.4-Taxonomic Studies on Ants of Southe,rn l ,ndia. (Insecta .: Hymenoptera: Formicidae), IV + 96 pp (Published-Director, Zoological 8ur"~1 , otlfldta) ISBN 81 .. 85874-09-3 Published : ,July, 1998 ,© ,Government of India, J99,8 AlL RIGHTS Pl1ifSER\lEO No part of this pub!' cation may be ~eproduced, ~ s~ored in a retriev,al system or transmitted. in any form or by any means, elect~onic. mechanical, photocopying, I recol"I~ing or otherWise w~hout the pr40r permissi,on 'ot the publisher. • Tlhi:s book lis sold subject to the condition that l!tshsll not. by way 'of trade, be I'ent, re--sold hired out or o~herwise disposed of without the p1ublisher's Iconsent. in any form of binding or loover other than that ,in which it is published. • The cor,~ect prioe of this publication is ~he pnice printed on this pegls. Any revised prioe indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any obhar 'mIens 1 18 I n ()~nr@ct aMt3 :should be unacceptable. PRICE Indian Rs. 250..00 Foreign $ (U.S.) 1.5.00 £ 10..00 Published at the Publication Division by the Dir,ector, Zoological Surv,ey .of India, 234/4, AJe Bose Road, 2nd MSO Building, (13th Floor)., Nizam Pala'ce, Calcutta~ 700 020 after laser typesetting by Calcutta Laser Graphics Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta~ 7.oO 0.06 and printed by the Manager, QQvernment of India Press (PLU), Faridabad (Haryana). CONTENTS I. Introduction 2. Morpbology 2 3. Terminology 3 4. Systematic Account 4 ,5. List of Taxa Incorpor,ated in Systematic Account 11 6. Distributional Analysis of the Species Recorded 83 7. Table Showing Ant Fauna of Southern India along with their Distribution in other Regions in India 86 8. Summary 93 9,. Acknowledgements 93 10. References 93 INTRODUCTION Ants are very highly developed social animal 1977b), Tiwari et al. (I977a, 1977b, 1977c, 1986a. and have got a specialised colonial habit with 1986b, 1994a, 1994b, 1996, 1997) and Imai et al. lnarked degree of division of labour among~ts its (1984) have made valuable contributions to the ant various constituent ~a:its, They are the premier soil fauna of India, but no one has exclusively studied turner, channeler~ of t'n~rgy, dominatories of the the ant fauna of Southern India. There have been insect world and r-eprest'nt the culmination of insect some records of ants from various parts of Southern evolution in the same sense that human beings India in scattered form. This is the first attempt by roprelcnt the sumit of vertebrate evolution, even the present author to consolidate the ant fauna of then. thi~ tiny creature has remained totally Southern India. neg)OQted by the biologist. The present work is based on a collection of About one.. third of entire animal biomass of ants from Tamil Nadu, a part of Kerala (col], O.B. Amazanitln ruin forest is composed of ants and Chhotani and R. N. Tiwari in Feb.-March, 1969), termites. These two kinds of insects along with Andhra Pradesh (colI. 1. N. MaJigi in 1962 and N. wasps and bees, cover 75% of the total insect M. Antony in 1969). Besides this the species biomass (HolJdobler and Wilson, J 990). recorded from Southern India, lying in National Zoological Collection of ~his department While density of ants is so much so, in the (Zoological Survey of India), have also been insect biomass, it is the prime duty of a incorporated. The entire Inaterial studied under Myrmecoiogist to assess the distribution of ants in this project, have been deposited in the. collection it~ own continent. Southern India being the of Zoological Survey of India. Calcutta. poninsular part of the country, carries more hnportance because of possession of tropical forests Altogether 219 species under 48 genera and 7 which provide the suitable environment for the subfamilies have been reported in this monograph. growth of insect fauna. The present work is an Out of these, 22 species are reported for the first endevour by the author to 'contribute to the time from Southern India and 2 species are new knowledge of ant fauna of Southern India. records from India. This includes descriptions of Worker and Female of 1 new species along with a Jerdon (1851) worked on Indian ants particularly new description of Female of I known species from Southern India and recorded 46 species under separately. The taxa marked with single asterisk 8 genera from this region; of these, 39 species (*) in "the list of Taxa in Systenlatic A-ccount" are were new to science. Later on, Rothneyi (1889). new records from the states of Southern India and Fore) (1900), Donisthorpe (1942, 1943) contributed those marked with double asterisks (**) are new much to the ant fauna of Southern India. Prior to records from India. this, Bingham (1903) published his valuable work on the Ant Fauna of British India, including Burma Key to the subfamilies, genera and species, and Ceylon and gave detaile.d account of include only those species which were studied by distribution of the species recorded. the author. The species, recorded from literature, have been omitted in "Key to the species" because Sucessive workers I ike Fore1 (1900a. 1900b, of insufficient description and non-availability of 1900c), Mukherjee ( 1927), Karawajew (1926. 