ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY the Phantom

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY the Phantom Engineering Technology Running head: Engineering Technology; The Phantom Occupation of Distinction ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY The Phantom Occupation of Distinction By Paul R. Clark July 14, 2014 Revised May 28, 2015 Engineering Technology 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….. 1 The Nature of Work…………………………………………………………………… 2 International & Domestic Definition……………………….…………………. 2 - 4 Definition of Acquainted Occupations………………………………………… 4 - 5 Work Distinction………………………………………………………………………. 5 – 8 Absence of Distinction………………………………………………………… 8 - 9 Job Titles………………………………………………………………………………. 10 Census of Jobs or Workers…………………………………………………………….. 11 Types of Employers……………………………………………………………………. 11 – 12 Job Placement Problem………………………………………………………... 13 - 14 Education & Training………………………………………………………………….. 15 Concerns with Central Accreditation Control………………………………… 16 – 23 Licensing……………………………………………………………………………… 23 – 30 Industrial Exemptions……………………………………………………….... 24 Professional Trade Associations………………………………………………. 26 Public Safety Matters…………………………………………………………. 30 - 32 Tools & Technologies………………………………………………………………… 32 - 33 International Engineering Technologist……………………………………………….. 33 - 35 Three Tier System Adoption………………………………………………………….. 35 Apprenticeship Programs……………………………………………………………… 36 Inequality Concerns…..…………………………………………………………….. 36 - 40 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………. 41 - 43 References…………………………………………………………………………….. 44 - 58 Appendix……………………………………………………………………………… 59- Paul Clark 06/03/14 1 Abstract This document is a public comment prepared for the Bureau of Labor Statistics to aid in the development of the engineering technology Standard Occupational Code (SOC). The United States occupational codes are used widely by both government agencies and private corporations to establish the occupational distinctions which are used in development of various organizational structures. It is the goal of this paper to identify the unique contributions that engineering technologists provide for our society and to explain why this distinction must be created. Engineering Technology 2 Nature of Work The following is a summary of standards required to satisfy the registration benchmarks for recognition as an International Engineering Technologist as specified in the Constitution of the Engineering Technology Mobility Forum (ETMF). “The work should have required the exercise of independent engineering judgment , the projects or programs concerned should have been substantial in duration, cost, and/or complexity, and the applicant should have been personally accountable for their success or failure. Applicant may be taken to have been in responsible charge of significant engineering work when they have: (a) planned, designed, coordinated and executed a small project; or (b) undertaken part of a larger project based on an understanding of the whole project; or (c) undertaken novel, complex and/or multi-disciplinary work.” (ETMF Forum, 2014, p6) The ETMF Constitution provides a good international definition but the US definition is different. A US definition for engineering technologist is as follows: “Engineering Technology is that part of the technological field that requires the application of scientific and engineering knowledge and methods combined with technical skills in support of engineering activities. The engineering technologist must be applications-oriented, building upon a background of applied mathematics, science and engineering technology. The technologist must be able to produce practical, workable results; install and operate technical systems; devise hardware from proven concepts; develop and produce products; service machines and systems; manage construction and production processes; and provide sales support for technical products and systems. The technologist has a 4 year BSET degree.” (UNC, 2014, p1) Paul Clark 06/03/14 Engineering Technology 3 Another definition for engineering technology in the United States is provided from the American Society of Engineering Educators. “Engineering Technology is the profession in which knowledge of mathematics and natural sciences gained by higher education, experience, and practice is devoted primarily to the implementation and extension of existing technology for the benefit of humanity. Engineering Technology Education focuses primarily on the applied aspects of science and engineering aimed at preparing graduates for practice in that portion of the technological spectrum closest to product improvement, industrial processes, and operational functions (Engineering Technology Council, 1992), (ASEE, 2014, p1). Some additional information is provided. “Curriculum also includes advanced math and physics coursework and business classes designed to develop students' critical-thinking and project management skills” (Ed. Portal, 2014, p1). Engineering technologists are defined by the following panel of experts. “A Delphi panel of 14 experts identified 37 tasks performed by/qualities needed by manufacturing engineering technologists. Most important were work ethic, performance quality, communication skills, teamwork, computer applications, manufacturing basics, materials knowledge, troubleshooting, supervision, and global issues” (Zirbel, 1993, p23-33). Paul Clark 06/03/14 Engineering Technology 4 The following definitions of related fields are often confused with the proposed engineering technology occupation. The definitions are provided to compare