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The State of Natural Resource Management in Latin America and the Caribbean

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The State of Natural Resource Management in Latin America and the Caribbean THE STATE OF NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMEnt IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Opportunities for Sustainable Practices and Prioritisation of Resources ROGRAMME P NVIRONMENT E ATIONS N NITED U layout 26.9.14.indd 1 26/09/14 17:42 Acknowledgements Publishers Javier Gomez (United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean - ECLAC); This document has been published by UNEP DTIE and Luis Carlos Escalante Henriquez (Investigador UNEP ROLAC. en gestión de recursos hídricos, Panama); Mario Quiros (Alcalá, Costa Rica); Nydia Suppen (Center Editor for Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainable Design – • Sonia Valdivia (UNEP DTIE) Mexico, CADIS); Sonia Elisabeth Gittlein (Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora, Argentina); Sueli Supervision, technical editing & support Aparecida de Oliveira (Basf, Brazil). • Sonia Valdivia (UNEP DTIE) Design and lay-out • Elisa Tonda (UNEP ROLAC) Thad Mermer Authors Contributions • Sonia Valdivia (UNEP DTIE) The authors would like to thank Monica Borrero • Sangwon Suh (University of California, Santa Barbara) (UNEP-ROLAC intern) for her contribution to • Maite Aldaya (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) specific chapters of this report as well as to the • Clarice Sandoval (UNEP consultant) donors and members of the Steering Committee • Elisa Tonda (UNEP ROLAC) of the GESRE project (CEPAL, UN Development Reviewers (in alphabetical order) Account, UNEP ROLAC and UNEP DTIE). Thanks also to the translators of the executive summary: Alejandro Rossi (Ecojure, Argentina); Ana Quiros (Ecoglobal, Sylvie Dubord (Translator/editor, Canada), Nazia Costa Rica); Bárbara Civit (Universidad Tecnológica Chothia (Consultant, France), Ana Quirós (Ecoglobal, Nacional - INCIUSA/CONICET, Argentina); Bas de Leeuw Costa Rica), Mario Chávez (Ecoglobal, Costa Rica), (Managing Director, World Resources Forum, Switzerland); Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya (Universidade Tecnológica Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya (Universidade Tecnológica Federal Federal do Paraná and ACV, Brazil), Raquel Guedes do Paraná and ACV, Brazil); Claudia Peña (LCA expert, de Oliveira (University of Coimbra, Brazil), Rogerio Chile); Danielle Maia de Souza (Joint Research Centre, Monteiro (Ministry of Education, Portugal) and Alice European Commission, Italy); Cecilia Häsner (Instituto de Rorrison (Grenoble Institute of Political Studies, Desenvolvimento Integrado para Ações Sociais, Brazil); France). Finally, we would like to thank David Cozae Galo Jarrin (Fundación Vitroplant, Ecuador); Gladys (Communications Specialist, Pan American Health Zerquera Balbuena (Síntesis de Evaluación Ambiental Organization) for the English proofreading. S.C., Mexico); Inés Freier (UNEP ROLAC, Panama); Jose Alberto Miglio (Asociación Civil Cooperar, Argentina); Jose Copyright © United Nations Environment Programme, 2013 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, UNEP territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning promotes environ- delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed do not necessarily represent mentally sound practices the decision or the stated policy of the United globally and in its own activities. Nations Environment Programme, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes This publication is being produced in constitute endorsement. electronic format only. We encourage you ISBN: 978-92-807-3321-1 to print it only when absolutely necessary. Our distribution policy aims to reduce UNEP’s carbon footprint. layout 26.9.14.indd 2 26/09/14 17:42 THE STATE OF NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMEnt IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Opportunities for Sustainable Practices and Prioritisation of Resources UNEP DTIE UNEP Sustainable Consumption Regional Office for Latin and Production Branch America and the Caribbean [email protected] [email protected] www.unep.fr www.pnuma.org layout 26.9.14.indd 1 26/09/14 17:42 Table of Contents List of figures and tables 3 Acronyms 6 Preface 7 Executive summary 8 Synthèse 12 Resumen ejecutivo 16 Sumário executivo 20 1. Introduction 26 2. Sustainable Resources Management and policy 39 3. Status of resources in the LAC region: analysis of available data 42 4. Prioritisation of critical resources in Latin America and 81 the Caribbean: survey results 5. Best