1927, concerned papers. The separate Table showing the 1928), Wheeler (1927. 1928), Menozzi (1935), distributional pattern of recorded species zone­ Donisthorpe (1942a, 1942b, 1942c, 1943), Slnith wise, along with distributional analysis of the (1948), Brown Jr. (1954, 1957. 1959a), Wilson saIne is also provided to have a glimpse of the (1964), Taylor (1965. 1966. 1968). ColIingwood distribution of the species at a glance. The 1110de (1970), Bolton (1977), Baroni Urbani (l977a. of arrangement of the species is followed as in Memoirs of the Zoological Survey of India .. Fallna of British Illdia"-B ingham (1903). Southern India has a fairly hot climate. The IJlustrations given in the text are Fig. 1 after hottest months are April-May, when the maximum Ettershank (1966) and Figs. 2-6 after Bingham temperature varies from 32°C-40°C in different ( 1903). All measurements given in the text are in parts. The coldest months are December-January, J.lnl. when the maximum temperature varies from 27°C- 30°C. The Malabar coast has fairly uniform Southern India or the Indian peninsula is temperature during the year varying 28°C-32°C, bounded by Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian in Deccan between 30°C-40°C and in the south­ sea on the west, the Indian Ocean on the south and east between 29°C-37°C. Satpura and Vindhya ranges in the north. The farthest point in the south is Kanyakumari, which Both south-east and south-west monsoons are lies at 8°04' N latitude and 77°36' E longitude. active in Southern India. The south-west monsoon The peninsula has Western Ghats on the west, is more active, giving heavy rains in the Malabar which rising steeply from the narrow costal plains, coast and Western Ghats and little in Deccan and reach to greater heights of more than 1,200 m eastern coast. The north-east monsoon gi ves rain above mean sea level in certain parts and to more in the eastern coastal areas. The average annual than 2,000 m in the south in Nilgiris, the AnaimaIai rainfall is more than 2,500 mm in Malabar coast and Cardamon Hills, the highest peak being at an and Western Ghats, about 900 mm in Karnataka altitude of 2,695 m above mean sea level in the and south-east Tamil Nadu and about 600 mm in Anaimalai Hills. The general slope of the land is Deccan. towards the east, and such as, the Eastern Ghats Western Ghats being very wet, have tropical are much lower than the nlountains on the western evergreen forests. On the eastern side of these side. The Deccan plateau lies at the centre and is Ghats are found dry deciduous hill forests and general1y 300 m high, rising to more than 600 m some sub-tropical evergreen forests in the Shevaroy in Southern Deccan. On the east are wide eastern Hills. coastal plains with the high Shevaroy, Javadi and Pachaimalai Hills. MORPHOLOGY Morphological1y ants are at once distinguished The western coastal plains have numerous short from other aculeate Hymenoptera by a remarkable and rapid flowing streams, some forming lagoons, modification of the one or two segments of the a characteristic feature of the Malabar coast. The abdomen immediately following the tnedian easter plains below 16° N, have only one large segment or propodeum. This modification of the river of importance, the Kaveri, and a few small anterior portion of the abdomen consists in the ones, the Penner, the Palar and the Vagai. These almost complete detachment of one or two are also fairly fast flowing as they flow towards segments from the rest of the abdomen to form a the sloping plateau. All these rivers are seasonal highly flexible pedicel composed of one or two and depend entirely on the monsoon rains. nodes. In the majority of the genera of the family The peninsula has been a stable land-mass Formicidae, the attachment of the pedicel to the since the very ancient times, at least the pre­ median segment in front and to the rest of the cambrian and consists of highly metamorphosed abdomen behind is extremely constricted and rocks like gneisses and schists of the Archaean­ narrow, gi ving great freedom of movement to system.
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