Volume 1 Environmental and Social Management

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY

INCLUSIVE AGRI-FOOD VALUE-CHAINS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

(PROCAVA)

______

VOLUME 1

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK ______

Prepared for: The Inclusive Agri-Food Value-Chains Development Programme (PROCAVA) Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MASA) Maputo, Mozambique

APRIL 2019 OTHER REPORTS IN THIS SERIES ______The Inclusive Agri-Food Value-Chains Development Programme (PROCAVA) safeguards forms part of a series which is intended to provide complete documentation for the requirements of a holistic environmental and social safeguards management system for the programme. This Environmental and Social Safeguards instrument contains the findings of a study conducted for the agriculture sector of the Republic of Mozambique and the instrument has been developed on the basis of the local conditions and findings. The following documents form the series:

Volume 1: Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)

Volume 2: Integrated Pest Management Plan

Volume 3: The Public Consultation Process

Report no. 001 Issue no. 001 Date of issue 28/04/19

Prepared Sibekile Mtetwa - Environmental Safeguards Consultant 5 Soden Avenue Hillside Harare Zimbabwe [email protected]

FAMBA, Sebastião Inácio – Irrigation Specialist: IFAD Senior Lecturer, Hydrology, Irrigation & Drainage University Eduardo Mondlane (UEM-FAEF) Av. Julius Nyerere, no 3453, Campus Principal, C. Postal 257, Maputo. Mozambique [email protected]

Henrieta Zharare-Mutsambi – Social Development and Gender Specialist No.433, Sandton Township Harare Zimbabwe [email protected] Checked …………………………………………………………. Approved ………………………………………………………….

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... II LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSAND ACRONYMS ...... VII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... X 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE ESMF ...... 1 1.3 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ...... 2 1.4 FORMAT OF THE REPORT ...... 1 2 THE INCLUSIVE AGRI-FOOD VALUE-CHAINS DEVELOPMENT PRAGRAMME ...... 3 2.1 PROGRAMME GOAL AND OBJECTIVE ...... 3 2.2 PROGRAMME COMPONENTS ...... 4 2.3 EXPECTED OUTCOMES ...... 7 2.4 GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF INTERVENTION ...... 8 2.5 TARGET GROUPS ...... 9 2.6 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL CATEGORY ...... 9 2.7 CLIMATE RISK CLASSIFICATION ...... 10 2.8 ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY ...... 10 3 POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ...... 11 3.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 11 3.2 POLICY FRAMEWORK ...... 11 3.2.1 National Water Policy ...... 12 3.2.2 National Environmental Policy (Resolution no. 5/1995, dated August 3) ...... 12 3.2.3 National Land Policy (Resolution no. 10/95, dated October 17) ...... 12 3.2.4 Strategic planning for climate change ...... 12 3.3 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 14 3.3.1 Constitution of Mozambique ...... 14 3.3.2 Laws and Statutes ...... 14 3.3.3 Regulations ...... 18 3.3.4 Guidelines ...... 24 3.4 IFAD ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS PROCEDURES ...... 27 3.4.1 IFAD Policy on Agriculture and Rural Development ...... 27 3.4.2 IFAD Climate Change Strategy ...... 27 3.4.3 IFAD Environment and Natural Resources Management (NMRM) Policy ...... 28 3.4.4 IFAD Indigenous Peoples’ Policy ...... 28 3.4.5 IFAD Gender and Targeting Policy ...... 29 3.4.6 IFAD Land Policy ...... 29 3.4.7 IFAD Guidelines on SECAP ...... 29 3.4.8 Free, Prior and Informed Consent in IFAD Investment Projects (FPIC) ...... 31 3.5 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND TREATIES ...... 33 3.6 COMPARISON OF MOZAMBIQUE AND IFAD PROJECT CLASSIFICATION ...... 34 3.7 PROJECT CATEGORISATION ...... 38 3.8 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ...... 39 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ...... 42 4.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 42 4.2 SOCIAL CONTEXT ...... 42 4.2.1 Demography ...... 42 4.2.2 Economic Status ...... 43 4.2.3 Nutrition ...... 44

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4.2.4 Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment ...... 45 4.2.5 Land Ownership and Usage Rights ...... 45 4.2.6 Women and Land rights ...... 46 4.2.7 Youth and Agriculture ...... 46 4.2.8 The Food Security Situation of Mozambique ...... 47 4.3 GENERAL BASIN GEO-PHYSICAL CONDITIONS ...... 49 4.3.1 Geomorphology...... 49 4.3.2 Geology...... 51 4.3.3 Hydrogeology ...... 55 4.3.4 Soils ...... 59 4.3.5 Climate and Rainfall ...... 60 4.3.6 Water Resources ...... 64 4.3.7 Main vegetation types ...... 65 4.3.8 Agro-Ecological Conditions...... 67 4.3.9 Wetlands and Their Relevance to Local Livelihood ...... 68 4.3.10 Archaeology ...... 70 4.3.11 Sacred Places ...... 72 4.3.12 Biodiversity Status ...... 73 4.3.13 Climatic Change and Variability ...... 74 5 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ...... 76 5.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 76 5.2 THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL STATUS OF THE PROJECT AREA ...... 76 5.2.1 Horticulture Commodities Under Irrigation ...... 76 5.2.2 Red Meat (Cattle and Goats/Sheep) ...... 81 5.2.3 Poultry ...... 86 5.2.4 Cassava ...... 88 5.2.5 Legumes ...... 91 5.3 CUMULATIVE AND SYNEGISTIC IMPACTS ...... 93 5.4 SIGNIFICANCE RATING ...... 95 5.5 EXPECTED ENVIRONEMNTAL AND SOCIAL POSITIVE IMPACTS ...... 96 5.6 POSSIBLE NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS: ...... 97 5.6.1 Planning Phase Possible Impacts ...... 98 5.6.2 Implementation/Operation Possible Environmental Impacts ...... 98 5.6.3 Significance Rating of Potential Environmental Impacts ...... 101 5.7 POSSIBLE NEGATIVE SOCIAL IMPACTS ...... 104 5.7.1 Planning Phase Possible Impacts ...... 104 5.7.2 Implementation/Operation Phase Possible Impacts ...... 105 5.7.3 Significance Rating of Potential Social Impacts ...... 109 5.8 PROPOSED SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ...... 114 5.8.1 Social Development Priority ...... 114 5.8.2 Specific Objectives and Strategic Actions ...... 115 6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVESFOR SUB-PROJECT CONSIDERATION...... 117 6.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 117 6.2 EXAMPLE ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 118 7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS...... 122 7.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 122 7.2 SUB-PROJECT SITE SELECTION ...... 122 7.3 EXCLUSION LIST ...... 126 7.4 SUB-PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING ...... 126 7.4.1 Assigning the Environmental and Social Categories ...... 127 7.4.2 Need for further Environmental and social work ...... 129 7.5 APPROVAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL WORK ...... 129

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7.6 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE ...... 130 7.7 ANNUAL MONITORING AND REVIEWS ...... 130 8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 133 8.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 133 8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 134 9 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 140 9.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATION PLAN ...... 140 9.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PLAN ...... 140 9.3 IDENTIFYING STAKEHOLDERS ...... 140 9.4 KEY STAKEHOLDERS ...... 141 9.5 CURRENT PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 143 9.5.1 Consultations with the major organizations...... 143 9.5.2 Consultations with the public...... 144 9.5.3 Analysis of the responses on the questionaires ...... 144 9.5.4 Environment and Social Concerns ...... 144 9.6 PUBLIC CONSULTATION WORKSHOP ...... 146 9.6.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 146 9.7 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 150 9.7.1 Community Based System ...... 150 9.7.2 Formal GRM ...... 151 9.7.3 Additional GRM Approaches ...... 152 10 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 153 10.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 153 10.2 AREAS TO BE MONITORED ...... 153 10.3 GENERAL ...... 154 10.4 THE MONITORING PLAN ...... 155 11 CAPACITY BUILDING AND TRAINING FOR E&S MANAGEMENT ...... 158 11.1 CAPACITY BUILDING NEEDS ...... 158 11.2 TRAINING REQUIREMENTS ...... 159 11.3 PROPOSED APPROACH IN EXECUTING TRAINING ACTIVITIES ...... 162 11.4 FUNDING REQUIREMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL TRAINING . 162 12 ESMF BUDGET...... 163 12.1 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ...... 163 12.2 SITE-SPECIFIC ESIAS AND ESMPS ...... 163 12.3 MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 164 12.4 MONITORING AND EVALUATION PURPOSES ...... 165 12.5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL TRAINING ...... 165 12.6 ANNUAL AUDITS ...... 166 12.6.1 ESMF Implementation budget summary ...... 166 13 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 167 14 REFERENCES ...... 169 15 APPENDICES ...... 172 APPENDIX 1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING FORM ...... 172 APPENDIX 2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL FIELD APPRAISAL FORM ...... 177 APPENDIX 3 GUIDELINES FOR ANNUAL REVIEWS...... 180 APPENDIX 4 GUIDELINES FOR ANNUAL REPORT ...... 182 APPENDIX 5. SUMMARY OF IFAD GUIDANCE STATEMENTS...... 184 APPENDIX 6 PROOF OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION ...... 195

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APPENDIX 7 GUIDELINES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUB-PROJECT ESMPS ...... 222 APPENDIX 8 FORMAL GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 231 APPENDIX 9 SOME OF THE PROPOSED PROCAVA SUB-PROJECTS ...... 237

LIST OF TEXT TABLES

Table 3-1 Necessary licensing steps to be taken by the applicant, ...... 25 Table 3-2 FPIC requirements based on project type and areas of intervention ... 32 Table 3-3 When to seek FPIC in project cycle, (IFAD, 2015)...... 33 Table 3-4 Some of the Relevant International Conventions ...... 33 Table 3-5 Project Classification by Category ...... 34 Table 3-6 Summary of the Categorization of PROCAVA Value Chains ...... 38 Table 3-7 Mozambican Institutional Authorities and their Responsibilities ...... 40 Table 4-1 Provincial Population Statistics ...... 42 Table 4-2 Legend of the Agro-ecological Zones of Mozambique ...... 68 Table 5-1 Proposed Activities Under Irrigated Horticulture ...... 77 Table 5-2 Analysis of impacts of Visited Irrigated Horticulture Value Chain ...... 79 Table 5-3 Proposed Activities Under Red Meat Value Chain ...... 82 Table 5-4 Analysis of impacts of red Meat Value sites that were visited ...... 84 Table 5-5 Proposed Activities Under Poultry Value Chain ...... 86 Table 5-6 Analysis of impacts of Poultry Value Chain sites that were visited ..... 87 Table 5-7 Proposed Activities Under Cassava Value ...... 89 Table 5-8 Analysis of impacts of Cassava Value Chain sites that were visited ..... 90 Table 5-9 Proposed Activities Under Legumes Value...... 92 Table 5-10 Impact Magnitude Scoring Table...... 95 Table 5-11 Significance Rating of Potential Environmental Impacts ...... 101 Table 5-12 Significance Rating of Potential Social Impacts ...... 109 Table 5-13 Specific Objectives and Strategic Actions ...... 115 Table 6-1 Analysis of alternatives ...... 119 Table 7-1 Participating Personnel at District level...... 125 Table 7-2 Sub-project and Activity Exclusion List ...... 126 Table 7-3 Criteria for Requiring a Field Appraisal ...... 129 Table 8-1 Environmental and Social Management Plan ...... 134 Table 9-1 Stakeholder Identification Matrix ...... 140 Table 9-2 Summary of the Public Consultation Plan (PCP) for PROCAVA ...... 142 Table 9-3 Questions and Answers ...... 146 Table 10-1 Monitoring Activities and Indicators ...... 155 Table 11-1 Environmental and Social Training ...... 160 Table 12-1 Technical Assistance Budget ...... 163 Table 12-2 Site-specific ESIAs and ESMPs Budget ...... 164 Table 12-3 Mitigation and enhancement measures Budget ...... 164 Table 12-4 Monitoring and Evaluation Budget ...... 165 Table 12-5 Environmental and Social Training Budget...... 165 Table 12-6 Monitoring and Evaluation Budget ...... 166 Table 12-7 Estimated Budget for ESMF Implementation (US$) ...... 166

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TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1 The PROCAVA Programme (IFAD, 2018) ...... 3 Figure 2-2 National Coverage of PROCAVA (Adopted from PROSUL)...... 8 Figure 3-1 Flowchart for EIA Procedure (adapted from JICA, 2016) ...... 26 Figure 4-1 Non-affordability of nutritious diets and stunting prevalence...... 44 Figure 4-2 IPC Acute food insecurity situation (FSIN, 2018) ...... 48 Figure 4-3 Physical Features of Mozambique (Wikipedia, 2018) ...... 49 Figure 4-4 An outline of the topography of the Central Region. (Tinley, K. 1977) 50 Figure 4-5 Map of geology of Mozambique (Baruya P and Kessels J, 2013) ...... 51 Figure 4-6 Geological map of NE Mozambique ...... 52 Figure 4-7 Geology of the Central Region (SWECO, 2005) ...... 53 Figure 4-8 Geological map of southern Mozambique (Rutten, R. et al, 2008) ..... 54 Figure 4-9 Mozambique Hydrogeological Formataion (Chairuca, L, et al, 2018) .. 55 Figure 4-10 Soil Map of Mozambique (Nobela L, 2015) ...... 59 Figure 4-11 Broad Climatic Zones of Mozambique According to Moisture Index .... 60 Figure 4-12 Mozambique Average Rainfall Distribution (WFP, 2018)...... 61 Figure 4-13 Southern Mozambique Average Rainfall Distribution (WFP, 2018). .... 61 Figure 4-14 Central Mozambique Average Rainfall Distribution (WFP, 2018)...... 62 Figure 4-15 Northern Mozambique Average Rainfall Distribution (WFP, 2018). .... 62 Figure 4-16 Mozambique Average Annual Rainfall (WFP, 2018) ...... 62 Figure 4-17 Mozambique Temperature (WFP, 2018) ...... 63 Figure 4-18 Main River Basins of Mozambique (WB, 2007)...... 64 Figure 4-19 Vegetation map of Mozambique (SWECO, 2005) ...... 66 Figure 4-20 Agro-Ecological Regions of Mozambique (MITADER, 2015) ...... 67 Figure 4-21 Main wetland systems in Mozambique ...... 69 Figure 4-22 Glass beads from Chibuene (Wood, M, et al, 2012) ...... 70 Figure 4-23 Manyikeni Ruins (Macamo, S. 2006) ...... 71 Figure 4-24 The Catandica ruins ...... 72 Figure 4-25 The shrine dedicated to the fallen heroes of zimbabwe ...... 73 Figure 5-1 Drip irrigation and shed Net technology ...... 77 Figure 5-2 Ndzubwe – Chokwe Crush Pen ...... 81 Figure 5-3 Water Storage Tanks at Massongr Multipurpose Water Supply ...... 82 Figure 5-4 Moz-Agro Pak Poultry – Dondo District ...... 86 Figure 5-5 Inharrime Cassava Processing ...... 88 Figure 5-6 The cassava wholesale fresh market in Mandedere ...... 92 Figure 7-1 Project Implementation Structure ...... 123 Figure 7-2 Organisational Chart for Safeguards Responsibilities ...... 124 Figure 7-3 Sub-project Screening Process ...... 128 Figure 9-1 Public Consultation at Dondo Irrigation Scheme ...... 143 Figure 9-2 The Community-based grievance mechanism...... 151

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSAND ACRONYMS

AIDS Acquired Immuno- Deficiency Syndrome ARA Regional Water Administrations - Administração Regional de Águas. ARAP Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan BOD Biological Oxygen Demand CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CEPAGRI Centre for the Promotion of Agriculture COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CPMs Country Programme Managers CPMTs Country Programme Management Teams CSNs country strategy notes DFID Department for International Development – UK Govt.' DINAB National Direction of the Environment - Direção Nacional do Ambiente DINAS National Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry - Direcção Nacional de Agricultura e Silvicultura DINATER National Directorate of Land - Direção Nacional de Terras DINAV National Directorate of Veterinary Medicine - Direcção Nacional de Veterinária. DNEA National Directorate for Agrarian Extension - Direcção Nacional de Extensão Agrária DNGRH National Directorate for Water Resources Management - Direcção Nacional de Gestão de Recursos Hídricos DPASA Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Food Security DPTADER Provincial Directorates for Coordination of Environmental Action DUAT land Usage Rights - direito de uso e aproveitamento dos terras EA Environmental Assessments EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan ENRM Environment and Natural Resources Management. EPDA Environmental pre-feasibility study and definition of scope “Estudo de Pré-Viabilidade Ambiental e Definição do Âmbito)” ESIA Environmental and social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESSF Environmental and Social Screening Form FANTA Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance III Project FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FDA Agricultural Development Fund FFS Farmer Field School FO Farmer Organisation FPIC free, prior and informed consent FSP Financial service providers GBV Gender Based Violence GDP Gross Domestic Product GoM Government of Mozambique GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism GS Guidance Statement HIV Human Immune Deficiency Syndrome Virus

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ICT Information and Communication Technology. IEC Information, Education and Communication. IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IIAM National Institute of Agriculture Research - Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique INE National Institute of Statistics INIR National Institute of Irrigation - Instituto Nacional de Irrigação INJ National Institute of Youth - Instituto Nacional da Juventude. IPC Integrated Food Security Phase Classification. IPMP Integrated Pest Management Plan M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MASA Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security - Ministério da Agricultura e Segurança Alimentar. MGCAS Ministry of Gender, Child and Social Action - Ministério do Género, Criança e Acção. MICOA Ministério para a Coordenação da Acção Ambiental MISAU Ministry of Health (Ministério da Saúde. MITADER Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development - Ministério da Terra, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Rural MJD Ministry of Youth and Sports - Ministério da Juventude e Desportos. MOPHRH Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Water Resources - Ministério das Obras Públicas, Habitação e Recursos Hídricos MSE Micro and Small enterprise NAPA National Action Plan to Adopt Climate Change NEC National Environmental Commission NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NRM Natural Resources Management NRM Natural Resources Management. NTFPs Non-Timber Forest Products O&M Operations and Maintaince PAP Project Affected People PCP Public Consultation Plan PCR Physical Cultural Resources PMP Pest Management Plan PMU Project Management Unit PNDS National Sustainable Development Program POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants. PPE Personal Protective Equipment PROCAVA Inclusive Agri-food Value-chains Development Programme ( PROSUL Value Chain Development Project in the Maputo and Limpopo Corridors “Projecto de Desenvolvimento de Cadeias de Valor nos Corredores do Maputo e Limpopo”. RAF Resettlement Action Framework RAP Resettlement Action Plan RB-COSOPs Results-Based Country Strategic Opportunities Programmes. REFP Rural Enterprise Financing Project RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SDAE District Services for Economic Activities SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SECAP Social, Environmental and Climate Assessment Procedures

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SESIA Simplified Environmental and Social Impact Assessment SOPs Standard Operation Procedures UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. USAID United States Agency for International Development VLD Voluntary Land Donation WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization WUA Water User Association

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction The Government of Mozambique (GoM) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) are currently designing the Inclusive Agri-food Value-chains Development Programme (PROCAVA), under the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MASA). PROCAVA will be a nationwide programme and its activities will cover a total of 75 districts in the ten provinces. Its focus will be on addressing the factors identified as limiting the effective functioning of the following value chains: a) selected horticulture commodities under irrigation; b) red meat (cattle and goats/sheep); c) poultry; d) cassava; and e) legumes (beans, cowpea and soybean). PROCAVA will thus support a range of sub-projects, to be identified by potential beneficiaries that will address the constraints identified in the selected values chains. The total cost for the proposed Program activities under PROCAVA will be approximately US$120 million, including additional financing.

PROCAVA’s development objective will be achieved through the effective implementation of three components: a) Production and Productivity Improvement; b) Strategic Market-Related Investments; and c) Institutional and Policy Strengthening and Implementation Support.

Component 1: Production and Productivity Improvement – This component aims at contributing to improve the levels of sustainable production and productivity of the target commodities. Proposed interventions will seek to address some of the identified constraints to increased productivity and production of the target value chains and the associated market linkages. This component will be achieved through implementation of three subcomponents. o Subcomponent 1.1: Production and Productivity Improvement of Selected Crops – This subcomponent will focus on horticulture, cassava and legumes. The objective of the subcomponent will be achieved through promotion of climate smart technologies and practices, ensuring timely access to appropriate agriculture inputs, mechanisation of some farm operations and capacity building of extension agents. The planned activities under this sub-component include Horticulture, Cassava and Legumes production. o Subcomponent 1.2: Production and Productivity Improvement of Selected Livestock – Interventions under this subcomponent will seek to improve productivity of the target livestock through, genetic improvement of livestock breeds, pen-fattening of cattle and goats/sheep, poultry rearing and capacity building of animal health agents. x Subcomponent 1.3: Production Related Infrastructure – The objective of this subcomponent is to avail the appropriate infrastructure to support the effectiveness of the interventions under subcomponents 1.1 and 1.2. Planned interventions include, irrigation-related infrastructure; climate-resilient rural access roads; energy-related infrastructure; shade cloth production structures; and different livestock infrastructure.

Page | x include supporting rural infrastructure investments that can add value at the location, upgrade performance of enterprises and support associated agricultural producers to become competitive, environmentally and profitably sustainable. This will be achieved through implementation of two subcomponents. x Subcomponent 2.1: Market-Related Climate Resilient Infrastructure – The emphasis of interventions under this subcomponent will be on those infrastructures that will facilitate preservation, storage, aggregation, marketing outlets, and other marketing aspects. The interventions will include public markets, processing facilities and animal fattening centres. x Subcomponent 2.2: Market Linkage Investments – This subcomponent will seek to improve linkages of farmers to different stakeholders (produce/product buyers or input suppliers) of the targeted commodity value chains by establishing more efficient processing and marketing systems for target commodities. Targeted activities will include the establishment of value chain platforms to link all actors in the value chain and exchange market information.

Component 3: Institutional and Policy Strengthening and Implementation Support – This will be a cross-cutting component servicing the technical components and facilitating the pathways for the effective functioning of the target value chains. The component comprises three subcomponents. x Subcomponent 3.1: Inclusive Institutions Development – The focus of this subcomponent will be to strengthen the capacity of the institutions (public and private sector/farmer-owned) that will be responsible for overseeing and/or implementing the different PROCAVA interventions. x Subcomponent 3.2: Policy Support and Development – Interventions under this Subcomponent will facilitate the development and/or review and update policies and strategies of selected subsectors for their effective and structured development. x Subcomponent 3.3: Programme Coordination and Implementation Support Services – The objective of this subcomponent will be to manage PROCAVA in an efficient and effective manner by providing overall coordination, including planning and implementation, financial management and control, procurement support, monitoring and evaluation, knowledge management, and progress reporting.

PROCAVA will target a total of 180,500 households (902,500 beneficiaries); 50% of that target will be women and 30% youth. The quotas for women and youth are based on national demographics and poverty lines for the two categories as well as lessons learned from PROSUL. PROCAVA's primary target group will be smallholder farmers comprising the poor, vulnerable and disadvantaged rural households involved in the selected value chains. This group will be principally made up of: a) smallholder farmers (subsistence and semi-subsistence); b) micro-entrepreneurs; c) emerging farmers (when poor smallholders can also benefit); and d) farmer and rural people's organizations. PROCAVA will further pay particular attention to women heading households while ensuring that women in men headed households are not left out.

Objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Framework This ESMF has been prepared because the location and design of the Program activities and sub-projects, and the magnitude of their impacts are not precisely known at project

Page | xi appraisal stage, although the types of potential Program activities that could take place have been defined. The principal aim of this ESMF is to provide a framework for addressing all environmental and social safeguards issues in PROCAVA activities and sub-projects from screening, preparation, through review and approval, to implementation.

The Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is the main decision- making Environmental and Social Safeguards guiding instrument for the project and will be adopted for the various sub-projects or supported with site specific Environmental Assessments (EAs) or Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs) as the site-specific program and project implementation instruments. It is a dynamic instrument that will be reviewed and updated during the course of the project, whenever it is deemed necessary, to include lessons learned and new information relevant for the environmental and social management of the project.

Overview of the Legal Framework A policy and legal review of Mozambique legislation established that the agricultural systems are supported by a host of laws and regulations for the protection of the environment, for improved quality of life of its citizens. The key laws and statutes that support environmental and social management include the following: a) Environmental law, (no.20/97) b) The Land Law (Lei no 19/97) c) The Forestry and Wildlife Act, (Diploma Legislativo no. 2642 de 20 de Setembro de 1965) d) Law on the Protection of Cultural Heritage, (Lei no. 10/88 de 22 de Dezembro de 1988) e) Labour Law, (Law Number 23/2007) f) Protection of Workers with HIV/AIDS Law, (Law Number 5 of 2002) g) Water Law, (Lei no. 16/91 de 3 de Agosto de 1991) h) Social Services Law, (Law no. 4/2007, of 7 February),

The key Regulations that support the key laws and statutes include the following: a) Environmental Regulations - i. Decree 2003-32 Regulation on the Environmental Audit Process ii. Decree 2004-18 Regulation on the Environmental Quality and Effluent Emission Standards iii. Decree 2004-45 Regulation on the Environmental Impact Assessment Process. iv. Decree 2006-11 Regulation on the Environmental Inspection v. Decree 2006-13 Regulation on Waste Management vi. Decree 2006-25 Regulation for the Control of Invasive Alien Species vii. Decree no. 2006-45 Regulation for the Prevention of Pollution and Marine and Coastal Environmental Protection (Decree no. 45/2006, dated November 30) b) Agriculture Regulations - Decree nr. 6/2009 dated 31st March Regulation on Pesticides c) Water Regulations - Regulation regarding water licensing and concessions (Decree no. 43/2007 dated October 30)

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d) Land Law Regulations - Regulation of the Land Law (Decree no. 66/1998, dated December 8) e) Forests and Wildlife Regulations - Enabling Regulation of the Forests and Wildlife Law (Decree no. 12/2002, dated June 6) f) Archaeological Regulations - Enabling Regulation for the Protection of Archaeological Assets (Decree no. 27/94, dated July 15)

Among them the Environment Law (No. 20 of 1997) establishes the Department of Environment of the Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development (MITADER), as the lead agency in environmental protection. The Department in turn has established Environmental Units at Provincial and District levels to further institutionalize its functions nationwide. It has also given some line Ministries the responsibilities of protecting the environment in the course of their duties. Such ministries include the Agriculture ministry in terms of Pesticide management, Water Ministry in terms of water Pollution control and the Forest Ministry in terms of Forests and Wildlife management. On the other hand, the IFAD’s Social Environmental and Climate Assessment Procedures require some measures to be taken to protect the physical environment from all forms of degradation and to prevent any potential social impacts.

The main environment and social aspects which will need particular attention with regard to PROCAVA intended interventions are guided by the following SECAP’s guidance statements: x Guidance statement 1 – Biodiversity x Guidance statement 2 – Agrochemicals x Guidance statement 3 – Energy x Guidance statement 4 – Fisheries and aquaculture x Guidance statement 5 – Forest resources x Guidance statement 6 – Rangeland-based livestock production x Guidance statement 7 – Water (agricultural and domestic use) x Guidance statement 8 – Dams, their safety and SECAP x Guidance statement 9 – Physical cultural resources x Guidance statement 10 – Rural roads x Guidance statement 11 – Development of value chains, microenterprises and small enterprises x Guidance statement 12 – Rural finance (under revision) x Guidance statement 13 – Physical and economic resettlement (under revision) x Guidance statement 14 – Community health

Program Setting PROCAVA will have national coverage and will be implemented in all ten provinces of the country, and Maputo city. Within these provinces, 75 Districts have been selected through a consultative process using the following criteria: a) potential for reducing rural poverty; b) potential for promoting agribusiness value chain development; c) impact on food security and nutrition; d) rural infrastructures; e) potential for addressing climate change issues; and f) impact on gender equality and youth integration.

The 2017 national population census estimated the total country population at 28,861,863 with annual growth rate of 2.9% and a life expectancy of 51.8 years. Of the total population, 51% were women, whilst the productive age (15-64 years) was 51.1%.

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Literacy rate for male is more (73.3%) compared to that of women (45.4%). An estimated 45% of deaths among children under-five is linked to chronic malnutrition.

PROCAVA is being introduced at a time when the country’s economy is plunging despite recording remarkable growth between 2013 and 2015. The project also happens in a country marked by considerable imbalances in terms of access to development processes and benefits among its citizens and regions, a phenomenon that even during the period of growth could not be addressed. The country ranks 181 out of 187 countries in the Human Development Index with more than 70% of the total population living in abject poverty.

Environmental and Social Category and Safeguards Capacity The Programme's Environmental and Social categorisation is “A”. This Categorisation was arrived at using the IFAD’s SECAP, where” irrigation schemes having areas greater than 100ha. fall into Category A. Moreover, where a number of sub-projects are involved, IFAD categorisation for the Project is based on those sub-projects having the highest risk level: in this case nine large irrigation schemes have been identified for rehabilitation, and are above 100ha each. However, the National regulations stipulate that the limit for Category “A” is 350ha and they do not categorise the whole project but individual sub- projects.

The nine (9) irrigation schemes that are going to be developed and/or rehabilitated, are likely to pose significant or adverse environmental and social impacts and will require an ESIA, ESMPs and Monitoring Plans to be developed to mitigate risks associated with these category A schemes. Three of the large irrigation schemes were in PROSUL and will be taken over by PROCAVA. The required EIA of one of the projects is already underway and those for the other two will be commencing soon and PROCAVA will simply adopt the EIAs.

The rest of the proposed programme interventions in PROCAVA will fall under category “B” and are expected to pose medium risks to the environment and social system. These risks will be localised, manageable and/or reversible through recommended mitigation measures. Site specific ESMPs will be developed for schemes below 100 ha and other interventions as guided by IFAD's Social, Environmental and Climate Assessment Procedures (SECAP) guidelines and Mozambique's legislations and decrees. Thus, it is recommended that the rest of the sub-projects that will be screened and approved for funding under PROCAVA be of Category “B” so that costly EA work can be avoided

The proposed structure for the Project Management Unit (PMU) has a provision for an environmental and social safeguards specialist who will make sure that the project is

Page | xiv complying with all the safeguards issues. In addition, it is recommended to have a safeguards officer in each of the three Regional Offices (South, Centarl and North) and at the Niassa Provincial PMU Office. The safeguards team will be strengthened by incorporating the District Agricultural Officers, who will be trained in the requirements of the ESMF and then assist in its implementation in their Districts. Furthermore, Mozambique's national legislations and strategies provide a conducive environment to support the mitigation of potential risks.

Main Environmental and Social Impacts To ensure that the subprojects that will be implemented do not adversely impact on the environment an Exclusion List as part of the Environmental and Social Screening Process has been prepared. This serves to indicate the types of subprojects that are not eligible for funding under PROCAVA. These are: x Subprojects that require acquisition of land and physical or economic displacement of people. x Subprojects that block the access to or use of land, water points and other livelihood resources used by others x Subprojects that encroach onto fragile ecosystems, marginal lands or important natural habitats (e.g. ecologically-sensitive ecosystems, protected areas, natural habitat areas, forests and forest reserves, wetlands, national parks or game reserve, any other environmentally sensitive areas) x Subprojects that Impact on physical cultural resources of national or international importance and conservation value.

The table below summarises the main environmental and social impacts that may arise from PROCAVA’s intended interventions and activities PROCAVA:

PROJECT No. KEY POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS KEY POTENTIAL POSITIVE IMPACTS PHASE 1. Agro Facility x Removal of vegetation cover and x Relevant institutions are going to PLANNING Compaction of soil enhance their programme PHASE x Exposure of topsoil and possibility design, planning and for erosion implementation capacity for x Loss of biodiversity and habitat various agricultural activities; changes. x Some employment for local x Disturbances of wildlife people; x Failure of relevant stakeholders to x High motivation and hope toward take up ownership of the project development x Anxiety and anticipation and limited cooperation among stakeholders x Suspicion and hence concealing important information x Conflict within communities

2. DEVELOPMENT x Impacts on water quality, x Improved aesthetics PHASE: -Agro x Waste management x Creation of employment facility x Soil and land degradation x Income to material suppliers construction, x Dust, x Improvement in livelihoods and including x Noise, local economies irrigation x Occupational health and safety x Enhancement of livelihoods of schemes, (OHS) risks, communities mechanization, x Public safety from civil works x Raising of income levels etc. (construction traffic, etc.), x Improvement of productivity and x Spillage of oil/lubricant wastes and lifestyles Construction debris/waste.

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PROJECT No. KEY POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS KEY POTENTIAL POSITIVE IMPACTS PHASE x Spread of diseases. (SECAP Review Note) x Breaking of social fabric

3. Agro Facility x Water resources depletion (e.g. over x Improved aesthetics OPERATION abstraction of water for irrigation) x Income levels for suppliers and PHASE x Pollution of water sources and soil contractors raised. due to agro-chemical inputs, i.e. x Creation of more long-term jobs fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides x Enhancement of livelihoods of application. communities x OHS risks to farmers during the on- farm production works. x Raising of income levels x Health risks to communities due to x Improvement of productivity and contamination from agrochemicals lifestyles. x Land degradation x Loss of fragile ecosystems (e.g. x Food and nutritional security wetlands) x Use of evolved agricultural practices

x Maintaining the livelihood of the poor x Diversification of productivity possible

Proposed Mitigation The potential impacts were analysed and mitigation measures /or environmental and social management plans for the identified potential impacts were proposed. Typical mitigation/management measures for these impacts include: x Disturbance of the natural environment to be limited to project areas and wildlife disturbance to be avoided as much as possible. x Stake holder consultations to be done in such a way that all project affected persons are involved and participate effectively. x Water resources to be protected from all potential forms of pollution that may emanate from PROCAVA activities such as;

No. Potential form of pollution Possible mitigation measure

1. Sedimentation of reservoirs x instituting Catchment management approaches, from erosive activities x Avoiding overgrazing of rangelands x Instituting rangeland management, x Avoiding unnecessary clearing of vegetation and deforestation,

2. Chemical pollution from x Proper application of fertilizer including split Fertilisers use application, x Avoiding application of fertilizer just before a storm, x Applying just the right quantities to avoid wash- aways,

3. Pollution from Herbicides x Applying the right quantities of herbicides, application x Avoiding application of fertilizer just before a storm, x Avoiding spillages of chemicals.

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4. Discharge of untreated waste x Proper handling of effluents from abattoirs, cassava from processing plants processing plants, Cattle fattening sites etc. x Construction of waste handling facilities like

x All agro-chemicals must be stored appropriately in accordance with their characteristics preferably in a separate chemical store room. x Beneficiaries are trained for proper use and handling of agro-chemicals.; x Capacity building programs are in place to assist extension officers and relevant local and national authorities in order to promote sustainable environmental measures; x Integrated management plans are promoted as a guarantee for efficient and sustainable use of natural resources along and across the value chain projects, including the protection of fragile ecosystems (e.g. wetlands); x Social integration is promoted as a way to mainstream gender equality and youth engagement. x Occupational health and safety (OHS) issues to be handled in such a way that there will be minimal incidences, spread of diseases and increased general Public safety from civil works (construction traffic, etc.),

Public Consultation and Grievance Redress Mechanism The PMU will have the responsibility to effectively engage stakeholders in achieving the project objectives for the benefit of all. The ESMF outlines a public consultation plan (PCP) which describes the objectives of the PCP, the key stakeholders, information disclosure and consultation means, grievance redress mechanism, feedback and monitoring.

