DOCSLIB.ORG

Schizotypy As a Framework for Dimensional Psychiatry

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Schizotypy As a Framework for Dimensional Psychiatry NEUROBIOLOGY OF SCHIZOTYPAL PHENOTYPES Schizotypy as a framework for dimensional psychiatry INAUGURAL-DISSERTATION Dipl.-Psych. Tina Meller Marburg, 2019 Aus der Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Geschäftsführender Direktor: Prof. Dr. Tilo Kircher des Fachbereichs Medizin der Philipps-Universität Marburg NEUROBIOLOGY OF SCHIZOTYPAL PHENOTYPES Schizotypy as a framework for dimensional psychiatry INAUGURAL-DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften dem Fachbereich Medizin der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von Dipl.-Psych. Tina Meller aus Ingolstadt Marburg, 2019 angenommen vom Fachbereich Medizin der Philipps-Universität Marburg am: 03.12.2019 gedruckt mit Genehmigung des Fachbereichs Medizin Dekan: Prof. Dr. Helmut Schäfer Referent: Prof. Dr. Igor Nenadić 1. Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Lars Timmermann To acknowledging diversity and dimensions. In science, and in general. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS .................................................................................................. 1 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2 1.1. Schizotypy as a dimensional risk phenotype: a rationale .......................... 2 1.2. Genetic and neuronal networks of schizotypy ........................................... 3 1.3. Aims and hypotheses ................................................................................ 7 2. AGGREGATION OF STUDY RESULTS ................................................................. 8 2.1. STUDY I: Schizotypy shows sex-dependent associations with risk genes ZNF804A and CACNA1C and altered attention .................................................. 8 2.2. STUDY II: Intelligence moderates the association between positive schizotypy and striatal structure in healthy individuals ........................................ 9 2.3. STUDY III: Psychotic-like, distress-based symptoms are associated with structural variation in brain areas impaired in schizophrenia ............................. 11 2.4. STUDY IV: Polygenic risk for schizophrenia, depression and bipolar disorder is not associated with schizotypy in non-clinical adults ....................... 13 2.5. STUDY V: An explanatory model: Genes and environment have an interactive impact on schizotypy through changes in brain structure ................ 14 3. GENERAL DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 16 3.1. Genetic basis of schizotypy ..................................................................... 16 3.2. Neural networks of schizotypy ................................................................. 18 3.3. Limitations and implications for future research ...................................... 19 3.4. Integration ............................................................................................... 20 4. REFERENCES................................................................................................ 22 SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 31 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ............................................................................................... 33 A. APPENDIX .................................................................................................... 35 I. STUDY I: Publication Meller et al. (2019a) ................................................... 36 II. STUDY II: Publication Meller et al. (2019b) ................................................... 46 III. STUDY III: Manuscript .................................................................................. 56 IV. STUDY IV: Manuscript .................................................................................. 78 V. STUDY V: Manuscript ................................................................................ 103 VI. MANUSCRIPT CONTRIBUTIONS ...................................................................... 123 VII. CURRICULUM VITAE .................................................................................... 124 VIII. VERZEICHNIS DER LEHRENDEN .................................................................... 126 IX. DANKSAGUNG ............................................................................................ 127 X. EHRENWÖRTLICHE ERKLÄRUNG................................................................... 