practices 89 6. Conclusion and outlook 98 7. Recommendations 101 8. Glossary 107 9. References 127 Annex 1: Form used for the consultation process to prioritise 134 the critical natural resources in the region Annex 2: Main economic, social and environmental aspects of the 142 sectors linked to critical natural resources in Latin America and the Caribbean Annex 3: Natural forest area, proportion of land area and proportion 144 of forested area Annex 4: Understanding the report process: Stakeholder 146 participation in the consultation and review process Annex 5: Face-to-face stakeholder consultations: Participant list 147 Annex 6: Participants and answers to the expert survey questionnaire 152 2 layout 26.9.14.indd 2 26/09/14 17:42 List of figures and tables List of figures Map 1: Pilot projects in Latin America and the Caribbean 24 Map 2: Latin America and the Caribbean: population density distribution, 2000 25 Figure 1. Linkages between ecosystem services and human well-being 27 Figure 2. Conceptual framework of Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 28 Figure 3. Concept of decoupling 29 Figure 4. The global inter-relation between resource use and income 30 Figure 5. Declining trend of raw material prices (in real prices) 33 Figure 6. New trend of raw material prices (IMF primary commodity prices) 33 Figure 7. Latin America and the Caribbean: participation in the value of world exports (percentages) 35 Figure 8. Latin America and the Caribbean: exports of the 10 principal products, according to percentage participation, 2008 36 Figure 9. Sustainable Resource Management (SRM) approach 40 Figure 10. Sanitation coverage trends, Latin America and the Caribbean, 1990-2008 50 Figure 11. Use of improved sanitation facilities in Latin America and the Caribbean 50 Figure 12. Progress toward the MDG target in Latin America and the Caribbean 51 Figure 13. Biodiversity hotspots in Latin America and the Caribbean 53 Figure 14. Biodiversity as ratio of species abundance before human impacts 54 Figure 15. Index of biodiversity potential in Central America 56 Figure 16. Years needed to repay biofuel carbon debt from land conversion 58 Figure 17. Annual and cumulative deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon region 58 Figure 18. Biodiversity loss at the nexus of many risks 61 Figure 19. Global poverty-biodiversity 62 Figure 20. Mine production of material resources of which Latin America and the Caribbean’s market share is greater than 10% 66 Figure 21. Carrier metals and common co-elements 67 Figure 22. Market value of material resources produced in Latin America and the Caribbean by type 69 Figure 23. Share of total market value of annual material resources produced in Latin America and the Caribbean by country 69 Figure 24. Fisheries: extraction by main fisheries (tonnes) 73 3 layout 26.9.14.indd 3 26/09/14 17:42 Figure 25. Global trends in the state of world marine stocks since 1974 74 Figure 26. Aquaculture in Latin America and the Caribbean (tonnes) 75 Figure 27. Percent of tourists to Latin America and the Caribbean by country 77 Figure 28. Arrivals tendency line for 33 Latin American and Caribbean countries 77 Figure 29. Tourist arrivals (in thousands) 78 Figure 30. Tourism expenditure in the country (USD Mn) 79 Figure 31. Expert survey results: perceived, relative socio-economic importance of major resource categories considered in this study 81 (Metals and mineral resources set to 1) Figure 32. Expert survey results: perceived, relative socio-economic importance of major metals and minerals considered in this study (Iron is set to 1) 82 Figure 33. Expert survey results: perceived, relative scarcity of major resource categories considered in this study (Metals and mineral resources set to 1) 83 Figure 34. Expert survey results: perceived, relative scarcity of major metals and minerals considered in this study (Iron is set to 1) 83 Figure 35. Expert survey results: perceived, relative magnitude of toxic impact caused by major metals and minerals considered in this study (Iron is set to 1) 84 Figure 36. Expert survey results: perceived, relative magnitude of climate change impact caused by major metals and minerals considered in this 85 study (Iron is set to 1) Figure A2-1. Percentage of the gross domestic product (GDP) per sector for the year 2007 142 Figure A2-2. Percentage of employment per sector and gender for 2007 142 Figure A2-3. Percentage of unemployment from 2000-2009 143 List of tables Table 1. Latin America and the Caribbean: export composition and geographical distribution in 2006 (percentage of total exports in monetary terms) 36 Table 2. Potential value of lost
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