As part of the continuous consultation process, a grievance redress mechanism has been developed. The grievance redress mechanism (GRM) will be a system by which queries or clarifications about the project will be responded to, problems with implementation will be resolved, and complaints and grievances will be addressed efficiently and effectively. The GRM will mainly serve the purpose of responding to the needs of beneficiaries and addressing and resolving their grievances.

Environmental and Social Monitoring In addition to monitoring the implementation of mitigation measures proposed to address environmental and social impacts during all the phases of PROCAVA, the overall performance and effectiveness of the Program can be assessed through monitoring the following indicators: x Hectarage of vegetation clearance; x Incidences of work-related illnesses at construction sites or project areas. x Incidences of work-related injuries at sites x Number of pit latrines for excreta disposal for workers; x Number of agro- infrastructure rehabilitated; x Number of direct beneficiaries; x Quality of construction materials for the agricultural infrastructure; x Quality of water discharged from the establishments; x Number of employment opportunities for locals; x Number of new employees engaged by the project;

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x Ratio of men to women employed by the project (ensure equity in the recruitment processes); x Percentage of youth engaged in the projects; x Number of safeguards training courses conducted for all staff including extension officers; x Number of safeguards training courses conducted for beneficiaries; x Ratio of men to women trained (ensure equity in the training processes); x Implementation of the public consultation plan; x Institution of planned maintenance of machines and infrastructure; x Number of climate smart technologies adopted; x Area of degraded land restored; x Area of land under climate smart agriculture; x quantity of pesticides and fertilizer used; x Water and soil conservation structures established; x Climate change coping mechanisms, and adaptation strategies employed.

Training and Capacity Building Currently there is limited capacity within the MASA or FDA to implement environmental and social requirements necessary to manage the potential environmental and social risks and impacts resulting from the activities of PROCAVA. However, PROCAVA must employ a Safeguards Officer in each of the three Regional Offices (South, Centarl and North) ant at the Niassa Provincial PMU Office, who will assist in the implementation of the ESMF, train Agricultural Officers and collaborate as much as is possible with the Environmental Officers in MITADER in terms of Environmental compliance. Further, the ESMF recommends various trainings in order to build capacity within the PMU and MASA in general, to manage environmental and social risks. This includes training in environmental and social risks of PROCAVA, environmental and social impact assessment, pest management, water and crop management, pesticide management, operation and maintenance, gender mainstreaming and social inclusion hygiene and sanitation, HIV/AIDS awareness and agro- facility management. Total training costs are estimated at approximately US$ 403,600.00.

ESMF Budget The estimated cost for the implementation of the ESMF, which covers technical assistance, site specific ESIAs and ESMPs, mitigation measures, monitoring, training and audits is US$ 2,981,400.00.

However, it must be noted that ESIAs and ESMPs will be prepared for all sub-projects, and these provide cost estimates for the implementation of specific mitigation and management measures for those sub-projects.

Guidelines for Sub-project Screening, Appraisal, Approval and Implementation Environmental and social screening will be conducted on all the sub-projects that will be selected for implementation under PROCAVA. The PMU and DPTADER will be responsible for conducting the environmental and social screening, so as to avoid or minimize adverse environmental and social impacts. They will use the ESSF together with information on typical sub-project impacts and mitigation measures in the environmental and social management plans. The main objective of the ESSF is to determine if the sub-project will require any special planning reports such as ESIA,

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ESMP, IPMP, etc. to be developed and implemented. These will require extra resources to prepare and this may require amendments to the sub-project design. The ESMF also provides guidelines for conducting annual reviews and preparing annual reports.

Conclusion In general the preparation of the ESMF consisted of the following aspects: (i) establishment of baseline socio-environmental conditions, (ii) review of policy, regulations, institutional framework, (iii) assessment of potential environmental impacts, (iv) assessment of potential social impacts (iv) analysis of alternatives, (v) assessment of capacity building requirements (vi) preparation of the environmental mitigation plan and a monitoring plan and (vii) providing guidelines for preparation, appraisal, approval and implementation of sub-projects. Thus, the ESMF ensures that the substantive concerns of the relevant IFAD SECAP and the Mozambique legislation will be taken into account during the implementation of the selected agricultural activities.

Recommendations Because of the shire size of the country, the ESMF recommends that besides the PMU based safeguards Officer, the project must engage a Safeguards Officer in each of the three Regional Offices (South, Centarl and North) ant at the Niassa Provincial PMU Office. The safeguards Officer will be responsible for coordinating all the work in his Provinces and districts in conjunction with the district agriculture officers and district environment officers.

It is also recommended that the Department of Environment at MITADER and other relevant line ministries should carry out monitoring activities to ensure that the prescribed mitigation measures are being implemented.

The ESMF further recommends that the proposals made herein (and those made in the IPMP) must be implemented adequately to mitigate the consequential environmental and social impacts of the project activities; and to enhance the positive attributes.

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The Government of Mozambique and IFAD are currently designing the Inclusive Agri- food Value-chains Development Programme (PROCAVA), under the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MASA). PROCAVA will be a nationwide programme and its activities will cover a total of 75 districts. Its focus will be on addressing the factors identified as limiting the effective functioning of the following value chains: a) selected horticulture commodities under irrigation; b) red meat (cattle and goats/sheep); c) poultry; d) cassava; and e) legumes.PROCAVA will build on the experience that was gained in implementing the PROSUL programme and will support a range of sub-projects, to be identified by potential beneficiaries that will address the selected value chains.

The Inclusive Agri-food Value-chains Development Programme (PROCAVA), comprises three components as follows:(i) C1 - Production and Productivity Improvement, (ii) C2 – Strategic Market-Related Investments and (iii) C3 – Institutional and Policy Strengthening and Implementation Support. (See Chapter 2). Components C1 and C2 are comprised of agricultural activities which have a bearing on physical and social environments. Types and magnitude of impacts is fairly known, however, the exact sites and scale of some of the value chain interventions and sub projects are yet to be clearly identified. Hence the preparation of this ESMF, to establish principles, guidelines and procedures to comprehensively assess risks (environment, climate and social) and impacts associated with the project and its sub projects.

1.2 PURPOSE OF THE ESMF

The ESMF will be used by PROCAVA in order to ensure that all environmental and social safeguards are adequately addressed and that the relevant capacity building and training needs are established in order for the recommended measures to be implemented effectively. The main purpose of the ESMF is to: Establish clear procedures and methodologies for the environmental and social assessment, review, approval and implementation of investments to be financed under PROCAVA; Specify appropriate roles and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting procedures, for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns related to project investments; Determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMF; Establish the project funding needed to implement the ESMF requirements; Provide practical information resources for implementing the ESMF.

The ESMF provides a guide for the integration of environmental and social considerations into the planning and implementation of the proposed agriculture related project activities. It further provides a basis for environmental assessments of all sub-projects to be carried out under this proposed financing.

It focuses on the nature and extent of significant adverse environmental impacts that may result from any rehabilitating, up-scaling, replication and development of new agricultural activities. The ESMF also serves as a framework for screening environmental issues for Page | 1 all possible agricultural activities that will be undertaken. It establishes a unified process for addressing all environmental and social safeguards issues on sub-projects from preparation, through review and approval, to implementation.

The ESMF also describes a process that will ensure that the substantive concerns of the relevant IFAD’s SECAP and Mozambique legislation are addressed during the implementation of the selected agricultural activities.

1.3 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

The focus of the assignment was to highlight the potential environmental and social impacts for the planned future activities of the project, and recommend a management plan for addressing potential negative impacts and enhancing the benefits of the potentially positive ones. In order to achieve these targets, the basic tenet of the strategy involved high degree of consultations with the various stakeholders. The rationale of these extensive consultations was to take on board views from a cross section of people, at least from local level, district level, and central government level. The strategies of executing this assignment followed the five steps: (a) Review current conditions of the existing agricultural activities, and provide an assessment of their status and operation levels; (b) Review of typical implementation approach and processes for the proposed up-scaling and redevelopment activities within the smallholder agricultural sector; (c) Identification and analysis of potential environmental and social impacts the implementation processes will likely trigger and generate within and around the up-scaled agricultural activities; (d) Development of a screening process for negative impacts for proposed project sites and project activities; (e) Identification of appropriate mitigation measures for the predicted impacts and compilation of a management plan for addressing environmental and social impacts during implementation, operation and maintenance of the project activities.

The ESMF study was conducted on the premise that key project activities will entail among other issues; (i) renovation/refurbishment of agricultural facilities, ii) rehabilitation of existing irrigation schemes (iii) supply, installation and commissioning of agricultural equipment and machinery and activities aimed at intensifying the production and productivity of the various value chains. The study was then prepared in accordance with applicable IFAD’s SECAP and policy documents and Mozambique environmental impact assessment guidelines. The distinct phases of the study include: • Data Gathering; • Literature review; • Reconnaissance Surveys and visits to potential sub-projects sites; • Characterization of the baseline conditions; • Identification of potential impacts; • Identification of impact mitigation measures; • Preparation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan; and • Preparation of sub-project guidelines

The consultant assembled and evaluated relevant baseline data related to the physical, biological and socio-cultural environment of the country through a number of research

Page | 2 methods, which include field surveys, and investigations, stakeholder consultations, review of related literature from published and unpublished documents:

(i) Field surveys. The consultants undertook site investigations and field surveys to selected districts between 18 November and 5 December 2018. The consultants, with the support from the PROSUL Project Management Team selected and visited a representative sample ( ̴20% of the Total number of participating Districts) of the potential sub-project sites (including some existing projects which were used as examples) in various districts in Gaza, Nampula, Sofala and Manica Provinces. The field surveys enabled the consultants to identify the environmental setting of the agricultural activities, identify some of the existing physical conditions and gaps within the programmes. In addition, the site visits allowed consultations with district agricultural officers, ground level staff such as the agricultural extension staff and project beneficiaries on their feelings of the current problems, as well as the potential impacts of the proposed up-scaling and subsequent operations.

(ii) Stakeholder consultations. A series of stakeholder consultations were conducted throughout the study period. Appendix 6 is a list of the stakeholders who were consulted. Some of the consultations were round table discussions and/ or focus group discussions. A questionnaire was also administered during the consultations. The following stakeholders were consulted: x Officials in the relevant Government Ministries: o Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security - Ministério da Agricultura e Segurança Alimentar (MASA); o Ministry of Gender, Child and Social Action - Ministério do Género, Criança e Acção (MGCAS); o Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development - Ministério da Terra, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Rural (MITADER); o Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Water Resources - Ministério das Obras Públicas, Habitação e Recursos Hídricos (MOPHRH) o Ministry of Youth and Sports - Ministério da Juventude e Desportos (MJD) x Agriculture Provincial Staff x Agriculture District Staff. x Potential programme beneficiaries o farmer groups, o farmer associations, o smallholder farmers, x The NGO community

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1.4 FORMAT OF THE REPORT

This framework is organized in nine chapters: - Chapter One provides background information to the proposed Inclusive Agri-food Value-chains Development Programme (PROCAVA). It outlines the objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Framework, and the approach and methodology that was taken in developing the framework;

Chapter two provides an overview of the project description such as the justification for the proposed programme in Mozambique, aim and objectives of the programme, the major components of the programme, proposed impact areas, its current status and estimated costs;

Chapter three describes Mozambique’s relevant policies, laws and institutional set up which regulate and manage resource utilization, protection of sensitive areas including aquatic and land ecosystems, land use control and protection of endangered species. It then explains in general terms the institutional set up which supports the regulatory framework;

Chapter four provides an overview of baseline information of Mozambique’s key environmental resources such as land resources, water resources and biological resources;

Chapter five outlines the nature and scopes of the proposed activities under the proposed programme, the environmental components likely to be affected by the programme activities, the nature and potential sources of the main environmental and social impacts in the implementation and operation of the programme activities;

Chapter six provides an analysis of alternatives, by first defining alternatives for sub- project characteristics that will make them more environmentally friendly and then comparing the four possible implementation scenarios of implementing a large-scale programme, small-scale mechanised, small-scale non-mechanised and not implementing a programme at all;

Chapter Seven describes the process for ensuring that environmental and social potential impacts are adequately addressed through the institutional arrangements and procedures used by PROCAVA for managing the identification, preparation, approval and implementation of sub-projects. It also provides a step by step screening process for sites for future sub-projects;

Chapter Eight outlines the typical environmental management plan for the impacts to be integrated into the agriculture related programme activities. The plan includes responsible authorities for collaboration in the implementation of the mitigation measures. The chapter includes recommendations of appropriate monitoring activities by different stakeholders at local level, district level and national level to ensure compliance to mitigation measures;

Chapter Nine outlines the Public Consultation process and the grievance redress mechanism.

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Chapter Ten outlines the monitoring plan. The lead implementing agency (FDA /MASA) with the help of relevant authorities must monitor the environmental effects of project implementation and the success of mitigation measures. This should be done by an independent team of experts drawn from all spheres of the environment that may be affected;

Chapter Eleven describes the relevant environmental and social training and capacity building measures for stakeholders at all levels to adequately participate in the implementation. The chapter includes specific training activities for the stakeholders and the cost estimates to facilitate the training programme.

It also describes the implementation plan by providing information on the proposed implementation arrangements, particularly at the sub-project level where all the activities will take place. The chapter also gives a summary of the costs required for training and the sources of funding for the other programme activities;

Chapter Twelve Consolidates the funding requirements of all the activities necessary for the implementation of this ESMF.

Chapter Thirteen, gives the conclusions / recommendations, highlighting the issues of significance, during the design or implementation of the sub-projects

Appendices Eight appendices are then attached at the end of the report covering (i) the environmental and social screening form; (ii) Environmental and social field appraisal form; (iii) Guidelines for annual reviews; (iv) Guidelines for annual report; (v) Summary of IFAD’s SECAP and relevant Policies; (vi) Proof of Public Consultation; (vii) Guidelines for the development of ESMPs; (viii) PROCAVA Grievance Redress Mechanism.

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2 THE INCLUSIVE AGRI-FOOD VALUE-CHAINS DEVELOPMENT PRAGRAMME

(PROCAVA)

2.1 PROGRAMME GOAL AND OBJECTIVE

The goal of the programme is to ‘Contribute to Poverty Reduction, Improved Food and Nutrition Security and Resilient Livelihoods for Inclusive Rural Transformation’. The Development Objective is to ‘Increase Net Incomes from Climate-Resilient Agri-Food Value Chains by Rural Women, Men and Youth’.

To Contribute to Poverty Reduction, Improved Food and Goal Nutrition Security and Resilient Livelihoods for Inclusive Rural Transformation

To Increase Net-Income from Climate-Resilient Agri-food Value Chains by Rural Women, Men and Youth Development Objective

1. Production and 2. Strategic Market 3. Institutional and Policy Productivity Related Investments (US$ Strengthening and Programme Improvement (US$?? M) ?? M) Management (US$?? M) Components/ 3.1 Inclusive Institutions Development (US$??M) Outcomes 1.1. Production and Productivity 2.1. Market-Related Climate • Access to water and land tenure security (for production and Improvement of Selected Crops (US$??M) processing) using sustainable management practices. Resilient Infrastructure (US$ ?? M) • Strengthen farmer institutions: Farmer Organizations, and • FFS • Crop Market infrastructures: Service other value chain actors/stakeholders on various technical • Promotion of climate smart technologies Hub Centers/Agricultural Markets/cold aspects; • Access to agriculture inputs: Seed multiplication rooms/warehouses. cold rooms/ • Strengthen early warning systems through climate and • Mechanisation of farm operations slaughterhouses/slaughter-slabs); weather • Capacity building of extension agents, • Livestock marketing infrastructure – • Capacity building on business skills to engage within the 1.2: Production and Productivity cattle fairs, abattoirs, butcheries (??) value chain on a fair, efficient and equitable basis; Improvement of Selected Livestock • Transport related infrastructure; • Improving knowledge on nutrition among smallholder farmers, Main Activities (US$??M) their households and other value chain stakeholders; and • Sustainable natural resource management 2.2 Market Linkage Investments • GALS training /Outputs • Genetic improvement –AI, embryos, improved (US$??M) 3.2 Policy Support and Development (US$??M) stock • Promoting dialogue/brokering linkages • Develop youth strategy • Livestock value addition – fattening etc. • Small-scale Agro-processing • Meat grading + marketing regulations • Capacity building of extension agents, animal development using green low carbon • development and promotion of guidelines to enhance climate health agents, livestock promoters technologies smart and sustainable water management in the sub-projects; 1.3 Production-Related Infrastructure • Promoting and Strengthening service • contribute to the development of the climate adaptation and (US$??M) hub centers and local service providers mitigation in agriculture decree; • Irrigation development; • Strengthening livestock input suppliers • climate and market information dissemination strategy; • Multi purpose water infrastructure development at the local level • dissemination of relevant existing policies and regulations; • Livestock Management Infrastructure – Crush • Capacity building of other value chain • contribute to the development of the following: i) animal pens, dip tanks, fattening centers, genetic actors/stakeholders level commercialization and transport regulation; and ii) animal improvement centers.; health, plant disease and pest regulation; • Support to district and Provincial coordination platforms to facilitate stakeholder contribution to policy formulation.

Inputs Programme Management

Total Funding: US$ 100 Million Î IFAD Grant: US$ 70 Million; GoM: US$ 4 Million; Co-Financing: US$ 25 M Beneficiaries: US$ 1 Million

Figure 2-1 The PROCAVA Programme (IFAD, 2018)

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2.2 PROGRAMME COMPONENTS

PROCAVA’s development objective will be achieved through the effective implementation of three components: a) Component 1: Production and Productivity Improvement; b) Component 2: Strategic Market-Related Investments; and c) Component 3: Institutional and Policy Strengthening and Implementation Support.

Component 1: Production and Productivity Improvement – This component aims at contributing to improve the levels of sustainable production and productivity of the target commodities. Proposed interventions will seek to address some of the identified constraints to increased productivity and production of the target value chains and the associated market linkages. Strengthening climate resilience and enhancing sustainable natural resource management and environmental sustainability through promotion of appropriate technologies and best practices will be an integral part of this component. This component will be achieved through implementation of three subcomponents. x Subcomponent 1.1: Production and Productivity Improvement of Selected Crops – This subcomponent will focus on horticulture, cassava and legumes. The objective of the subcomponent will be achieved through promotion of climate smart technologies and practices, ensuring timely access to appropriate agriculture inputs, mechanisation of some farm operations and capacity building of extension agents to facilitate timely provision of good extension messages to the target group and to contribute to sustainability beyond the life of the programme. The planned activities unde this sub-component include the following: o Horticulture – Planned activities for this value chain will focus on improving the sustainable production and productivity of the selected horticultural crops through: strengthening of the seed development system; increased cropping intensity in targeted irrigation schemes; promotion and increased adoption of improved and/or drought resistant varieties; increased capacitation of farmer organizations, extension agents and service providers in the value chain; and the promotion of and increased uptake of climate smart and/or climate resilient technologies and practices, harvest and post- harvest technologies.

o Cassava – Interventions under the cassava value chain aim at shifting cassava from being a subsistence crop to a cash crop. The focus of the interventions will be on: access to improved seeds of improved varieties; provision of start-up kits; access to small-scale mechanisation; Farmer Field Schools; and support to extension staff. Specific activities will include:

- Access to Improved Varieties of Seed

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- Seed Multiplication - Provision of Start-up Kits - Access to Small-Scale Mechanisation - Farmer Field Schools

x Subcomponent 1.2: Production and Productivity Improvement of Selected Livestock – Interventions under this subcomponent will seek to improve productivity of the target livestock through:

- Genetic Improvement for Cattle - Genetic Improvement for Goats/Sheep - Genetic Improvement for Poultry – - Selection of Animals for Breeding – - Livestock Value Addition – o Pen-fattening of Cattle and Goats/Sheep – o Poultry Rearing – o Capacity Building of Animal Health Agents –

x Subcomponent 1.3: Production Related Infrastructure – The objective of this subcomponent is to avail the appropriate infrastructure to support the effectiveness of the interventions under subcomponents 1.1 and 1.2. Planned interventions include: o irrigation-related infrastructure; o climate-resilient rural access roads; o energy-related infrastructure; o solar-powered drip irrigation kits; o shade cloth production structures; and o different livestock infrastructure.

Component 2: Strategic Market-Related Investments – The objective of this component is to ensure that increased commodity production as a result of Component 1 interventions is linked to organised marketing channels. Planned interventions will focus on addressing constraints faced by relevant actors operating within target value chains. This will include supporting rural infrastructure investments that can add value at the location, upgrade performance of enterprises and support associated agricultural producers to become competitive, environmentally and profitably sustainable. Infrastructure will be prioritized according to business plans and linkages along the value chain. This will be achieved through implementation of two subcomponents. x Subcomponent 2.1: Market-Related Climate Resilient Infrastructure – The emphasis of interventions under this subcomponent will be on those infrastructure that will facilitate preservation, storage, aggregation, marketing outlets, and other marketing aspects. The interventions will include;. o Access Infrastructure o Public Markets o Horticulture processing facilities o Cassava processing facilities o Legumes processing facilities o Slaughter houses and slaughter slabs Page | 5

o Cattle Fairs o Cattle Fattening Centres

x Subcomponent 2.2: Market Linkage Investments – This subcomponent will seek to improve linkages of farmers to different stakeholders (produce/product buyers or input suppliers) of the targeted commodity value chains by establishing more efficient processing and marketing systems for target commodities, thereby expanding economic activity and employment. Targeted activities will include: o Scoping Studies o Small-Scale Agro-Processing Development o Capacity Building of Value Chain Actors on Business Skills o Establishment of Value Chain Platforms to Link all Actors in the Value Chain and Exchange Market Information o Linkage to Markets for Nutritious Foods

Component 3: Institutional and Policy Strengthening and Implementation Support – This will be a cross-cutting component servicing the technical component and facilitating the pathways for the effective functioning of the target value chains. The component comprises three subcomponents. x Subcomponent 3.1: Inclusive Institutions Development – The focus of this subcomponent will be to strengthen the capacity of the institutions (public and private sector/farmer-owned) that will be responsible for overseeing and/or implementing the different PROCAVA interventions. Interventions under the subcomponent will focus on: o Capacity Building of Relevant Government Institutions o Land Tenure Security o Strengthening Farmer Organisations (FOs) o Development and Operationalisation of a Climate, Weather and Market Information System o Improving knowledge and awareness of nutrition and healthy dietary practices o Gender Action Learning Systems (GALS) Training

x Subcomponent 3.2: Policy Support and Development – Interventions under this Subcomponent will facilitate the development and/or review and update policies and strategies of selected subsectors for their effective and structured development. Planned interventions include: o Development of a Youth Strategy – o Dissemination of Existing Laws and Regulations – o Support for Review of Regulation on Cattle Registration and Branding – o Producers Associations (FAs) vs Water Users Associations – o Meat Grading and Marketing Regulations – o Contribute to the Development of the Climate Adaptation and Mitigation in Agriculture Decree – o Climate, Weather and Market Information Dissemination Strategy – o Cassava Fortification Policy Development –.

x Subcomponent 3.3: Programme Coordination and Implementation Support Services – The objective of the subcomponent will be to manage PROCAVA in an efficient and effective manner by providing overall coordination, including Page | 6

planning and implementation, financial management and control, procurement support, monitoring and evaluation, knowledge management, and progress reporting.

PROCAVA will be implemented in compliance with a number of IFAD’s corporate mainstreaming priorities, including mainstreaming themes. The Programme has been designed and informed by IFAD’s Climate Change Strategy, Environment and Natural Resources Management (NRM) Policy, Indigenous Peoples Policy, Gender and Targeting Policy, Land Policy. The Programme has also been designed in compliance with IFAD’s guidelines on SECAP. A SECAP review note was prepared and it identifies potential risks (environment, social and climate) and proposes relevant mitigation measures and monitoring protocols, in line with IFAD's SECAP guidelines and relevant Government of Mozambique's legislations and strategies.

The programme's Environmental and Social categorisation is “A” (See section 2.5). The programme poses adverse risks to the environment and social system, and it is expected that such risks will require to be mitigated and managed carefully and comprehensively. Mozambique's national legislations and strategies provide a conducive environment to support the mitigation of potential risks.

2.3 EXPECTED OUTCOMES

PROCAVA will, primarily, focus on addressing those key factors that have been identified as limiting the effective functioning of the five selected commodity value chains so as to unleash the existent economic surplus for the benefit of the participating stakeholders at different links of the chain. There are three expected outcomes: a) Productivity, Production and Quality of Targeted Value Chains Improved – PROCAVA is expected to increase the productivity and production of the five targeted value chains. Enhancement is expected to accrue from use of climate smart and resilient inputs and application of modern production practices and techniques. This outcome is expected to be assessed through two indicators: i) percentage of persons/households reporting an increase in productivity; and ii) percentage of persons/households reporting an increase in production. For both indicators, the end of Programme target is 75% based on the assumed 75% adoption rate and uptake of improved production techniques; b) Market Access and Performance of Targeted Value Chains Improved – Implementation of the PROCAVA interventions is expected to link the target beneficiaries’ increased production to different marketing channels and result into improved returns to the beneficiaries. This outcome will be assessed using two indicators: i) percentage of persons/households reporting improved physical access to markets, processing and storage facilities; and ii) percentage of rural producers’ organizations members reporting an increase in sales. For both of these indicators, the end of Programme target is 50%; and c) Institutional Capacity to Deliver Services Enhanced – PROCAVA is expected to enhance service delivery by both government institutions and farmers’ organizations as this is a key catalyst in the effective implementation and sustaining of the different interventions. This outcome will be assessed through one indicator on: percentage of supported rural producers’ organization members Page | 7

reporting new or improved services provided by their organizations. It is expected that at least 75% of these members will be accessing improved service delivery by the end of Programme implementation.

2.4 GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF INTERVENTION

Figure 2-2 National Coverage of PROCAVA (Adopted from PROSUL).

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PROCAVA will have national coverage and will be implemented in all ten provinces of the country, and Maputo city. Within these provinces, 75 Districts have been selected through a consultative process using the following criteria: a) potential for reducing rural poverty; b) potential for promoting agribusiness value chain development; c) impact on food security and nutrition; d) rural infrastructures; e) potential for addressing climate change issues; and f) impact on gender equality and youth integration.

2.5 TARGET GROUPS

In order to reach the intended beneficiaries and mitigate against elite capture, PROCAVA will use selected targeting mechanism including direct targeting and self-targeting, supported by empowering and enabling measures.

2.6 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL CATEGORY

The Project's Environmental and Social categorisation is “A”. This Categorisation was arrived at using the IFAD’s SECAP, where” irrigation schemes having areas greater than 100ha. fall into Category A. Moreover, where a number of sub-projects are involved, IFAD categorisation for the Project is based on those sub-projects having the highest risk level: in this case nine large irrigation schemes have been identified for rehabilitation, and are above 100ha each. However, the National regulations stipulate that the limit for Category “A” is 350ha and they do not categorise the whole project but individual sub-projects.

The rest of the proposed programme interventions in PROCAVA will fall under category “B” and are expected to pose medium risks to the environment and social system. These risks will be localised, manageable and/or reversible through recommended mitigation measures. Furthermore, Mozambique's national legislations and strategies provide a conducive environment to support the mitigation of potential risks. Site specific ESMPs will be developed for schemes below 100 ha and other interventions as guided by IFAD's Social, Environmental and Climate Assessment Procedures (SECAP) guidelines and Mozambique's legislations and decrees. Thus, it is recommended that the rest of the

Page | 9 sub-projects that will be screened and approved for funding under PROCAVA be of Category “B” so that costly EA work can be avoided.

Given that the exact sites of some of the programme interventions are yet to be clearly identified, the elaboration of an ESMF was recommended to establish principles, guidelines and procedures to comprehensively assess risks (environment, climate and social) and impacts associated with PROCAVA.

2.7 CLIMATE RISK CLASSIFICATION

The Programme's climate risk classification is high. Mozambique is highly vulnerable to extreme weather events and climate change. Extreme weather events (e.g. floods, drought, and cyclones) are likely to continue being experienced over the life of the Programme. Furthermore, smallholders who are the target beneficiaries, are primarily dependent on the climate sensitive natural resource base for their livelihood, thus increasing their vulnerability. The Programme is proposing a raft of measures to increase climate resilience. These include: promotion of drought tolerant cassava varieties, multifunctional boreholes, protected cultivation for horticulture production, small scale irrigation including drip irrigation, climate, weather and market information systems, conservation agriculture practices, animal feed supplementation and renewable energy, etc. An in-depth climate risk analysis and climate vulnerability assessments is being undertaken covering all PROCAVA districts, value chains, and sub projects. The report identifies risks and propose relevant adaptation and mitigation measures, including providing guidance on monitoring and reporting. The information generated from the Climate Risk analysis and climate vulnerability assessments will help to better inform PROCAVA's targeting mechanisms during the early stages of implementation.

2.8 ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

The sustainability of PROCAVA is ensured by the Programme’s participatory design process which guarantees that PROCAVA responds directly to community concerns and national development policies and strategies. The effort to create ownership of the Programme from the very beginning have provided the foundation and necessary commitment for post-PROCAVA sustainability. To enhance environmental sustainability and climate resilience, the Programme will promote sustainable natural resource management practices and climate smart agriculture technologies and practices. Climate smart agricultural technologies or practices are expected to increase productivity, enhance resilience and reduce carbon emissions. Climate, weather and market information services will strengthen farmers' and value chain actors' access to timely and reliable weather updates and extension, to inform decision making.

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3 POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Since early 1990s the Government of Mozambique developed a number of new policies and legislation with the ultimate aim of promoting and consolidating sustainable socio- economic development through the mainstreaming of environmental considerations in project planning and implementation. The regulatory framework establishes well-defined requirements and standards for the implementation and ongoing environmental and social management of developmental projects.

Environmental protection functions are carried out by different authorities at both a national and regional level. In 1990 the Government of Mozambique established the National Environmental Commission (NEC), which began raising the profile of environmental issues.

In an effort to ensure sustainable development in its drive for economic growth, the Government went further and created the Ministério para a Coordenação da Acção Ambiental (MICOA) from the NEC in 1994.

MICOA then undertook to develop the legal framework for environmental management, with the following the essential elements: • National Environmental Management Programme • Framework Environmental Act (No. 20 of 1997) • EIA Regulations (Decree 54/2015), and • EIA guidelines (in preparation)

In addition to the formulation of environmental policies, laws and regulations, other important legal instruments that contribute to improved environmental management include the Land Act (No. 19 of 1997) and the Forestry and Wildlife Act (No. 10 of 1999).

The Decree 13/2015 of 16 March and the Resolution 6/2015 of 26 June establish the Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development (MITADER) from the MICOA in 2015. MITADER has a role not only on the field of environmental licensing but also on land administration and management, especially, to ensures the implementation of policies in the areas of land management, Forestry and Wildlife, Environment, Conservation and Rural Development.

This section outlines the current legislative framework in Mozambique as it relates to the proposed Inclusive Agri-food Value-chains Development Programme (PROCAVA) and highlights specific areas of Mozambican legislation that apply to the Programme or have the potential to influence the Programme during planning, development and operation. The descriptions provided should not be viewed as a comprehensive review of environmental legislation in Mozambique, but as a summary of the regulatory ‘drivers’ for the Project:

3.2 POLICY FRAMEWORK

From the discussions with government officials it is clear that there is political will to improve the working conditions and production of agricultural activities. However, in the

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Mozambique Action Plan to Reduce Absolute Poverty II, the government put more emphasis on industrial than agricultural operation, as it has greater potential for economic development. Agriculture is however seen as the main stay and readily available means of livelihood for the poorest section of the population and as such it has to be supported.

3.2.1 National Water Policy (Resolution No. 46/2007, dated October 30) and Water Law (Law no. 16/1991, dated August 16) Based on the principles of environmental sustainability, the Water Policy establishes the water resources that correspond to the public domain, water management principles, the need to inventory all water resources that exist in the country, the general regime for their use, general rights of users and the corresponding obligations, among other items.

It further outlines the following short term (2015) and long term (2015) objectives: i. satisfaction of basic human needs; ii. improve sanitation to prevent waterborne diseases; iii. economic development; iv. environmental conservation; v. drought and flood vulnerability reduction; and vi. promotion of peace and regional integration.

All objectives of the water policy are to be considered in the sub-project implementation.

3.2.2 National Environmental Policy (Resolution no. 5/1995, dated August 3) This Policy establishes the bases for the sustainable development of Mozambique through an acceptable and realistic commitment to socio-economic development and environmental protection. It is intended to manage natural and environmental resources in general so as to maintain their functional and productive capacity for current and future generations.

All sub-project developments must ensure that all their proposed activities conform to this policy to ensure environmental sustainability of the project.

3.2.3 National Land Policy (Resolution no. 10/95, dated October 17) The Policy lays down the terms for the establishment, exercise, modification, transmission and termination of rights for the use and enjoyment of land. It establishes as a fundamental principle, the sustainable use of natural resources to guarantee the quality of life for current and future generations, ensuring that total and partial protection zones maintain environmental quality and the special purposes for which they were established.

All sub-projects must be found to respect all the provisions of this policy.

3.2.4 Strategic planning for climate change i) Existing strategies and plans: Mozambique has developed a number of strategies to address climate risks (GoM, 2011). Some of the strategies include the following: x The Action Plan for the Reduction of Absolute Poverty 2006-2009 (PARPA II). This strategy addressed disaster risk, with three main objectives; a) Reduce the number of human victims and the amount of property loss, b) Consolidate a culture of prevention, and c) Provide the country with the means of prevention and mitigation. Page | 12

x The Five-Year Development Plan (2010-2014), This strategy integrates disaster risk reduction and climate change into two objectives: a) reduced loss of life and property due to disasters and reduced vulnerability to hunger and water scarcity in dry areas with annual rainfall less than 500 mm, and b) enhanced dissemination of information on disasters prevention and mitigation focused to local communities.

x The Action Plan for Poverty Reduction (PARP 2011-2014) This strategy focuses on reducing vulnerability, particularly to droughts and floods as a means for achieving the national poverty reduction goals from 54% in 2008/09 to 42% in 2014, and the promotion of sustainable and inclusive economic activity mostly in agriculture and fisheries.

x The National Action Programme of Adaptation1 to Climate Change2 (NAPA) This strategy was prepared by the Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA) in 2007 and laid the foundations for a multi-stakeholder adaptation agenda with four priorities: a) Strengthening early warning systems, b) Strengthening the capacity of farmers to deal with climate change, c) Reduction of the impacts of climate change along the coastal zone, d) Water resources management. ii) Gender, Environment and Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan. This strategy aims at insuring equality between women and men, and boys and girls, to access and control of natural resources, technologies for climate change adaptation and mitigation, and to benefits and opportunities for development, through sustainable use of natural resources for the combat of poverty.

The strategy further aims at promoting gender equality and equity and enhance the participation of women and poorer communities in natural resources preservation, environment management, and in actions for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Thus, the strategy has adopted the following principles: i) Equity, ii) No discrimination; iii) Gender mainstreaming, iv) Ecologic asset, v) Participation in natural resources management and benefits, vi) Sustainable development, vii) Adaptation and mitigation as a learning process.

1 National adaptation programs of action (NAPAs) provide a process for Least Developed Countries (LDCs) to identify priority activities that respond to their urgent and immediate needs to adapt to climate change – those for which further delay would increase vulnerability and/or costs at a later stage.