the differences between occupations. The Definition of a Technician “Engineering technicians work in a variety of unique work situations, often aligned with professional engineering and architecture fields and each with a fairly distinct set of knowledge and skill requirements. The work involves functions such as research, development, design, evaluation, construction, inspection, production, application, standardization, testing, or operation of engineering facilities, structures, systems, processes, equipment, devices, or materials. Basic knowledge and skills are transferable from one specialization to another. The positions do not require professional knowledge and abilities for full performance and therefore do not require training equivalent in type and scope to that represented by completing a professional curriculum leading to a bachelor’s degree in engineering or architecture” (OPM, 2007, p10). The Definition of an Engineer The American Society of Engineering Educators (ASEE) and the Engineering Council for Professional Development (ECPD) defines an Engineer as follows: "The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and property." One who practices engineering is called an engineer and those licensed to do so have formal designations such as professional engineers, chartered engineers or incorporated engineers. The broad discipline of engineering encompasses a range of specialized sub- disciplines that focus on the issues associated with developing a specific kind of product, or using a specific type of technology. Engineers borrow from physics and mathematics to find suitable solutions to the problem at hand. They apply the Paul Clark 06/03/14 Engineering Technology 5 scientific method in deriving their solutions. If multiple options exist, engineers weigh different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best matches the requirements. The crucial and unique task of the engineer is to identify, understand, and interpret the constraints on a design in order to produce a successful result. It is usually not enough to build a technically successful product; it must also meet further requirements. Constraints may include available resources, physical, imaginative or technical limitations, flexibility for future modifications and additions, and other factors, such as requirements for cost, safety, marketability, producibility, and serviceability. By understanding the constraints, engineers derive specifications for the limits within which a viable object or system may be produced and operated. Engineering is a key driver of human development” (Britannica , 2013, p1). The definition acknowledges Incorporated Engineers as full engineers. The Incorporated Engineer is declared significantly equivalent to an engineering technologist. (Sydney Accord, 2014) Work Distinction . The following comparison provided by the Difference Between website explores the distinction between the two occupations. “Technician and technologist are two different terms. However, these two terms are interrelated. Most people think that these terms mean the same but, when one looks a bit closer, one will find that they are different in many aspects. A technician and a technologist differ in their educational levels and responsibilities. A technologist has a greater role than a technician. A technician is just a person with a practical understanding of technology. A technician has a good knowledge of the general principles of the field he is in, whereas, a technologist is a person who is completely aware of various technologies. A technician works under a technologist. A technologist’s position is above that of the technician. First of all, when comparing their education,
Recommended publications
  • Findings and Recommendations from an NAE Study
    Paper ID #20271 Engineering Technology Education in the United States: Findings and Rec- ommendations from an NAE Study Mr. Greg Pearson, National Academy of Engineering Greg Pearson is a Scholar with the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) in Washington, D.C. Greg currently serves as the responsible staff officer for the NSF-funded project ”The Status, Role, and Needs of Engineering Technology Education in the United States.” He is also study director for the Chevron-funded project, Guiding Implementation of K-12 Engineering in the United States. He was the study director for the NAE and National Research Council project that resulted in the 2014 report, STEM Integration in K-12 Education: Status, Prospects, and an Agenda for Research. He was the study director for the project that resulted in publication of Standards for K-12 Engineering Education? (2010) and Engineering in K-12 Education: Understanding the Status and Improving the Prospects (2009), an analysis of efforts to teach engineering to U.S. school children. He oversaw the NSF-funded project that resulted in the 2013 publication of Messaging for Engineering: From Research to Action and the 2008 publication of Changing the Conversation: Messages for Improving Public Understanding of Engineering and was co-editor of the reports Tech Tally: Approaches to Assessing Technological Literacy (2006) and Technically Speaking: Why All Americans Need to Know More About Technology (2002). In the late 1990s, Greg oversaw NAE and National Research Council reviews of technology education content standards developed by the International Technology Education Association. Dr. Daniel Peter Kuehn, The Urban Institute Daniel Kuehn is a Research Associate I in the Urban Institute’s Income and Benefits Policy Center and a doctoral student in American University’s Department of Economics.