128 LIST OF ACRONYMS DMN default mode network ERS environmental risk score GMV grey matter volume GWAS genome-wide associations study GxE gene by environment ITG inferior temporal gyrus IQ intelligence quotient PC precuneus PCC posterior cingulate cortex PLEs psychotic-like experiences PRS polygenic risk score SBM surface-based morphometry SCL90-R symptom checklist 90 – revised SNP single nucleotide polymorphism SNS schizophrenia nuclear signs SPQ schizotypal personality questionnaire SPQ-B schizotypal personality questionnaire - brief STS schizotypal signs VBM voxel-based morphometry 1 1. INTRODUCTION The development of pathological functions in a system is quite consistent with its usual performance of normal function. W.B. Cannon, 1953 1.1. Schizotypy as a dimensional risk phenotype: a rationale Schizotypy describes a complex multimodal phenotype in humans, comprising of trait characteristics resembling key features of psychotic disorders across emotional, behavioural and cognitive dimensions. Those are generally grouped into the three facets positive (magical thinking, unusual experiences, beliefs and perceptions), negative (introversion, anhedonia, diminished positive affect and reward) and disorganised/cognitive (eccentricity, cognitive disorganisation). The term schizotypy was originally coined by Rado (1953), abbreviating “schizophrenic phenotype”, to describe subclinical levels of schizophrenic symptoms preceding the disorder, but also stable conditions, not leading into clinical states. Schizotypy is distributed in the general population and thought to represent both an underlying liability to the schizophrenia spectrum (particularly negative and disorganised facets) or “psychosis proneness” (positive facet), and variation of healthy function (Claridge 1997; Kwapil & Barrantes-Vidal 2015). This view is explicated by the continuum model of the psychosis spectrum, assuming a normal distribution of schizotypy, with spectrum disorders at the extreme end (Claridge 1997). Thus, it can also account for schizotypy being associated with beneficial characteristics like enhanced creativity, visual imagery, and personality correlates (Mohr & Claridge 2015; Baas et al. 2016). Determining the position on an underlying dimension of adaptive to maladaptive manifestations, protective conditions/resilience mechanisms are thought to play an important role, as shown for e.g. intelligence (Brod 1997; Grant et al. 2014a). There are different approaches to characterising risk phenotypes in the subclinical psychosis spectrum. Schizotypy as a stable personality construct can be distinguished from the (usually) transient expression of psychotic experiences in the absence of the clinical disorder (“psychotic-like experiences”, PLEs, van Os et al. 2009) and the set of clinical features and risk factors 2 constituting clinical high risk (CHR) status (Schultze-Lutter et al. 2015). PLEs, e.g. hallucinations or delusions, are conceptually closest to the positive facet, and also discussed as expression of positive schizotypy (Barrantes-Vidal et al. 2015). CHR status includes attenuated and psychotic symptoms and indications of cognitive deficits, associated with positive and negative facets of schizotypy (Gooding et al. 2005; Flückiger et al. 2019). The concepts show phenotypic overlap and are not orthogonal, as has been shown for schizotypy and PLEs (Debbané et al. 2015), and schizotypy and high risk (Flückiger et al. 2019). Partially shared genetic and neurobiological correlates among the constructs (Linscott & van Os 2013; Ettinger et al. 2014) further support the idea of a dimensional psychosis continuum. Continuous, complex phenotypes generally constitute a valuable framework for the study of fundamental neurobiological mechanisms of both psychiatric disorders and interindividual differences. Allowing the analysis of aetiological mechanisms in the absence of confounding factors (e.g. illness progression, medication effects), they surpass animal models in illustrating complex, psychological constructs. Facilitating the deconstruction of psychiatric entities (Gottesman & Gould 2003), they also enable the consideration of resilience factors, preventing conversion into clinical spectra. Within the subclinical psychosis spectrum, schizotypy is best suited as model-phenotype due to its relative temporal stability (opposed to PLEs), and its differentiation into continuous domains (opposed to risk/no risk state). Similarly, current constructs of psychopathology describe psychiatric phenomena as dimensional continua, from healthy variation to clinical relevance (Cuthbert 2014; Kotov et al. 2017). Schizotypy thus not only plays a significant role in the study of genetic and neurobiological mechanisms of the schizophrenia spectrum (Barrantes-Vidal et al. 2015), but also provides a general framework for a dimensional and translational approach to psychiatric research, and the study of pathways from health to dysfunction. 1.2. Genetic and neuronal networks of schizotypy The genetic and neuronal architectures of schizotypy have also increasingly been viewed in the context of continuum
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cortical and Subcortical Neuroanatomical Signatures of Schizotypy in 3,004 Individuals Assessed in a Worldwide ENIGMA Study
    medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.29.21255609; this version posted April 30, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . Cortical and Subcortical Neuroanatomical Signatures of Schizotypy in 3,004 Individuals Assessed in a Worldwide ENIGMA Study Matthias Kirschner, MD1,2*; Benazir Hodzic-Santor, BA1*; Mathilde Antoniades, PhD3; Igor Nenadic, MD4; Tilo Kircher, MD PhD4; Axel Krug, PhD4;29; Tina Meller, PhD4; Dominik Grotegerd, PhD6; Alex Fornito, PhD5; Aurina Arnatkeviciute, PhD5; Mark A Bellgrove, PhD5; Jeggan Tiego, PhD5; Udo Dannlowski, MD PhD6; Katharina Koch, PhD6; Carina Hülsmann, MSc6; Harald Kugel, PhD35; Verena Enneking, MSc6; Melissa Klug, PhD6; Elisabeth J. Leehr, PhD6; Joscha Böhnlein, MSc6; Marius Gruber, MSc6; David Mehler, PhD6; Pamela DeRosse, PhD7,30,31; Ashley Moyett, MSc7; Bernhard T. Baune, MD PhD6,8; Melissa Green, PhD9,32; Yann Quidé, PhD9,32; Christos Pantelis, MD10; Raymond Chan, PhD 11; Yi Wang, PhD11; Ulrich Ettinger, PhD12; Martin Debbané, PhD13; Melodie Derome, PhD13; Christian Gaser, PhD14; Bianca Besteher, MD14; Kelly Diederen, PhD3; Tom J Spencer, PhD3; Paul Fletcher, MD, PhD36; Wulf Rössler, MD15,33,34; Lukasz Smigielski, PhD15; Veena Kumari, PhD16; Preethi Premkumar, PhD16; Haeme R. P. Park, PhD17; Kristina Wiebels, PhD17; Imke Lemmers-Jansen, PhD18; James Gilleen, PhD3,19; Paul Allen, PhD19; Petya Kozhuharova, MSc19; Jan-Bernard Marsman, PhD20; Irina Lebedeva, PhD21; Alexander Tomyshev, MSc21; Anna Mukhorina, PhD21; Stefan Kaiser, MD22; Anne-Kathrin Fett, PhD3,23; Iris Sommer, MD PhD20; Sanne Schuite-Koops, PhD20; Casey Paquola, PhD1; Sara Larivière, MSc1; Boris Bernhardt PhD1; Alain Dagher, MD1; Phillip Grant, PhD24; Theo G.
    [Show full text]
  • Linking Schizophrenia Symptoms, Schizotypy, and Normal Personality
    Schizophrenia Bulletin doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz005 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/schizophreniabulletin/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/schbul/sbz005/5310427 by [email protected] on 27 August 2019 Common Taxonomy of Traits and Symptoms: Linking Schizophrenia Symptoms, Schizotypy, and Normal Personality David C. Cicero*,1, Katherine G. Jonas2, , Kaiqiao Li2, Greg Perlman2, and Roman Kotov2 1Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI; 2Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY *To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: 808-956-3695, fax: 808-956-4700, e-mail: [email protected] The associations among normal personality and many Introduction mental disorders are well established, but it remains Trait-based paradigms, which have treated psychopa- unclear whether and how symptoms of schizophrenia and thology as fully dimensional, have been useful in under- schizotypal traits align with the personality taxonomy. standing psychopathology, particularly internalizing and This study examined the joint factor structure of nor- externalizing disorders.1–3 The Hierarchical Taxonomy mal personality, schizotypy, and schizophrenia symptoms of Psychopathology (HiTOP) seeks to improve on tra- in people with psychotic disorders (n = 288) and never- ditional diagnostic systems, such as the Diagnostic and psychotic adults (n = 257) in the Suffolk County Mental Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and Health Project. First, we evaluated the structure of International Classification of Diseases (ICD), and con- schizotypal (positive schizotypy, negative schizotypy, and ceptualize psychopathology dimensionally.4 A major mistrust) and normal traits. In both the psychotic-disor- dimension within HiTOP is the psychotic spectrum, der and never-psychotic groups, the best-fitting model had which ranges from normal personality to schizotypal 5 factors: neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, traits to frank psychosis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Creative Advantages of Schizophrenia
    The Creative Advantages of Schizophrenia The Creative Advantages of Schizophrenia: The Muse and the Mad Hatter By Paul Kiritsis The Creative Advantages of Schizophrenia: The Muse and the Mad Hatter By Paul Kiritsis This book first published 2019 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2019 by Paul Kiritsis All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-3165-1 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-3165-9 For Christos Stamboulakis TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations ...................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... xi Foreword........................................................................................................................ xiii Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One ..................................................................................................................... 7 Schizophrenia as a Social Construct Chapter Two .................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Defining Dimensions in Schizotypy: Factor Structure Replication and External Validation of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire – Brief Revised Updated (SPQ-BRU)