2 National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA), Ministry for the coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA), December, 2007 Page | 13

3.3 LEGAL FRAMEWORK

3.3.1 Constitution of Mozambique In terms of the constitution of the Republic of Mozambique, the 2004 Constitution, Article 90, states the right of the country’s citizens to live in a healthy environment; Article 117, realises the duty of the state to promote and guarantee ecological balance and the conservation and preservation of the environment, for improved quality of life of its citizens. The Economic and Social Plan expressed financially in the State budget should guide economic and social development towards sustainable growth (Article 128).

Article 90 further stipulates that; every citizen shall have the duty to protect the environment. This then calls upon all people to positively contribute to the protection of the environment. This principles of environmental protection under the Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique is jealously safeguarded and a number of relevant regulations have been produced since the year 2004, just for that purpose as reviewed in the following sections;

3.3.2 Laws and Statutes a) Environmental law, no.20/97 “Regulamentosobre o Processo de Avallacao do Impacto Ambiental”, Ministerio para a Coordenação da Accão Ambiental, 2004” The law emphasises that no project can proceed to construction without approval from the Ministry of Environmental Coordination; and that such approval is based, inter alia, on approval of documents such as an environmental impact report.

All agricultural operations in the country are further governed by the Environmental Law No 20/9 (the “Environmental Act”). This law and its regulatory instruments provide for the prohibition of activities that, pollutes, accelerates erosion, desertification, deforestation and any other form of environmental degradation.

The Environmental Act aims to provide a legal framework for the use and correct management of the environment and its components and to assure the sustainable development of Mozambique.

Chapter 4 of the Act refers to the ‘Prevention of Environmental Damage’. Under this clause, licensing of activities that are liable to cause significant environmental impacts is required. The issuance of an environmental licence is dependent on an appropriate level of EIA being completed and accepted by MITADER.

Importantly, the Environmental Act obliges all sectoral legislation that deals in any way with the management of components of the environment to be reviewed and revised so that it is in conformity with the new Act (Article 32).

A National Commission for Sustainable Development, linked to the Council of Ministers, was created in October 2000 by a provision in the Act. This Commission seeks to ensure the effective coordination and integration of sectoral policies and plans related to environmental management at the highest level.

The regulatory instrument further classifies the agricultural activities into three classes depending on the scope of operation and complexity of the equipment used. Page | 14

In general, this law determines the relevance of environmental protection and prevention of any harm that may be caused to any of the environmental components by the implementation of the sub-project. Project beneficiaries must strictly adhere to their environmental management plans in order to remain compliant to this law. b) The Land Law (Lei no 19/97) The land act is based on the fact that all land belongs to the government and that Government can hand out land-use titles to individuals and communities who will then be entrusted to utilise the land productively and sustainably.

The law provides for the Protection of Biodiversity and Conservation Areas. It establishes complete and partial protection zones. Complete protection zones include areas intended for nature conservation and protection activities and defence and safety of the State. Partial protection zones include, among others, the strip of land within 50m wide from the edge of the lakes and rivers’ historic maximum, the 250m strip of land wide around the reservoirs, 100m bandwidth on the coast and estuaries.

The Land Act, its Regulations (Decree No. 66 of 1998) and Technical Annex (Ministerial Diploma No. 29-A of 2000) provide the legal framework for the ownership and control of land and natural resources in Mozambique. The Act recognises the need to protect ecologically sensitive areas through the creation of protected areas and, therefore, provides an additional legal basis for demarcating areas for protection and conservation (Article 5) and the creation of total and partially protected zones (Article 6). Importantly, the Act also recognises the rights of local communities over land and natural resources – thereby offering, for the first time, the possibility of involving rural communities fully in the management and conservation of natural resources (Article 31).

The project must respect the land use rights of communities. If any activity causes any involuntary displacements, the project affected people should be compensated accordingly. c) The Forestry and Wildlife Act (Diploma Legislativo no. 2642 de 20 de Setembro de 1965) This Law defines protection zones such as national parks, national reserves and zones for use and zones of historic and cultural value. It also prescribes the management of forestry resources

In 1997, the Government adopted a new Forestry and Wildlife Policy and Strategy (GRM 1997). The overall objective is to conserve, utilize and develop forest and wildlife resources for the social, ecological and economic benefit of the present and future generations of the Mozambican people.

In accordance with the objectives of the Forestry and Wildlife Policy and Strategy, a new Forestry and Wildlife Act was passed. The Act confirms the rights of the State over natural forest and wildlife resources in the country although private individuals, organisations and local communities may have access to these resources by way of licences and concessions.

An essential principle of this Act is that local communities must be fully involved in the conservation and sustainable use of forestry and wildlife resources. Thus, any developments related to this project must enlist the full participation of the local Page | 15 communities in the sustainable use of their natural resources and at all cost the subprojects should not negatively impact on the natural forests and wildlife. d) Law on the Protection of Cultural Heritage (Lei no. 10/88 de 22 de Dezembro de 1988) The Cultural heritage law prescribes the management and protection of the cultural heritage of Mozambique. The National Directorate for Culture is the central body of the Ministry of Education and Culture with competence for directing and controlling the realization of the Government policy, programs and plans in the area of culture. Its main tasks are:

i) To promote culture as an integral factor for social development, cultural identity, unity and education of citizens; ii) To promote the preservation and valorisation of monuments, historical sites and other aspects of cultural expressions; iii) To formulate government policies and legal framework for cultural development in Mozambique, in cooperation with local and international institutions; iv) To promote an inventory and dissemination of the Mozambican cultural heritage and undertake protective measures for the protection of classified properties; v) To stimulate community participation, public institutions and private sector in the realization of actions for cultural development.

Legislation is essential in heritage management for the protection of tangible and intangible heritage. All Southern African countries have laws to govern the protection and use of heritage resources. At least there are three basic tenets in the legislation for the protection of cultural heritage and these are; i) Ensuring the resource’s continued existence, in the present and future generations. ii) Developing and understanding the experience of the cultural heritage, with the aim of promoting quality of life for human beings. iii) Protecting and extracting scientific information contained within the cultural environment, as a precondition for describing and interpreting the history it embodies. It is therefore fundamental to note that the enactment of protective legislation means that cultural property becomes government property and government involvement means adherence to national and international regulations.

This legislation will be used to protect ant antiques that may be found during project implementation. Some artefacts may be found during construction and if this happens, all construction works should immediately stop and the relevant authorities shall be notified promptly. e) Labour Law (Law Number 23/2007) This gives provision to legal relationship between employers and employees for all national employment sectors. Safety rules, health and hygiene of workers is provided for. All activities under PROCAVA that involve employment of permanent and casual workers will need to be provided with good physical and environmental conditions with full Page | 16 knowledge of risks involved in their work as well as precautionary health and safety measures to be taken to avoid such.

All sub-projects should ensure that employees carry out their activities in good physical and environmental conditions. The Employees should be well informed about the risks of their work and be well instructed on proper compliance with health and safety standards that pertain to their work.

The project beneficiaries must be aware of the nature of work accidents or occupational diseases, (their causes and consequences), that may arise from their types of projects and must also provide first aid facilities, in case of accident, sudden illness, poisoning or illness. f) Protection of Workers with HIV/AIDS Law Law Number 5 of 2002

The law protects people with HIV/AIDS against discrimination on the job market. It also provides for supporting services at the work place such as raising awareness in order to prevent infection, voluntary HIV counselling and testing, training and guidance on how to manage and carry out their duties well. Whilst discrimination may not be an issue given the type of activities under PROCAVA, more investment will need to be put towards awareness raising, testing and counselling as well as providing relevant preventive supplies.

The project beneficiaries must train and guide all workers to carry out their tasks even if they are infected with HIV-AIDS. The project beneficiaries must raise awareness among workers to prevent, and to know their status on HIV-AIDS and disseminate information about the disease and on how to prevent it. g) Water Law (Lei no. 16/91 de 3 de Agosto de 1991) Prescribes that the use of water requires an authorization by the regional administration of water that manage the water resources in a given river basin through license (short term) or lease (long term). The Water Act emphasizes prevention and control of water pollution and soil protection and it is based on the principle of user pays and polluter pays.

The sub-project proponents have the responsibility to implement measures to prevent pollution of water resources during and after project implementation. If there is any discharge of waste effluents to be made to the environment, an authorization by the respective ARA subject to a fee is required. h) Social Services Law Law no. 4/2007, of 7 February, defines the foundations for social protection and establish in its Article 6 the right to social protection, regardless of colour, race, sex, ethnic origin, place of birth, religion, level of education, social position, marital status of their parents, or profession. Social protection to people living in situations of poverty and vulnerability is further described in Regulations of the Basic Social Security Sub-system, Decree no. 85/2009, of 29 December.

The sub-project proponent must ensure the social protection of his/her employees regardless of their social standing.

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3.3.3 Regulations a) Environmental Regulations To support the various Environmental laws, subsidiary legislation has been developed which includes the following: i) Decree 2003-32 Regulation on the Environmental Audit Process This Regulation defines environmental auditing as a management tool for the systematic, documented and objective evaluation of the operation and organization of the management system and the environmental protection and control processes.

Under this decree, the project will be subject to public environmental audits that will be carried out from time to time. However, the sub-project proponents should also have in place a functioning, frequent and independent internal audit system, to keep his operations under check.

ii) Decree No. 67/2010 Amended Regulation on Environmental Quality and Effluents’ Emissions. This Regulation defines the environmental quality and effluent emission standards for receiving bodies of water, treatment technologies, systems and methods. It governs the elimination of liquid industrial effluent into the receiving environment, which must be carried out through an appropriate entity. The final effluent must be discharged in accordance with certain emission or discharge standards. It requires the location of the point of discharge or emission be determined during the environmental licensing process so that there is no change to water quality in the receiving body. The discharge of liquid effluent or pollutants that affects or may affect swimming areas must be controlled based on sanitary quality monitoring of the respective waterways and beaches.

The amendment strengthened articles 23 and 24 and Annexes I and V of the Regulation, related to taxes for special authorizations and new fines and sanctions for illegal activities. Of particular note are the new annexes IA and IB which deal with new standards of air quality, atmosphere polluting agents and parameters for carcinogenic Inorganic and Organic agents. Also, Annex V lists potentially harmful chemical substances.

The sub-projects must meet the maximum permissible limits of air quality standards and the standards of water quality and effluent emissions, established under this regulation. This is to avoid harming the environment and affecting the health of the local communities.

iii) Decree No. 54/2015 The Regulation on the Process for the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). This Decree approves the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulation and establishes the Environmental Impact Assessment processes, the Environmental licensing process; the environmental consultancy process; the inspection process and applicable fees; and the establishes the Categorization of the Projects as A, B or C.

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The Regulation consist of 30 articles divided into five Chapters and eight Annexes, which apply to all public or private activities that may directly or indirectly influence the environment. It classifies activities for the purpose of defining the type of EIA and the respective exemptions, defining competencies of the Environmental Impact Assessment Authority, and regulating the process instruction, the pre-assessment to

The regulation forms the basis for the environmental licensing processes that should be followed by the sub-projects. All provisions of this piece of legislation will need to be followed during project implementation in relation to all relevant interventions. iv) Decree 2006-11 Regulation on the Environmental Inspection This Regulation is intended to regulate supervisory, control and auditing activity related to compliance with environmental protection standards at the national level.

Each sub-project will need to develop a site specific environmental and social management plan (ESMP). The sub-projects will then be subject to inspections by MITADER during implementation in order to verify compliance with the site specific ESMPs and the national environmental legislation. v) Decree 2006-13 Regulation on Waste Management This Regulation establishes the rules relative to the production, discharge into the soil and subsoil, into water or the atmosphere, of any toxic and polluting substances as well as the conduct of activities that accelerate the degradation of the environment so as to prevent or minimize their negative impacts on health and the environment.

All sub-projects that will be generating solid waste should implement measures to manage their solid waste in accordance with this Regulation. vi) Decree 2006-25 Regulation for the Control of Invasive Alien Species Article 8 of this Decree prohibits restricted activities involving invasive alien species without prior authorization and states that ‘after hearing the Inter- institutional Group for the Control of Invasive Alien Species, the National Authority (MITADER) can prohibit the performance of any activity which, by its nature, may influence the propagation of invasive alien species’. ‘Restricted activities’ include the following: a) Importing any kind of invasive alien species, whether by sea land or air, into the country; b) Possessing any kind of invasive alien species; c) Developing, creating, or otherwise propagating any kind of invasive alien species; and d) Transporting, moving, or otherwise relocating any kind of invasive alien species. Article 11 of the Decree suggests that appropriate methods should be taken to control and eradicate listed invasive alien species.

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All sub-project proponents should desist carrying out activities involving invasive alien species without prior authorization or perform any activity which, by its nature, may influence the propagation of invasive alien species. Such authorisation should be obtained from MITADER.

vii) Decree no. 2006-45 Regulation for the Prevention of Pollution and Marine and Coastal Environmental Protection (Decree no. 45/2006, dated November 30) This Regulation prohibits the discard or discharge of any wastewater of a toxic or harmful nature as well as any other substances or waste that may in any way pollute water, meadow or banks in violation of the relevant legal provisions.

All project proponents should make sure they contain their toxic waste and dispose of it in the manner in line with this regulation. b) Agriculture Regulations

i) Decree nr. 6/2009 dated 31st March Regulation on Pesticides Regulate the management of pesticides in the country, to guarantee public health and environmental quality

All sub-projects that will entail the use of pesticides or will increase the use of pesticides should take measures to manage this use in line with the provisions of this regulation. Such sub-projects should develop their own Pest management Plans or adopt the main project Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) c) Water Regulations

i) Regulation regarding water licensing and concessions (Decree no. 43/2007 dated October 30) The Regulation on the water licensing and concessions regulates the process to obtain the rights of private use and benefit of water. This regulation gives special attention to environmental issues, requesting an EIA, Environmental License or its official exemption as a condition to obtain the rights for water use.

The discharge of effluents, is also subject to a specific license or concession. The surface water body or aquifer where the effluent will be discharged must be identified, or where these will be discharged on land, the following parameters are identified: the discharge point, quantity, volume and frequency, as well as the nature and composition per volume unit and the known temperature, proposed treatment methods, equipment and facilities required. The methods proposed to measure the effluents and the expected impacts on the environment as well as the methods that will be used for analysis and control shall also be included.

All sub-projects that will require to obtain the rights of private use and benefit of water resources must do it in line with this regulation. They should acquire

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all the relevant documentation and put in place all the required infrastructure to ensure that the environment will not be polluted.

ii) Decree 47/2009 of October 07 2009 - Regulation on small dams, Article 26 specifies that license and concession regime for hydraulic infrastructures (include dams) must observe existing and expected specific regulations. This regulation is the only regulation related specifically to dams in the country. It applies to design, construction, exploration and maintenance of small dams (max. 15m height and 1 million m3 of storage capacity).

It emphasizes that for other types of dams, the respective ARA must receive request for authorization purposes. Thus, any sub-project that will involve the use of or the construction of a small dam must do it in line with this regulation.

iii) Regulation on dam safety This regulation is still under preparation. Defines the DNGRH and ARAs as overall responsible entities to implement and monitor its implementation. Also defines participation of other institutions such as Engineer Laboratory of Mozambique, National Institute of Disaster Management, Consulting Commission for Dam Safety, as well as project developer.

Any sub-project that will involve the use of or the construction of a small dam must institute the dam safety measures in line with this regulation. d) Land Law Regulations i) Regulation of the Land Law (Decree no. 66/1998, dated December 8) The regulation establishes as a fundamental principle, the sustainable use of natural resources to guarantee the quality of life for current and future generations, ensuring that total and partial protection zones maintain environmental quality and the special purposes for which they were established. For public infrastructure, the partial protection zones include, among others: • Secondary and tertiary roads and the 15m strip alongside them; • Primary roads and the 30m strip alongside them; • Aerial, surface, underground and underwater installations and pipelines for electricity, telecommunications, petroleum, gas and water and the 50m strip of land alongside of them; and • Airports and aerodromes and the 100m strip of land surrounding them.

Land use is restricted in the zones of total and partial protection. The proponents of sub-projects intending to operate in these zones must meet the regulatory requirements defined in these regulations.

ii) Decree No. 19/2007 of July 18 Land Planning Law These regulations are intended to guide the spatial planning of the territory recognizing the rights of citizens enshrined in the Constitution. Article 20 refers to the expropriation of private property belonging to or used by the communities due to activities of public interest or necessity/usefulness.

The Developer must consider fair compensation when it becomes necessary to expropriate private property. In these cases, fair compensation must be paid Page | 21

to cover, among others the loss of tangible and intangible assets, disturbance of social cohesion and loss of productive assets.

iii) Decree No. 23/2008 of July 1 Regulation of Land Use Planning Act These regulations establish the legal systems of land-use planning instruments at national, provincial, district and municipal levels.

All procedures for possible expropriation should be followed.

iv) Decree No. 60/2006 of Regulation on Urban Land Use These regulations provide the procedures for expropriation for purposes of spatial planning.

The Developer should consider the guidelines in introducing the planned infrastructure in the municipality areas specially laying distribution network pipes. e) Forests and Wildlife Regulations

i) Enabling Regulation of the Forests and Wildlife Law (Decree no. 12/2002, dated June 6) The Regulations stipulates the measures that have to be taken in the conservation and sustainable use of forestry and wildlife resources. In doing so, the regulations further define a list of protected animals – e.g. dugongs, certain species of coastal and marine birds and sea turtles.

Any sub-projects that will be developed in forest and wildlife areas must conform to the requirements of these regulations and must enlist the full participation of the local communities in the sustainable use of their natural resources. In the main, the sub-projects should not negatively impact on the natural forests and wildlife. f) Archaeological Regulations i) Enabling Regulation for the Protection of Archaeological Assets (Decree no. 27/94, dated July 15) The purpose of these regulations is to ensure the lawful protection of tangible and intangible cultural assets of Mozambique, e.g. monuments, buildings with historic significance, artistic and scientific sites and natural elements of scientific and noteworthy aesthetic interest.

Sub-projects must not be undertaken in such a way as to impact on the above- mentioned cultural assets. Some artefacts may be found during construction and if this happens, all construction works should immediately stop and the relevant authorities shall be notified promptly. g) Social Services Regulations

j) Decree No. 45/2009, Regulation on the General Labour Inspectorate Article 4 paragraph 2provides for employer's responsibility in the prevention of occupational health and safety risks of the employees. It lays down the inspection legal requirements that the employer/contractor must meet and the

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need to provide all necessary information to the inspectors during inspection visits.

Sub-project proponents must meet the requirements in ensuring that employees carry out their activities in good physical and environmental conditions. In the case of inspection, the Sub-project proponents should help and provide all necessary information to the inspectors. h) Construction Regulations

k) Ministerial Diploma No. of May 22 Regulation of civil works activity licensing This Regulation outlines the requirements and conditions for exercise, modification, suspension and termination of the contractor activity in Mozambique. The contractor must have authorization for the specific category of construction he/she is to undertake.

Construction activity must be done by registered/licensed contractors according to the procedures spelt out in this regulation.

ii) Decree 5/2016 of March 8 Regulation of Contracting of Public Works, Supply of Goods and Provision of Services to the State This Regulation specifies the procedures for tendering out public construction services.

For all projects which will be public investments, their procurement procedures must comply with this regulation.

iii) Decree 94/2013 of December 31 Regulation of contractor and civil works consultant activity The Regulation establishes the standards and norms that should be followed by the contractors undertaking civil works. The public works are divided into the following categories: (1) Buildings and monuments; (2) Urban Works; (3) communications; (4) building electrical installations; (5) hydraulic infrastructures; (6) foundations e water intakes.

All consultants and contractors must follow the provisions of this regulation in carrying out their operations. i) OHS Regulations

The Decree No. 53/05 of 15 August on legal regime of accidents at work and occupational diseases.

i) Decree No. 62/2013 of December 4; Regulation establishing the Legal Regime of Accidents at Work and Occupational Diseases

Decree Nr. 62/2013 of December 4, the regulation establishing the Legal Regime of Occupational Accidents and Diseases, indicates (Article 5) that the employer shall adopt the measures prescribed in the laws and regulations relating to the prevention of occupational accidents and diseases. These regulations do not explicitly mention the protection of the community. Page | 23

The regulations oblige the employer to transfer to an insurance company the responsibility for damage arising from occupational accidents and diseases of their employees and apprentices. The law provides for compensation for disability (temporary and / or permanent), absolute or partial, to the job that is allocated to the employee and if dead to his family. Furthermore, in the case of an occupational accident or disease, it is the employer’s obligation to transfer the injured worker to a job consistent with the worker’s residual capacity. In case it is impossible to transfer the injured employee to a job consistent with his/her residual capacity, the employer may terminate the employment agreement. However, in this case, the employer should provide compensation to the worker corresponding to the value of 45 working days multiplied by the number of years the worker was employed40 (LEGOSH, 2014). Diseases caused by industrial dust, gases and vapours are compensable including asbestos dust and asbestos fibres. TB is not compensable.

Article 5 of this regulation makes the employer responsible for implementing the measures prescribed in the laws and regulations preventing occupational accidents and diseases, and for training workers about risk prevention.

3.3.4 Guidelines (i) General EIA guidelines In 2001, draft EIA guidelines that are applicable to a variety of development projects were prepared and distributed. These describe, inter alia, in more detail the environmental parameters that need to be measured during an EIA and the process for identifying alternatives. These are still under discussion and have not yet been finalised.

(ii) Sectoral EIA guidelines A long-term objective of MITADER is to assist the various sectors in drawing up sector- specific EIA guidelines for roads, transmission lines, hydroelectric schemes and irrigation, for example.

MOPHRH is the central institution responsible for the implementation and management of activities on public works, construction materials, roads and bridges, urbanization, housing, water resources, water supply and sanitation. The organic statute was approved by the Resolution 19/2015 of 17th July. The water management infrastructures for irrigation and water supply as well as related access roads under PROCAVA will be developed in close collaboration with MOPHRH in what related to (i) public works, (ii) construction materials; and (iii) water resources management options.

The need for reducing the impact of natural disasters and implementing Climate resilient infrastructures has been shown as very important in different government documents, i.e., in the 5-years government plan (2015-2019); in the National Sustainable Development Program (PNDS) of MITADER. Therefore, climate resilient infrastructures lead to a change on construction standards and demand additional costs. It is estimated that Heavy rain will be more frequent and the design storms for roads etc. will increase with an estimated 19-35% in intensity for a 10-year storm and with 19% - 37% for a 100- year storm (WB, 2010).

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(iii) Relevant Steps for the Issue of the Environmental License Having received the information, the relevant authority (MITADER) will review it and provide a written opinion on how the applicant should proceed as summarized in Table 3-1 and Figure 3-1.

Table 3-1 Necessary licensing steps to be taken by the applicant, and the legal time periods for response per stage (Decree 54/2015 of 31st December) Time period Time period Time period Procedure Category A Category B Category C and A+ ESIA not required. Document on simplified ESIA requirement full ESIA Procedures for good ESIA environmental practices. 8 working Pre-assessment by MITADER and provision of 8 working 8 working days written response for the ESMF days days Pre-assessment by MITADER and provision of written response for the Environmental Pre- feasibility study and definition of scope (EPDA - 40 and 45 Not required Not required Estudo de Pré-Viabilidade Ambiental e Definição working days do Âmbito)” and respective Terms of References (ToR). Review of ToRs for simplified ESIA by government 30 working N/A N/A (MITADER) and provision of written response days 45 and 60 Review of full ESIA by government working N/A N/A days Review of simplified ESIA by government N/A 30 working N/A (MITADER) 30 working 30 working 30 working Review of addendum days days days Validity period of license issued if not actually 2 years 2 years 2 years activities started Validity of provisional license 2 years 2 years N/A Validity of installation license 2 years 2 years N/A Validity of Environmental license and Operation 5 year 5 year 5 year license.

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Instructio of Process

Screening

Category A+ Category A Category B Category C

Environmental EPDA & ESIA SESIA ToR License

Review and Review and Approval Implementation Approval

Provisional License

ESIA Preparation and SESIA Submission of EIA Report Preparation and Preparation and Submission of SEA Report Submission of EIA Report

Review and Approval

Legend: Instalation License

Action by Proponent/ Consultant

Compliance with the Action by ESIA Autority Aproved Report

Type of License Verification and Site Visit

Operation License

Implementation

Figure 3-1 Flowchart for EIA Procedure (adapted from JICA, 2016)

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3.4 IFAD ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS PROCEDURES

PROCAVA has been designed and informed by IFAD’s Climate Change Strategy, Environment and Natural Resources Management (NRM) Policy, Indigenous Peoples Policy, Gender and Targeting Policy, Land Policy. The Programme has also been designed in compliance with IFAD’s guidelines on Social, Environmental and Climate Assessment Procedures (SECAP). The following is a summary of the relevant pieces of policies.

3.4.1 IFAD Policy on Agriculture and Rural Development IFAD is one of the largest sources of development financing for agriculture and rural development in developing countries. In line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and other international relevant agreements IFAD’s core mandate is to support the social and economic empowerment of poor rural women and men. As such, it is opposed to any investment that will have a negative impact on its target groups. In respect to the overall goal of environmental and economic sustainability, IFAD is committed to take a proactive and innovative approach to promote projects and initiatives that are specifically designed to deliver significant environmental, social and climate adaptation and mitigation benefits.

IFAD’s Environment and Natural Resource Management Policy notes that value chain projects have the potential to generate positive environmental impacts. Therefore, the value chain approach to development have been promoted in order to enhance environmental and climate resilience in the agriculture and rural development sectors. Investing in value chain development to drive green growth in one of the ten principles of IFAD’s Environment and Natural Resource Management Policy. A value chain is a vertical alliance of enterprises that collaborate, to a greater or lesser extent, to bring a product from the initial input supply stage, through the various phases of production, processing and distribution, to the final marketing to consumers. The main goal of IFAD’s value chain projects is to integrate target groups (small rural producers) into viable value chains to improve their access to secure markets and to raise their incomes sustainably. The main goal of IFAD’s value chain projects is to integrate target groups (small rural producers) into viable value chains to improve their access to secure markets and to raise their incomes sustainably. In order to ensure an integrated approach to environmental and social management, the SECAP presents guidance policy statement.

3.4.2 IFAD Climate Change Strategy The speed and intensity of climate change are outpacing the ability of poor rural people and societies to cope. Many smallholders with whom IFAD works are already reporting impacts on the key ecosystems and biodiversity that sustain agricultural production, rural infrastructure, market opportunities and rural livelihoods.

IFAD is enhancing its approach to rural development in the context of increasing environmental threats, including climate change. As IFAD will continue to target its investments at the poorer and often most climate-change affected people – whose livelihoods depend largely on agriculture and natural resources – particularly at women as producers and indigenous people as stewards of natural resources, it has put in place measures to address the adversarial climate changes. The Policy recognises that climate-related risks, and potential opportunities, can be addressed more systematically within the different projects and policy advice. This will be done by being alert to new sources of risk, and exploring more opportunities like rewarding emissions reductions (IFAD, 2010) Page | 27

3.4.3 IFAD Environment and Natural Resources Management (NMRM) Policy Accelerating environmental degradation is eroding the natural asset base of poor rural people. Environmentally damaging agricultural practices are a major driver of these challenges. The knowledge and technology exist to tackle these challenges and IFAD has years of experience helping poor rural communities manage their natural resources, but it has the potential to do a lot more (IFAD, 2011b).

The goal of the ENRM policy is: “To enable poor rural people to escape from and remain out of poverty through more-productive and resilient livelihoods and ecosystems”.

Its purpose is: “To integrate the sustainable management of natural assets across the activities of IFAD and its partners”.

The policy sets out 10 core principles to guide IFAD’s support for clients in ENRM. The principles include both the core issues to be addressed and suggested approaches (section II.A). In summary, IFAD will promote: (1) Scaled-up investment in multiple-benefit approaches for sustainable agricultural intensification; (2) Recognition and greater awareness of the economic, social and cultural value of natural assets; (3) ‘Climate-smart’ approaches to rural development; (4) Greater attention to risk and resilience in order to manage environment- and natural-resource-related shocks; (5) Engagement in value chains to drive green growth; (6) Improved governance of natural assets for poor rural people by strengthening land tenure and community-led empowerment; (7) Livelihood diversification to reduce vulnerability and build resilience for sustainable natural resource management; (8) Equality and empowerment for women and indigenous peoples in managing natural resources; (9) Increased access by poor rural communities to environment and climate finance; and (10) Environmental commitment through changing its own behaviour.

3.4.4 IFAD Indigenous Peoples’ Policy This Policy on Engagement with Indigenous Peoples aims to enhance IFAD’s development effectiveness in its engagement with indigenous peoples’ communities in rural areas. It sets out the principles of engagement IFAD will adhere to in its work with indigenous peoples, and the instruments, procedures and resources IFAD will deploy to implement them.

Indigenous people account for an estimated 5 per cent of the world’s population, but 15 per cent of those people living in poverty. In many countries, rural poverty is increasingly concentrated in indigenous and tribal communities.

IFAD’s Strategic Framework identifies indigenous peoples as an important target group because they face economic, social, political and cultural marginalization in the societies in which they live, resulting in extreme poverty and vulnerability for a disproportionate number of them. To reach them requires tailored approaches that respect their values and build upon their strengths. In its engagement with indigenous peoples, IFAD will be guided by nine fundamental principles: (a) cultural heritage and identity as assets; (b) Page | 28 free, prior and informed consent; (c) community-driven development; (d) land, territories and resources; (e) indigenous peoples’ knowledge; (f) environmental issues and climate change; (g) access to markets; (h) empowerment; and (i) gender equality.

The formulation of the ESMF document recognises these principles so that they can be implemented throughout the project cycle.

3.4.5 IFAD Gender and Targeting Policy Poverty targeting, gender equality and empowerment are cornerstones of IFAD’s work to reduce rural poverty and food and nutrition insecurity. This puts people – rural women, men, youth and indigenous peoples – at the centre of IFAD’s development projects and policy engagement. This unique approach aims to support the development of inclusive, equitable, sustainable and resilient rural societies and agriculture sectors that are food secure and able to take advantage of the opportunities provided by growing markets, thus providing a springboard to rural transformation. Thus, IFAD has developed a deliberate Policy to address this issue.

3.4.6 IFAD Land Policy Secure access to productive land is critical to the millions of poor people living in rural areas and depending on agriculture, livestock or forests for their livelihood.

It reduces their vulnerability to hunger and poverty; influences their capacity to invest in their productive activities and in the sustainable management of their resources; enhances their prospects for better livelihoods; and helps them develop more equitable relations with the rest of their society, thus contributing to justice, peace and sustainable development (IFAD, 2008)

The Fund’s first strategic objective is to help “ensure that, at the national level, poor rural men and women have better and sustainable access to ... natural resources (land and water), which they are then able to manage efficiently and sustainably.” Land access and tenure security issues are linked, directly or indirectly, to all the strategic areas of IFAD’s interventions.

The IFAD Policy on Improving Access to Land and Tenure Security has been formulated to: (a) provide a conceptual framework for the relationship between land issues and rural poverty, acknowledging the complexity and dynamics of evolving rural realities; (b) identify the major implications of that relationship for IFAD’s strategy and programme development and implementation; (c) articulate guiding principles for mainstreaming land issues in the Fund’s main operational instruments and processes; and (d) provide the framework for the subsequent development of operational guidelines and decision tools.

In the policy, land refers to farmland, wetlands, pastures and forests. Land tenure refers to rules and norms and institutions that govern how, when and where people access land or are excluded from such access. Land tenure security refers to enforceable claims on land, with the level of enforcement ranging from national laws to local village rules, which again are supported by national regulatory frameworks. It refers to people’s recognized ability to control and manage land – using it and disposing of its products as well as engaging in such transactions as the transferring or leasing of land.

3.4.7 IFAD Guidelines on SECAP These are Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Climate Assessment Procedure (SECAP). IFAD remains committed to mainstreaming social, environmental and climate Page | 29 change solutions. IFAD's updated Social, Environmental and Climate Assessment Procedures (SECAP) were approved by the Associate Vice-President of IFAD's Programme Management Department in July 2017. This SECAP 2017 Edition provides guiding values and principles, and defines an improved course of action for assessing social, environmental and climate risks to enhance the sustainability of results-based country strategic opportunities programmes (RB-COSOPs), country strategy notes (CSNs), programmes and projects.

This latest Edition is a step forward, making important advances in areas such as risk coverage, social issues, transparency and accountability, and public participation. It also balances monitoring and implementation support with borrower responsibility.

i. SECAP endeavours to ensure that IFAD’s goal of enabling poor rural people to improve their food and nutrition security, increase their incomes and strengthen their resilience, particularly to climate change, is done in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. The procedures set the minimum standards for the assessment of social, environmental and climate change risks of IFAD projects which apply throughout the project cycle. The procedures aim to: “provide information and analysis that strengthen the social, environmental and climate dimensions of projects and programmes; ii. maximise social, environmental and climate change adaptation benefits and avoid or minimise negative impacts; and iii. increase the consistency, transparency and accountability in decision making concerning these dimensions...”.

SECAP provides a step-wise description of the processes to assess risk at each phase of the project or programme cycle, namely: Environmental and Social Categorisation and Criteria, Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA); Climate Risk Analysis; ESIA Review and Recommendations; Loan Negotiations; Executive Board Approval, Project Supervision and Implementation, and Project Completion and ex-post ESIA.

With regard to categorisation, PROCAVA primarily falls under Category A as some of the programme interventions (including three Irrigation Schemes from PROSUL) may have significant environmental and social consequences that are sensitive, affect a broader area or are irreversible, and will need specific focussed measures to manage them. For example, the irrigation schemes may: x Require the construction of dams > 15 m in height; x Necessitate physical and / or economic displacement; x Affect access to land and natural resources, hindering communities’ user rights; x Result in loss of environmental services provided by a natural ecosystem (for example wetlands); and/or x Affect physical cultural resources.

The programme is also classified as high to medium risk for climate risk as the schemes are located in areas that are highly degraded areas, have a track record of extreme weather events, and have experienced weather-related losses and damages in the recent past.

Category B projects are those that may have some adverse environmental and/or social impacts on human populations or environmentally significant areas, but the impacts are less adverse than those for Category A; are site-specific and few are-irreversible in

Page | 30 nature; and can be readily remedied by appropriate preventive actions and/or mitigation measures. While no formal ESIA is required for Category B programmes/projects, in many cases further environmental analysis could be undertaken during project preparation or implementation. The majority of the proposed programme interventions in PROCAVA will fall under category “B” since they will be operations for small scale and emerging farmers who cannot handle real large schemes.

Category C projects generally do not require additional environmental analysis because the activities have positive environmental impacts, or negligible or minimally adverse environmental impacts. They would include, for example, technical assistance grants for agricultural research and training, grants to generate global environmental impacts, research, capacity building and institutional strengthening.

Included in SECAP are a series Guidance Statements which are used in guiding the programme in avoiding and mitigating any impacts that may arise due to the project (Appendix 5). These include: 1. Guidance statement 1 – Biodiversity 2. Guidance statement 2 – Agrochemicals 3. Guidance statement 3 – Energy 4. Guidance statement 4 – Fisheries and aquaculture 5. Guidance statement 5 – Forest resources 6. Guidance statement 6 – Rangeland-based livestock production 7. Guidance statement 7 – Water (agricultural and domestic use) 8. Guidance statement 8 – Dams, their safety and SECAP 9. Guidance statement 9 – Physical cultural resources 10. Guidance statement 10 – Rural roads 11. Guidance statement 11 – Development of value chains, microenterprises and small enterprises 12. Guidance statement 12 – Rural finance (under revision) 13. Guidance statement 13 – Physical and economic resettlement (under revision) 14. Guidance statement 14 – Community health

In case of resettlement or economic displacement, SECAP emphasises the application of the principles of “do no harm” and “free, prior and informed consent” at all times and for all beneficiaries for any intervention that might affect the land access and user rights of communities.