    [Show full text]
  • Career Information .PDF
    ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT CAREER INFORMATION ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY: From the book: “Engineering Education and Practice in the United States - Engineering Infrastructure Diagramming and Modeling” Prepared by: Panel on Engineering Infrastructure Diagramming and Modeling, Committee on the Education and Utilization of the Engineer, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council. Published by National Academy Press; Washington, D.C.; 1986; ISBN: 0-309-03639-9; Pages 74 - 75. Background: In the late 1970’s under the umbrella of what was then the Engineers’ Council for Professional Development (ECPD), now Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), many of the engineering societies participated in a comprehensive review of definitions including that of engineering, the engineer, and the engineering technologist and technician. Their report entitled “The Engineering Team” was approved by the ECPD Board of Directors in 1979, and contained the following definitions and explanatory notes: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: Electrical Engineering is the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind. Electrical Engineer: With a strong background in mathematics, the basic physical sciences, and the engineering sciences, the engineer must be able to interrelate engineering principles with economic, social, legal, aesthetic, environmental and ethical issues, extrapolating beyond the technical domain. The engineer must be a conceptualizer, a designer, a developer, a formulator of new techniques, a producer of standards - all to help meet societal needs. The engineer must plan and predict, systematize and evaluate - must be able to judge systems and components with respect to their relation to health, safety and welfare of people, and to loss of property.
    [Show full text]
  • A Solution to the Problem of Registration of Engineering Technologists
    A Solution to the Problem of Registration of Engineering Technologists Donald W. Yates and J. William Rayjr Louisiana Tech University Abstract The bridge between engineering activity and implementation activity is now filled with a mixture of engineers and technology-oriented assistants. Because This paper advocates the creation of a registered of the trend in engineering education, this activity must engineering technologist. This is based on the fact that be staffed increasingly in the future from sources other engineering technologists are involved in the practice of than the science oriented engineering curricula. engineering as defined by law but do not have the full training required to be registered engineers. Other Into this vacuum moved the four year engineering programs which produce registered paraprofessionals technologist program. are discussed. Support for this is developed in this In 1965, the McCallick Report[4] established the paper. concept of a four year technology degree as opposed to a It is based on two major premises. First, a gap has two year technician degree. The title technologist was to developed between the registered engineer and the be used to distinguish graduates of the four year tradesman/engineering support staff. Next, the gap technology programs from both two year associate degree involves the practice of engineering as typically defined technicians and four year engineering graduates. by Louisiana Statute RS-37-682. This gap needs to be Professional societies struggled with the four year filled with a registered engineering technologist by engineering technology graduate (often referred to as a virtue of the job requirements and the training received batchelor of engineering technology BET or batchelor of by engineering technologists.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Speaks for Engineering Technology the Role of The
    Session 2546 Who Speaks for Engineering Technology - The Role of the Engineering Technology Council Walter W. Buchanan, Willard D. Bostwick Middle Tennessee State University/ Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis Abstract The national engineering technology community needs a voice. This article explores the role of the Engineering Technology Council (ETC) of the American Society for Engineering Education (A SEE) in providing a voice for the national engineering technology community. The article gives a brief history of the ETC and looks into what the ETC might do to enhance the position of engineering technology in the engineering spectrum, Introduction In 1970 Winston D. Purvine became the first chair of the Engineering Technology Council. The ETC was created to assess and recommend policies affecting the overall administration of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) accredited technical colleges and schools. The ETC can also be used to provide forums for discussion and an information exchange concerning problems and experiences of technical colleges and institutions, to represent and to speak on behalf of member technical colleges, and to cooperate with other segments of the Society on matters of common interest. 1 Although the ETC and the Engineering Technology Division (ETD) represent and are the voice of the engineering technology community within ASEE, it is generally recognized that the ETC has not become an effective voice for engineering technology the way the Engineering Dean’s Council has become for the engineering community. This is unfortunate since the first guiding principle of the ETC in performing its mission of promoting quality education in engineering technology is to speak collectively for engineering technology institutions.2 ABET Engineering technology has especially lacked an effective voice within the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology.