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research: Psychology, Department of Department of Psychology Winter 12-12-2016 Defining Dimensions In Schizotypy: Factor Structure Replication And External Validation Of The chiS zotypal Personality Questionnaire – Brief Revised Updated (SPQ-BRU). Elaina Montague University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychdiss Part of the Clinical Psychology Commons Montague, Elaina, "Defining Dimensions In Schizotypy: Factor Structure Replication And External Validation Of The chiS zotypal Personality Questionnaire – Brief Revised Updated (SPQ-BRU)." (2016). Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research: Department of Psychology. 90. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychdiss/90 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research: Department of Psychology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Defining Dimensions in Schizotypy: Factor Structure Replication and External Validation of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire – Brief Revised Updated (SPQ-BRU). by Elaina Montague, M.A. A Research Proposal Presented to the Faculty of The Clinical Psychology Training Program In Fulfillment of the Masters-Equivalent Research Project (MERP) Proposal
    [Show full text]
  • The Placement of Hypomania Within a Structural Model Of
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarSpace at University of Hawai'i at Manoa THE PLACEMENT OF HYPOMANIA WITHIN A STRUCTURAL MODEL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY INCLUDING THOUGHT DISORDER AND INTERNALIZING SPECTRA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN PSYCHOLOGY DECEMBER 2017 By Jonathan R. Cohn Thesis Committee: David Cicero, Chairperson Charlene Baker Charles Mueller Keywords: structural psychopathology, schizotypy, hypomania, OCD, thought disorder Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... iv Introduction ....................................................................................................................................1 Current Study .....................................................................................................................14 Method ..........................................................................................................................................15 Participants ........................................................................................................................15 Materials ............................................................................................................................15
    [Show full text]
  • Well-Being in Schizotypy: the Effect of Subclinical Psychotic Experiences
    Psicothema 2018, Vol. 30, No. 2, 177-182 ISSN 0214 - 9915 CODEN PSOTEG Copyright © 2018 Psicothema doi: 10.7334/psicothema2017.100 www.psicothema.com Well-being in schizotypy: The effect of subclinical psychotic experiences Ascensión Fumero1, Rosario J. Marrero1 and Eduardo Fonseca-Pedrero2 1 Universidad de La Laguna and 2 Universidad de La Rioja Abstract Resumen Background: Schizotypy is a multidimensional construct that includes Bienestar en esquizotipia: efecto de las experiencias psicóticas atenuadas. positive, negative, and disorganized dimensions. The healthy schizotypal Antecedentes: la esquizotipia es un constructo multidimensional que model suggests that positive schizotypal features could be associated incluye las dimensiones positiva, negativa y de desorganización cognitiva. with better psychological functioning. The aim of this study was to El modelo de esquizotipia saludable sugiere que los rasgos esquizotípicos analyze whether schizotypal features are associated with subjective and positivos podrían estar asociados con un mejor funcionamiento psychological well-being, and consider whether psychotic-like experiences psicológico. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar si los rasgos affect well-being. Method: These relationships were investigated in two esquizotípicos se asociaban con el bienestar subjetivo y psicológico, y si hundred non-clinical Spanish adults (mean age = 34.80, S.D. = 14.20). las experiencias psicóticas atenuadas afectaban al bienestar. Método: en Results: Negative schizotypal features were associated with lower well- el estudio participaron 200 adultos españoles (edad media = 34.80, S.D. being, whereas positive schizotypal features were related with greater = 14.20). Resultados: los rasgos esquizotípicos negativos se asociaron well-being. Individuals with subclinical psychotic experiences scored con bajo bienestar y los positivos con mayor bienestar.