3.4.8 Free, Prior and Informed Consent in IFAD Investment Projects (FPIC) Free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) is an operational principle empowering local communities to give or withhold their consent to proposed investment and development programmes that may affect their rights, access to lands, territories and resources, and livelihoods (IFAD, 2015). FPIC is solicited through consultations in good faith with the representative institutions endorsed by communities. It ensures that they participate in decision-making processes concerning a given development project.

Consent should be sought in a way that is “free, prior and informed” 3: x Free implies no coercion, intimidation or manipulation.

3 United Nations Development Group (UNDG), Guidelines on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues, 2009:30 Page | 31

x Prior implies that consent has been sought sufficiently in advance of any decision point or commencement of activities. x Informed implies that information provided covers all relevant issues to make decision maker fully enlightened. x Consent is the expected outcome of the consultation, participation and collective decision-making process by the local communities.

i) Where to seek FPIC? FPIC is not so much a safeguard principle, rather a proactive approach to identify development pathways with local communities and it is applied in two scenarios (IFAD, 2015): x Investment projects that may have an impact on the land access and use rights of rural communities; x Projects targeting indigenous peoples or rural areas that are home to indigenous and tribal peoples and ethnic minorities. The first scenario refers to the type of investment project and the second to the type of project area and target groups. Table 3-2 outlines the FPIC requirement according to these two criteria.

Table 3-2 FPIC requirements based on project type and areas of intervention (IFAD, 2015) Location Project likely to affect Agricultural and rural Project supporting land access and/or development projects demand-driven use rights of unlikely to affect land services to individuals communities rights (agricultural (rural finance, small and technologies and medium-sized enterprise production, value chain development) development, social infrastructure)

Rural areas without YES NO NO indigenous peoples or minorities.

Rural areas with some YES On a case-by-case basis NO indigenous peoples and minorities’ communities.

Indigenous peoples YES YES YES territories or tribal areas

In projects that affect land access and use rights of communities, the principle of FPIC is applied to local communities in a broad sense, i.e. the local communities that will potentially be affected, are identified during project design and in application of SECAP.

However, there is a general requirement for FPIC4. in areas that are home to indigenous and tribal peoples and ethnic minorities,

4 Consistent with international practice, the IFAD Policy on Engagement with Indigenous Peoples states that they are characterized by: “Priority in time, with respect to occupation and use of a specific territory; the voluntary perpetuation of cultural distinctiveness, which may include the aspects of language, social organization, religion and spiritual values, modes of production, laws and institutions; self-identification, as well as recognition by other groups, or by state authorities, as a distinct collectivity; and an experience of subjugation, marginalization, dispossession, exclusion or discrimination.” Page | 32

When to seek FPIC during the project cycle? FPIC is sought either before project approval (design phase) or during the implementation phase, depending on the nature of the project and at what stage of implementation the specific benefiting communities are identified (IFAD, 2015).

Table 3-3 When to seek FPIC in project cycle, (IFAD, 2015) WHEN to seek FPIC Scenarios During Design Phase When beneficiary communities are identified at design stage together with the specific investment/activities to be undertaken in each community During Implementation Phase When either the communities and/or the specific investment/activities are not identifiable at project design phase

Seeking FPIC at the design phase. When the precise nature and specific location of an investment is known amd well defined, FPIC must be solicited at design stage.

Seeking FPIC at the implementation phase. FPIC of investments is sought during the implementation phase when: x The project, or some of its component, is likely to affect land access and use rights of local communities, and/or x The project area is home to indigenous and tribal peoples and ethnic minorities; x Communities are not identifiable at project design stage; x Specific investments in specific communities are not predefined during project design phase, but open to communities’ demand during the project implementation period.

If at design stage the specific locations and communities to be affected were not identifiable, the project documents will include the FPIC implementation plan describing how the participatory and consultation process for seeking communities’ consent would be conducted. The FPIC would then be sought during implementation, before a specific investment is decided in a given community.

3.5 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND TREATIES

Mozambique is signatory and party to more than twenty-one international conventions, treaties and protocols. The Project is obliged to ensure that its operations comply with international conventions to which the Government of Mozambique is a signatory. These conventions are listed in Table 3-4 below: -

Table 3-4 Some of the Relevant International Conventions No. CONVENTION RESOLUTION AND YEAR RATIFIED Air Quality Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer Resolution No. 8/93 of 8 December and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the 1993 1. Ozone Layer; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate 2. Change – UNFCCC; Resolution No. 1/94 of August 24, 1994 3. Kyoto Protocol; Resolution No. 10/2004 of 28 July 2004 Habitats and Biological Diversity African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and 4. Natural Resources. Revised Version 2003

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African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Resolution n.º 18/81, of 30 December 5. Natural Resources 1981 Convention on the Conservation of the Migratory Species 6. of Wild Animals, 1979, and amendments 1979 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Resolution No. 45/2003 of 5 November 7. especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention) 2003 8. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Resolution n.º 2/94, of 24 of August1994 9. The convention on international plant protection. 1992 10. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and Resolution No. 20/96 to 26 November, Drought; 1996

Water Resources/Maritime Activity Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region, 1985, and the Protocol for Protected Areas, Wildlife and Vegetation; and Protocol for the Cooperation in the Combat of Pollution in Emergency 11. Situations. 1985 Archaeology and Cultural Heritage 12. UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the 1972 World Cultural and Natural Heritage Hazardous Waste 13. Basel Convention on the control of transboundary Resolution 18/96 to November 26, movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal 1996 14. Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the 1991 Control of Transboundary Movements and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa, Bamako Other 15. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety; Resolution No. 11/2001 of 20 December 2001 16. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants Resolution No. 19/96 of November 26, and (POPs); 1996

3.6 COMPARISON OF MOZAMBIQUE AND IFAD PROJECT CLASSIFICATION

The table below highlights differences and similarities in the requirements for environmental and social assessment, Categorisation as well as resettlement and compensation in the Mozambican Legislation and IFAD’s SECAP.

It is important to note that the National regulations do not categorise the entire programme but is sub-projects specific.

Table 3-5 Project Classification by Category REQUIREMENT MOZAMBIQUE ENVIRONMENTAL IFAD SECAP AND OTHER POLICIES COMMENTS OR PROCEDURES CATEGORY For Category A and A+, the project may The programme/project may have significant Relevant difference have significant environmental and social environmental and social implications that in reference to Environmental implications that are sensitive, adverse, are sensitive, adverse, irreversible or Irrigations project and Social irreversible or unprecedented and affect unprecedented and affect an area broader exceeding 350ha Screening an area broader than the sites or facilities than the sites or facilities subject to physical for Mozambican subject to physical interventions. The interventions. regulations but only Project may be in: exceeding 100ha Category A and a) a sensitive area (International and Relevant Project Type and Scale: for IFAD A+. domestic sensitive area to be regulations protected) Irrigation projects exceeding 100ha b) an area with potential for re- Page | 34

REQUIREMENT MOZAMBIQUE ENVIRONMENTAL IFAD SECAP AND OTHER POLICIES COMMENTS OR PROCEDURES CATEGORY colonization SECAP’s Guidance Statement #8 on Small c) a high-density residential Area (Area Dams categorises dams and reservoirs where there may be significant having a dam wall > 5m or reservoir volumes adverse impacts to residents) of > 50 000 m3 as Category A (requiring full d) a developed area where there may be ESIA). conflicts between persons who are competing for natural resources Requirements: e) an area which has drinking water For Category A projects a formal ESIA, RAP resources. and/or IPMP, as applicable, are required with f) am area which has rare natural ESMP elaboration. resources such as water, mineral and medicated plants

Relevant Project Type and Scale:

1. Infrastructure Project a) Irrigation projects exceeding 350ha.

b) Construction of camp site (exceeding more than 650 persons or 5ha) c) Establishment of industrial estates and factories (exceeding than 15ha) d) Construction of new section road except in urban area e) Construction of bridge (exceeding 100m) f) Construction of water pipe (exceeding 0.5 m diameter and 10km) g) Construction of dam (exceeding 5ha watering area)

h) Construction of drainage (exceeding 1m width and 10km) i) Project with pumping of water from underground (exceeding 500m3/hr or 12,000m3/day) j) Construction of canal connected port

2. Project in forest area 3. Agricultural projects 4. Industrial projects

Requirements: A+ and A require a full EIA subject to review by external and domestic professional assessors, respectively for A+ and A.

The project may have some The project may have some environmental Simplified ESIA for environmental and social impacts on and social impacts on human populations or the Mozambican human populations or environmentally environmentally significant areas but which regulation; thought, significant areas but which are site- are site-specific and less adverse than refer to the need for specific and less adverse than Category Category A. environmental study A. SECAP categorises small scale irrigation during project Environmental Requirements: projects as Category B, but does not define implementation. and Social A simplified ESIA is required. “small scale” as being below a given area of Screening land to be irrigated. Professional judgement

Category B projects require Preliminary is therefore used to determine the

Impact Assessments, are reviewed at categorisation which can be influenced by Category B Provincial Level by the Provincial proximity to environmentally or ecologically Environment Office (DPTADER). sensitive areas, or other social, cultural or socio-economic considerations SECAP’s Guidance Statement #8 on Small Dams categorises dams and reservoirs having a dam wall ≤ 5m high wall or Page | 35

REQUIREMENT MOZAMBIQUE ENVIRONMENTAL IFAD SECAP AND OTHER POLICIES COMMENTS OR PROCEDURES CATEGORY reservoirs having a volume of ≤ 50 000 m3 as Category B (requiring a Preliminary ESIA or EMP)

Requirements: While no formal ESIA is required, environmental analysis will be undertaken in the course of project implementation. This can be in the form of an ESMP which may be a stand-alone document or an output from environmental analysis

Environmental Projects which have few or negligible The project will have negligible In both regulations and Social environmental and social implications. environmental and social implications. there is no demand Screening There are No irreversible impacts. Requirements: on ESIA. Requirements: No further environmental analysis is No ESIA is required. specifically required. Category C Climate Risk The EIA Procedures list climate as an SECAP provides a Climate Risk Classification Climate risk analysis Classification aspect to be considered as potentially methodology which specifies that projects that not yet a affecting projects. Although the MITADER have high vulnerability to climate risk are for requirement at guidelines do not currently consider example: those that promote agricultural National level. Climate Risk in project assessment, with activity on marginal and/or highly degraded the new change in Government approach areas; projects that establish infrastructure in to adopt climate change, the Ministry is areas with a track record of extreme weather now placing greater importance on events; and projects in areas in which rural climate change adaptation and resilience, development projects have experienced as evidenced by the launching of the weather-related losses and damages in the National Action Plan to Adopt Climate past. IFAD requires that projects classified as Change (NAPA) high risk undertake an in-depth climate risk analysis. Examples of medium risk projects include projects that make use of climate- sensitive resources, but do not focus on these resources as a main commodity (such as irrigation projects); projects which invest in infrastructure not directly exposed to extreme weather events but have potential to become more resilient through adaptation of green technologies; and projects which focus on institutional development and capacity building for rural institutions in climatically heterogeneous areas, where opportunities exist to strengthen indigenous climate risk management capabilities. Low risk projects are those that are not likely to be vulnerable to climate risks (e.g. development of a microfinance institution). Projects under PROCAVA are therefore considered to lie within the high and medium climate risk category.

Requirement: For High Risk projects such as PROCAVA, an in-depth analysis of climate risks is required

Public The EIA Procedures and Guidelines SECAP emphasises the need for greater Both pieces of Consultations require consultations with key consultation by communities (especially the Legislation stakeholders at National, Provincial, marginalized poor) and stakeholders that emphasise on District and local level, as well as with the are likely to be affected by IFAD’s stakeholder affected communities, and their Operations during the respective participation participation, during the entire EIA programme/project cycle, in order to throughout the process. The interested and affected provide input to the project design, receive project cycle groups should participate through feedback on the draft ESIA report, ensure especially by the consultations, and also in providing inputs broad community support to the project, PAP. and comments throughout the ESIA and to ensure that affected people endorse process. the proposed mitigation/ risk reduction and Page | 36

REQUIREMENT MOZAMBIQUE ENVIRONMENTAL IFAD SECAP AND OTHER POLICIES COMMENTS OR PROCEDURES CATEGORY management measures. In addition to With regard to irrigation schemes, Water public consultations, SECAP requires FPIC User Associations (WUA) (which are for all projects that are likely to affect land or community based) are required to be user rights to land, whether or not the involved in the management of irrigation affected people belong to indigenous scheme. groups or minorities.

Public There is no stipulated requirement for IFAD’s Policy on the Disclosure of There is a Gap Disclosure public disclosure, although the MITADER Documents (2010) requires full disclosure to between the two and its Provincial Offices review the public, and includes information notes on systems and IFAD’s disclosure of environmental and social projects being developed for Board system will be used. documents at Community level. presentation, agreements for approved loans and grants, and project/programme design documents which include ESIAs, ESMFs, RAPs and RAFs.

Compensation Compensation and resettlement are IFAD’s Policy on Improving Access to Land Both pieces of and primarily guided by the Land Act. Tenure Security Stresses Free Prior Informed Legislation stress on Resettlement Consent and the “Do no Harm” Principles. compensation of For land to be acquired for public works These principles are also reflected in other Project affected or for investment, the Law requires IFAD policies including the Targeting Policy, people (PAP), But compensation to be paid to the land use Engagement with Indigenous Peoples Policy IFAD goes further holder commensurate with the and Gender Equality and Women’s and stresses that all improvements made to the land, or Empowerment Policy. The core tenets of land and natural substitute land must be offered. IFAD’s principles on compensation and resource users with resettlement are that wherever possible, any a legitimate claim The law on Expropriation of Landholdings physical or economic resettlement that could will be recognised for Public Purposes and Payment of negatively impact affected people should be including people Compensation addresses issues related avoided or minimised; that all land and natural having to public domain, property laws, land resource users with a legitimate claim will be informal/customary asset classification and valuation, recognised including people having rights; and that no customary laws and processes for informal/customary rights; and that no affected person expropriation, and provides for affected person should be left worse off, and should be left worse complaints and appeals in relation to preferably in a better position through proper off, compensation. and timely compensation and other mitigation measures

Grievance There is not distinct law providing for IFAD has developed a Complaints Procedure IFAD has an Mechanisms grievance redress for any complaints that for “Alleged Non-Compliance with its Social established may arise out of non-compliance of and Environmental Policies and Mandatory Grievance redress environmental or social actions provided Aspects of Its Social Environmental and mechanism (GRM) in the ESMP. Climate Assessment Procedures”. Parties whilst Mozambique adversely or potentially adversely affected by does not have a IFAD-funded projects and programmes may distinct law bring issues to the Fund’s attention using providing for it. [email protected]

Complaints must be put forward by at least two people who are both nationals of the country concerned and/or living in the project area. Complaints from foreign locations or anonymous complaints will not be taken into account. Complaints must concern projects/programmes currently under design or implementation. Complaints concerning closed projects, or those that are more than 95 per cent disbursed, will not be considered. IFAD does not provide monetary compensation to resolve complaints. The IFAD website provides a clear summary of the steps involved and guidance on how to report issues

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The Mozambican Legislative requirements are generally consistent with IFAD’s procedures. However, there exists a gap regarding: i) the screening of a category A projects with IFAD being more demanding compared to the Mozambican regulations. ii) the screening of small-scale sub-projects where the sites and potential adverse localized impacts cannot be identified prior to the appraisal of the project is not provided for in the Mozambican legislation. iii) Public disclosure of documents. MITADER does not emphasise on disclosure as stipulated in SECAP. iv) The resettlement and compensation requirements. IFAD includes even informal and customary rights and that no one should be left worse off. v) The provision of a grievance redress mechanism (GRM), were IFAD has an established mechanism, whilst Mozambique does not have a distinct law providing for it.

The above analysis has revealed some gaps between the Mozambican Legislation and IFAD Environmental and social Procedures. Where ever there is such a discrepancy the Inclusive Agri-food Value-chains Development Programme (PROCAVA) will use the better of the two systems, otherwise the project will use the environmental and social screening process as described in this report.

3.7 PROJECT CATEGORISATION

The overall Category for PROCAVA will be “A”. This is primarily because of the three Large Irrigation schemes which were in PROSUL will be taken into PROCAVA, and six others which will be rehabilitated and improved, which are larger than 100ha. This means a full EIA has to be produced for these sub-projects. Fortunately, the EIA of one of the PROSUL projects is already underway and those for the other two will be commencing soon and PROCAVA will simply adopt the EIAs.

The majority of the sub-projects in PROCAVA will fall under category “B”. It is recommended that most of the sub-projects that will be screened and approved for funding under PROCAVA be of Category “B” so that costly EA work be avoided. Table 4-6 below is an outline of the categorisation of the various value chains.

Table 3-6 Summary of the Categorization of PROCAVA Value Chains APPLIED REGULATIONS AND PROJECT TYPE OF PROJECT OBS: CATEGORY Horticulture Value Chain Category A – the Irrigation Projects exceeding 100 ha, Few PROCAVA - Vegetable production or located in wetlands or conservation areas, or the projects are under irrigation; construction of small dams exceeding 5ha of expected to be in - Vegetable production inundation areas. category-A under under irrigation and this value chain. Shade Net; If they don’t exceed 100ha, they should be classified - Small dams for as category “B”. irrigation Cassava Value Chain Category B, especial emphasis should address in Basically, a - Cassava processing preventing conflicts in land use and waste category-B project facilities management.

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APPLIED REGULATIONS AND PROJECT TYPE OF PROJECT OBS: CATEGORY Waste management of cassava processing byproducts, i.e., solid waste (fiber) and liquid effluents that may be used as pesticide. Legumes Value Chain Category C – mostly dry land farming will be practiced. Basically, a - Vegetable production (Legumes will be promoted mostly under intercropping category-C mostly under with cassava and not in irrigation schemes) project. intercropping with cassava; Red Meat Value Chain Category B – major issues will be around effluent and Especial attention - Slaughter Houses; solid waste byproducts from slaughter houses, cattle slaughter houses - Cattle Fairs fairs and Crush Pen; and the risk of exposure to drugs and Crush Pen as - Crush Pen and pesticides from Crush Pen management category-B - Meat Market projects. - Multipurpose boreholes Category-B – in relation to meat market and multipurpose boreholes.

- In relation to the risk of exposure to drugs and pesticides, Note:, the Mozambican regulations classify as category-A only projects exceeding 500 caws or 2,000 small ruminants (goats, sheep) or the spraying of an area exceeding 1,000ha; - Exploitation of groundwater is classified as Category-A only if water pumping exceeds 500m3/hr. Poultry Value Chain Category B – especial attention should address the Based on the site - Chicken production; growing use of pesticides and its management as well visits, poultry farm - Chicken slaughter as controlled use of hormones. sizes did not houses and exceed in general conservation facilities In relation to the risk of exposure to drugs and 10,000 poultry. (freezing); pesticides, Note:., the Mozambican regulations classify as category A only projects exceeding the production of 50,000 poultry or the spraying of an area exceeding 1,000ha.

3.8 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

Relevant Authorities in Mozambique Several institutions, systems and mechanisms exist in the country to achieve a balance in the promotion of sustainable development. These extend to the support and development of agriculture and irrigation. PROCAVA will rely on the multiple institutional interactions of these players to achieve its goals.

Some of the key institutions and their main roles and responsibilities in relation to environmental protection and the agriculture sector in Mozambique are summarised in Table 3-7.

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Table 3-7 Mozambican Institutional Authorities and their Responsibilities NO. INSTITUTION ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 1. Ministry of Agriculture MASA was created under Presidential Decree n.º 1/2015, of 16 January. and Food Security - Under the Resolution of the Inter-ministerial Public Service Commission n.º Ministério da 2015, of June 26 - MASA was approved as the central body of the State Agricultura e that, directs, plans and ensures the implementation of legislation and Segurança Alimentar policies in the field of agriculture, livestock, agricultural hydraulics, (MASA): agroforestry and food security.

Thus, MASA is the lead institution for agriculture development responsible for formulating and implementing agricultural policies at the national level, including agrarian services, crop development, livestock, irrigation, forestry and food security.

The Lead Ministry for PROCAVA will be primarily the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MASA) with the PROCAVA PMU being the implementation agent.

2. Ministry of Land, MITADER is the central government institution that ensures the Environment and Rural implementation of the policies on land, forest and wildlife, environment, Development - Ministério conservation areas and rural development. The organic statue was da Terra, Ambiente e approved by resolution 6/2015 of 26th June, which defines the main Desenvolvimento Rural mandates. The relevant mandates of MITADER related to PROCAVA (MITADER) include the following: x In the field of land administration and management; - establish and implement guidelines and procedures for land use administration, inspection and monitoring. This will be relevant for the formal request of the land to implement the sub-project. x In the field of environment; - establish and implement guidelines and procedures to environmental licensing of development projects. Thus, the request for environmental licenses should follow guidelines and procedures established by MITADER.

3. Ministry of Public Works, MOPHRH is the central institution responsible for the implementation and Housing and Water management of activities on public works, construction materials, roads and Resources - Ministério bridges, urbanization, housing, water resources, water supply and das Obras Públicas, sanitation. Habitação e Recursos Hídricos (MOPHRH) For PROCAVA, the water management infrastructures for irrigation will be developed in close collaboration with MOPHRH in terms of: x public works, x construction materials; and x water resources management.

4. Ministry of Health The primary objectives of the Ministry of Health are to: (Ministério da Saúde - • Promote and encourage the resolution of health problems; MISAU) • Project and develop programs for promoting and protecting health and prevention and combating disease; • Provide health care to the population through the public health sector; • Promote and support the private, non-profit sector; • Promote, supervise and support a community system for the provision of health care; and • Provide a policy for pharmaceutical formulation and guidance for its implementation.

Community health is a priority of the Ministry of Health which has a National Office of Public Health as well as a Department of Community Health in order to develop various programs at the community level including providing better access to health services, community participation, provision of human and financial resources and education/training in Page | 40

preventive and curative care. The primary focus of these programs is around malaria and HIV/AIDS, infant health and malnutrition.

MISAU is represented at national level by the National Directorate of Health, at provincial level by the Provincial Directorate of Health and at District Level by the District Directorate of Health.

5. Regional Water There are five regional Water Administrations whose area of jurisdiction will Administrations be traversed by the programme. These include Centro ARA-Zambeze, ARA- (Administração Regional Centro Norte (from the Zambeze River Basin to the Lurio River Basin, inclusive) and ARA -Norte (from the Lurio River Basin to the northern limit of de Águas - ARAs) Mozambique) ARA-Centro and ARA-Sul. They are all responsible for the management of water resources in the programme area, by Providing authorizations related with water uses for the sub-project. Their responsibilities include, among others, analysis of requests for use and benefit of water, discharge of effluent, groundwater and issuing of permits.

Some of the specific functions of the ARAs include: x Participation in the preparation, implementation and revision of hydrological occupation plan of hydrological basin; x Administration and control of water under public domain, create and maintain the Water Cadastre and register private users, as well as inform and collect fees for water utilization; x Licensing and concession of water users, authorize effluent disposal, define administrative reserve areas as well as inspect and monitor accomplishment of the requirements in which these areas where authorized; x Approve hydraulic infrastructure projects, authorize their execution and do inspections;

6. Provincial and District In line with the decentralisation efforts of the Government, the provincial and Levels district entities will play an important role in the implementation of PROCAVA. The Government Ministries described above are also represented in different ways at the provincial and district levels.

At the provincial level the institutions at the central level are practically replicated and have a double reporting system. They report to the parent ministries to deal with sectoral issues while also reporting to the Provincial Governor (appointed by the elected President of the Republic) in terms of the territorial and horizontal level developments.

At the district level the arrangement is different. The various sectors are combined into a limited number of units (District Services of Economic Activities - SDAE), although internally an attempt is made to establish technical departments that oversee technical matters in coordination with and subordination to the provincial technical units. These units operate in line with the Decree 6/2006 of Abril 12 - Statutes of District Government.

7. District Services of All SDAEs in all districts have Agricultural services since it is the main-stay of Economic Activities the economy. The SDAEs provide assistance in the planning and (SDAE) implementation of agricultural activities at the district levels. Among other aspects they provide extension workers who provide technical assistance to farmers on the ground. However, the extension workers face serious limitations since they are few on the ground and have limited resources at their disposal.

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4 DESCRIPTION OF THE SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Mozambique is endowed with diverse natural resources, which include some of the most fertile soils, forest and water resources which accommodate diverse species of flora, fauna and fish resources. However, these resources are currently challenged by complex interaction of several factors which include the rapid rate of population growth of about 2.91% per annum. This imposes ever intensive pressure on the natural resources’ utilisation, leading to unsustainable land use, depletion of forest resources, and loss of biodiversity, heavy soil erosion and water pollution.

The following paragraphs reviews some of the key country’s natural resources such as land resources, atmospheric resources, biological resources and water resources as well as the agricultural activities.

4.2 SOCIAL CONTEXT

The following is an outline of the context within which the programme is being designed. It covers the population and economic settings of the country:

4.2.1 Demography The last population census conducted in August 2017 indicated that there are 28,861,863 people in Mozambique across the country’s eleven provinces as shown in table 4-1 below. Nampula and Zambezia constitute at least 39% of the total population. The annual population growth rate is currently projected at 2.9% per annum5 Of the total population according to the 2017 census, 51% are women. The productive age of the country (15-64 years) is at 51.1% whilst 3% constitutes of people with 65 years and above. Life expectancy rate is relatively low at 54.4years typical of most developing countries with high birth and death rates, low levels of education and health care6. At least 51.7% of the total population are Christians and 18% are Muslims7 whilst the remaining are not affiliated to any particular religion.

Table 4-1 Provincial Population Statistics Population Total Area Province Capital Region (2017 census) Women (km2) Niassa Lichinga 1,865,976 959,296 129,056 North Cabo Delgado Pemba 2,333,278 1,202,042 86,625 North

Nampula Nampula 6,102,867 3,161,523 81,606 North

5Mozambique National Institute of Statistics (INE), August 2017, World Population Prospects (2017 Revision) - United Nations population estimates and projections. 6Mozambique National Institute of Statistics (INE), August 2017, World Population Prospects (2017 Revision) - United Nations population estimates and projections. 7Pew Research Center. The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Major Religious Groups Page | 42

Population Total Area Province Capital Region (2017 census) Women (km2)

Zambezia Quelimane 5,110,787 2,688,388 105,008 North

Tete Tete 2,764,169 1,414,177 100,724 Central Manica Chimoio 1,911,237 995,616 61,661 Central

Sofala Beira 2,221,803 1,149,973 68,018 Central

Inhambane Inhambane 1,496,824 809,722 68,615 South

Gaza Xai-Xai 1,446,654 779,998 75,709 South Maputo- 1,328,611 Matola 2,507,098 26,011 South Province

Maputo-City Maputo 1,101,170 571,660 347 South TOTAL 28,861,863 15,061,006 799,380 -

4.2.2 Economic Status The country’s economic performance was remarkable between 2013-2015, a period which saw an influx of large-scale capital investment projects, improvement in financial management, political stability and significant donor support.8 In 2017, GDP growth rate was estimated at 3.7% per annum down from 7% GDP growth achieved on average between 2011 and 2015. Although considerable progress has been made in reducing poverty, more than 80% of the total population continue to live on less than USD2 per day. Poverty levels however vary across provinces. International humanitarian organizations continue to fight poverty in Mozambique by providing aid in the hopes of ending hunger, improving water and sanitation quality and advancing education and health care.

The majority of the population are concentrated in urban areas or along development corridors for easy access to infrastructure like the coast, roads, railways, shops among others. Agriculture is the main economic activity in the country followed by fisheries. Artisanal mining is also another important economic activity in rural areas after artisanal fisheries. The country has ten different agro-climatic zones in ten provinces, and only 10% of its 36 million hectares of arable land as well as 2% of its irrigation potential is currently utilized. Smallholder farmers (11%) produce at least 95% of the country agricultural produce with 5% coming from commercial farmers.9 The average size of subsistence farming land is 3 hectares mostly in flood, drought and cyclone prone areas which affects sustainable production to a greater extent. Despite extreme weather events and climate change effects, the situation is further exacerbated by low use of improved inputs and the dominance of rain-fed agriculture coupled with difficult access to credit and markets. There is extensive use of basic labour-intensive farming technologies. Farmers have had to cope over the years through intercropping, crop rotation, growing crops with a short cycle to match short rainy seasons and utilisation of all types of environments and soil type. Value chain addition to agricultural products although not a new concept for farmers has not yet been taken up due to production problems, the quality of the products, lack of functional markets and issues related to market information systems, limited access to financial

8 Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (2017), National Institute for Irrigation ESMF for Smallholder Irrigated Agriculture and Market Access Project 9FAO, 2018 Page | 43 services and credit.10 Although there is quite a broad range of food grown, the main staple food is maize and cassava followed by rice and wheat. Animal production plays a fundamental role in the lives and nutrition of the rural population, particularly poultry and small ruminants. In urban areas, beef and poultry provide more than 80% of the meat supply to formal outlets.

4.2.3 Nutrition Due to high poverty levels in the country, it is estimated that at least 43% of children under five years of age suffer from stunting (as shown below), a measure of chronic malnutrition and 6% suffer from wasting, a measure of acute malnutrition11. Children with malnutrition face reduced cognitive capacity, which leads to poor school performance and low economic productivity throughout their lifetimes. Limited access to nutritious food (as shown below), lack of adequate knowledge and lack of diversity in food production is the main cause of malnutrition in the country.

Cabo Delgado 53 Cabo Delgado 72 Niassa 47 Niassa 62

Nampula 55 Nampula 72 Tete 44 Tete 53

Zambezia 54 Zambezia 45

Sofala 36 Sofala 43 Manica 42 Manica 29

Inhambane 42 Inhambane 36

Gaza 62 Gaza 27

Maputo 34 Maputo 23

Figure 4-1 Non-affordability of nutritious diets and stunting prevalence. by province (source: WFP, July 2018)

10Ibid 11Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance III Project (FANTA), 2018 Page | 44

4.2.4 Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment Women play an important role in the agricultural production process in developing countries but can only do it when the playing field is levelled for them to be effective. Mozambique is ranked in group 4 out of 5 of the Gender Development Index and is ranked number 138 out of 160 countries in terms of Gender Inequality Index.12 This reveals that the country remains poor in overall as well as in gender equality terms. Literacy rate for male is more (73.3%) compared to that of women (45.4%). The gap is however, reduced for male (83.7%) and female (69.7%) youths13. The poverty status of an individual is related to the educational background of the household head. The more educated the head, the lower the chances of poverty and poverty reduces faster in households with more educated heads.

According to INE in 2017, unemployment was at 20.7 % for the general population14 but however, the rates were higher for females and youth. Tradition/culture and religion have the strongest hold on the situation of women in the northern provinces, while economic position is a more important determinant of the situation of women in the central and southern parts of the country. However, across Mozambique, men have more authority and power at community and at household level than women. Male-headed households are in a better economic position than female-headed households.15 This is reflected at higher political level where only 13.6% account for women in politics and decision-making level.

4.2.5 Land Ownership and Usage Rights Agriculture like other sectors was affected by the civil war of almost 16 years after the country had attained its independence in 1975. After the war, the government focussed on creating legal framework governing land ownership and usage. The potential contribution of assured land use rights to promoting investment in land improvement, increasing land productivity, and reducing poverty was the major driving factor to land reforms. National Land Policy was enacted in 1995, the Mozambique Land Law in 1997 and the respective Land Law Regulation in 1998. The policy framework recognised traditional community rights while encouraging investment. All land is owned by the state. Land ownership rights may not be sold, mortgaged or otherwise alienated16. The Land Law recognizes land usage right known by the Portuguese acronym, DUAT (direito de uso e aproveitamento da terra). DUATs can be held individually or jointly. Two types of DUATs are available17. Land use rights are obtained by inheritance, occupation, state grant or lease. Most rural land is held by communities, which have perpetual DUATs based on their traditional occupancy. While a DUAT does not confer full ownership, it is a secure, renewable, and long-term user right that covers a period of up to 50 years. In this sense it is roughly comparable to a lease. It gives the state authority to allocate land concessions for commercial businesses.

Although the land legislation has provided communities with some degree of security of tenure, the law has been inadequately implemented in most areas. Local officials and communities are often unaware of the law governing the land rights of communities and

12UNDP, Human Development Report - 2018 Statistical Updates 13UNESCO Institute for Statistics (retrieved December 12, 2018) 14Mozambique National Institute of Statistics (INE), August 2017, World Population Prospects (2017 Revision) - United Nations population estimates and projections. 15World Development Report, 2012 16 GOM Land Law 1997, GOM Urban Land Regulations 2006 17 USAID - Property Rights and Resource Governance Profile Page | 45 individuals. Registration of community and individual occupancy rights is voluntary but reliance on inheritance and lack of proof of registration in the event of death does not guarantee one to benefit from the land. Following the 2008 resolution on land law, if local communities want to register their DUAT, they must prepare an exploitation plan. This in itself is a challenge because local communities lack the necessary financial and technical capacity to do so. Most of the population therefore, are not yet benefiting adequately from the legal reforms, and more than half are poor. Most of the country’s producers are small farmers primarily growing for their own consumption18.

4.2.6 Women and Land rights The Constitution of Mozambique provides for equality of both men and women and speaks against discrimination on the basis of sex. The Family law of 2004 provides that both women and men have rights to administer marital property and have equal rights to devolve and inherit property. In general, Mozambique’s formal law supports and protects women’s rights to land and has also opened a new channel for women to participate in community land management. The 1997 Land Law gives women the right to participate in all land- related decisions and the right to register DUATs in their name. It also calls for inclusion of women in community representative bodies to oversee and manage land through a participatory process of identifying and recording community land boundaries which gives women an opportunity to articulate their interests and preferences in land use.

However, these provisions from the law are mostly on paper because in practice women are rarely able to exercise their rights. Most women lack the necessary knowledge of their rights and are also financially incapacitated to approach formal court system to defend their rights. In general, women have lower literacy and lower levels of formal education than men, and are less likely to be aware of their rights. Although women are the majority food producers, they continue to have their land ownership and usage rights restricted by customary law and practices19. Land is normally owned and controlled by male family members (husbands, male children, uncles and brothers) in both matrilineal and patriarchal societies which leaves women mostly with usage rights whilst the men control and make decisions on how the land should be utilised. Women become more vulnerable when they are divorced or widowed as they risk losing their rights to their marital homes and farming land. Community legal system has failed to support women as most community leaders are male who are guided by tradition20. Formal courts have continued to apply the succession law to deny women their rights despite the more recent and contrary pronouncements in the country’s constitutional and Land law.

4.2.7 Youth and Agriculture Participation of rural youths in agriculture is relatively low. In cases where they participate, they tend to prefer specific stages within a value chain mostly the end line processes such as, packaging and marketing. There are several reasons why rural poor youths shun agriculture.

18 Akesson, Gunilla, Andre Calengo, Christopher Tanner (2009) - Study on Community Land Rights in Niassa Province, Mozambique 19 DFID, Secure land Rights and Water Rights help women farmers produce more food and cope with the stress of climate change (January, 2011) 20 Bergh-Collier (2003) Gender Profile in Mozambique Page | 46

Access to land and security of tenure are equally important factors for young rural people like anybody else but the land law makes it difficult for the youth to own land. The majority of youth access farming land through their families but in most cases, they provide unpaid labour for their households. All farming decisions are made by the head of the household and despite their labour contribution, youths do not have power and influence over the product of their labour. This usually drives youths that have reached the age of independency into other livelihood activities and/or migrate to urban areas and other countries for greener pastures.