    [Show full text]
  • 8348 Transportation Engineering Technologist
    8348 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIST NATURE OF WORK Serves in a managerial or program expert capacity in either the engineering or construction field/area of highway and bridge construction and maintenance. Manages a unit in a district or division, or may manage a specific division-wide technical function requiring expert level knowledge, or may be licensed land surveyor. As a unit manager, supervises lower level supervisors, technicians and/or professional employees. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS Engineering Technologist (Level 5) is distinguished from Transportation Engineering Technician - Senior in that incumbents at this level are managers of operational units with significant technical characteristics as opposed to supervisors of specific projects or less technical units/functions, or they are responsible for a special division-wide technical program that requires the highest degree of expertise in that specific technical field. The State Highway Engineer of the Division of Highways will make determinations as to technical characteristics/expertise. In the field of survey, this level is reserved for the licensed land surveyor. ESSENTIAL JOB FUNCTIONS (Any specific position in this class may not include all of the duties listed, nor do the examples listed cover all of the duties which may be assigned.) Provide managerial oversight for subordinate supervisors and the program/projects to which they are assigned. Evaluate the work of subordinate supervisors and employees. Review and/or calculate technical data relating to engineering and construction projects. Review project design and construction plans prepared by consultants. Communicate with consultant engineers to discuss prospective or ongoing projects and plans. Perform field reviews of engineering and construction projects. Meet with various parties having an interest in projects, including representatives of state government, legislators, community leaders, regulators and other interest groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil Engineering Technology Program
    Civil Engineering SCIENCE AND Technology Program TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW OF THE PROGRAM: The Civil Engineering Technology program at Fairmont State University prepares graduates to participate in the planning, analysis, design, construction, operation and maintenance of roadways, airports, tunnels, bridges, water supply and distribution systems and waste collection and treatment systems. The curriculum is a highly flexible 2 + 2 curriculum. Once the two-year degree is earned, graduates may choose to enter the workforce or continue their education with two years at the baccalaureate level. The Associate of Science degree in Civil Engineering Technology provides technical courses in the fundamentals of engineering technology, surveying, construction materials and methods, computer graphics, civil engineering graphics, construction estimating, structures, and environmental engineering technology. Most of the technical courses provide a combination of lecture and laboratory experiences. In addition, technical courses are underpinned with instruction in mathematics and science, written and oral communication skills, which are utilized subsequently in the technical courses. The Bachelor of Science degree provides students a greater emphasis on analysis and design with specialized classes in hydraulics and hydrology, soil mechanics and foundation design, structural analysis and design, water and wastewater systems, and construction management, coupled with additional classes in science and mathematics, and attributes in Fine Arts, Health & well being,
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Guide to Career Decisions in Engineering
    Career Reference/Engineering Is There An Engineer Inside You? A Comprehensive Guide The Ultimate Guide to the Engineering Profession Updated and Expanded to Include to Career Decisions Engineering Technology! in Engineering Turn yourself into a top-notch engineering student and become a successful engineer with the ideas and information in this one-of-a- kind resource. Get yourself on the path to a challenging, rewarding, and prosperous career as an engineer by getting inside each discipline, learning the differences and making educated choices. Updated and now covering 41 different branches of engineering and engineering technology,Is There an Engineer Inside You? is packed with suggestions and has tremendous advice on thriving in an engineering student environment. You will learn: • Why you already have the ability to be an engineer. • Why an engineering education is so valuable. • What the differences are between each branch of engineering. • How you can succeed in engineering school. • How much money you can make. • How women and minorities are getting ahead in engineering. • How you can change the world as an engineer. • About sports, music, and sustainable engineering. • What non-mainstream engineers can do for a living. Celeste Baine is a biomedical engineer and the award-winning author of over 20 books on engineering education and careers. She’s won the Norm Augustine Award for Engineering Communications and the ASEE’s Engineering Dean Council’s Award for the Promotion of Engineering Education and Careers. She is listed on the National Engineers Week B website as one of 50 engineers you should meet and has been named one aine of the Nifty-Fifty individuals who have made a major impact on the field of engineering by the USA Science and Engineering Festival.