    [Show full text]
  • From Early Pioneers to Recent Brain Network Findings
    Biological Psychiatry: Review CNNI Connectomics in Schizophrenia: From Early Pioneers to Recent Brain Network Findings Guusje Collin, Elise Turk, and Martijn P. van den Heuvel ABSTRACT Schizophrenia has been conceptualized as a brain network disorder. The historical roots of connectomics in schizophrenia go back to the late 19th century, when influential scholars such as Theodor Meynert, Carl Wernicke, Emil Kraepelin, and Eugen Bleuler worked on a theoretical understanding of the multifaceted syndrome that is currently referred to as schizophrenia. Their work contributed to the understanding that symptoms such as psychosis and cognitive disorganization might stem from abnormal integration or dissociation due to disruptions in the brain’s association fibers. As methods to test this hypothesis were long lacking, the claims of these early pioneers remained unsupported by empirical evidence for almost a century. In this review, we revisit and pay tribute to the old masters and, discussing recent findings from the developing field of disease connectomics, we examine how their pioneering hypotheses hold up in light of current evidence. Keywords: Association fibers, Connectomics, Dissociation, History of psychiatry, Integration, Schizophrenia http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.01.002 The hypothesis that schizophrenia is a disorder of brain connectomics in schizophrenia, Figure 1 shows a selection of connectivity has its roots in the 19th century, in which mental visionary scholars that contributed to the development of the illness was first attributed to the brain [for review, see (1)]. disconnectivity theory of schizophrenia. However, the methodological tools to test the disconnectivity Of note, the nomenclature in psychiatry has changed theory were long lacking, leaving it unsupported by neuro- substantially over the years (7).
    [Show full text]
  • Schizotypy—Do Not Worry, It Is Not All Worrisome
    View metadata,Schizophrenia citation and Bulletin similar vol. papers 41 suppl. at core.ac.uk no. 2 pp. S436–S443, 2015 brought to you by CORE doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu185 provided by Serveur académique lausannois Schizotypy—Do Not Worry, It Is Not All Worrisome Christine Mohr*,1 and Gordon Claridge2 1Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; 2Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK *To whom correspondence should be addressed; Faculté des Sciences Sociales et Politiques, Institut de Psychologie, Bâtiment Geopolis, Quartier Mouline, Bureau Geo – 4117, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; tel: ++41-21-692-37-53, fax: ++41-21-692-32-65, e-mail: [email protected] A long-standing tradition in personality research in psychol- thus assumed that knowledge acquired from schizotypy ogy, and nowadays increasingly in psychiatry, is that psy- research will also enlighten our knowledge of schizo- chotic and psychotic-like thoughts are considered common phrenia. Within this taxonomic tradition, it is no surprise experiences in the general population. Given their widespread that deficits and similarities with schizophrenia are high- occurrence, such experiences cannot merely reflect patholog- lighted.6 Sticking to a purely pathological perspective, ical functioning. Moreover, reflecting the multi-dimensional- however, seems one-sided when considering that scores ity of schizotypy, some dimensions might be informative for in such self-report questionnaires vary widely in the gen- healthy functioning while others less so. Here, we explored eral population.4,7 Moreover, in longitudinal studies, the these possibilities by reviewing research that links schizotypy large majority of so-called “psychosis-prone” individuals to favorable functioning such as subjective wellbeing, cogni- (high in self-reported schizotypy), will never experience tive functioning (major focus on creativity), and personality a psychiatric illness.4,5 Thus, it is possible that individu- correlates.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychometric Schizotypy Predicts Psychotic-Like, Paranoid, and Negative Symptoms in Daily Life
    Psychometric Schizotypy Predicts Psychotic-like, Paranoid, and Negative Symptoms in Daily Life By: Neus Barrantes-Vidal, Charlotte A. Chun, Inez Myin-Germeys, Thomas R. Kwapil Barrantes-Vidal, N., Chun, C., Myin-Germeys, I., & Kwapil, T.R. (2013). Psychometric schizotypy predicts the experience of psychotic-like, paranoid, and negative symptom experiences in daily life. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(4), 1077-87.doi: 10.1037/a0034793 Made available courtesy of the American Psychological Association: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0034793 This article may not exactly replicate the final version published in the APA journal. It is not the copy of record. ***© American Psychological Association. Reprinted with permission. No further reproduction is authorized without written permission from the American Psychological Association. This version of the document is not the version of record. Figures and/or pictures may be missing from this format of the document. *** Abstract: Positive and negative schizotypy exhibit differential patterns of impairment in social relations, affect, and functioning in daily life. However, studies have not examined the association of schizotypy with real-world expression of psychotic-like, paranoid, and negative symptoms. The present study employed experience-sampling methodology (ESM) to assess positive and negative schizotypy in daily life in a nonclinical sample of 206 Spanish young adults. Participants were prompted randomly 8 times daily for 1 week to complete assessments of their current symptoms and experiences. Positive schizotypy was associated with psychotic-like and paranoid symptoms in daily life. Negative schizotypy was associated with a subset of these symptoms and with negative symptoms in daily life. Momentary stress was associated with psychotic-like and paranoid symptoms, but only for those high in positive schizotypy.