Uncertainties surrounding land transfer through inheritance, makes it difficult for a young person to stay at home and wait. It is also apparent that at some point, the family land will be subdivided according to the number of male children which further reduces utility level of the land.

Most agricultural value chains take time to mature into disposable income. Youths on the other hand prefer livelihood activities that give them quick returns. Participation in value chains that have quick returns like poultry requires capital which they cannot access since they don't have any assets of higher value to use as collateral. Financial illiteracy, market failure and unfair pricing of produce also demotivates young people to continue in agriculture. Unfavourable market conditions push them to other sectors. Seasonality nature of some value chains affect take up of agriculture by young people especially when there are no alternative income generating activities21.

Agriculture is considered as a high-risk sector especially in the face of extreme weather conditions inducing natural disasters like cyclones, floods, strong winds, drought and uncontrollable diseases and pests. Lack of knowledge and capacity to mitigate these factors exacerbates the problem.

4.2.8 The Food Security Situation of Mozambique The Goal of PROCAVA is to improve the incomes and livelihoods of vulnerable households. FSIN-2018 Report about 25% of the Mozambican population is under eemergency (IPC/CH Phase 3 and higher). Mozambique is one of the poorest countries in the world, ranked 181 out of 188 countries on the 2015 UN Human Development Index. It is also one of the most disaster-prone, vulnerable to a wide range of extreme climate shocks that regularly destroy infrastructure and disrupt economic growth (FSIN, 2018). Figure 4-2 below show the IPC Acute food insecurity situation of Mozambique.

The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) is a set of analytical tools, and processes, to analyse and classify the severity of acute and chronic food insecurity situation according to scientific international standards. IPC makes a distinction between acute and chronic food insecurity. The IPC-Acute scale categorizes the severity of acute food insecurity into Five Phases and the IPC-Chronic scale classifies persistent food insecurity according to Four Levels.

21 Anriquez, Gustavo & Stamoulis, Kostas G., 2007. Rural Development and Poverty Reduction: Is Agriculture Still Key?, Electronic Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics, FAO Page | 47

Figure 4-2 IPC Acute food insecurity situation (FSIN, 2018)

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4.3 GENERAL BASIN GEO-PHYSICAL CONDITIONS

4.3.1 Geomorphology.

Figure 4-3 Physical Features of Mozambique (Wikipedia, 2018)

Mozambique, is situated to the south east of the African continent, covers an area of over 800,000 sq. km and shares borders with six other countries, Tanzania, Malawi and Zambia to the north, Zimbabwe to the west, South Africa and Swaziland to the south. It has a 2,500 km long coastline which boasts numerous superb beaches fringed by lagoons, coral reefs and strings of small islands.

It comprises mainly of low, grassland plateau which rises from the coast towards the mountainous uplands in the north and west, covering nearly half the country's land area.

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Figure 4-4 An outline of the topography of the Central Region. (Tinley, K. 1977)

The uplands consist mainly of the basement complex and the lowland are a sedimentary basin (SWECO, 2004). The basement complex covers the western and central parts of the country whilst the sedimentary basin is in the lower plateau. They are separated by the Chire-Urema graben, a continuation of the Eastern African Rift Valley.

The basement complex is characterised by mountains, upland and middle plateaus. The Plateaus are deeply weathered and incised and inselberg landscapes are common. On the other hand, the sedimentary basin consists mainly of sandstone.

Along its length, the country is divided into two topographical regions: To the north of the Zambezi river, a narrow coastline and bordering plateau slope upward into hills and a series of rugged highlands punctuated by scattered mountains. South of the Zambezi River, the lowlands are much wider with scattered hills and mountains along its borders with South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe.

There is a great difference in the character of the coast north and south of the Zambezi river. To the north the coast is much indented, abounds in rocky headlands and rugged cliffs while, as already stated, there is an almost continuous fringe of islands.

In southern Mozambique the coastline is low, sandy and contains swamps of East African mangroves. Harbours are few and poor.

Basically, the backbone of the country is the mountain chain which forms the eastern escarpment of the continental plateau. It does not present a uniformly abrupt descent to the plains, but in places, as in the lower Zambezi district, slopes gradually to the coast. The Lebombo Mountains, behind Maputo Bay, do not 631m above sea level in height; the Manica Plateau, farther north, is higher, with Mt Doe rising to 2,400m and Mt Panga to 2,320m. The Gorongoza mountains with Mt Miranga (1,996m), Enhatete (1,844m), and Gogogo (1,798m) lie north-east of the Manica plateau, and is, like it, of granitic formation.

Mozambique’s chief mountain range lies north of the Zambezi, and east of Lake Chilwa, namely, the Namuli Mountains, peaking at 2,701m, and Molisani, Mruli and Mresi attaining altitudes of 1,981 to 2,438m. Also, Mozambique's territory reaches to the continental plateau only along the Zambezi and north of that river. Page | 50

Besides the Zambezi, the next largest river in Mozambique is the Limpopo which enters the Indian Ocean about 161 km north of Maputo bay. The other rivers include the Komati, Save, Busi and Pungwe south of the Zambezi; the Lukugu, Lurio, Montepuesi (Mtepwesi) and Msalu, with the Rovuma and its affluent the Lujenda, to the north of it, are the other rivers of the province with considerable drainage areas. The majority of the major rivers are transboundary rivers emanating from the neighbouring countries.

4.3.2 Geology. Precambrian rocks underlie approximately half of Mozambique, mainly in the north and northwest of the country. They can be divided into three major structural units: Archean granite-greenstone terrane, Mesoproterozoic rocks of the Lurio Belt (Kibaran Orogeny) and the Neoproterozoic Mozambique Belt. Karoo sediments occur in small areas of north and north-western Mozambique. Karoo volcanics are exposed in the Lebombo Mountains, close to the border with South Africa. Whilst Mesozoic to Cenozoic sediments underlie large parts of southern and central Mozambique.

Figure 4-5 Map of geology of Mozambique (Baruya P and Kessels J, 2013)

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(i) Geology of the Northern Region The crust in northern Mozambique is cut into two similar but different tectonic blocks by the ENE-trending, NW-dipping Lúrio Belt (Figure 4-6). The Lúrio Belt is made up of highly strained Neoproterozoic mafic granulites of the Ocua Complex and is thought to mark a major crustal boundary (Figure 4-6, Macey et al., 2013).

Figure 4-6 Geological map of NE Mozambique (showing the main lithostratigraphic units (Macey et al, 2013).

To the south of the Lúrio Belt, the Nampula Block forms a large contiguous crustal block which consists of 1150–1070 Ma orthogneisses and metasedimentary rocks with high grade metamorphism around1090–1070 Ma. The Mesoproterozoic rocks of the Nampula Block are overlain by isolated allochthonous Neoproterozoic granulite klippen and para- autochthonous meta-morphosed molasse sediments (Macey et al, 2013; Figure.4-6).

The Namuno Block north of the Lúrio Belt consists of similar Mesoproterozoic crustal gneisses (Unango and Marrupa Complexes), but with slightly younger protolith ages, -Ma, and metamorphic ages ׽940 Ma that are interleaved with slices of high 940–1060 grade metamorphic rocks of more mafic character, the Neo-proterozoic Cabo Delgado Nappe Complex (including the Xixano, M’Sawize, Muaquia and Lalamo complexes), forming a stack of west vergent, nappes (Macey et al, 2013).

The various litho-tectonic entities were tectonically juxta-posed during the protracted, late Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic (c. 630–495 Ma) amalgamation of Gondwana (Macey et al, 2013). Collisional orogenesis was followed by the intrusion of late- to post-tectonic Cambrian-Ordovician K-granites, in particular the voluminous Murrupula Suite (׽530–495 Ma) that intrudes the Nampula Block (Macey et al., 2013).

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(ii) Geology of the Central Region The oldest rocks in the area are grouped together as the greenstone series and are probably of the Archean age and these greenstones are chiefly of volcanic origin. After the rocks of the greenstone series had been buried to considerable depth they were intruded by sills of peridotite and dunites. Through regional metamorphism these were altered to serpentine and talc–schist and also altering the greenstone base. Metamorphism was followed by folding, uplifting and denudation. After sometime the eroded surfaces were submerged and the Mbezi sedimentary series laid down in a shallow sea. The basal conglomerate was first formed as pebbly beach deposits composed of rocks derived from the greenstones, serpentine actinolite–schist and banded ironstone. On further submergence it was followed by series of sand and mud beds.

Figure 4-7 Geology of the Central Region (SWECO, 2005)

The extension of the easterly-trending, Archaean Odzi-Mutare Greenstone Belt (of Zimbabwe) into the Manica District, is comprised of a lower mafic-ultramafic metavolcanic succession (metakomatiite and high-magnesian basalt lavas with occasional interflow banded-iron-formation), and an upper terrigenous metasedimentary succession (thin basal conglomerate beds, meta-wackes, arkosic sandstones, phyllites, quartz siltstones) that broadly becomes finer-grained up-succession. This succession has been folded, at the macro-scale (order of about one- to two kilometres), into two synformal folds with a central antiform (Figures 4-7).

The margins to this Greenstone Belt are described very generally as ‘granitic gneisses’, but a main proportion of this consists of individual intrusive plutons that are only very weakly foliated. Some of these plutons have invaded the pre-existing layered succession; particularly the ultramafic/komatiitic lower part.

In general, the upper reaches of the Nhamucurara Rivers lie in this extension of the easterly-trending, Archaean Odzi-Mutare Greenstone Belt in the Manica district. The

Page | 53 geology of the area to the north-west of Catandica is composed mainly of crystalline metasediments with mylonites, of the Umkondo and Gairezi Group (Zimbabwean Facies).

The largest chunk of the Central region, from Mavonde to Nhamatanda is composed mainly of the Older Gneissic Complex of the Mozambique belt, with outcrops of Cretaceous and Precambrian rocks, and upper Karoo volcanic rocks to the north of Vanduzi, and an area of post Karoo igneous rocks to the north of Gorongosa

From Nhamatanda to Mafambisse the geology is of the alluvial sands, of the Quaternary period, whilst the stretch from Mafambisse to Beira is covered by arenatious and argillatious rocks of the Tertiary period.

The country around Beira is underlain by rocks of undifferentiated deposition, alluvial sands and arenatious rocks.

(iii) Geology of the Southern Region In southern Mozambique, the Phanerozoic cover can be divided into the Karoo Supergroup (Permian-Jurassic) followed by a succession of Cretaceous and younger sedimentary formations. The basement Karoo subgroup mainly outcrops along the western border of Mozambique whilst the rest of the southern region is covered with the sedimentary deposits.

Figure 4-8 Geological map of southern Mozambique (Rutten, R. et al, 2008)

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The development of the East Africa Rift System, deformed the basement volcanics and resulted in the formation of the Mozambique Basin which stretches from southern Mozambique to the Zambezi valley, spanning an area of ~185 000 km2 onshore and some 100 000 km2, offshore down to the 500 m isobath.in the process there was deposition of the Cretaceous sedimentary rocks followed by the deposition of the Paleogene and Neogene sedimentary rocks (Rutten, R. et al, 2008.)

Thus, the basin is floored by Jurassic volcanics and filled by Cretaceous sedimentary rocks followed by the deposition of the Paleogene and Neogene sedimentary rocks. The top of the sequence is occupied by the quaternary sediments and subordinate (sub-)volcanic rocks (Rutten, R. et al, 2008;).

4.3.3 Hydrogeology Groundwater is the main domestic water source for the rural population, but to date is used only sparsely for irrigation, mostly on small scale for subsistence farming. Large scale irrigation schemes all rely on surface water. A lack of hydrogeological information is a factor restricting groundwater development. Figure 4-9 shows the country’s Hydro-geological formations whose potential is explored in the following paragrapghs.

Figure 4-9 Mozambique Hydrogeological Formataion (Chairuca, L, et al, 2018)

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(i) Basement Complex This mainly covers the Precambrian Basement Complex and Precambrian Craton. Basement Complex rocks cover around 57% of the country, in the western part of the central region (largely part of the Zimbabwe Craton) and almost the entire region north of the Zambezi River (part of the Mozambique Metamorphic Belt) (Chairuca, L, et al, 2018).

The Aquifers of the Basement Complex are found in the weathered and fractured zones. So, the aquifer productivity principally depends on the thickness and texture of the weathered mantle and on the presence and characteristics of fractures. Because of the localised nature of fracturing and weathering, the aquifers are typically of limited extent and discontinuous, being predominantly linear in shape, with an average length of 1 to 2 km, a width of 40 to 100 m and a thickness of 25 to 40 m (Chairuca, L, et al, 2018). On plateaus, the basement rocks can be particularly deeply weathered, with weathering thicknesses of more than 50 m observed to the east of Chimio (Gondola) and 50 to 80 km to the east of Montepuez.

The Precambrian Basement Complex (in the north of Mozambique), has a poorly developed weathered mantle (generally less than 20 m) and thus limited groundwater storage. The formations have secondary permeability and exhibit low transmittivities. The average depth to the water table is 10 - 20 meters with an average specific capacity of 10 - 100 m3/d/m and a yield range of 100 – 250 m3/d. Positive exceptions can be found in fractured fault zones, valleys filled with unconsolidated alluvium, or where the weathered mantle is particularly thick (20 to 50 m), where borehole yields can be above 125 m³/d.

The Precambrian Craton (in central-west Mozambique) is characterised by mountainous areas without a significant weathered mantle, and therefore with very limited groundwater resources. This type of geology is of moderate to low transmittivities with a secondary permeability. The average depth to the water table is less than 10 meters and the boreholes in this kind of geology have an average specific capacity of 30 to 50 m3/d/m and yields are generally less than 1 m³/hour. Groundwater frequently appears in spring zones. The most productive areas are along fault zones.

The quality of the groundwater in the Basement Complex aquifers is generally good, with total mineralization typically below 600 mg/l. Higher salt concentrations are found in areas with relatively high evaporation rates, such as in the coastal belt of the northern provinces (500-1000 mg/l) and in the depression along the Zambezi. Groundwater pH generally varies from 7.0 to 8.3. Groundwater in the northern part of Tete is acid with pH values of 4 to 6.4. Together with a low hardness of 80 to 130 ppm CaCO3, this water can be considered aggressive (Chairuca, L, et al, 2018).

(ii) Igneous The Igneous rocks are composed mainly of Volcanic/extrusive rocks: phonolites; trachytes and similar rocks; rhyolites; basalts and Intrusive rocks: syenites; granites and similar rocks; gabbros and similar rocks

These formations typically form local, small and dispersed aquifers, with limited productivity and without significant groundwater resources. Weathering variable, but there can be a 10 to 20 m thick weathered mantle. Weathering in basalt terrain is often more enhanced, but here weathered material tends to be very clayey and almost impermeable. Some shallow groundwater can be found where the weathered mantle is thick enough and permeable enough, but generally primary and secondary fractures are the most important water-bearing features. Groundwater frequently appears in spring zones. The most Page | 56 productive areas are along fault zones, and talus slopes where weathering is enhanced (Chairuca, L, et al, 2018).

Typical borehole yields are less than 25 m³/d. Where there is a well-developed, permeable weathered zone, yields from this zone can be higher, but typically not more than 75 m³/d. Intergranular permeability is very low to zero. The aquifer is generally unconfined. Borehole depths typically vary between 30 and 100 m. Aquifer zones are typically small and dispersed, and therefore there is limited groundwater storage. However, the Water quality is usually good.

(iii) Consolidated Sedimentary Most of the consolidated sedimentary aquifers, consist of the of Cretaceous-Tertiary and Mesozoic-Palaeozoic formations. The aquifers show both intergranular and fracture/fissure flow. In many areas, they are overlain by unconsolidated sediments which may contain groundwater that is in hydraulic connection with the bedrock aquifers.

Most of the consolidated sedimentary formations are dominated by marine or continental sandstones and conglomerates, with mixed intergranular and fracture flow. They form variably productive aquifers, depending on lithology, from moderately productive (borehole yields 75 to 250 m³/d) to productive (borehole yields 250 to 1250 m³/d).

In formations with limestones and calcarenites and/or other calcareous rocks, the permeability can be high, but variable, resulting in highly productive boreholes yielding more than 1250 m³/d), whereas in formations with fine grained sediments, permeability is typically very low and groundwater occurrence is limited (borehole yields less than 75 m³/d).

Mozambique Sedimentary Basin south of the Save River This is the most significant sedimentary basin, and covers an area of about 21% of the country. This is the best studied aquifer in Mozambique. Inland, the basin is characterised by extensive erosion plains, gently dipping coastward, which are cut into by the valleys of the Save and Limpopo Rivers and by smaller rivers originating from the Libombos.

The inland part of the basin is dominated by continental formations, consisting of textured arkosic sandstones. Towards the coast, limestones and calcarenites become more common. In the northeast the structural Urrongas Plateau is underlain by limestones. It is separated from the inland plains by the Mazunga Graben, of which the Funhalouro-Mabote Graben is a sub-system.

The hydrogeological characteristics of the Basin are not generally favourable for groundwater development, except in deeper aquifers - and in overlying unconsolidated aquifers in some alluvial valleys and in the coastal dune zone. Aquifer productivity tends to increase coastwards. Limestones near the coast can be locally highly productive - such as the Salamanga Formation that crops out along the Maputo River, south of Bay of Maputo, although there may be saline water in the vicinity of the river.

The Mozambique Sedimentary Basin north of the Save covers an area of about 10% of the country. The Basin can be geomorphologically divided into the inland Sena Plains, the Cheringoma Plateau, the Buzi Plateau, the valley and delta of the Zambezi River and the littoral zone. The Basin is geologically dominated by marine sandstones, limestones and calcarenites. These rocks are not very favourable for groundwater development, although yield and groundwater quality prospects improve coastwards. Alluvium is well Page | 57 developed in the larger valleys, including the Zambezi and Buzi Rivers, and the Zambezi Delta, and can form a productive local aquifer.

More than half of the Mozambique Sedimentary Basin south of the Save River has serious problems with saline groundwater, especially in a central strip from the Save to the Maputo Rivers. The high salt concentration originates from saline formation water, semi-arid conditions and marine inundations during Pleistocene transgressions. Particularly in the inland areas of Inhambane and Gaza Provinces the groundwater is very saline (EC values above 4000 μS/cm) (Chairuca, L, et al, 2018).

(iv) Unconsolidated Sedimentary Unconsolidated sedimentary aquifers consist of sandy and gravelly alluvium; aeolian dune sands; marine sands. They cover a large part of the Mozambique basin, especially south of the Save River; and occur in river valleys and in some dune and coastal areas across the country. They form variably local/discontinuous and, in some areas, more regional/continuous aquifers. Groundwater in the unconsolidated aquifers may be in hydraulic continuity with underlying bedrock aquifers.

Key aquifers include sand layers within clayey alluvium; loamy silty to medium grained aeolian and beach/marine sands; and areas of weathered fine-grained clayey sands overlying consolidated rocks. Less frequent, but highly productive, are thick sandy and gravelly alluvium in valleys.

A belt of dune sands with an average width of 30 km is developed along the entire coast of southern Mozambique, south of the Save River, overlying Cretaceous-Tertiary sedimentary rocks. The dunes are dominated by marine and transitional unconsolidated sand formations. These porous aeolian sands form a regional unconfined aquifer which can be very productive, as shown by boreholes in the Ponta de Ouro and Tofoaquifers, and can contain fresh groundwater. Dune sands typically form at least moderately productive aquifers (borehole yields 3 to 10 m³/hour). Permeability decreases from the coast inland, as a consequence of increased clay content. The sands can be in hydraulic continuity between the upper unconsolidated and deeper consolidated aquifer: for example, along the Inhambane coast, dune sands overlie very productive limestones of the Jofane Formation, except in the area around Inharrime, where the dunes cover the low productive argillaceous sandstones of the Inharrime Formation. South of Bay of Maputo, dune sands overlie and are likely to be in hydraulic connectivity with, limestones and calcarenites of the Salamanga Formation, which outcrops along the Maputo River.

Significant thicknesses of alluvium have been developed along the main river valleys, and may form productive, stratified aquifers with good water quality. Where the alluvium is dominated by sands it can form a moderately productive aquifer (borehole yields 75 to 250 m³/d).

The aquifer layers can be confined or unconfined, depending on local circumstances. The Limpopo and Incomati Rivers have built an extensive alluvial fan, inland from the dune belt in southern Mozambique, with high porosity sands that form a highly productive regional aquifer, with specific yields of up to 20 m³/hour/m, and fresh groundwater. North of Maputo, this is the most important aquifer in Mozambique.

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In most areas of the southern dune belt, the nearness of the aquifer to the sea, and sometimes to lagoonal inland depressions, means that the aquifer often contains brackish to saline water, which limits its use. However, there is fresh groundwater between Homoine and Massinga.

Groundwater quality in the Maputo and other alluvial aquifers near the coast, and along the main river valleys, is generally good, but salinity can become a problem inland. Sometimes, in the lower reaches of the main valleys increased groundwater mineralization is often seen, as a consequence of occasional marine inundations or longer-term sea- water intrusions near the river mouth.

In the centre of the Incomati valley, the good prospects are offset by the existence of highly mineralized groundwater.

4.3.4 Soils In the higher altitude zones of the north and west, soils are predominantly light clay and clay loam textured. They are of inherently good fertility, but under cultivation their nutrient status needs to be maintained with the application of phosphate and nitrogen fertilisers. On the slopes the erosion hazard can be serious if suitable soil and water conservation measures are not taken into account.

Figure 4-10 Soil Map of Mozambique (Nobela L, 2015)

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The soils of the low-lying coastal plain in the south, apart from the alluvial deposits along the rivers, are for the most part sandy and with low fertility. Their low water holding capacity exacerbates the risk of drought. Local soil variations are generally associated with topography, with the heavier and more poorly drained soils located in the lower lying areas, where organic matter has been accumulated and where the residual soil water content can be used for crop growth. Extensive areas of alluvial soils, with good agricultural potential, have been deposited by some of the rivers, such as the Limpopo, Incomati, Umbeluzi, and Maputo. Figure 4-10 presents the broad soil map of Mozambique.

4.3.5 Climate and Rainfall The climate of Mozambique ranges from the very dry arid zone to the very wet humid zone (Figure 4-11). According to the modified Thornthwaite method, 80% of the area of the country is classified as semi-arid tropics, constituting the dryland agriculture belt. The sub humid zone covers about 15% of the area, and constitutes the wetland agriculture belt. Arid and humid zones constitute about 2 and 3% respectively, and they are primarily suitable for pastures and non-food crops (Reddy, 1984).

Figure 4-11 Broad Climatic Zones of Mozambique According to Moisture Index (WFP, 2018)

Page | 60 i) Average Annual Rainfall Rainfall is mainly restricted to the warm season between October/November and April, and decreases from North to South and from the coast to the inland areas (Figures 4-12 to 4- 15). The average country annual rainfall is 968 mm but varies between 350 mm in the Pafuri region at the Limpopo River entrance, and 2,000 mm in Gurué in the mountain areas of Zambezia Province. Figures 4-12 to 4-15 show the mean seasonal precipitation in the period 1982 – 2017 period.

For the majority of the country the mean annual potential evapotranspiration exceeds significantly the mean annual rainfall (Reddy, 1984). Values of potential evapotranspiration (according to Penman, 1948) around 1,600 and 1,700 mm are found near Tete on the right bank of the Zambezi river and in the interior of the Limpopo river basin respectively. In Lichinga, the north-western part of the country, an annual value of 1,200 mm is likely to occur (WFP, 2018).

Figure 4-12 Mozambique Average Rainfall Distribution (WFP, 2018).

Figure 4-13 Southern Mozambique Average Rainfall Distribution (WFP, 2018).

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Figure 4-14 Central Mozambique Average Rainfall Distribution (WFP, 2018).

Figure 4-15 Northern Mozambique Average Rainfall Distribution (WFP, 2018).

Figure 4-16 Mozambique Average Annual Rainfall (WFP, 2018)

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The charts show the long term (1982 – 2016) seasonal rainfall profile for provinces representing the south (Maputo and inhambane), Central (Sofala and Tete) and the North (Nampula and Cabo Delgado) of Mozambique. Although the rainfall regime across the country is clearly unimodal, it varies considerably in amount. In northern and interior provinces rainfall is limited to the October-May period, but in coastal provinces, significant rainfall can still occur until August.

Areas of lower rainfall include the southern province of Maputo, Gaza and Inhambane as well as the southern half of Tete. In western Gaza rainfall is lowest, with seasonal amounts of around 500mm (WFP, 2018)

Generally, the amount of rainfall varies a lot from year to year within the basin, and during a very dry year, the rainfall gives almost no runoff peaks in the rivers, due to the high temperatures, and hence high evaporation. ii) Temperature – long term averages Temperatures in the mountainous areas are usually below 18ºC, while in the non- mountainous areas there is temperature variations of 22ºC in July and up to 29ºC in January.

Figure 4-17 Mozambique Temperature (WFP, 2018)

The average monthly minimum temperatures display a clear gradient of decreasing temperatures from the coast to the interior (Figure 4-17). The highest minimum temperatures can be seen along the northern coast, while the lowest ones are in western Page | 63

Gaza Province. The average monthly maximum temperatures show highest values in southern half of Tete Province (Figure 4-17). The other warmer areas include the northern coast and western areas of Gaza Province.

The country has a simple seasonal temperature profile with a minimum in July and a peak in November (WFP, 2018).

4.3.6 Water Resources

Figure 4-18 Main River Basins of Mozambique (WB, 2007).

Surface water is the main source of freshwater in the country. The majority of the rivers flow in a W-E direction, draining the Central Africa high plateau into the Indian Ocean (Figure 4-18). In many rivers, flows are intermittent with high waters during 3-4 months and Page | 64 low flows for the remaining part of the year. Droughts are common and they are related to the erratic distribution of the rainfall during the wet season. Heavy storms and high floods can follow months and years of drought. Severe floods are very common in the downstream parts of the rivers in the centre (Zambezi, Pungué, and Búzi) and in the south (Limpopo, Incomati, and Maputo).

As presented in a review study (Gomes and Famba, 1999), most of the major river basins are shared with other countries. As Mozambique is located at the downstream end of those basins, it is in very vulnerable position and extremely dependent on the imported flows in terms of their quantity and quality. Groundwater is the main source of water for rural water supply as well as for the water supply to some villages, small towns and major settlements like Xai-Xai and Matola.

Rainfed agriculture is extremely dependent on the rainfall regime and is practised during the rainy season. While in the majority of the North of the country it is possible to have a successful rainfed crop, during the rainy season, with a risk of crop failure usually less than 5%, in the south of the country the chances of a well succeeded crop are very low (Reddy, 1986). In Southern Mozambique, where arid and semi-arid climates are associated with predominantly sandy soils, the risk of rainfed crop failure can reach values between 60 and 75%. The most affected area is near Pafuri, in western border where the risk of harvest failure exceeds the 75%. Lack of rainfall in the south is a severe constraint to rainfed crop production but, on the other hand, strong local demand results in high market prices for agricultural products. This has led to recommendations that priorities for irrigation development should focus on these areas.

The main source of water for irrigated agriculture are the rivers and, to a smaller extent, some lakes. Most rivers are seasonal and some problems do result from that. In some schemes, especially in the South of the country, the availability of water during the dry season is a limiting factor. After independence, a more systematic development process was initiated, aiming first to a better control of water resources in areas prone to drought, and some dams were built in the southern rivers. This improvement in the infrastructure, though insufficient, contributed somewhat to reduce the damaging effects of drought and flooding in some of the most affected areas. There are also limited areas irrigating from shallow water table making a combined use of rainfall and subsurface water. There are no major irrigation schemes using water from deep aquifers, since the potential for their exploitation seems very much limited by the quantity and quality of water and by the high costs for their exploitation.

4.3.7 Main vegetation types Seventeen (17) vegetation types (including mangroves) (figure 4-19) occur in the Central part of Mozambique of which Miombo woodland is dominant covering approximately 50% of the basin. Several different types of miombo occur in the Pungwe River basin distinguished on the basis of structure (height, density, etc.), species composition (although the presence of Brachystegiaspp. and/or Julbernardiaglobiflora is a necessary criterion for classifying the woodland as miombo) and phenology. The vegetation types directly reliant on water run-off in the basin are the vegetation on Alluviums (comprising (a) the seasonally-inundated Gorongosa “tandos” that links the Zambezi Valley with the

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Pungwe system in the south via the Urema trough (Rift Valley) and (b) the seasonally inundated grasslands of the lower Pungwe/Buzi floodplains and estuary) and Mangroves.

These wetlands are of critical importance providing a myriad of habitats for fauna, some of which are endemic and/or threatened. Many smaller but important vegetation types/habitats are dependent on rivers or streams, for instance Riverine Forest and Montane/Sub-montane vleis, grasslands and dambos.

Figure 4-19 Vegetation map of Mozambique (SWECO, 2005)

The Biodiversity of most of the areas within the Pungwe Basin is low however; this is high in protected areas such as Gorongoza National Park in Mozambique and Rhodes Nyanga National Park, Honde Valley and its surrounding areas like the Eastern Highlands in Zimbabwe. The study concentrated mostly in areas considered to be ‘Hot Spots” because of high activities of gold panning. These include Mafufu, Gorongoza, Nhamucurara (Mozambique and Zimbabwe) and Honde River. Other areas studied include Macossa including Muera River and Pungwe River, from the source going down towards the delta. However; no panning is being done along the river.

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4.3.8 Agro-Ecological Conditions.

The country comprises of 10 agro-ecological regions, each with several production systems. These slightly homogeneous agro-ecological regions are indicative of the agricultural potential based mainly on soil types, growing period for rain-fed agriculture. The Figure 4-20 below shows the distribution of the agro-ecological zones of Mozambique.

Figure 4-20 Agro-Ecological Regions of Mozambique (MITADER, 2015)

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Table 4-2 Legend of the Agro-ecological Zones of Mozambique (adapted from MITADER, 2015). Agro-ecological Zone Altitude, Soil Type and Rainfall Production System R1: Interior of Maputo and x Altitude: 200-500 m south of Gaza x Soils: Sandy to silty soils Maize/ Cassava/ livestock x Rainfall: 500-800 mm R2: Coastal zone south of x Altitude: < 200 m Maize/cassava/ Save River x Soils: Sandy groundnuts/ cashew nuts/ x Rainfall: 800-1,000 mm rice/ sweet-potato. R3: Center and north of x Altitude: < 200 m Millet/ sorghum/ livestock/ Gaza and West of x Soils: Sandy maize Inhambane x Rainfall: 400-600 mm R4: median altitude of x Altitude: 200-1000 m Maize/ millet/ sorghum/ central region x Soils: heavy clays, light soils. cassava x Rainfall: 1,000-1,200 mm R5: Low altitude areas of x Altitude: < 200 m Maize/ millet/ sorghum/ Sofala and Zambézia x Soils: Sandy soils, fluvi soils, verti soils. cassava rice/ cashew x Rainfall: 1,000-1,400 mm nuts/ cotton R6: Semi-arid region for the x Altitude: < 200 m Millet/ sorghum/ maize/ Zambeze valley, south x Soils: Sandy livestock of Tete x Rainfall: 500-800 mm R7: Median altitude of x Altitude: 200–1,000 m Zambézia, Nampula, Maize/ millet/ cassava/ x Soils: Sandy, clayey soils Tete, Niassa and Cabo- groundnuts/ cashewnuts Delgado x Rainfall: 1,000-1,400 mm R8: Coastal areas of x Altitude: 200-600 m Cassava/ millet/ rice/ Zambezia, Nampula e x Soils: Sandy soils, fluvi soils, verti soils. cashewnuts Cabo-Delgado x Rainfall: 800–1,200 mm. R9: North of Cabo-Delgado, x Altitude: 500-1,000 m Maize/ millet/ peas/ Mueda mountain x Soils: Silty to sandy cassava/ sesame/ x 1,000-1,200 mm cashewnuts R10: High altitudes of x Altitude: > 1,200 m Beans/ potato/ maize/ Zambézia, Niassa, x Soil: Ferral soils millet Angónia and Manica x Rainfall: >1,200 mm

4.3.9 Wetlands and Their Relevance to Local Livelihood Mozambique being a coastal country, crossed by many rivers running into the Indian Ocean, it is endowed with a very diversified wetland system (Figure 4-21). The importance of wetlands is related to their potential to retain large volumes of water. Wherever there are wetlands there are also people, mainly small farmers and fishermen. This close association between people and wetlands draw the attention for the strategic importance of these ecosystems in the rural economy, and the need for an effective planning, management and conservation strategy.

Five wetland ecosystems occur in Mozambique: a) Marine system, b) Estuarine system, c) Riverine system, d) Lacustrine system, and e) Palustrine system. The most important systems for agricultural development are the Riverine and Palustrine systems.

The riverine system is the largest inland wetland in Mozambique. It includes the floodplains, which are important environments for livestock production, fisheries, wildlife and irrigated agriculture. The palustrine system includes the coastal lakes, lagoons, swamps, springs, dambos and peatlands. Dambos and peatlands are of enormous importance for small-scale agriculture.

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Figure 4-21 Main wetland systems in Mozambique (Source: Chabwela, 1991, and Saket, 1994)

Dambos are mainly concentrated in the central and north high rainfall areas, being a common feature of headwaters of most streams. Peat soils and hydromorphic sandy soils are common in the South, where semi-arid conditions predominate, and its importance is associated to water availability all year round. They occur in lowland areas, as swampy coastal plains and lagoons separated from the sea by beach ridges and between the 600- 1,000 mm rainfall isohyets. Locally called machongos, these soils are generally very fertile and continuously wet due to seepage from the surrounding dune areas with high infiltration and high recharge rates. They also present a very good soil structure for plant growth with high water holding capacity, high soil aeration, and easy workability, making them Page | 69 particularly attractive for small scale agriculture. Excessive drainage can contribute to mineralisation of the peat, resulting in soil acidification. Subsidence of these soils is also likely to occur due to excessive drainage. Their proximity to the sea determines a strong presence of marine sediments, and a high risk of salinity and/or sodicity. The total area occupied by these soils is estimated as 465,000 ha (93,000 ha being the organic peat soils and 372,000 ha the hydromorphic sandy soils) (Gomes, et. al., 1998).

4.3.10 Archaeology There are several archaeological sites of importance in Mozambique albeit the absence of information concerning them. The majority are related to early settlements which were important trading centres linking the interior of southern Africa to the rest of the known world. Three major sites will be discussed here, but because of scarcity of data, the implementors of PROCAVA have to be on the lookout for archaeological sites and features. The three main sites are Chibuene, Manyikeni and the Catandica ruins. The sites are on the list of the World Heritage sites. i. Chibuene Chibuene, southern Mozambique, is the site of the earliest-known trading port in southern Africa. Radiocarbon dates place its occupation between the 6th and 17th centuries. Recovered exotic trade goods, especially glass beads, indicate it was the main port of entry for that trade into southern Africa from roughly the 8th to the mid-10th century. LA- ICP-MS analysis of glass beads, vessel shards and wasters from the site has brought to light a new bead series for the region that may push that trade back to the 7th century (Wood, M, et al, 2012).