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering Technician Engineering Technologist Engineer
    Engineering Technician Engineering Technologist Engineer 3 Paths To Designing & Destroying For Fun & Profit Presented by: Dunte Hector B.S. Mechanical Engineering © 2020 Dunte Hector Who Am I? Dunte Hector B.S. Mechanical Engineering Texas Tech University, 2011 Design Engineer, Stages Cycling I’ve researched, designed, manufactured, operated, and serviced bikes, workout equipment, computer chip equipment, and heat exchangers with the help of software tools, metalwork, 3D printing, and lots of teammates. © 2020 Dunte Hector Exploring The Engineering Field 1. Who’s It For? 2. Who Does What? 3. What’s The Day Like? 4. Certificates, Licenses, and Degrees 5. More Fun Stuff © 2020 Dunte Hector The Engineering Field... Who’s It For? © 2020 Dunte Hector Do You Have Fun... ...solving puzzles? ...taking things apart? ...building new stuff? ...finding a “better way”? ...checking the details? © 2020 Dunte Hector The Engineering Field... Who Does What? © 2020 Dunte Hector Engineering Technician Job Duties (big company) Job Duties (small company) ● operate equipment ● everything from “big company” ● collect data ● draft models ● generate reports ● prepare production drawings ● service equipment ● review technical specifications ● document processes ● set up tests ● product inspections ● assemble fixtures ● quality control ● assemble tools ● troubleshoot products © 2020 Dunte Hector Engineering Technologist Job Duties (big company) Job Duties (small company) ● establish equipment SOPs ● everything from “big company” ● manage tests ● prepare & review drawings
    [Show full text]
  • Manufacturing Engineering Technologist
    - ~ Chippewa Valley ~lTechnical cvtc.edu Co l ege MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIST Mission Statement The Manufacturing Engineering Technologist program delivers an innovative and applied education that supports the workforce needs of the region’s employers. They will assist engineering and management in the design and development of new products and production processes staying abreast of changing technology through lifelong learning. Manufacturing Engineering Technologist Program Objectives • Graduates will be well versed and skilled in current manufacturing processes, team based problem solving methods, root cause analysis, manufacturing standards, and current practices. • Graduates will assist the quality engineer in quality control methods such as statistical process control, lean manufacturing techniques, and designed experiments. • Graduates will assist the Quality Engineer in design for product manufacturability, assembly, and shipping. • Graduates will assist in cost estimating of products and manufacturing. • Graduates will experience a safe, quality, clean, hands-on labs, instructors with industry experience, and curriculum designed to help them progress in their careers. Manufacturing Engineering Technology Student Learning Objectives Students will demonstrate: • ability to apply statistical quality control, root cause analysis, and team based problem solving to solve well-defined manufacturing problems; • an ability to design solutions for well-defined technical problems and assist with the engineering design of systems,
    [Show full text]
  • The Technology Professionals Newsletter of New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland
    Sept 2006 Please circulate / Veuillez faire circuler SVP: AtlanTECH ATTN: _____________ _______________ news the technology professionals newsletter of New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland NBSCETT’s annual membership renewal fees are due on January 1st of each new year, and valid through to Decem- ber 31st of each year. The late payment date is January 31st; and NBCC Saint John Campus is busy getting ready to the late payment charge is $50.00. The celebrate National Technology week (NTW) Registry removal date is March 31st; and in partnership with the New Brunswick Society of employers will be notified of ‘struck off’ members. Certified Engineering Technicians and Technologists (NBSCETT). There is a full week of events planned Certified/Associate members who are from October 30th to November 3rd. Each day unemployed, are full time students, or, is designed to celebrate a different Technology in- are permanently retired from the work- cluding an opening ceremony on Monday October force, may apply for 80% reduction in dues, upon receipt of resumés / affida- 30th and a Coaster Race on Friday, to conclude this vits. amazing week of events. - Monday October 30 = Cake Cutting recognizing Please, help your professional Society better NBCC-Saint John campus Technology programs. use the resources for education, the profes- - Tuesday October 31 = Information Technology sion, and the promotion and protection of titles. Day All members are urged to notify the - Wednesday Nov 1 = Engineering Technology Day Society office at their earliest convenience, - Thursday Nov 2 = Health Technology Day should they have any question / concern; - Friday Nov 3 = Engineering Technology Day and to inform the Society administration of This full week of events also coincides with any changes to their employment, or their contact information.