    [Show full text]
  • Multidimensional Factor Structure of Positive Schizotypy
    Journal of Personality Disorders, 24(3), 327–343, 2010 2010 The Guilford Press MULTIDIMENSIONAL FACTOR STRUCTURE OF POSITIVE SCHIZOTYPY David C. Cicero, PhD, and John G. Kerns, PhD Schizotypy refers to traits similar to schizophrenia symptoms and is related to cluster A personality disorders. Previous factor analytic stud- ies have found a positive schizotypy factor distinct from a negative fac- tor. However, some evidence suggests that the positive factor may itself be multidimensional, but the factor structure of positive schizotypy is still unclear. The current study provided converging evidence through four different analyses that positive schizotypy is multidimensional. First, a factor model with three positive schizotypy factors (paranoia, referential thinking, and cognitive-perceptual) fit the data better than models with fewer than three factors. Second, a factor model with a second-order (i.e., higher-order) positive schizotypy factor fit the data significantly worse than a factor model without a second-order factor in which first-order factors were allowed to correlate freely, suggesting that the second-order factor does not completely account for relations among the first-order factors. Third, a Schmid-Leiman transformation found that even after accounting for the second-order factor that mean- ingful variance was attributed to the first-order factors. Finally, the three positive schizotypy factors displayed differential relations with five-factor model personality traits. Overall, results suggest that posi- tive schizotypy is composed of correlated but distinct factors. Schizotypy refers to traits or symptoms that are similar to symptoms of schizophrenia but in a diminished form, and research on schizotypy may provide insight into liability for schizophrenia while removing confounds associated with schizophrenia research (e.g., Chapman, Chapman, Rau- lin, & Edell, 1978; Neale & Oltmanns, 1980).
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Adaptive and Maladaptive Features of Schizotypy Clusters in A
    1 Adaptive and maladaptive features of schizotypy clusters in a community sample Bertalan Polnera*, Ernő Hupuczib, Szabolcs Kéria,c,d, János Kállaib aDepartment of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary bCognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary cNational Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary dDepartment of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary Corresponding author: Bertalan Polner, [email protected] 2 Abstract Schizotypal personality traits correlate with psychopathology and impaired functional outcome. Yet advantageous aspects of positive schizotypy may exist which could promote resilience and creativity, and several studies have identified a high positive but low negative schizotypy group with some signs of adaptation. The aim of our study was to clarify whether such individuals demonstrate only traits associated with well-being, or they also have traits that predict impairment. Participants (N = 643 students, 71.5% female) completed measures of schizotypy, resilience, self-esteem, self-concept clarity, and absorption. We identified four clusters: an overall low schizotypy, an overall high schizotypy, a disorganised-interpersonal schizotypy and a positive schizotypy cluster. The overall high schizotypy cluster seemed to be the most vulnerable as it was the least resilient and showed widespread maladaptation, whereas the high positive schizotypy cluster had intact self-esteem
    [Show full text]
  • Schizotypy and Health Promotion: the Mediating Role of Depressive Symptoms
    Stephen F. Austin State University SFA ScholarWorks Electronic Theses and Dissertations Spring 4-2018 Schizotypy and Health Promotion: The Mediating Role of Depressive Symptoms Michael Rice [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/etds Part of the Clinical Psychology Commons, Health Psychology Commons, and the Personality and Social Contexts Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Repository Citation Rice, Michael, "Schizotypy and Health Promotion: The Mediating Role of Depressive Symptoms" (2018). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 160. https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/etds/160 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Schizotypy and Health Promotion: The Mediating Role of Depressive Symptoms Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This thesis is available at SFA ScholarWorks: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/etds/160 SCHIZOTYPY AND HEALTH-PROMOTION: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS By MICHAEL RICE, Bachelor of Science Presented to the faculty of the Graduate School of Stephen F. Austin State University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts in Psychology STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE UNIVERSITY May 2018 SCHIZOTYPY AND HEALTH-PROMOTION: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS By MICHAEL RICE, Bachelor of Science APPROVED: Dr. Nathan Sparkman, Thesis Director Dr. Sarah C. Savoy, Committee Member Dr. Sylvia Middlebrook, Committee Member Dr. Luis Aguerrevere, Committee Member Pauline Sampson, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]