Figure 4-22 Glass beads from Chibuene (Wood, M, et al, 2012)

Chibueneis located five kilometres south of the coastal city of Vilanculos South Beach. The site was occupied during two distinct phases. The earlier phase of occupation dates to the late first millennium AD. The second phase dates from around 1450 and is contemporaneous with the Great Zimbabwe civilization in the African interior. During both phases of its development Chibuene was a trading settlement. Trade goods obtained from the site include glass beads (Figure 4-22), painted blue and white ceramics, and glass bottle fragments. The later phase of settlement has yielded remains of ancient structures Page | 70 as well as evidence of metallurgy. Crucibles have been found that were presumably used to melt gold obtained from trade with the Great Zimbabwe civilization. There is evidence that Chibuene traded extensively with the inland settlement of Manyikeni.

ii. Manyikeni Manyikeni is a Mozambican archaeological site, around 52km west of the coastal city of Vilanculos. The archaeological site dates from the twelfth to seventeenth century. It is believed to be part of the Great Zimbabwe tradition of architecture, distinguished by mortar- less stone walls, and part of the famous Mwene-Mutapa’s Kingdom. The central stone enclosure complex is built in this tradition, and the find of a Zimbabwe-style iron gong at the site also suggests cultural ties (Figure 4-23).

Figure 4-23 Manyikeni Ruins (Macamo, S. 2006)

The site today is covered by the Cenchrus ciliaris grass, commonly found in Zimbabwe but not in Mozambique. Berger suggests that this may indicate the grass was introduced along with cattle from Zimbabwe. The site is located 350 km from Great Zimbabwe, the capital of a large, pre-colonial empire active from at least the 11th through the 14th centuries. It has been suggested that only the ruling elite at Manyikeni consumed beef, as cattle bones have been found only in the central part of the site. The lower classes who lived at the periphery of the site ate meat from ovi-caprines. The presence of a large number of glass beads and seashells at the site have led to speculation that the settlement traded extensively with the ancient coastal settlement of Chibuene (Macamo, S. 2006) iii. Catandica ruins The Catandica ruins are in Manica Province, near Catandica about 25kilometres southwest of the village. This area is relatively high (500 metres above sea level and above) compared to the low lying Sofala Province (below 500 metres). The frequent flood in the low-lying areas has destroyed most archaeological sites in the area. It is therefore crucial

Page | 71 that extreme care be taken to ensure that archaeological remains are not needlessly or thoughtlessly destroyed.

The archaeological sites in the hills of Mhanda are still in place and need to be looked after by the responsible authorities. Chief Makombe and his warriors built several forts and strongholds in the hills during their protracted war against the Portuguese settlers in Mozambique (Figure 4-24). The well-preserved ruins of the retreat base still exist and the Mozambican government is trying to restore the ruins.

Figure 4-24 The Catandica ruins (Chief Makombe’s stronghold in the hills of mhanda)

4.3.11 Sacred Places Numerous sacred places were found in the area near Catandica Village. Almost in all areas of both provinces of Sofala and Manica sacred mountains and holy shrines were found. Some elders were talking about some sacred caves in the Gogogo hills. The Gorongoza area is well preserved and any archaeological sites are still well protected. However, those that are in the buffer zone are in danger of being tampered with.

Because of the remoteness of some places, it makes it impossible to exhaust the search for possible sacred, holy or archaeological fertile areas.

During the liberation war for Zimbabwe a few fierce battles between the Rhodesian armed forces and the freedom fighters of Zimbabwe occurred. In two of the raids on the guerrilla bases thousands of civilians were massacred and were buried in mass graves at Chimoio and Nhadzonia. In Nhadzonia the attack occurred in 1976 and in Chimoio it occurred 1n 1978. These two places are now being kept by the department of National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe as national heritage sites (Figure 4-25.

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Figure 4-25 The shrine dedicated to the fallen heroes of zimbabwe

4.3.12 Biodiversity Status As previously indicated, Mozambique is a signatory to several international conventions related to Biodiversity and relevant to the conservation of biodiversity. The national legal framework is characterized by a variety of instruments governing all activities related to biodiversity, the Land Law (Law 19/97), the Environmental Law (Law 20/1997), the Law of fisheries, the Law of Forestry and Wildlife (Law 10/99) and the Conservation Law (Law 16/2014). These are supplemented by a series of associated regulations.

Two important documents (MICOA, 2009; MITADER, 2015) present a review on the main environmental and biodiversity challenges of Mozambique. The country is characterized by a variety of terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecosystems, which contain a great diversity of species (flora and fauna). Some of these ecosystems are of great global importance for biodiversity conservation. Particular focus is given to species of migratory birds that depend on wetlands. The agricultural and livestock ecosystems are as well diverse and supported by a variety of the indicated and described ten (10) agro-ecological regions.

Biodiversity is fundamental in Mozambique to poverty alleviation and to the economic development in general, since 90% of the rural energy comes from wood and charcoal and more than 80% of the population uses the goods and services offered by biodiversity for their survival. Biodiversity values can be grouped into the following categories: (i) forest resources (timber and non-timber) and wildlife; (ii) fisheries; (iii) agriculture and livestock resources; (iv) tourism resources; and (v) mineral resources. Mozambique has focused on conservation measures. This is demonstrated by the fact that 26% of the country is covered by Conservation Areas.

Human activities are realized as the direct causes of changes in land use, which may result in loss or reduction of biodiversity, and operate at various spatial scales. The main reason being the extreme poverty in which most of the population lives, and its high dependence on biodiversity. In this context, human subsistence activities, such as land opening to agriculture, most often associated with fires, charcoal production and artisanal fisheries can be considered as the main causes of the direct loss and degradation of natural ecosystems. Agricultural practices currently used by most of the Mozambican population are rudimentary, and therefore unsustainable. For example, many farmers rely on river and streams banks and beds to the practice of agriculture during the dry season, or in drought years, which result in degradation of wetlands and aquatic ecosystems. Pollution of aquatic Page | 73 systems, is also one of the main causes of aquatic systems degradation. On the other hand, the population growth (2 % per year) associated with urbanization and the need to meet population needs, are also important risk factors.

The main threats to biodiversity in Mozambique are: x Conversion, loss, degradation and fragmentation of natural habitats; x Overexploitation of certain species; x Invasion by non-native species that damage ecosystems and native species; x Pollution and contamination of natural habitats or species; and x Climate change.

The actual trends: x Deforestation rate is estimated to 0.6%, x Economic growth, based on the agricultural, mining and infrastructure sectors contributing to increased degradation of biodiversity. x More than 80% of the population uses the goods and services offered by biodiversity for their survival x Increase of agriculture area, and little or no evolution in agrarian productivity.

It is therefore important that the accelerated socio-economic development of Mozambique, is accompanied by coordinated and planned actions to minimize the loss of biodiversity, or compensate for its loss, to ensure a net gain (or at least no net loss) of biodiversity in the development process. Especially, protect and preserve the rare or fragile ecosystems.

The PROCAVA sub-Projects have the potential to increase income of the beneficiaries, especially rural communities, reduce poverty and contribute to reduced pressure over natural resources, especially, if focused on intensive production. It is therefore important that the actions are carefully screened in order to (i) control Soil and land degradation, (ii) avoid fragile ecosystems and biodiversity disturbances, (iii) control pollution from agrochemicals, and, (iv) promote integrated management of natural resources, by implementing conservation measures.

4.3.13 Climatic Change and Variability The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has demonstrated unequivocal evidences of climate change worldwide. Mozambique is one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change. A review study on the impact of climate change by the National Institute for Disasters Management (INGC) in 2009 shows that as a result of climate variability and change the exposure to natural disaster risks in Mozambique will increase significantly over the coming twenty (20) years and beyond. The country experiences high levels of climate variability and extreme weather events (i.e. droughts, floods, epidemics and tropical cyclones) (INGC, 2009).

Being a coastal country, it is generally on the receiving end of most events. During droughts upstream riparian countries tend to release less water and during floods they tend to release more water, entailing on the lowest riparian country higher impacts of such events. Impacts on crops and livelihoods are thus always severe.

Of late cyclones have become the most frequent disaster, occurring almost every year, with devastating distraction, the cyclones pose a major constraint to development given the reliance on natural resources the sub-projects of PROCAVA will have. Flooding of

Page | 74 deltas and inundation of agricultural lands is a perennial threat to both farmers and infrastructure, especially when coupled with cyclonic storm surges.

Living with the effects of climate change, as imposed in the foreseeable future, calls for adaptation and mitigation measures to offset or reduce such effects. Because of the recurrences of these natural disasters, Mozambique has gathered significant data to allow the country to knowledgeably tackle recurrent natural disasters, including developing adaptation in terms of finding ways of developing economic and social activities under conditions caused by climate change and preventing and mitigating negative impacts on socioeconomic activities. All PROCAVA sub-projects will be expected to effectively use this knowledge base to increase their resilience to this phenomenon. The sub-projects should be able to operate under the conditions caused by the disasters.

At national level Mozambique has identified priority adaptation measures in its National Adaptation Programme of Action (MECOA, 2007; INGC, 2009), which include the following: Improving early warning systems; Strengthening farmer coping capacities; Improving the knowledge and management of rivers; Limiting erosion; Developing sustainable fishing; Promoting public awareness of climate change; Improving agency coordination; Integrating climate change into decentralized district planning.

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5 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

PROCAVA is a nationwide programme that is envisaged to result in more positive than negative environmental and social impacts. With appropriate design, adequate management and monitoring, negative impacts can be kept to a minimum.

On the other hand, if that is not done, the project and its sub-components may have negative impacts some of which can have ripple effect making it difficult to apply remedial actions. Early identification of potential risks is of extreme importance taking cognizant of the three stages within the project cycle: a) the project’s overall design and planning, b) construction/setting up and c) operational stage. Construction operations will be short/medium term, while operation will be long term. Weak or inadequate capacity for designing, planning, execution and monitoring the project and its components can lead to low environmental and social performance, exacerbating adverse impacts and limited enhancement of the positive impacts.

Although a number of sites have already been identified, the majority are yet to be identified in the districts. The observed potential impacts at the known sites have provided invaluable insight into the possible impacts for the rest of the proposed sub-project sites. So, the potential impacts described herein will serve as a guideline for a thorough site-specific assessment of the rest of the sub-project sites once they have been selected. Potential environmental and social impacts were identified through a comprehensive stakeholder consultation process and review of relevant literature including other preliminary studies for similar investments. Appendix 6, lists the consulted stakeholders. The impacts indicated in this section will be reduced and mitigated as described in ESMP in Chapter8 of this ESMF.

5.2 THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL STATUS OF THE PROJECT AREA

The project will focus on addressing factors that are currently limiting effective functioning of the different value chains. These value chains were identified through a highly consultative process with provincial, district and community level stakeholders. There was more insight during the field visit and consultations of which most of it was used to develop this ESMF. This section will give selected feedback mostly focusing on areas of concern that the project may need to interrogate but not limited to those only.

5.2.1 Horticulture Commodities Under Irrigation The Programme will support measures that improve the physical access of farmers to infrastructure such as irrigation to improve horticulture crop production. In addition, the programme will establish: a) vegetable pack-houses to improve the quality and image of the vegetable commodities; b) improvements in the condition of vegetable transportation and logistics (e.g. refrigerated trucks, improved vegetable packaging including crates; c) wholesale/retail marketing stalls in targeted locations (with high population and vegetable demand) to serve as concentration points for vegetables. Page | 76

Figure 5-1 Drip irrigation and shed Net technology (at Gandlaze – Chókwè irrigation scheme)

Table 5-1 below presents some of the proposed activities that will be undertaken by PROCAVA under the irrigated Horticulture Commodities. Whilst Table 5-2 shows the Analysis of impacts of Irrigated Horticulture Value Chain sites that were visited during the current study.

Table 5-1 Proposed Activities Under Irrigated Horticulture Activities Units Total Notes HORTICULTURE 0 Component 1 - Production and Productivity 0 Improvement Facilitate the establishment of Agro-dealers in Rural number 80 Areas Production of Potato Foundation Seed (IIAM) hectares 15 Umbelúzi, Sussundenga, Angonia, Tsangano Establishment of Potato Seed Multiplication Plots hectares 135 All ten Provinces Production of training materials (manuals, leaflets, number 15 brochures) Establishment of Business Farmer Field Schools number 370 (FFS) Stimulate the application of improved inputs through e- number 11,000 vouchers Training and equipment for lead farmers (50% W) number 741 Training of equipment /tractor operators number 50 0 Component 2: Strategic Market Related 0 Infrastructure Investment Rehabilitation and Improvement of Irrigation Schemes hectares 3,000 (Total Area) Irrigation Schemes of Larger than 100 hectares:

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Activities Units Total Notes Chimbia hectares 120 PROCAVA Bloco 48 hectares 100 PROCAVA Bloco 5 hectares 265 PROCAVA Bachone hectares 100 PROCAVA Chidzolomondo hectares 100 PROCAVA Chitambe hectares 112 PROCAVA bloco 1 hectares 355 ESIA already done under PROSUL nhatine (guija) hectares 111 ESIA underway, will be done under PROSUL

Greenhouses/ shade nets for vegetables (Area ≥ number 75 2500 m2) Greenhouses/ shade nets for seedlings (Area ≥ 1250 number 25 m2) Modern irrigation kits (Climate Resilient Packages) number 80 Seed potato cold storage units number 5 Vegetable pack houses number 20 Construction of Wholesale markets for vegetables and number 5 others crops Construction of retail markets for vegetables and other number 6 crops Construction of improved silos (for nutrition / seed number storage) Adaptation of mechanization centers to horticulture number 10 requirements Rehabilitation and improvement of input shops number 80 Promotion of Animal Traction kits ( Number 60

Component 3: Institutional Strengthening and Implementation Support Subcomponent 3.1: Institutional Strengthening Strengthening farmer organizations (registration, bank number 114 accounts, accounting systems, marketing, branding, etc) Market research and creation of buyers data-base studies 5 Training local contractors (irrigation, shade nets, number 114 greenhouses, etc) Training public staff o irrigation technology (design, number 342 construction) Establishment of market & weather information system number 1 Surveying equipment for DPASA, including training number 9 Construction supervision kits for SDPI & SDAE number 57 Delimitation number 26

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Table 5-2 Analysis of impacts of Visited Irrigated Horticulture Value Chain - Potential social and - Potential project Specific Area IFAD /GoM environmental impacts benefits Activity (province/ Safeguard district reference Project Category - Poor operation and maintenance - High quality yield Vegetable Gandlaze, Category B.. resulting in malfunctioning - Improved disease Shade Chokwe, irrigation scheme (engine and controlled Net Gaza piping) - Operation and maintenance system in place does not match the infrastructure provided and so will result in system failure - Shade Nets are not locally available which makes them too expensive and unsustainable - The Association is failing to - The group has managed Vegetable Guija, Gaza Category B maintain the existing diesel to work in harmony with productio pumps which are currently not (project does very minimum conflicts n working due to mechanical not exceed mainly because they problems. 100ha,) hold regular meetings to - There is high youth participation agree on operational in the Association which is likely modalities. to result in sustainability - - Leadership is only occupied by influential men whilst women are in administrative positions - this leads to overlooking women's needs and perpetuating of gender inequalities - Fear and lack of confidence prevents women in taking up leadership positions although they are the majority voters (for example 93 women out of 108 members.) - Recurring droughts threaten sustainability of the association activities. - There is threat from diseases destroying tomato yield and stalk borers destroying maize crop. - The farmers are doing crop rotation to reduce incidence of diseases and also use organic fertiliser after receiving some education on how to make it - Capacity of dam needs to be - Vegetable Muelege Category A increased to accommodate more - More than 300 people productio Dam, farmers as compared to just one (the Irrigation around the dam relying n Monapo, - The area is cyclone prone which Projects on rainfed agriculture will Nampula weakens dam structure – there is exceeding 100 benefit need for a resilient wall and wider ha, or located - Improved vegetable spillway in wetlands or production and more - Clearing of land will result in conservation disposable income deforestation and areas, or the - There is potential for conflict; construction of - with the farmer who has been small dams using the dam for his sisal exceeding 5ha

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plantation – with regards to of inundation water allocation areas) - with downstream farmers due to decrease in water flow - with the farmer whose part of the land will be taken for irrigation by the Association - They use manual crop irrigation - The women feel that by Vegetable Novos Category B because they cannot afford the being together and productio Horizontes, pump - cannot afford to expand (project does working together, they n - Monapo, under manual labour (members not exceed overcome a lot of social Farmer Nampula have individual pieces of land, 100ha,) and economic Organizati they also have a small piece as an challenges (social on association which they produce capital) (Associati tomatoes, cabbage and beans) - on) - Seasonality of the pond which is the source of water for irrigation disrupts activities - The pond needs to be excavated to increase capacity. - Artificial fertilizers and pesticides affects the environment and human health - - Poor Operation and Maintenance, - Increased production Vegetable Dondo, Category B and poor troubleshooting skills and productivity; Productio Sofala resulted in malfunctioning of the (project does - Increased income; n - system not exceed - Improved technical Farmer - Dam/pond is too small to keep 100ha,) assistance Organizati enough water for vegetable on growing in the dry season which affects productivity -

The major issues noted on this value chain were

- Category. Three major irrigation schemes which were under PROSUL will be done under PROCAVA. Two of them have capacities exceeding the IFAD Category “A” limit of 100ha. EIAs for these projects are already underway and will be adopted for PROCAVA. Six more major irrigation schemes with capacities exceeding the 100ha limit for category “A” will be rehabilitated and Improved under PROCAVA. The rest of the activities are category “B” and “C” - Capacity to operate and maintain the irrigation equipment and replacing worn out parts as and when necessary. For example, schemes visited in Chókwè, and Dondo were all malfunctioning and the community had sort of resigned looking for solutions except waiting for external assistance. Still on operation, it was noted that troubleshooting capacity in case of breakdown was limited. Careful consideration mainly regarding institutional capacity development, is needed before the investments in irrigation infrastructure. - Shade nets/cloths, a technology that PROCAVA will be promoting also poses some challenges. The infrastructure itself from information gathered is expensive and some materials are not locally manufactured (ex. shade nets). It was noted that the beneficiary community (Chókwè) although appreciative did not have full knowledge on investment cost hence a very weak O&M arrangement.

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- fertilisers/pesticides: Indiscriminate use of various fertilisers/pesticides on horticulture fresh produce is of concern as it affects human health. - Integrated pest management approaches should be considered to minimize the negative impacts of pesticides in the targeted areas. There is need for research on the issue. The proposed pest management approach, the integrated Pest Management Plan (IPMP) has been presented as Volume 2 of this report.

5.2.2 Red Meat (Cattle and Goats/Sheep) For the red meat value chain, the emphasis of interventions will be on those infrastructures that will facilitate preservation, storage, aggregation, marketing outlets, and other marketing aspects. Such infrastructure will include 3 slaughterhouses or 14 slaughter- slabs, 19 cattle fairs and 17 cattle fattening centres.

Figure 5-2 Ndzubwe – Chokwe Crush Pen

A major component of the Red meat Value Chain is the Multi-Purpose Water Provision through boreholes. The boreholes serve several different functions which include the following entities: x Drinking water for people x Drinking water for cattle x Water for washing x Water for irrigating gardens

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Figure 5-3 Water Storage Tanks at Massongr Multipurpose Water Supply

Table 5-3 is an outline of some of the proposed activities that will be undertaken by PROCAVA under the Red meat value chain. Whilst Table 5-4 shows the Analysis of impacts of the Red Meat Value Chain sites that were visited during the current study.

Table 5-3 Proposed Activities Under Red Meat Value Chain Activities Units Total

RED MEAT

Component 1 - Production and Productivity Improvement

Promote genetic cattle improvement (introduction of improved bulls) number 300

Promote goat genetic improvement (introduction of improved goats) number 800

Train livestock breeders on improved livestock management technologies number 175

Establish fodder banks number 78

Train livestock breeders on genetic improvement number 175

Train farmers on strategies for dry season feeding (hay/silage making, fodder number 175 banks)

Establish innovation platforms number 736

Promote Meat trader Cooperatives number 45

Train and equip animal health workers number 360

Establish livestock FFS number 225

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Activities Units Total

Train livestock breeders on Sustainable Natural Resources Planning & number 196 Management

Conduct Exchange and learning visits number 180

Disseminate climate and market information number 180

Train meat traders on hygiene and meat processing standards number 180

Establish water management / cattle fair management committees number 276

Formalize infrastructure management committees, including opening bank 276 accounts

Component 2: Strategic Market Related Infrastructure Investment

Construction / rehabilitation / improvement of slaughterhouses number 3

Construction / rehabilitation / improvement of slaughter slabs number 14

Construction of cattle fairs number 19

Establishment of fattening centers number 17

Construction of crush pens number 199

Construction of dip tanks number 23

Construction of vet pharmacies number 27

Construction of water points (boreholes, dams) number 70

Supply and install veterinary lab equipment number 6

Procure mechanized hay bale making implements number 39

Construction of improved goat housing number 38

Component 3: Institutional Strengthening and Implementation Support

Subcomponent 3.1: Institutional Strengthening

Delimitation number 37

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Table 5-4 Analysis of impacts of red Meat Value sites that were visited

Specific Area IFAD Project Potential social and environmental Activity (provinc Category Potential project benefits impacts e/district - The area is prone to drought which affects - Key infrastructure to the Crush Pen Gaza Category B, cattle production community Chokwe, - Land degradation and soil erosion around - Curbs against cattle theft the Crush Pen due to cattle traffic - Improved cattle health - The need for protective clothing to reduce - Improved knowledge on cattle the huge health risk to the personnel production exposed or handling the drugs - Drugs have become cheaper as - Absence of security exposes people they are bought in bulk in especially children to drug residue and groups empty drug bottles that are not properly disposed - Foot and Mouth disease reduces business at - Transparency - cattle are Cattle Gaza Category C the Fair weighed and priced based on Fairs and Massingr, - The area is prone to drought which affects an agreed schedule. Fair Water cattle production pricing is guaranteed. boreholes - Movement of cattle in and out of the Fair and - Establishment of by-laws to grazing leading to deforestation and soil govern and further strengthen erosion the project - If the cattle excreta are not well managed, it - A clear plan of activities, roles is likely to be washed away and contaminate and responsibilities are clear nearby rivers which reduces conflict - The nature of the activity deters women - Opportunities for from occupying leadership positions. diversification - goat rearing as Women were reluctant to be voted in form of climate adaptation and although they were given an opportunity to raise money for - administrative purposes - Learning site for other districts and provinces - Possible downhill groundwater pollution due - Inclusiveness as cultural Slaughter Gaza Category B – in to poor management of effluent although factors like Halaal Houses Macia, relation to effluent the land is currently not being utilised. requirements are met. and solid waste - - Use of Slaughter House curbs management - Poor liquid and solid waste management against theft of cattle as Nampula, reducing the ambience of the local permission certificates are Nampula environment issued by the Vet - Poor hygiene management inside and - Diseases are controlled due to outside the slaughter house. There is no supervision by the Vet. running water. - Quality meat is guaranteed as - No safety measures - cattle can escape and any animal that does not meet harm people and buildings standards is rejected. The - Poor quality control at the slaughter house slaughtering process also - No Protective clothing contributes to high quality - Poor location (inner city) - causes noise meat. Manica pollution, smells, prone to man-made Chimoio, disasters - Cattle prone to TB according to information received from the local Veterinary Officer - Incineration process not safe to completely eradicate communicable cattle diseases - Poor quality control at the slaughter house - No protective clothing - Slaughtering process does not meet basic - There is an opportunity for a Meat Nampula Category C health standards formal organisation given Market Mugovola - There are no safe storage facilities which support from the District , compromises meat hygiene and people's - Lucrative business for young heath people - Hygiene at the open-air market is highly compromised

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Specific Area IFAD Project Potential social and environmental Activity (provinc Category Potential project benefits impacts e/district - potential conflicts due to lack of binding regulations for the group - Activity line not conducive for women participation - A lot of land was cleared to accommodate - The company enjoys Cattle Vanduzi, Category B – in the feed lots economies of scale fattening Manica relation to effluent - Disease control is very important - they - Although there is considerable and solid waste control at source, test the cattle upon arrival, amount of carbon produced, management treat them if there is need before starting the manure is used back in the the feeding program. fields. - Beef masters although seen as a good brand - Try to maintain organic are prone to diseases as compared to the feeding. They grow own Bana local breed. grass which is supplemented by maize bran, sunflower, sorghum, and molasses bought from other providers including local community - - Good management of wastewater is - One stop provision of safe Borehole Gaza Category C commendable drinking water and other Massingr, - potential source of conflict if there is no domestic purposes as well as equitable sharing of water for domestic and productive water for livestock - simplified management of the - potential source conflict from the current infrastructure as it's the same subscription regulation (not equitable since recipient community that is there is no distinction between one with responsible more cattle and those without) - Operation and Maintenance hasn't stood the taste of time since capital apparatus were still functional (pump etc). There was no evidence of the capacity to replace such and neither the knowledge of how much it costs). - Regular meetings, consultation and by-laws (with agreed fines) have managed to reduce chances of conflicts. It should be noted however that as long as it is not legally binding, it leaves loopholes for manipulation. -

The major issues noted on this value chain were

- Category. Red meat value Chain is primarily Category “B” - Gender: It was noted that this value chain is dominated mostly by men because of the cultural value attached to cattle. Efforts will need to be made to promote women as cattle farmers. The development of Cattle Fairs where a fair price is guaranteed could be one step towards attracting women to the value chain; However, it was noted that women play a leading role in goats and sheep raising. - Slaughter Houses; visits made to Nampula and Chimoio Slaughter houses raised some concerns on environmental pollution and public health. Improving these structures and setting by example may also stimulate other people to make use of formalised slaughter houses as compared to traditional way of slaughtering; - Competitiveness; Competition from established producers was also noted which means that PROCAVA will need to increase efforts to facilitate lucrative markets for small scale farmers; Page | 85

- Conversion Rate; One lesson learnt was that cattle farmers need to consider conversion rate (cost of fattening against carcass disposal cost) in choice of breed to avoid losses.

5.2.3 Poultry For the poultry value chains, the emphasis of interventions under this subcomponent will be on those infrastructures that will facilitate preservation, storage, aggregation, marketing outlets, and other marketing aspects. Such infrastructure will include slaughterhouses that meet the standards for the farmers to be able to supply large chain stores like “Pick n Pay”

Figure 5-4 Moz-Agro Pak Poultry – Dondo District

Table 5-5 is an outline of some of the proposed activities that will be undertaken by PROCAVA under the Poultry value chain. Whilst Table 5-6 shows the Analysis of impacts of the Poultry Value Chain sites that were visited during the current study.

Table 5-5 Proposed Activities Under Poultry Value Chain Activities Units Total POULTRY Component 1 - Production and Productivity Improvement Build demonstrative aviaries (2,000 chickens including equipment and number 60 initial supplies) Build incubators for production of chicks number 6 Build small units of feed production number 6

Component 2: Strategic Market Related Infrastructure Investment

Build a slaughterhouse for chicken number 4

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Table 5-6 Analysis of impacts of Poultry Value Chain sites that were visited - Potential social and environmental - Potential project Project Specific Area IFAD /GoM impacts benefits Value Activity (provinc Safeguard Chain e/district reference Project Category - Boost of nutrition Poultry Chicken Sofala - Disease control is key to health chicken Category B – base productio Dondo, production, Bird flu is a big threat. especial attention - affordable pricing n should address when there is Manica - Use of chemicals for treating chickens and the growing use of increased Chimoio, to disinfect the chicken runs are not good for pesticides and its the environment and for human consumption chicken supply on Vanduzi, management as in the long run - they have to be kept to a the market Manica well as controlled minimum use of hormones. Guro, - There is increased use of vitamins to fast- manica track Note:., the - When inputs (chicks and feed) is not locally Mozambican available, it becomes more costly to produce regulations chickens at a profit) classify as - chicken growth so that they cab ne sold at 28 category A only days - Research on the impacts of this is projects required. exceeding the production of - Need to consider solid waste disposal 50,000 poultry or including feathers the spraying of an area exceeding - There is need for high technology for chicken production in order to be competitive on the 1,000ha. market - It is a viable business but needs to be done at a much larger scale in order to realise good profits - Chicken production has high standards that have to be met for one to be competitive on the market and most small-scale farmers are failing to meet the standards. - Power usage is high but investment of solar power has proved to be more viable although it has high installations costs - Transport network is key for chicken marketing - Chicken production workers are generally not well paid (at times are paid in kind with chicken offals/legs/heads) - The value chain is dominated by women because men prefer quick money and they are not prepared to nurture chickens as required (great care and attention is required) - Standard chicken houses are important for the good health of the chicken - There is need for adequate training before setting up the chicken production business

The major issues noted on this value chain were:

- Category. Poultry value Chain is essentially Category “B”

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- Gender; Women were found to play a major role in the poultry value chain. - Demand for Poultry; There is huge demand for poultry across the country which means prospects for this value chain are very high. - Competitiveness; The major issue of concern noted was competition from big producers which destabilises selling prices. Absence of efficient processing units for small scale farmers is a major disadvantage. The Product standards for the small-scale farmers need to be raised so that they can be able to supply large chain stores. - Chicken Feeding Practices; the standard feeding duration differed from place to place, an issue that may need to be looked into as it affects the quality of the chicken produced and thus the pricing.

5.2.4 Cassava The Programme will support construction/rehabilitation of 20 cassava processing facilities for farmer organisations (FO). Another 20 new cassava processing units will be provided, 9 for Nampula, 2 for Zambezia, 5 for Inhambane and 4 for Gaza. In addition, 50 micro- processors will be provided by the Programme for use by farmer organisations at local level to increase the processing capacity and efficiency and improve the quality of the end product. The total capacity for all these processors will be 20,000tonnes of fresh cassava per year or daily processing capacity of each small processors is expected to increase from the actual 0.5 to 4 tons/day of fresh cassava. In addition to these processors, a cold room will be constructed to preserve fresh cassava before it is distributed to the market. The Programme will facilitate the linkage between processors and financial institutions, including Rural Enterprise Financing Project (REFP), to access financial services.

Figure 5-5 Inharrime Cassava Processing

Table 5-7 is an outline of some of the proposed activities that will be undertaken by PROCAVA under the Cassava value chain. Whilst Table 5-8 shows the Analysis of impacts of the Cassava Value Chain sites that were visited during the current study.

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Table 5-7 Proposed Activities Under Cassava Value Activities Units largest Notes

Component 1 - Production and Productivity Improvement Strengthen IIAM - Tissue Culture lab. for plantlets 64000 Maputo and micropropagation of cassava plantlets Nampula

Installation of screenhouse for hardening cassava nr. 2 Maputo and plantlets Nampula Equipment of IIAM's Nampula Tissue Culture Laboratory nr. 1 Nampula Production of cassava breeder and foundation seed at ha 226 Maputo, Umbeluzi, IIAM research stations Chokwe, Maniquenique, Inharrime, Mocuba, , Nampula etc Multiplication of cassava certified stems by Emergent ha 1760 Macia, Limpopo, farmers Chibuto, Chongoene, Mandlakazi, Zavala, Inharrime, Homoine, Morrumbene, Massinga, lugela, Milange, Murrupula, Meconta, Monapo, Mogovolas, Nampula Distribution of input kits (seed cutting, legume seeds, kits 45,000 Macia, Limpopo, agro-tools, fertilizers and pesticides, etc.) Chibuto, Chongoene, Mandlakazi, Zavala, Inharrime, Homoine, Morrumbene, Massinga, lugela, Milange, Murrupula, Meconta, Monapo, Mogovolas, Nampula Acquisition of Animal traction for FO´s nr. 490 Macia, Limpopo, Chibuto, Chongoene, Mandlakazi, Zavala, Inharrime, Homoine, Acquisition of moto cultivators and weed machines for nr. 180 All target CVC area FO´s Establishment of Farmer Field Scholl (FFS) and train on nr. TBD All target CVC area climate-resilient farming practices, processing, nutrition (1500???) and agribusiness, including GAL tools, for competitive action in the market

Component 2: Strategic Market Related Infrastructure Investment Construction of cassava processing units for FO´s nr. 20 All target CVC area Acquisition and assembly of cassava processing nr. 20 All target CVC area equipment for FO´s

Acquisition of small cassava processing kits nr. 20 All target CVC area

Component 3: Institutional Strengthening and Implementation Support Subcomponent 3.1: Institutional Strengthening

Strengthen FO´s (organization and legalization) using nr. 160 All target CVC area FFS approach

Train FO´s on corporativism, management, agribusiness nr. 800 All target CVC area and GAL tools

Train project and Govt staff in different matters (GAP, nr. 85 All target CVC area Agribusiness, GALs, nutrition, climate adaptation)

Train extension staff in agribusiness, processing, use nr. 85 All target CVC area and fortification of cassava by-products and quality control; Train processors in agribusiness, processing, use and nr. 85 All target CVC area fortification of cassava by-products and quality control

Facilitating the establishment of marketing contracts nr. 56 All target CVC area involving young farmers, processors and other actors in the value chain Promotion of multimedia campaigns on GAP, nr. 85 All target CVC area Agribusiness, climate information and nutrition education (radio, billboards, TV) Promotion of platforms for coordination and dialogue nr. 90 All target CVC area between actors in the value chain

Monitoring activities, knowledge management and nr. 170 All target CVC area communication Development of manuals, pamphlets and guidelines for nr. 5 dissemination of information for the stakeholders

Cooking demonstrations at FFS for women, child and nr. 400 All target CVC area pregnant women for good healthy

Delimitation DUAT Parcels 42000 All target CVC area

Table 5-8 Analysis of impacts of Cassava Value Chain sites that were visited Specific Area - Potential social and environmental impacts IFAD /GoM - Potential project Activity (province/ Safeguard benefits district reference Project Category Cassava Inhambane - Current manual processing of cassava affects Category B, especial - Highly mechanised processing Inharrime, women the most as they are the majority in the emphasis should processing association address in methods alleviate - Land donation from the Association chairman for preventing conflicts the burden of the new processing plant is a potential source of in land use and women of which conflict in future if proper documentation is not waste management they can use the processed. time for other - For the new plant -renewable energy is going to be productive and used. reproductive roles. - Integrated agriculture - using waste/by-products - as fertiliser and/or pesticides - Potential source of conflict as more community members will seek admission into the Association (the current participating group was chosen because it was the most organised and more prominent Cassava processing Association) -

IIAM, - Disposal of waste from the processing is a - Evidence based Nampula, challenge and an area not yet well developed body of knowledge Nampula (toxins from cassava especially) to promote and - The prospects of the value chain are in the sustain cassava extensive promotion among the local people first production. of the nutrition benefits of variety of products that the Institute is trying to come up with (e.g. starch and flour) - Integrating processes for cassava production is more beneficial but should be accompanied by extensive research of the benefits and side effects (using by-products for fertiliser and pesticides) - Risk of market failure if traditional knowledge systems are not taken into consideration.

The major issues noted on this value chain were: - Category. Cassava value Chain is essentially Category “B” - Enhancement of Production; Cassava processing still need to be enhanced and promoted country wide. Currently most of the products like cassava starch are popular amongst the Portuguese and Indian communities in the urban areas whilst cassava flour is the main staple food in the northern part of Mozambique and rale/Tapioca is important staple food in Inhambane province. Also, East African people living in Mozambique are also demanding rale. A serious drive to promote the products is required. - Market Diversification: The diversification of market options for smallholder farmers by improving technical efficiency and the quality of cassava-processed products is of utmost important. Currently, small scale processing is done using rudimentary equipment for processing rale in the South and cassava flour in the North. - Cassava Processing Plants; Establishment of cassava processing plants will reduce labour input and alleviate the burden for women who are the main players in the value chain.