    [Show full text]
  • Technician and Technologist Profiles
    TECHNICIAN AND TECHNOLOGIST PROFILES Technician Technologist Profile Profile A professional, who through academic training and A professional, who through academic training and experience in the experience in the application of engineering or scientific application of engineering or scientific principles, is capable of principles, is capable of assuming responsibility and of assuming responsibility and exercising independent judgment in the exercising independent judgment in a specialized practice practice of engineering or applied science technology. within a field of engineering or applied science technology. Works under general supervision. Carries out a wide range of complex work, either independently or under general direction. Typical activities include testing, trouble-shooting, Typical activities include design, production, marketing, testing, quality inspection, calibration, design drafting, quality control, control, estimating, surveying, inspection, diagnostic evaluation, maintenance, modeling, data compilation, estimating, sales, supervision, management, technical sales and teaching. Such surveying, field supervision, technical sales and teaching. activities may be carried out in association with other professionals. Uses a practical approach based on a detailed Uses an applied approach based on a comprehensive understanding understanding of standard methods and techniques in of a specific technology discipline. solving technical problems. Examines assignments, objectives and instructions to select Evaluates assignments, determines procedures and implements procedures and actions to resolve the assigned problem. solutions, schedules work to meet objectives, participates in short- and long-range planning, and may become involved in developing and promoting conceptual change. May assume managerial or administrative responsibility for a wide range of technical endeavours. May supervise and co-ordinate a diverse working group and train less experienced technical and professional staff.
    [Show full text]
  • College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology Contributions Be Sensitive to Genuine Karl N
    College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology contributions be sensitive to genuine Karl N. Reid, Sc.D., P.E., Dean human needs, the engineer, architect or David R. Thompson, Ph.D., technologist must also be schooled in Associate Dean for Instruction and the social sciences and humanities that Extension provide the understanding of non-techni- D. Alan Tree, Ph.D., Associate Dean cal factors that must shape technological for Research innovation and implementation. The study of social sciences and humanities Virgil Nichols, Ph.D., Director of also helps prepare the graduate to be an Student Academic Services effective contributor within human orga- nizations. With this firm foundation and a Engineers, engineering technologists, commitment to lifelong learning, gradu- and architects, working side by side, ates make contributions to society constitute one of the most powerful throughout their professional careers. agents for change in our society. New The curricula in each of the programs ways are found to control the environ- seek to provide the optimum combination ment, to utilize the resources and forces of breadth in the enduring fundamentals of nature and to increase productivity of that undergird technologically based needed goods and services, in short, to society, and specialization in the branch improve the quality of life for all. or discipline in order to equip the student Most of the work of engineers, tech- to contribute to solutions at the cutting nologists and architects is concerned edge of the science or technology in- with the conception, design, fabrication, volved. Curricula are continuously evolv- maintenance and testing of devices, ing to include current applications of the ing and management, and mechanical processes, installations, and systems principles.
    [Show full text]