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Islam, Oligarchy and Sustainability in Local Indonesia: a Case Study on Polluted Rivers in Banten Province

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Islam, Oligarchy and Sustainability in Local Indonesia: a Case Study on Polluted Rivers in Banten Province Islam, Oligarchy and Sustainability in Local Indonesia: A Case Study on Polluted Rivers in Banten Province Ahmad Munjin1, Amsal Bakhtiar1 1Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia Keywords: Formal political rights, official positions, mobilization, coercive power, material power, wealth power, elite, oligarchy, democracy, and sustainability. Abstract: This study discusses the issue of polluted rivers in Banten Province in relation to the implication of policies of the local administration. Some argue that the pollution resulted from the decision processes which were not transparent and the abuse of industries in environmental policies. By applying a descriptive-analytic method, the study discusses how the accused oligarchic local government of Banten had relation to the issue of polluted rivers. The study finds that some permits of establishing industries in the province were not examined rigorously, openly and objectively. This became possibly happened due to the agencies behind the personals of the local government were from cronies who have a close relationship with the local authorities or the oligarchies. These factual situations brought about less control over the industries’ sustainability management. 1 INTRODUCTION hand, it produces significant economic growth and on the other hand produces the potential for By referring to the Report of the World Commission environmental pollution which will damage the on Environment and Development: Our Common balance of natural resources. In turn, it causes global warming and climate change (Dinas LHK, 2013). Future, well known as The Brundtland Commission Report 1987, sustainable development is defined as This study elaborates on three major themes in an "development that meets the needs of the present interdisciplinary manner, namely religion, politics, and sustainability. Religion includes both actors and without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (The doctrines, such as kiai (Islamic cleric) and verses of Brundtland Report, 1987). The global community has the Holy Qur'an that are related to environmental sustainability issues; Meanwhile, political aspect started to talk about environmental issues since the UN Conference on Environment in Stockholm, includes oligarchic actors and their policies on Sweden, on June 15, 1972. However, throughout its environmental preservation; and sustainability which covers environmental sustainability issues and their history, the main motive for oligarchic power is the accumulation of wealth and lack of attention to such relationship with social, economic and political environmental conservation issues. aspects. In the context of local Indonesia, Tangerang City, Tangerang Regency, and South Tangerang City are the main areas in Banten Province which are the 2 LITERATURE REVIEW buffer of Jakarta as the capital city of the country. The three regions are filled with factories and industrial Researchers on sustainability, such as Grossman centers so that their position is very strategic. The and Krueger (1995), Lim (1997), Saboori and availability of infrastructure facilitates the ongoing Sulaiman (2013), Panayotou (2016), Li et al (2018), economic transactions between provinces so as to and Raza and Shah (2018) find economic growth provide added value in accelerating economic growth activities always proportional reversed with the in Banten (Dinas LHK, 2013). quality of the environment -- the economy grows but However, the rapid development in Banten the environment is degraded. However, Grossman Province as one of the largest industrial estates in and Krueger (1995) found that the phase of Indonesia, has two contradictory impacts. On the one 842 Munjin, A. and Bakhtiar, A. Islam, Oligarchy and Sustainability in Local Indonesia: A Case Study on Polluted Rivers in Banten Province. DOI: 10.5220/0009918508420850 In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Innovations (ICRI 2018), pages 842-850 ISBN: 978-989-758-458-9 Copyright c 2020 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved Islam, Oligarchy and Sustainability in Local Indonesia: A Case Study on Polluted Rivers in Banten Province environmental improvement before a country's per Finally, there is what is called the system interfaces capita income reached US$8000. Likewise with Lim that include the environment-economy, social (1997) and Li et al (2018) who also find a turning economy, and social-environment (O'Connor, 2007). point in environmental improvement occurs when In the political sphere, to distinguish the system of regulations and policies become more stringent. oligarchic government from the elite in democracy, Meanwhile, Hu (2017) found that both industrial researchers add power resource theory (Winters, wastewater and industrial solid waste have a negative 2011), namely formal political rights, official impact on economic growth, but not industrial gas positions, coercive power, mobilization, and material waste. Weiwei Mo (2018) found, "..development of power. Only the latter is a resource of oligarchic high tech to be the best strategy to increase GDP power. The other four are elite power resources in the while imposing the least additional environmental domocratic system. impacts." In the Banten context, research on sustainability in the province has been carried out by Apriyanto et al. 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION (2015). By using the Key Performance Indicators (KPI), they found that the status of South Tangerang In this section, the researcher explained the City is still not fully sustainable but is still in the transformation of the power resources of both the kiai starting stage. The contribution of each pillar (Islamic cleric) and the jawara in Banten briefly from (economic, social and environmental) that exists the colonial era to the reform era. The clerics survived begins to show a balance. the status of their elite power while the Jawara However, based on a more detailed analysis, it is transformed their power resources from elite power to known that the environmental pillars in this city are the oligarchy. This wealth power at the end turned to vulnerable. If a scenario for protecting this pillar is control the kiai's power resources, such as official not carried out, especially in water and land resources positions and mobilization. it is not impossible that the development of this city can become unsustainable due to limitations. The 4.1 Jawara Transformation from Elite more land that is built, while the area of vegetation is to Oligarchy far from the standard. Waste generated by the community and economic activities is increasing but In the colonial era both kiai and jawara were elite the management has not been carried out optimally for the Banten community (Tihami, 1992). In the (Apriyanto et al., 2015). social sphere (O'Connor, 2007), the two entities are These studies are concerned with economic and informal leaders (Argyres and Mui, 2000) who have environmental themes and have not connected them traditional authority and legitimacy (Budiardjo, yet with oligarchic power. This research will try to 1991). In the political realm (O'Connor, 2007), their contribute to the gap. most prominent elite power is mobilization (Winters, 2011). Among the indicators are the period of 3 METHODOLOGY mobilization by kiai and jawara to carry out several rebellions (Darmadi, 2015). By applying a descriptive-analytic method, The The first, the rebellion opposed colonialists in the methodology of this research is qualitative with 19th century. The Kiai succeeded in mobilizing the emphasis on the study of literature and community to revolt like the peak of the peasant documentation. The primary data source in this study uprising in Cilegon in 1888 led by Kiai Haji Wasid was interviews with environmental experts. While the (Tihami, 1992); The second, in 1888, several very secondary data sources are Banten Province influential kiai controlled anti-Western sentiment through their studies in Mecca. They led a large-scale Environmental Status Data Book (SLHD) 2013-2017 rebellion. According to Kartodirdjo (1966), the kiai issued by the Banten Provincial Environment and prepared and organized rebellions through Forestry Service and the Environmental Statistics of networking with their santri (students); and the third, the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). Other data the kiai also played an important power in mobilizing sources are books and journals. The data produced communist rebellion in Banten in 1926 as in Hamid from these sources is read using the "four spheres" (2010) and Williams (1990). framework for sustainability theory which covers While the official position of power in the colonial four domains, namely economic, social, era was shared by both the kiai and the jawara. environmental, and political. The political sphere Among the evidence was the kiai as religious leaders plays a role at the level of political-economic, and champions as profane leaders, namely the village political-environmental, and social-political policies. government. Meanwhile, more coercive power is 843 ICRI 2018 - International Conference Recent Innovation owned by jawara. One reason is that jawara have a represents the economic and political realm kind of social power that allows them to violate the (O'Connor, 2007). rules of society at any time and bully by using their powers when needed. All of that, is an elite power 4.2 The Family of Jawara as Oligarchs resource for kiai and jawara (Munjin, 2018). Therefore,
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