5.2.5 Legumes The Programme will construct 4 warehouses in Angonia, Malange, Balama and Mecanhelas for storage of agricultural products. In addition, 390 improved barns will be constructed in the Programme area for the same purpose. In order to minimise post- harvest losses, a threshing machine will also be acquired for use by the Farmer Organisations (FO). Consideration will also be given to facilitate the construction of small shops, with interested parties (traders, Farmers’ Organisations, etc.) to assist in the distribution of legumes. The Programme will facilitate the linkage between processors and different financial institutions, including those affiliated with REFP, to access financial services for investing variously in these interventions.

Figure 5-6 The cassava wholesale fresh market in Mandedere

Table 5-9 is an outline of some of the proposed activities that will be undertaken by PROCAVA under the Legumes value chain. Whilst Table 5-10 shows the Analysis of impacts of the Legumes Value Chain sites that were visited during the current study.

Table 5-9 Proposed Activities Under Legumes Value Activities Units Total

LEGUMES Component 1 - Production and Productivity Improvement Production of legumes foundation seed at IIAM research ha 62.5 Angonia, Gurue, stations Lichinga, Maniquenique, Nampula Multiplication of certified legume seed by Emergent farmers ha 1698 Tete, Zambezia, Niassa Intensification of legumes production ha 40000 All Legumes VC area Acquisition of moto-cultivators and weed machines for FO´s nr. 59 Construction warehouses for conservation of legumes seed nr. 1 Mogovolas at IIAM research station Establishment of cold room for seed conservation nr. 1 Angonia Supply of irrigation kits for 10 ha nr. 2 Nampula and Mogovolas Rehabilitation of dam at Angonia Research station nr. 1 Angonia Establishment of FFS and train on climate-resilient farming nr. TBD All Legumes VC practices, processing, nutrition and agribusiness, including area GAL tools, for competitive action in the market

Component 2: Strategic Market Related Infrastructure Investment Strengthening local input suppliers nr. 32 Promotion of trade fairs nr. 181 Construction warehouses for conservation of agricultural nr. 7 Angonia, Sanga, products Mogovolas, Inharrime?? Construction of improved barns nr. 390 All Legumes VC area 0 Component 3: Institutional Strengthening and Implementation Support Subcomponent 3.1: Institutional Strengthening Strengthen FO´s (organization and legalization) using FFS nr. 226 approach Train project and Govt staff in different matters (GAP, nr. 75 Agribusiness, GALs, nutrition, climate adaptation) Facilitating the establishment of marketing contracts nr. 63 involving producers, traders and other actors in the value chain Promotion of multimedia campaigns on GAP, Agribusiness, nr. 60 climate information and nutrition education (radio, billboards, TV) Promotion of platforms for coordination and dialogue nr. 5 between actors in the value chain Monitoring activities, knowledge management and nr. 150 communication Development of manuals, pamphlets and guidelines for nr. 5 dissemination of information for the stakeholders Delimitation DUAT Parcels nr 3,000

5.3 CUMULATIVE AND SYNEGISTIC IMPACTS

Cumulative environmental and social impacts, can be defined as changes to the environment caused by the combined impact of past, present and future human activities and natural processes. They are the result of multiple activities whose individual direct impacts may be relatively minor but in combination with others result in significant environmental effects. In the case of PROCAVA sub-projects, these will result from incremental impacts, in the project areas or resources used or directly impacted by the project, from other existing, planned or reasonably defined developments in their vicinity.

The multiple impacts of different activities may have an additive, synergistic or antagonistic effect on one another and with natural processes, creating cumulative effects to the environment that are different from and more significant than the individual, direct impacts of activities. Although many development activities have individually minor impacts, collectively over time their impact on the environment can be substantial. Over time, indirect impacts of activities may have more severe impacts on ecosystems than direct

ones, and can have impacts on larger temporal and spatial scales than that of individual activities.

The impacts of the sub-projects of PROCAVA will be considered in conjunction with the potential impacts from other current and future developments or activities occurring within a reasonable geographical scope for potential environmental and social interactions to act together with the sub-project to create a more (or less) significant overall impact. However, these effects can be difficult to predict and manage due to inadequate environmental baseline data, complex ecological processes, and the large scale at which the project will be undertaken.

For the current ESMF consideration, a rapid assessment of the cumulative impacts will be done. However, for the sub-projects detailed assessments will be required. For the current assessment the following environmental and social components (VECs) are considered: • Physical features including soil and water; • Environmental processes; • Ecosystem conditions (e.g. biodiversity); • Social conditions (e.g. health, economics); and • Cultural aspects.

Since the sub-projects will take place near other interventions such as agriculture, tourism, infrastructure, mining, etc. and will contribute to increased significance for the receiving natural and social environment, they will result in increased pressure on land, soil, water, forests, wildlife, air, etc., which could exacerbate social conflicts and the degradation of the ecosystems.

Mozambique is well endowed with natural resources and has a relatively low population density especially in the project areas. The projects will be utilising different kinds of resources and one of the best ways of mitigating their potential impacts is proper land, water and natural resource use planning.

Land: All PROCAVA sub-projects will make sure that they are developed on land that legally belongs to the project proponent and that no land issues may arise later. Projects involving and involuntary resettlement should be avoided at all cost. Further the sub- projects must strive to utilise land that has already been disturbed and avoid opening up and clearing new areas.

Water: Besides the major irrigation schemes that will be rehabilitated, the size and scale of most of PROCAVA sub-projects’ cumulative water demand will be minimal, hence they will not be expected to create significant negative water shortages in their areas. For the major irrigation schemes and any other major water user, water availability assessments must be carried out by irrigation/water specialists to assess whether the sub-projects will induce any significant cumulative water demands into the already existing system without jeopardising adequate levels of water access to other users downstream. Thus, whenever it will be concluded that a stream cannot ensure enough water for all water users, then the respective site may not be eligible for funding under PROCAVA.

Natural resource: Sub-projects should be assessed in terms of their natural resources requirements so that over abstraction or harvesting of natural resources be avoided. Projects that will be heavily dependent on utilisation of or harvesting resources from fragile ecosystems like wetlands and mangroves should be avoided unless strict resource protection measures will be implemented.

If all the measures related with adequate land, water and resource use planning and coordination, are combined, they will contribute to reducing the project area vulnerability and increase its resilience to climate change and general degradation of the environment.

5.4 SIGNIFICANCE RATING

The significance of adverse impacts from projects activities will be rated on the basis of their magnitude, duration and probability as shown below in Table 5-10. The scales of rating are 1 to 5 with 1 being low and 5 being high. Where an aspect is affected by more than one impact, the highest rating is taken as the applicable significance of the impact. The ESMP in Chapter 8 only considers the impacts that have been rated moderate and high significance as these present impacts that need attention.

Table 5-10 Impact Magnitude Scoring Table. (adapted from Ryan Edwards, 2011) Criteria Scoring Description Quality Nature of Environmental Change Positive N/A Beneficial impacts Negative N/A Adverse Impacts Probability the likelihood of the impact actually occurring Unlikely 1 The chance of the impact occurring is extremely low (Less than a 20% chance of occurrence). Fairly Unlikely 2 The chance of the impact occurring is moderately low (Between a 20% to 40% chance of occurrence). Possible 3 The impact may occur (Between a 40% to 60% chance of occurrence). Probable 4 The impact will likely occur (Between a 60% to 80% chance of occurrence). Definite 5 Impact will certainly occur (Greater than an 80% chance of occurrence). Severity The degree of disturbance Impact affects the quality, use and integrity of the system/component in Very Low 1 a way that is barely perceptible. Impact alters the quality, use and integrity of the system/component but Low 2 system/ component still continues to function in a slightly modified way and maintains original integrity (no/limited impact on integrity). Impact alters the quality, use and integrity of the system/component but Moderate 3 system/component still continues to function in a moderately modified way and maintains general integrity. Impact affects the continued viability of the system/component and the quality, use, integrity and functionality of the system or component is High 4 severely impaired and may temporarily cease. High costs of rehabilitation and remediation. Impact affects the continued viability of the system/component and the quality, use, integrity and functionality of the system or component permanently ceases and is irreversibly impaired (system collapse). Very High 5 Rehabilitation and remediation often impossible. If possible, rehabilitation and remediation often unfeasible due to extremely high costs of rehabilitation and remediation.

Criteria Scoring Description Extent the spatial influence of the effects produced by the impact. Effects of an impact experienced within or in close proximity (100m) to Project Area 1 the project site. However, the size of the site needs to be taken into (Site) account. A really large site may have to be scored according to category 2 below. Surrounding Effects of an impact experienced beyond the project site but within a 2 Area 2km radius of the site.

Local 3 Effects of an impact experienced within the local area (e.g. between a 2km to 50km radius of the site). Regional Effects of an impact experienced within the local region (e.g. between a 4 (Provincial) 50km to 200km radius of the site). National (larger Effects of an impact experienced within a large geographic area beyond 5 area) a 200km radius of the site. Duration Period when the Impact is Expected to Occur The impact and its effects will either disappear with mitigation or will be mitigated through natural process in a span shorter than the Short-term 1 construction phase (0 – 1 years), or the impact and its effects will last for the period of a relatively short construction period and a limited recovery time after construction, thereafter it will be entirely negated (0 – 2 years). The impact and its effects will continue or last for the period of a Medium-Short- 2 relatively long construction period and/or a limited recovery time after term this construction period, thereafter it will be entirely negated (2 – 5 years). Medium-Long- The impact and its effects will continue or last for some time after the 3 term construction phase but will be mitigated by direct human action or by natural processes thereafter (5 – 15 years) The impact and its effects will continue or last for the entire operational Long-term 4 life of the development, but will be mitigated by direct human action or by natural processes thereafter (15 – 50 years). The only class of impact that will be non-transitory. Mitigation either by Permanent 5 man or natural process will not occur in such a way or such a time span that the impact can be considered transient (Indefinite). Magnitude Effect on Environmental and Social Processes Negligible < 6 Not Serious: Changes are barely perceptible. Low 6-12 Acceptable but Undesirable. Moderate 13-17 Very Serious: High >17 Totally Unacceptable.

Note: Probability + Severity + Extent + Duration = Magnitude

5.5 EXPECTED ENVIRONEMNTAL AND SOCIAL POSITIVE IMPACTS

The direct and indirect positive impacts presented by PROCAVA are expected to be hugely significant. The following are the envisaged positive impacts which can therefore be further expanded: i. National, provincial and district relevant institutions are going to enhance their programme design, planning and implementation capacity for various agricultural activities; ii. The project will improve agricultural sector and reduce reliance on imports for example chicken products and vegetables;

iii. The quantity and quality of produce is expected to be high and competitive on the market due to improved inputs and production technologies for vegetables, Cassava legumes, red meat and poultry; iv. Farm mechanisation will reduce demand for manual labour and alleviate the burden especially for women who can do other productive and household duties as usually demanded; v. Access to both productive and domestic water is key to survival for rural communities. vi. Construction phase is likely to generate employment for local people; vii. Women and youths targeted activities will transform their lives in a positive way as it creates gainful employment; viii. Strategies being proposed will attract youths into agriculture both as farmers and as successful entrepreneurs; ix. Creation of market linkages and accessible road network will enable poor farmers to manage and control the entire value chain of their products; x. Social capital22 is expected to increase as farmers organisations are strengthened through various community-based management skills for effectiveness; xi. The envisaged capacity building will improve sustainability of facilities through good operation and maintenance; xii. Environmental management and climate change adaptation will be enhanced through various agricultural practices and technologies; xiii. Overall, the project will enhance food security, improve nutrition and protein intake thereby improving the quality and standard of living for farmers and communities at large; xiv.All these attributes will contribute towards poverty reduction which stands very high23 especially in rural areas.

5.6 POSSIBLE NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS:

The critical components for environmental related negative impacts are derived from the PROCAVA activities that will require development, construction and operation of infrastructure such as: x dam excavation/expansion and reconstruction; x irrigation and drainage schemes; x multi-purpose water infrastructure development; x expanding land for crop farming; x intensification of inputs and mechanisation of farm operations; x road construction/rehabilitation; x construction of cattle value chain infrastructure (crush pens, dip tanks, genetic improvement and fattening centres, slaughter houses/slabs, storage and market Fairs; x construction of chicken value chain infrastructure (chicken runs and processing units);

22Social capital broadly refers to those factors of effectively functioning social groups that include such things as interpersonal relationships, a shared sense of identity, a shared understanding, shared norms, shared values, trust, cooperation, and reciprocity 23Cite current poverty statistic

x provision of agricultural storage facilities and construction of market facilities and processing units.

5.6.1 Planning Phase Possible Impacts

(i) Site Surveying and Pegging Topographical surveys of sub-project sites and pegging of plots may suffer from vegetation clearing for cut-lines and visibility;

(ii) Physical restrictions on project space. Siting of projects on steep terrain will have an impact of erosion of the mountain tops and sides. Siting the projects in the valleys also has the problem of gulley erosion which is encroaching on arable land.

5.6.2 Implementation/Operation Possible Environmental Impacts

(i) Construction/rehabilitation of dams and irrigation schemes Dam excavation and construction of irrigation systems will result in potential changes in flow patterns, negatively impacting downstream users, wildlife and natural habitats (particularly aquatic habitats), capture of sediments, water-borne diseases, flooding and soil loss of nearby farmlands. Irrigation can be affected by other water uses as much as it also affects other users.

(ii) Clearing of Vegetation Dam excavation and construction of irrigation systems, expansion of farm lands, construction of facilities for value chain addition will involve localized land clearing, removal of the trees and shrubs. This may result in habitat fragmentation and wildlife disturbance (migration included) especially for cattle ranching facilities. Loss of plant cover leads to compaction of soil, exposure of topsoil and possibility for erosion, weakening and degradation of soils, possible relocations of homesteads, disturbance of the natural landscape and disfiguring of the natural morphology.

(iii) Soil and Land Degradation Although construction work will be limited to local areas, some projects may involve works that will expose the soils to erosion and also compact it and break down the soil structure which will potentially decrease the drainage of the areas. This will generally result in soil erosion, defacing of the countryside and generation of dust.

Furthermore, the risk of accidental discharge of hazardous products, leakage of hydrocarbons, oils or grease from construction machinery also constitute potential sources of soils and water pollution.

(iv) Loss of natural and cultural heritage. The construction works for the sub-projects may affect some natural features, graves, antiques and relics in the project area. The excavations for the works will cause destruction of the natural features, antiques and relics. This is anticipated for the expansion of farm lands where idle land will be taken from some farmers and where grazing areas will be constructed and expanded. The antiques or relics will be destroyed in the process of construction works.

(v) Habitat loss and biodiversity disturbances Noise and vibrations from the development activities and encroachment by human beings may disturb the normal roaming patterns of wild animals and cause them to migrate away from the area and/or be in conflict with human beings. The project activities may impact on aquatic ecologies by modifying them or destroying them altogether and thus impacting on the normal habitats of aquatic lifeforms.

(vi) Exposure to agro-chemicals. Replication and up-scaling of agricultural activities may result in the use of more agro-chemicals to realise better yields and control pests and diseases. However, the farmers have limited knowledge of the poisonous nature of the chemicals, may employ poor disposal methods, wash empty containers and equipment in rivers and apply the agro-chemicals wrongly. This poor handling of the chemicals, exacerbated by potential accidental spillages, can then expose the farmers to these toxic chemicals resulting in the poisoning of farmers, aquatic animals and soils.

(vii) Loss of fragile ecosystems Establishment of agricultural activities in some areas may impact on fragile ecosystems like wetlands and mountain tops. The farmers may drain the wetlands to create arable land, unsustainably cultivate in these wetlands, and also cultivate on steep slopes and mountain tops without adequate conservation measures. This will result in the fast degradation of the wetlands, erosion of the mountain tops and sides and subsequent loss of the natural purpose of these systems (systems failure)

(viii) Effluent and Solid Waste Most agricultural, livestock, agro-processing, packaging and marketing operations produce liquid effluent and solid waste. The effluent pollutes soil and water resources.

Construction and road rehabilitation works will generate spoil materials and construction waste. Concentration of workers will also contribute to localized increase of waste. Littering and indiscriminate dumping of solid waste pollutes the land and ultimately the water resources.

(ix) Ambient air quality Air quality will be impacted by emissions from processing plants. Some horticultural and poultry operations may use steam boilers, heating systems or food processors that use fossil fuels, and that produce smoke. All drying processes of agricultural products produce dust. All these require smoke and dust control and air filtration to bring air quality both inside and outside the plant within the national environmental standards and WHO recommended guideline levels.

These operations result in the pollution of air, increases in bronchial disorders, impaired visibility on the roads, disturbs normal developments of vegetation and can cause acid rain.

(x) Water Quality Quality of water especially rivers and groundwater may be affected negatively by discharge of fertilizers, nutrients, different chemicals to be used for pest management, and debris from civil works, oil spills among others. Groundwater contamination occurs from percolation of oil and lubricants spills into the soil. Surface water pollution may result from uncontrolled discharges into freshwater or

brackish river waters. There are still many people relying on river water as a source for drinking water.

Wet processes for food and beverage production require liquid waste water treatment to meet national standards. These include: x Slaughter houses and meat products x Poultry processing x Cassava processing units

These operations result in the pollution of the environment, water resources, death of aquatic animals and general loss of the ordinary use of water. The polluted water affects plant growth and treatment cost of that water becomes very high.

(xi) Temporary Visual Intrusion Rehabilitation and upgrading of irrigation schemes, warehouses, processing plants and other possible facilities will change the aesthetics of the project areas and leave marred landscapes. Also, the clearing of vegetation required for the refurbishment of existing buildings will impact the visual amenity of nearby houses and surrounding communities.

5.6.3 Significance Rating of Potential Environmental Impacts

Table 5-11 Significance Rating of Potential Environmental Impacts

PARAMETER UNDER CONSIDERATION CRITERIA FOR ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACT REF: SEVERITY OR MAGNITUDE CATEGORY CAUSE IMPACT BEFORE MITIGATION PROBABILITY EXTENT DURATION SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT 5.4.1 Planning Phase Impacts (i) Site x Clearing vegetation for visibility x Removal of vegetation cover. 2 2 2 8 Surveying x Opening Cut-lines for survey x Exposure of topsoil and possibility for 2 Low and Pegging purposes erosion. x Loss of biodiversity and habitat changes. x Disturbances of wildlife x Compaction of soil (ii) Physical x Siting of projects on steep Erosion of mountain tops and slopes 1 2 2 4 9 restrictions on slopes. Low project space. Formation of gulleys in valleys.

5.4.2 Construction and Operation Phase

(i) Clearing of ● Expanding land for Agriculture ● Removal of vegetation cover. 5 3 1 5 14 vegetation for ● Construction of processing ● Exposure of topsoil and possibility for Moderate infrastructure plants erosion. development ● construction of chicken runs ● Loss of biodiversity and habitat changes. ● construction of Cattle value ● Disturbances of wildlife chain infrastructure ● Compaction of soil. ● Construction of access roads ● Pollution of soil and water from oil ● Construction of Market Facilities leakage. ● Dust and noise generation. (ii) Soil and Land ● Overgrazing ● Soil and water pollution. 2 5 1 4 12 degradation. ● Intensive farming techniques ● Soil erosion Low ● inappropriate Irrigation and ● Soil salinization drainage management ● Loss in soil fertility

PARAMETER UNDER CONSIDERATION CRITERIA FOR ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACT REF: SEVERITY OR MAGNITUDE CATEGORY CAUSE IMPACT BEFORE MITIGATION PROBABILITY EXTENT DURATION SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT ● Inappropriate use of farm machinery ● Accidental discharge of hazardous substances (iii) Loss of ● Excavations for construction ● Destruction of natural features, antiques 2 5 3 5 15 natural and works and relics. Moderate cultural heritage. (iv) Habitat loss ▪ Erection of infrastructure ▪ Forced migration of animals 3 5 4 5 17 and ▪ Presence of human beings ▪ Destruction of flora and fauna High biodiversity (noise, vibrations from ▪ Ecosystems imbalance disturbances Agricultural activities) ▪ Disturbance of migration by agricultural ▪ Chemical Contamination of activities and possible forced migrations environment (soil, air and (No known Evidence) rivers) (v) Exposure to ▪ Limited knowledge of the ▪ Poisoning of farmers by chemicals. 5 5 4 3 17 agro- poisonous nature of the ▪ Poisoning of aquatic and inland High chemicals chemicals. ecosystems by the chemicals. ▪ Accidental spillages. ▪ Poisoning of the soil by the chemicals. ▪ Poor disposal methods being ▪ Poisoning of farm products consumers employed. by chemicals. ▪ Washing of equipment in rivers. ▪ Poor application methods being used. ▪ Poor handling of the chemicals. (vi) Loss of ● Draining wetlands to create ● Degradation of wetlands. 4 5 5 5 19 Fragile arable land. ● Erosion of mountain tops and sides Ecosystems ● Unsustainably ploughing in the ● Loss of natural ecosystems High wetlands. ● Cultivating on steep slopes, mountain tops and river banks without adequate conservation measures. (vii) Ambient ▪ Waste generated from ▪ Effluent pollutes soil and water 3 5 2 4 14 Water Quality agricultural and livestock resources (groundwater (groun (groundw (surface and activities. ▪ Littering and indiscriminate dumping of ) ater) (Moderate) ground water) ▪ Effluents from slaughter houses solid waste pollutes land and water resources 4

PARAMETER UNDER CONSIDERATION CRITERIA FOR ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACT REF: SEVERITY OR MAGNITUDE CATEGORY CAUSE IMPACT BEFORE MITIGATION PROBABILITY EXTENT DURATION SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT ▪ Effluents (drainage water) from ▪ Poisoning of aquatic and inland (surface dwater 3 (surface agriculture land ecosystems. water) ) water) ▪ Effluents (drainage water) from ▪ Ecosystems imbalance and destruction agricultural produce processing of flora and fauna 4 ▪ Effluents (drainage water) from ▪ Loss of ordinary use of water. (surfac market places ▪ Treatment cost of the water become ▪ Agro-chemicals run-off from the high. e fields if not properly applied; water) ▪ Erosion processes introduce pollutants and particulates into the water. (viii) Water ● Excessive abstraction of ● Ecosystems imbalance and destruction 4 5 3 5 17 Quantity groundwater; of flora and fauna; ● Excessive abstraction of surface ● Increased competition to water; (High ) water; ● Conflicts over water resources (ix) Ambient Air ● Smoke emissions from ● Pollution of air 2 2 3 3 10 Quality processing plants using steam ● Increases in bronchial disorders boilers, heating systems. ● Impaired Visibility on the roads (Low) ● Drying processes produce dust. ● Disturbs normal developments of ● Milling processes. vegetation ● Pesticides used in pests and ● Causes acid rain diseases control x) Visual ● Rehabilitation and upgrading of ● Change of the aesthetics of project area 5 3 2 5 15 Intrusion irrigation schemes, processing ● Scars from building material extractions. (Moderate) plants, warehouses, and other facilities. xi) Genetically x the use of Genetically Modified x make farmers for 100% dependent on 3 4 4 5 16 (Moderate) Modified Organisms (GMOs), multi-nationals organisms x introduction of genetically x cause insect resistance to pesticides modified Crops. due to gene overexpression leading to pest evolution via natural selection x potential major health risks of toxicity, allergenicity and genetic hazards associated to them x negative impacts on poverty levels;

5.7 POSSIBLE NEGATIVE SOCIAL IMPACTS

The critical components for social related negative impacts are derived from the PROCAVA value addition activities such as:

x selection of beneficiary districts, implementation areas and specific communities (consultative targeting) x access to productive assets and inputs (land acquisition, tenure, mechanisation) x decision making and implementation (inclusion of poor men, women and youths) x creation of employment opportunities x management of infrastructure (operation and maintenance) x management of social groups (farmers' organisations and/or associations) x access to markets and negotiation power x public and occupational health and safety x striving for gender equality and equity (at all stages of the project) x capacity building of value chain stakeholders x coordination with other development partners (private/public)

5.7.1 Planning Phase Possible Impacts

Missing opportunities at project inception (i) Limited Stakeholder Participation The level of participation of all relevant stakeholders during project planning and designing is of paramount importance as a buy in process. Unclear roles and responsibilities and inadequate information may lead to limited participation of critical Government ministries and departments at national, provincial and district level.

Communities are used to top down approaches where projects are just handed over to them without their initial consent. This poor stakeholder participation will result in the lack of ownership of the project by the locals, poor participation in project implementation and low chances of sustainability of the project.

(ii) Poor Project Inception, Anxiety and Anticipation The planning stage brings a lot of anxiety and anticipation as most stakeholders do not know exactly what will happen and when it will happen. Lack of proper plan of action with time lines and full disclosure creates anxiety among stakeholders. They hold the whole process with suspicion and do not want the planning phase to drag for too long. This mostly results in the locals not fully cooperating with the project preparation team and not disclosing all the relevant information during consultations.

(iii) Poor Targeting When there is no clear selection criteria of project beneficiary areas and communities conflict may arise. Failure to recognise/appreciate local community definitions (explicit and implicit) of vulnerability is likely to create conflict with and among community members as well as perpetuating gender inequalities.

Site identification and Selection

(iii) Land Acquisition Land will be required for expansion of farm land, red meat and poultry value chain as well as cassava and vegetable processing plants. Information gathered from the districts indicated possible takeover of private idle land for agricultural expansion especially for irrigated farm lands. If due diligence is not applied, conflicts including legal battles may arise. The same applies for cattle grazing lands which will be expanded. The land use plans have to be used in line with the national Land Use Planning Law24 in close consultation with the Land Use Planning department.

These land use plans will also determine appropriate selection of specific project sites. In the event that a farmer offers to donate their piece of land, security of tenure will not be guaranteed. Beside the volunteer changing goal posts, in the event that they die, customary law gives the family ownership of the land. Voluntary Land Donation Protocol (VLD)25 can be used to safeguard both the owner and PROCAVA project activities as long as the process is done wilfully and transparently.

5.7.2 Implementation/Operation Phase Possible Impacts

Physical displacement, loss of and access to productive assets

(i) Resettlement and loss of livelihoods Resettlement of permanent homes is not anticipated according to the project design but resettlement of livelihood activities (cattle grazing and hunting grounds) and assets may occur either to pave way for project infrastructure or as a safety measure especially with dam construction. This may result in temporary or permanent loss of income for affected families.

(ii) Loss of income sources, and or means of livelihood If people were depending on exploiting resources from the communal lands and sub- projects are then established on these lands, their usual source of income or livelihoods may be removed causing people to be poorer and forcing them to migrate to other areas for alternative livelihoods.

(iii) Disruption of access ways and mobility Establishment of some project components in some areas will have a disruptive effect on the day to day life of the locals, like cutting off their usual footpaths or routes to social and economic service centres and forcing them to use longer routes. Community involvement in site identification and sizing of related infrastructure is important to come up with the best alternative.

24Law No. 19/2007 of 18 of July 25Include VLD

Access to and Use of productive Resources

(v) Disputes Over Resources This covers disputes over water and grazing lands. Fresh water resources are not abundant in the selected districts and establishing agricultural activities which may draw substantial amounts from the sources may trigger conflicts over water allocation in the project areas. Water use and allocation should be a highly consultative process to avoid conflict.

Conflicts over land use are exacerbated by inconsistency in the definition and implementation of land rights. Since Mozambique is a large country, relatively thinly populated with large areas of unutilised or intermittently occupied land, it might seem possible to resolve conflicts over land by a process of separating competing uses or users. However, land that is little utilised may be unsuitable for many types of agriculture or may require substantial investment in access roads, other infrastructure or water management. So generally, conflicts predominantly take two forms (GoM 2005): x Disputes about rights over the most fertile or climatically well-favoured land. x Disputes between competing form of low intensity land use such as hunting or game ranching, other forms of livestock, and shifting cultivation.

(vi) Mechanisation and other agricultural inputs Any project that excludes women and youth is bound to have a very limited and temporary positive impact on overall development and productivity. Due to a convergence of logistical, cultural and economic factors, women and young people may not be able to benefit fully from improved mechanisation and various inputs as being proposed by PROCAVA. Women farmers usually lack the knowledge and confidence to use the improved technology. Lack of credit discourages youth participation in agriculture. Conscious effort to provide information and ease of access for poor women and youth should be considered. Platforms must continue to be created during the project life cycle to empower women and youth to speak up for themselves so they can express their needs and concerns, participate and advocate for appropriate services that suit their situation.

(vii) Market Place Limitations PROCAVA will target the development of local Market places to enable the small holder farmers to sale their produce competitively. It will also explore market linkages in order for the farmers to sale their produce further afield. One major challenge at the local market places is the provision of adequate water, and sanitation facilities. The management of these facilities may pose a serious challenge and PROCAVA has to work closely with the local Councils so that they may adopt these local market places and assist in managing them.

While market development and linkages are going to positively improve farmers lives, lack of market research and information can limit women farmers to market opportunities. Women because of their productive role at home may find themselves confined to local markets where prices are generally lower than in urban markets and women more than men are easily cheated by the middlemen.

Overall, competition from large scale producers may muscle out PROCAVA farmers as they try to penetrate external established markets.

(viii) Conflicts between local communities and external work force Expectation for employment against hiring of expert external workers may result in a conflict that is likely to disturb smooth project progress. Local skills audit and integrating both local and outside workers but giving first preference to local whenever is possible could reduce sources of conflict. Transparency in hiring is also important. As a give back to community, the project can target skills development for locals especially willing youths.

Public Health and Social Welfare

(viii) Public Health Construction and development phase of the project is likely going to bring outside workers to stay for considerable length of time. Communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS infection rate is likely to increase as the workers, drivers interact with the local population. Poverty is likely going to be the main driver as young women from poor households try to exploit the situation to earn a living. Negotiation power for safe sex may be limited. Contractors might be idolised as being wealthy by local people which gives them an upper hand in negotiating for sex and participation in illicit affairs. Awareness raising within local communities and workers through Information, Education and Communication (IEC) and distribution of free condoms and counselling and treatment will help alleviate the impacts.

(ix) Occupational Health and Safety The safety of the local population trying to access construction sites may be at risk during replication, up-scaling activities which may entail construction. The operation of various equipment and machinery and the actual construction activities will expose workers to work-related accidents and injuries.

Pollutants such as dust and noise could also have negative implications for the health of workers and near-by communities such as bronchial diseases from dust and hearing impairments due to prolonged working under noisy conditions. Personal Protective Clothing is required at all times during construction and operation of machinery, pesticides and other agro-chemicals in accordance with relevant IFAD and national guidelines.

(x) Gender Based Violence (GBV) There are high chances of sexual exploitation (in its various forms) of poor women and young girls by construction workers and project implementation personnel. If not properly controlled, there could be rampant exploitation of women and youths at the market place as well. Assessment of exposure and appropriate preventive actions must be carried out to avoid gender-based violence at all costs.

(xi) Child labour Exploitation Various opportunities are going to be opened for retail activities among other economic activities during the project especially at market places. This is likely to attract young people who are at high risk of being exploited in various ways including child labour.

(xii) Impacts of Construction and Operation Activities All processing and services equipment produce various levels of noise and vibration. These impacts can affect the quietness of the communities and provoke irritation and anger. Other negative health effects may include hearing impairments due to prolonged working under noisy conditions.

Various works on the sub-projects have potential to cause inconveniences or even injuries to farmers as they continue with their day to day duties. At all sites, these works may have the following potential hazards to staff and farmers: Falling from tripping on building materials. Noise and vibrations during works. Injury from falling or flying debris. Cracking of existing structures from vibrations. Spillages and dust during transportation of materials.

Sustainability issues

(xiii) Civil Works If appropriate construction guidelines are not followed during construction, the risk is high for those facilities to collapse. Dam walls, drainage canals, various red meat and poultry value chain facilities that cannot withstand extreme weather events and climate change will not be sustainable. Major causes of substandard structures are disregarding Government regulations and applying shortcuts and/or failure to contact a thorough assessment before construction.

(xiv) Operation and Maintenance of Infrastructure Use of the improved facilities will be impaired if the farmers are not fully trained. This may result in the underutilisation and damage of equipment and may also result in the injury of the farmers. Top-down approach in provision of infrastructure and services will result in lack of ownership and where there is no sense of ownership, there is poor management. Key aspects that can result in disservice in development interventions are: x Absence of an economically and financially viable business plan x Inadequate consultation in choice of technology x Lack of knowledge/appreciation of capital investment cost x Inadequate capacity to operate and maintain infrastructure at the same level that matches capital investment x Lack of rudimentary standard operation procedures (SOPs) x Unwillingness to pay for operation and maintenance costs

Facilities that are at high risk are the multi-purpose boreholes, horticulture shade cloths/nets and irrigation systems to mention a few.

(xv) Management of Farmers Organisations/Water User Associations Most of the interventions under PROCAVA will target Associations that are organised and already working within a particular value chain. This entails that the success of the project depends with the successful management of the organisations. If there is no adequate training, capable leadership and unit of purpose, the group will disintegrate. Women membership tend to be the majority in most of the associations and also the fibre that keeps the groups together. Their absence in decision making positions negatively affects sustainability.

5.7.3 Significance Rating of Potential Social Impacts

Table 5-12 Significance Rating of Potential Social Impacts

PARAMETER UNDER CONSIDERATION CRITERIA FOR ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACT REF: SEVERITY OR MAGNITUDE OF CATEGORY CAUSE IMPACT SCALE DURATION PROBABILITY SIGNIFICANCE IMPACT 5.6.1 Planning phase impacts (i) Limited x Inadequate x Low chances of success and 5 5 5 5 20 Stakeholder dissemination/sharing of sustainability (High) Involvement information x Failure to take up ownership of x Unclear roles and the project responsibilities

x Predominance of the top down approach.

x Negative perception

(ii) Poor project x Lack of transparency from x Anxiety and anticipation Limited 5 5 5 3 18 Inception/Intro the Authorities cooperation (High) duction x Lack of proper time lines x Suspicion and hence for the different phases of concealing important of the project information

x Dragging the planning x phase too long

(iii) Targeting x Using top-down approach x Conflict within communities 5 5 3 5 18 (High) x absence of clear selection x Perpetuating gender criteria inequalities

x Failure to recognise vulnerable populations

PARAMETER UNDER CONSIDERATION CRITERIA FOR ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACT REF: SEVERITY OR MAGNITUDE OF CATEGORY CAUSE IMPACT SCALE DURATION PROBABILITY SIGNIFICANCE IMPACT 5.6.2 Construction Phase (i) Land x Assumptions - failure to x Conflict between farmer 5 5 3 5 18 Acquisition follow due process organisations (High) from farmers x Coercion in order to get x access to privately owned land for project expansion

(ii) Resettlement x Expansion of irrigation x Removal/alteration of usual 5 5 3 4 18 and loss of farmlands source of livelihood (High) livelihoods x Expanding/construction of x long-term hardship, red meat and poultry value impoverishment, and social chain facilities unrest among the affected community x Establishment roads and market places on areas x Migration to alternative normally used by local livelihoods. people (grazing lands, hunting grounds, etc blocked)

(iii) Loss of Income x Removal of source of x Induced poverty 5 5 2 5 18 income due to development (High x forced migration

(iv) Disruption of x Establishment of projects x Usual routes closed. 3 3 1 4 11 access ways across usual routes. (Low) and mobility x Long routes in use - women, the elderly and school children affected.

(v) Disputes over x Limited water quantity and x Conflicts over water allocations. 5 5 3 5 18 water quality (High) resources x Reduced production

x Over abstraction of water by certain farms

Denial of access to water for livestock in favour of cultivation (vi) Limited access x logistical, cultural and x Perpetuation of gender 5 5 1 5 16 to economic factors inequality (High) Mechanisation preventing women and and inputs young people from x Low productivity accessing credit, x Cyclical poverty mechanisation and improved inputs

(vii) Market Place x Lack of market research x Failure to sell products at a fair 5 5 2 4 16 limitations market price (Moderate) x Competition with large scale producers x Discouragement

x absence of level playing field with male counterparts and with

(viii) Public Health x Presence of contract x Spread of communicable 3 3 3 5 14 workers from outside the diseases such as HIV/AIDS Moderate area and interaction with locals x Increase

x Influx of people to the the prevalence of water-borne areas in search of diseases (intestinal and urinary bilharzia employment opportunities. and malaria) x Development of agriculture systems

PARAMETER UNDER CONSIDERATION CRITERIA FOR ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACT REF: SEVERITY OR MAGNITUDE OF CATEGORY CAUSE IMPACT SCALE DURATION PROBABILITY SIGNIFICANCE IMPACT (ix) Occupational x Weak technical capacity x Temporary and permanent 3 4 2 5 14 Health and and/or negligence on physical injuries (Moderate) Safety Issues operation of vehicles and machinery x Bronchial diseases from dust.

x Lack or inadequate use of x Loss of life safety gear may also

contribute to accidents that may result in trauma and other casualties.

(x) Gender Based x Poverty which leads to x Physical body harm 5 5 5 3 18 Violence women being exploited by (High) men during construction x Lack of productivity and at market places x Communicable disease incidences

(xi) Child Labour x Poverty leading children to x Child exploitation 5 3 3 3 14 prefer working in order to (Moderate) earn a living than going to x Communicable disease school. incidence

(xii) Impacts of x Noise and vibrations during x Temporary and permanent 2 3 1 1 7 Construction works. physical injuries (Low) on local people x Spillages and dust during x Bronchial diseases from dust. transportation of materials. x Falling from tripping on x Loss of life building materials. x Cracking of existing structures x Falling or flying debris. from vibrations.

(xiii) Civil Works x Disregarding of x Substandard infrastructure that 5 5 3 5 18 Government regulations is not sustainable (High)

x Doing shortcuts x structure that cannot withstand extreme weather events and climate change

PARAMETER UNDER CONSIDERATION CRITERIA FOR ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACT REF: SEVERITY OR MAGNITUDE OF CATEGORY CAUSE IMPACT SCALE DURATION PROBABILITY SIGNIFICANCE IMPACT

5.6.3 Operation Phase (i) Operation and x Misuse or inability to use x Unsustainability of systems 5 5 5 4 19 Maintenance installed equipment (High) x Failure to derive intended value x Lack of appreciation from the infrastructure and equipment x Lack of training in the use of new equipment. x Damage to equipment

x Absence of user manual x Injury of farmers and Standard Operation Procedures (SOPs)

(ii) Farmer x Absence and/or ineffective x Lack of sustainability 5 5 5 4 19 Organisations leadership (High) /Water User x Non- productive Associations x No project ownership x Constant Conflicts x No common unit of purpose

x Donor Syndrome

(iii) cumulative x combined impact of past, x degradation of natural 5 4 5 4 18 and present and future human resources; soil, vegetation etc (High) synergistic activities and natural impacts processes x Pollution of the soil and water

x combine impact of • Impacting on biodiversity; PROCAVA sub-projects • Social conditions (e.g. health, economics); and and other current activities • Erosion of Cultural norms.

5.8 PROPOSED SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

The goal of PROCAVA is to contribute towards poverty reduction, improved food and nutrition security and resilient livelihoods for 'Inclusive Rural Transformation’. The development objective is to increase disposable income from climate resilient agri-food value chains by rural women, men and youth. In order to achieve this, it is important that design and implementation employs a participatory and inclusive approach to ensure that the most needy and vulnerable households and social groupings benefit equally from the project. The outcome will depend on several key assets and services that enhance production capacity and income such as availability and access to land, labor, water, infrastructure and other inputs such as technology, extension services and financial services.

Due to existing skewed power relations, poor women, disadvantaged youths, people living with physical disabilities including the chronically ill continue to have limited access and little voice with which to use to bargain for scarce resources and influence decision making. Gender neutral interventions enforce and perpetuate social and economic inequalities. PROCAVA will address factors that limit women and youth’s participation and benefit from the various value chains in line with IFAD Gender Equality and Women Empowerment policy and the new draft Youth Action Plan whose goal is to enhance the impact of IFAD investments by socially and economically empowering rural youth women and men. Youths participation in agriculture is very minimum as they perceive agriculture as a profession of intense labor, not profitable and unable to support their livelihood compared to other sectors.

Specific issues of concern that limit and/or discourage inclusion and participation of women and youths can be classified as follows; x Access to land - lack of legal ownership of land for most women and the official listing of men as heads of households put women at a disadvantage. x Productive inputs - limited access for women and youths to irrigation services, equipment, seed, fertilisers and pesticides x Access to extension services and information - extension services are programmed mostly for male farmers and on subsistence basis x Access to credit and financial services necessary for production - low literacy levels and absence of collateral resulting in missed opportunities for women and youths) x Access to participation and representation in various value chains - absence of women and youths in some value chains e.g. Red Meat which is male dominated. and Cassava is mostly dominated by older women. The majority of farmers associations are under male leadership. x Access to markets and income (long distances, unfavorable conditions and low negotiation power for fair prices)

These issues are interrelated and interconnected, and solving one problem may also solve the other problems. PROCAVA and local authorities should be able to facilitate prioritisation of the problems and decide which problem to solve first. An integrated approach must be used in solving the problems. A more in-depth analysis of the problems should be carried out in each project area to identify context specific and relevant strategies that can be employed.

5.8.1 Social Development Priority The objective of this Social Development framework therefore, is to promote holistic development platform that is conducive for every community member to participate, influence decisions and equally benefit from the value chain services.

The social Development Objective is in line with the vision of the Gender Strategy in the Agricultural Sector (2016-2025) which is to "Ensure gender equality in participation, access to opportunities and full exercise of human rights in the agricultural sector, ensuring access to and enjoyment of conditions for increased production and productivity, food and nutrition security of households"26.

5.8.2 Specific Objectives and Strategic Actions

Table 5-13 Specific Objectives and Strategic Actions Objective Strategic Action Points To enable inclusion of every Carry out an identification process of the different vulnerable groups and member of the community to the level of vulnerability and their needs that the project can address. participate Free, prior and informed consultation with vulnerable people and their groupings at different levels will ensure culturally appropriate and collective decisions. There is need for in-depth context specific gender and social inclusion analysis focusing on roles, access to and control of productive resources, and power relations for each value chain. Communities need to be involved at every stage of the project cycle. Selection of suitable value chains should be a bottom-up approach. Issues experienced by women and youths must consciously and adequately be recognised and addressed from program design. Their strengths must be built upon. Regular and consistent information dissemination is key to project implementation and necessary for decision making among vulnerable groups Create an enabling Access to financial services and/or direct inputs environment for women and Improvement of value chains through mechanisation will assist farmers youths participation in especially women and youths to meet competitive market requirements for different value chains example chicken processing and cassava processing units. Conscious effort must be made to ensure that women and youths get access to resources and gain benefits from mechanisation. Affirmative action can be used where necessary to achieve gender equality. Information services and market linkages for their produce. Facilitate farmers to market their produce with realistic farm gate prices. Improvement and engendering basic facilities at places of production (shelter, road network, water, sanitation and other related support services) will ease access of traditionally excluded groups. Promote participation of women and youths in value chains that are traditionally considered to be challenging such as cattle production. Equipping them with necessary Make women and youths an integral part of development in all the value chains. Women and youths must be recognised as autonomous agro- producers so that they benefit in the same way as their male and/or adult counterparts. To promote access of Guaranteed access to land must be ensured to allow maximum level of women to secure land investment. The project should intensify the DUATS claim process and tenure registration for farmers in different value chains. The process must be non-confrontational. Improve literacy skills among women farmers to better able understand their rights and how to claim them. Advocate for effective implementation of Land laws that promote women's rights to land. Promote alignment of Succession law in line with the constitution and Land laws so that women can benefit accordingly.

26Gender Strategy in the Agricultural Sector (2016-2025)

Raise awareness among local and community leaders on women's social and economic rights including access to land and secure tenure To promote participation of Farming must be presented as a lucrative profession and not linked to youths in agriculture poverty status as currently is the situation in order to attract young people. Technology and innovation skills - Use prevailing young people's interest in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as a means to build strong farming networks and access to timely information (farming tips, weather conditions, market prices etc.) To advocate for policy consideration on access to land by young people. Guaranteed ownership of land or production process will give them the right reason to stay. To empower women and Promote women and youths in decision making positions where they can youth in agriculture value be heard and also influence decisions not through their husbands or chains elders. Increase access and adoption of agricultural technologies by women and youth for reduced labour, enhanced quality of products and market competitiveness. Create linkages for women and youths to access production inputs such as irrigation services, equipment, seed, fertilisers and pesticides. Design and implement interventions that promote resilience in households against different types of shocks such as income diversification, encouraging income savings behaviour and improved on-farm storage to save and prevent post-harvest losses (Safety Nets). To strengthen Institutional Strengthen local government institutions and service providers to be able and individual capacity to support farmers in all value chains. Well trained extension service and manage various value private service providers should be able to deal/address diverse chains. backgrounds of local farmers including start-up capacity programs for new young farmers. Extension support should recognise women in their multiple roles as farmers, environmental custodians and household managers. Strengthen the capacity of the existing associations in terms of their operation and management of infrastructure and equipment. Conduct specialized and context specific training and intensify knowledge in various value chains for women and youths. Strengthen women and youths in leadership skills. Develop relevant value chain general and specific IEC materials for farmers to read and learn from To monitor and evaluate Capture disaggregated information that can inform whether intended progress of social changes are taking place and that no one is left out. development strategy Contact mentorship exercises for women and youths to make sure that new concepts are grasped and being implemented properly.

6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVESFOR SUB-PROJECT CONSIDERATION.

6.1 INTRODUCTION

The main areas where alternatives for decreasing the potential for negative environmental impacts are in the agricultural activity, size, siting and operation. For each sub-project the following analysis of alternatives should be considered:

(i) Levels of complexities The levels of complexities of the agricultural activities can influence the type and magnitude of environmental and social impacts. More complex activities may entail more environmentally degrading material and equipment like diesel engines for pumping water etc. More complex activities may also be socially unacceptable as the farmers will not be comfortable operating them.

(ii) Siting Selection of a site for an agro-industrial facility is dependent on a number of economic, ecologic and socio-political concerns regardless of the product manufactured or processed. An environmentally ideal site is one which satisfies the following criteria; 1 availability of local land and water resources adequate to supply the required quality and quantity of raw materials without causing unacceptable environmental impact (e.g. clearing of primary forests, wetlands or critical wildlife habitat: and intensification of agriculture which will result in loss of soil fertility, increased erosion etc.) 2 sufficient land area to provide planned and expanded facilities for storage of raw materials, processing and waste disposal; 3 minimal displacement of people and houses. A threshold of 20 households has been set for Category B; 4 proximity to receiving waters capable of handling effluent discharges without significant impact on the bio-physical and aquatic environment; 5 easy access to social and physical infrastructures such as skilled labour pool, support industries, transportation network, energy supply, raw materials and potential market areas; 6 adequate distance from tourist or recreational area, office buildings and housing complexes to minimise the impacts of odours noise and pollutants; 7 minimal construction and operational impact of the facilities on rare, threatened or endangered species, their habitats or other sensitive ecosystems.

(iii) Operation of the facility Agro-industrial operations employ a variety of processes and equipment. The type of product processed and the size of the operations determine the type of equipment used, the quality and the quantity of the effluent or waste produced and thereby the need for pollution control equipment. The various options for pollution control equipment should be examined in light of their effectiveness at minimising pollution. The type of equipment used in pollution abatement cannot be specified for all possible agro-industries.

6.2 EXAMPLE ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

PROCAVA will cover a lot of different types of agricultural activities within the following selected value chains: a) selected horticulture commodities under irrigation; b) red meat (cattle and goats/sheep); c) poultry; d) cassava; and e) legumes. PROCAVA will thus support a range of sub-projects, to be identified by potential beneficiaries that will address the selected values.

Whilst principally the target group for PROCAVA is women (50%) and youth (30%), the primary target group will be smallholder farmers comprising the poor, vulnerable and disadvantaged rural households involved in the selected value chains. This group will be principally made up of: a) smallholder farmers (subsistence and semi-subsistence); b) micro-entrepreneurs; c) emerging farmers (when poor smallholders can also benefit); and d) farmer and rural people's organizations.

Comparison of alternatives for the outlined target groups can be done by looking at different levels of complexities the sub-projects can be pegged at, i.e. large scale, small scale (mechanised), small scale (non-mechanised), and zero option. To illustrate the analysis, horticulture commodities under irrigation will be used as an example and the alternatives will be: x Options 1 Fund large scale agricultural activities

x Option 2 Fund mechanised small holder agricultural activities

x Option 3 Fund less mechanised small holder agricultural activities (gravity fed irrigation schemes)

x Option 3 Zero option

Table 6-1 Analysis of alternatives FACTOR FIRST OPTION SECOND OPTION THIRD OPTION FOURTH OPTION establishing large scale commercial establishing mechanised small establishing less mechanised Zero option activities. holder agricultural activities small holder agricultural activities not carrying out the project (Large scale irrigation scheme) (small-scale pump fed irrigation (small-scale gravity fed irrigation schemes) schemes)

1. Ease of setting up This proposal is extremely difficult to set This proposal is relatively easy to This proposal is relatively easy to none up requiring a lot of engineering design, set up and requires a pumping set up and does not require a and construction and may entail system, the water reservoirs and pumping system, it only requires pumping the water, building reservoirs pipes or canals the reticulation pipes or canals and canals 2. Easy of replication Needs huge capital outlay to replicate – Relatively easy to replicate, but Relatively easy to replicate, but none so not easily replicated. needs some level of capital outlay needs some level of capital for the pumping system and its outlay for the headworks but maintenance. requires less maintenance. 3. sustainability Complicated to run and sustain. It is Less complicated to run and sustain. Less complicated to run and none beyond the smallholder farmers’ capacity Can be done by smallholder farmers sustain. Can be done by to sustain. with some training and support. smallholder farmers with little support. 4. Cost Implications This proposal is extremely expensive This is cheaper to construct but has This is the cheapest to construct No costs involved. because of the extensive civil works cost very high operation and and has minimal operation and of constructing the pumping main. Cost maintenance cost due to pumping. maintenance cost. of pumping water, the high running and maintenance costs. 5. Effect on This option will affect the environment Has less effects on the clearance of Has the least effects on the none Environment because of the clearance of vegetation vegetation due to size clearance of vegetation due to over a large area to make way for the size? extensive civil works. 6. Effects on water Will utilise a lot of water and may result Will utilise less water. Will utilise the least amount of none in water related conflicts. Less potential of pollution (pollution water. Will result in significant pollution of water may arise from lubricants and fuels) Least potential of pollution resources from agro chemicals etc 7. Effects on land May entail clearing of large tracts of Less clearing of land Less clearing of land none primary forests, affect wild life habitat and leave soil prone to erosion. Pollution may arise from waste disposal 8. Safety to the Can be harmful when the pressure pipes Can be harmful when the pressure Minimal harm to people as it is none people burst with people in the vicinity of the pipes burst with people in the vicinity gravity fed. pipe burst. Also, the power cables of the pipe burst. Also, the power

FACTOR FIRST OPTION SECOND OPTION THIRD OPTION FOURTH OPTION leading to the pumps are a hazard to cables leading to the boreholes are community if they fall down. a hazard to community. If the reservoir fails it becomes a hazard to the people. if they fall down. 9. Maintenance costs Very high maintenance cost Medium high maintenance costs Minimal maintenance cost none 10. Economic Has highest potential of adding to the Has medium potential of improving Has high potential of improving A loss to the economy as no implications economy of the country but may not the livelihoods of smallholder the livelihoods of smallholder one will benefit. benefit smallholder farmers easily. farmers. farmers 11. Social changes Depending on how it is structured, if it is Sharing of pumping/running costs Since costs to be shared are none and acceptability wholly communal owned, it will be held may cause farmers to shun such a minimal, if farmers own the with suspicion as farmers prefer to own scheme. individual fields, this will be individual plots. socially acceptable. 12 Displacement of Higher chances of either displacing Less chances of either displacing Least chances of either none people people, taking up their land, denying people, taking up their land, denying displacing people, taking up their them access to resources or interfering them access to resources or land, denying them access to in some way to their livelihood. interfering in some way to their resources or interfering in some livelihood. way to their livelihood. 13 Ease of operation May be complicated to operate as the less complicated to operate as the least complicated to operate as none farmers have to know how to run all the equipment will be less complicated. their will be minimal equipment. associated equipment. 14 none COSTS (Based on Civil works Civil works Civil works a standard Horticulture under pumping main pumping main running irrigation Scheme) reservoir reservoir Total cost pumping/running pumping/running Total cost Total cost

TOTAL COST

From the analysis it is apparent that the small-scale gravity fed scheme is the most suitable scheme to establish for the small holder target farmers and rural people's organizations since it is easy to set-up, cheap to establish, cheap to run and maintain. It can easily be run by the farmers even after the project life and further more they can replicate similar projects on their own.

However, for the micro-entrepreneurs; and emerging farmers (when poor smallholders can also benefit); the second option is more viable. Gravity fed schemes may not be readily available in most terrains which are general flat and will entail pumping. This option will afford the emerging farmer a chance to expand and grow.

The above example using horticulture commodities under irrigation, highlights the fact that for the up-scaling project to be effective and sustainable, small-scale projects, which are not highly mechanised and are cheap and easy to setup and run should be promoted.

The zero option should not be considered as no one will benefit and the smallholder farmers will continue to be poor and may even become worse.

7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS.

7.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes the process for ensuring that potential environmental and social impacts are adequately addressed. The first step of the process is to consult the schedule to the Environment Law which lists all types of projects and activities that are subject to Environmental Assessment (EA). If the project is in the list the next step is to determine the level of EA work required. Agricultural projects generally require EA work under Mozambique legislation, with the regulations stipulating a limit of 350ha for irrigation schemes above which the individual project is categorised as “A”. IFAD’s SECAP stipulates a limit of 100ha for Category “A” irrigation schemes. From this the overall Category for PROCAVA is “A”, primarily because of several large Irrigation schemes (some from PROSUL), which are larger than 100ha. Some of these projects are already known and there EIA work is already underway. However, the rest of the proposed programme interventions in PROCAVA will fall under category “B” and are expected to pose medium risks to the environment and social system. These are the sites which still ned to be identified, screened and then have site specific ESMPs developed for them.

It is recommended that most of the sub-projects that will be screened and approved for funding under PROCAVA be of Category “B” so that costly EA work be avoided. However, if an economically viable project is identified, there is nothing to stop it from being implemented. Further, PROCAVA should avoid sensitive and marginal areas.

7.2 SUB-PROJECT SITE SELECTION

PROCAVA will be operating at regional level as depicted in figure 7-1 below. It will have three regional PMU offices and one Provincial PMU office. Each regional PMU Office will service three Provinces as indicated in figure 7-1. For the implementation of the ESMF it is proposed that besides the Environmental and Social Safeguards Specialist at PMU Head Office, a dedicated Environmental and Social Safeguards Officer be engaged for each of the Regional Offices and Niassa Provincial PMU office.

PROCAVA will cover agricultural activities which include: a) selected horticulture commodities under irrigation; b) red meat (cattle and goats/sheep); c) poultry; d) cassava; and e) legumes. The beneficiaries will select and propose potential sub-projects and will be assisted by a Provincial team comprising the PMU Field Officers, Regional Safeguards Officer and the District Agricultural Officer Figure 7-2 depicts an organisational chart indicating the responsibilities at different levels.

PROCAVA – PMU HEAD OFFICE (MAPUTO)

PROCAVA – Regional PROCAVA – Regional PROCAVA – Regional PROCAVA – Office South Office North Office Central Office Provincial PMU (Xai-Xai) (Nampula) (Manica) Office Niassa x Maputo Province x Manica x Nampula (Lichinga) Zambezia x Gaza Province x Sofala x x Niassa x Inhambane Province x Cabo Delgado x Tete

PROCAVA – Provincial Focal Point (Extension officer at DPASA)

PROCAVA – District Focal Point (SDAE officer)

Figure 7-1 Project Implementation Structure

ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBLE RESPONSIBILITY LEVEL AUTHORITY/OFFICER

x Coordinate all environmental and social Safeguards issues country- PROCAVA Head office wide. HEAD OFFICE LEVEL Environmental and Social x Oversees the Safeguards specialist implementation of the ESMF x Coordinates all environmental and social training

Regional/Provincial x Coordinates all Environmental and environmental and social Safeguards issues in the Social Safeguards Region. Officers x Oversees the REGIONAL OFFICE implementation of the LEVEL ESMF. x PMU Field Officers x Help in Sub-project Selection. x PMU M&E officers x Help in Sub-project Screening. x Training of Provincial Technical Teams in sub- project selection, Screening and ESMP development

PROCAVA – Provincial Focal Point (Extension officer at DPASA) x Coordinates all environmental and social Safeguards issues in the Province. PROCAVA Provincial x Oversees the PROVINCIAL Technical implementation of the LEVEL x Provincial Directorate ESMF. for Trade x Help in Sub-project x Provincial Selection. x Help in Sub-project Environmental Department Screening. x Training of Provincial and x PDTAD District Agric and x DPASA Environment Officers in x ARAs sub-project selection, x DPS Screening and ESMP development

x Working directly with the PROCAVA – District beneficiaries. Focal Point (SDAE x Training Beneficiaries in officer) Environmental issues x Assist in sub-project selection. x District Agricultural x Assist in sub-project DISTRICT LEVEL Officer screening. x District Environmental x Assist in the development Officer of site specific ESMPs. Ensuring compliance with x Other relevant x the ESMF, and site Specific Government ESIAs and ESMPs. Departments.

Figure 7-2 Organisational Chart for Safeguards Responsibilities

At PMU Head office, the Safe Guards Specialist will concentrate on the planning, supervision, reporting and support to regional offices.

At each regional office the Regional Safeguards Officer will be deployed to support Regional project implementation activities and facilitate the communication with the central PMU. He will coordinate all environmental and social Safeguards issues in the Region, oversee the implementation of the ESMF and be responsible for Training of Provincial Technical Teams in sub-project selection, Screening and ESMP development.

At Provincial and District levels indicated government officials employed by DPASA and SDAE will serve respectively as focal points to support the implementation of local projects in close collaboration with the PROCAVA Regional Safeguards Officer.

The Regional Safeguards Officer has to train and work with the following staff for the following tabulated reasons:

Table 7-1 Participating Personnel at District level. No. STAFF REASONS FOR PARTICIPATION 1.0 PMU Field Officer The PMU Field Officers will overally be in charge of all the field work and have to be involved in the environmental and social issues so that they can internalise them into the day to day implementation of the sub-projects.

2.0 PMU M&E Officers The PMU M&E Officers will be responsible for the main monitoring programmes and must include environmental and social issues in some of their indicators. 3.0 PROCAVA – Provincial Focal Point PROCAVA – Provincial Focal Point (Extension (Extension officer at DPASA) officer at DPASA) are the ultimate custodians of the agricultural programmes especially after the project is complete. They therefore have to be involved from inception as a buy in process and then will continue with these programmes as part of their routine work.

4.0 PROCAVA – District Focal Point (SDAE The district Agricultural Officers are the ultimate officer) custodians of the agricultural programmes at District Level, especially after the project is complete. They therefore have to be involved from inception as a buy in process and then will continue with these programmes as part of their routine work.

5.0 District Environmental Officers The District Environmental Officers are the custodian of the environment at District level and must be involved so that they can enforce the sub- projects to comply, mainly with the national legislation and in particular with their site specific ESMPs and ESIAs.

The Provincial teams will help the farmers in preparing their sub-projects applications to avoid or minimize adverse environmental and social impacts. They will use the Environmental and social screening form (see Appendix 1) together with information on

typical sub-project impacts and mitigation measures in the environmental management plan (EMP) (Table 8.1 and Appendix 7).

The sections below (7.3 – 7.8) detail the stages of the environmental and social screening process (the screening process) leading towards the review and environmental and social approval of any sub-project that will be undertaken in the PROCAVA. This will be used in conjunction with the PROCAVA site selection criteria.

7.3 EXCLUSION LIST

Table 7-2 below provides criteria based on which sub-projects and activities which will not be eligible for financing under PROCAVA:

Table 7-2 Sub-project and Activity Exclusion List Negative sub project list No. The proposed PROCAVA programme will automatically exclude sub- projects that: 1 Require acquisition of land and physical or economic displacement of more than 200 persons. (Below 200 person requires an abbreviated resettlement action plan (ARAP), but above 200 persons requires a full Resettlement action plan (RAP)) 2 Block the access to or use of land, water points and other livelihood resources used by others 3 Encroach onto fragile ecosystems, marginal lands or important natural habitats of national or international importance (e.g. ecologically-sensitive ecosystems; protected areas; natural habitat areas, forests and forest reserves, wetlands, national parks or game reserve; any other environmentally sensitive areas) 4 Impact on physical cultural resources of national or international importance and conservation value

In addition to the above, sub-projects that would be categorised as Category “A” sub- projects based on the SECAP should be avoided in order to limit the costs of further EIA work that may be required. However, if sub-project of high economic value is identified, the necessary EIA work should be done and the project carried out.

7.4 SUB-PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING

The selected potential sub-projects will be subjected to a rigorous environmental and social screening process. The screening will be based on the IFAD SECAP categorisation of the project, which is overally an “A” due to the presence of irrigation schemes which are larger than 100ha. The initial stage is a desk appraisal of the activities plans, including designs. The screening process will be carried out by the Regional Safeguards Officer in conjunction with his/her provincial team comprising the PMU Field Officers, the District Agricultural Officers (DAO) and the District Environment Officers (DEO).This initial screening will be carried out through the use of the Environmental and Social Screening Form (Appendix 1).

Completion of this screening form will facilitate the identification of potential environmental and social impacts, determination of their significance, assignment of the appropriate

environmental and social category, proposal of appropriate environmental and social mitigation measures, and conduct any further environmental and social work, if necessary. The Environmental and Social Screening Process, is outlined in Figure 7-3 below.

7.4.1 Assigning the Environmental and Social Categories The assignment of the appropriate environmental and social category to a particular sub- project will be based on the information provided in The Environmental and Social Screening Form (Appendix 1). The same technical team of experts, will be responsible for categorizing agricultural activities either as A, B, or C.

The assignment of the appropriate environmental and social category will also be based on provisions in SECAP. Consistent with these provisions, most of the sub-projects and activities of the current project are likely to be categorized as B, meaning that their potential adverse environmental and social impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas – including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats – are site-specific, few if any of the impacts are irreversible, and they can be mitigated readily. For these sub-projects, less comprehensive (or simplified) environmental assessments will have to be carried out which will include environmental and social management plans (ESMPs) specific to those sub-projects and their activities.

Some rehabilitation activities such as the water proofing of leaky tanks or painting buildings might be categorized as “C” if the environmental and social screening results indicate that such activities will have no significant environmental and social impacts and therefore do not require additional environmental and social work. Thus, if the screening form has only “No” entries, the proposed activity will not require further environmental and social work, and the technical team of experts will recommend approval of this proposal and implementation can proceed immediately.

ACTIVITY STAGE OF PROJECT CYCLE AND RESPONSIBILITY

SUB-PROJECT IDENTIFICATION AND Selection of Sub-projects at district level by: SELECTION

Farmers jointly with: x PMU Field Officers x Regional Safeguards Officer x District Agricultural Officer DESK APPRAISAL. Screening of Project activities and sites. x Determine eligibility based on exclusion list x appraisal of the agricultural activities (Tech. Team) x Identification of Environmental and social impacts x Determination of Significance of impacts Assignment of appropriate environmental category, x Determination of the need for EIA x Determination of the need for RAPS

IF CATEGORY “A” IFCATEGORY Environmental and social REJECT B & C screening process of the selected sub-projects by:

Regional Safeguards Officer with: x PMU Field Officers x District Agricultural Officers No Category “A” x District Environment Officers sub-projects will No Adverse Adverse Impacts be funded under Impacts Present PROCAVA

THEN Adopt EMP UNDERTAKE FURTHER APPRAISAL in ESMF x Determine any further EA work x Prepare ESMP (App 3) and/or IPMP as situation requires.

Review all documentation.

Sub-project Approval by:

PMU Head Office Sub-project Technical team: approval x Ministry of Agriculture, x Ministry of Environment, x Ministry of Gender Sub-project implementation

MONITORING: Sub-project x Implementation of Agric. Activities Implementation by: x Inclusion of environmental design features. x Farmer x Periodic Reviews x Provincial Team x Annual Report x District Team

Figure 7-3 Sub-project Screening Process

7.4.2 Need for further Environmental and social work Before submitting a subproject proposal to the PMU for approval, the Provincial Screening team, led by the Regional Safeguards Officer will further determine, whether: (a) the application of simple mitigation measures outlined in the Environmental and Social Screening Form (Appendix 1) will suffice; or (b) whether further Environmental and social work needs to be done.

If the Provincial Screening team determines that the proposed sub-project may have environmental or social concerns that are not adequately addressed in the current documentation, or if the application meets certain criteria (see Table 7-3), the team will require a field appraisal before the sub-project application can be considered further. An example of a format for a field appraisal report is provided in (Appendix 2).

Table 7-3 Criteria for Requiring a Field Appraisal Criteria Field Appraisal 1. Land must be acquired for a sub-project, an individual Determines the scale and level of impact. An or community's access to land or available resources is Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) may restricted or lost, or an individual or family is displaced then be required according to procedures detailed in RPF Document. (If scale is too large follow exclusion list recommendations) 2. A sub-project may-affect a protected area or a natural Determines if the sub-project will adequately avoid habitat adverse effects on the protected area or natural habitat, as provided for in Chapter 8 of the ESMF 3. A sub-project may have an impact on ecologically A field appraisal determines the scale and level of sensitive ecosystems (e.g. of impact on wetlands) impact. The application may need to be revised to describe how the sub-project will avoid or minimize adverse impacts to ecologically sensitive areas. This may require a distinct Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) as outlined in chapter 10 of the ESMF 4. A sub-project will involve or introduce the use of A field appraisal determines the scale and level of the pesticides concerns. If needed, a Pest Management Plan is prepared according to the requirements of Chapter 10 of the ESMF. 5. A sub-project may involve, or result in: A field appraisal determines the scale and potential * Diversion or use of surface waters; adverse effects, and may include an ESMP as outlined * Production of waste (e.g. slaughterhouse waste); Chapter 10 of the ESMF. * New or rebuilt irrigation or drainage * Small dams, weirs, reservoirs, wells, or water points. Note: these criteria should be updated based on field experience in implementing sub-projects.

With the assistance of MITADER / DPTADER, the District Agricultural Officer will supervise the further environmental work which may include the preparation of an ESMP (Appendix 7), RAP/ARAP or PMP as the situation may require27. Once all the requisite documentation has been compiled the District Agricultural Officer will make recommendations to National Level for approval.

7.5 APPROVAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL WORK

The completed screening form along with any additional planning reports (e.g. IPMP) will be forwarded to the review authority, which is the Ministry of Agriculture at National Level.

27 An ARAP will generally be prepared if fewer than 200 people are displaced. Even if more than 200 people are affected, if all land acquisition is minor (10 percent or less of all holdings is taken) and no physical relocation is involved, an ARAP is acceptable. If fewer than 200 people are displaced but some physical relocation is involved, the ARAP must be expanded to include a rehabilitation program.

The review team will be assisted by environmentalists from MITADER to make sure that all the requirements are in place to avoid delays. (Note should be taken that MITADER is the aproval authority or licensing authority. The Documentation has to go up the MASA ladders (with Guidance from MITADER Environmentalists) who will then submit to MITADER when satisfied that all documentation is in place.)

The first step in the approval process is to determine if all the relevant information has been provided, and that it is adequate. MASA (National Directorate for Agrarian Extension) (National Level) will also check if the technical team has thoroughly considered all environmental and social issues with regards to the identification of potential adverse effects arising from the sub-project as well as mitigating measures to adequately address negative impacts.

Based on the desk appraisal and if needed, the field appraisal, Ministry of Agriculture (National Level) will refer the application to the approval authority – the Department of Environment - with recommendations for approval conditions and implementation supervision (e.g. erosion control, pollution control, waste management, human safety).

7.6 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE

Public consultations are critical in preparing an effective proposal for the agricultural activities. The first step is to hold public consultations with the communities and all other interested/affected parties during the screening process and in the course of any further environmental and social work. These consultations should identify key issues and determine how the concerns of all parties will be addressed.

The public consultation methods include press conferences, information notices, brochures/fliers, interviews, questionnaires and polls, open houses, community meetings, advisory committees, and public hearings. The guidelines for public consultation include, among others, a requirement that major elements of the consultation program should be timed to coincide with significant planning and decision-making activities in the project cycle. In terms of Mozambique’s EA process, public consultation should be undertaken during (i) the preparation of the EA terms of reference; (ii) the carrying out of an EA; (iii) government review of an EA report; and (iv) the preparation of environmental and social terms and conditions of approval.

Once MITADER, the aproval or licensing authority has approved the ESMF, GoM has to meet the consultation and disclosure requirements of IFAD. GoM will issue a disclosure letter to inform IFAD of (i) the Government’s approval of the ESMF; (ii) the actual disclosure of these documents to all relevant stakeholders and potentially affected persons in Mozambique; and (iii) the Government’s authorization to IFAD to disclose these documents on its external website. The disclosure on the IFAD website is for Category A projects/ sub-projects. For the category “B” sub-projects, what is important is the in-country and site level disclosure. For the ESMF and Category “A” ESIAs, the disclosure is required 120 days prior to Executive Board approval, during the internal review stages. (IFAD, 2011a).

7.7 ANNUAL MONITORING AND REVIEWS

Environmental and social monitoring needs to be carried out during the implementation of the sub-projects. Monitoring of the compliance of sub-project implementation with the mitigation measures set out in the sub-project’s ESMP, PMP and/or RAP (RAP would only be required for category A projects, thus if not included then an abridged version will suffice) will be carried out jointly by the Ministry of Agriculture, extension teams and PROCAVA. PROCAVA field officers should supervise the monitoring activities and are required to report annually on sub-project activities during the preceding year. The information to be included in these annual reports is shown in Appendix 4. An annual monitoring report must be submitted to the IFAD by the PROCAVA.

Compliance monitoring comprises on-site inspection of activities to verify that measures identified in the ESMP, PMP and/or RAP are being implemented. This type of monitoring is similar to the normal tasks of a supervising engineer whose task is to ensure that the Contractor is achieving the required standards and quality of work. The appointed environmental and social safeguards specialists will have the responsibility of conducting the environmental and social inspections. An annual inspection report must be submitted (together with the monitoring report) to the IFAD for review and approval.

Annual reviews may be carried out by an independent local consultant, NGO or other service provider that is not otherwise involved with PROCAVA. Annual reviews should evaluate the annual monitoring report from PROCAVA field officers and the annual inspection report from Ministry of Agriculture/PROCAVA. The purpose of the reviews is three-fold: 1. To assess compliance with ESMF procedures, learn lessons, and improve future ESMFs; 2. To assess performance in terms of environmental and social risk management; 3. To assess the occurrence of, and potential for, cumulative impacts due to PROCAVA-funded and other development activities.

The annual reviews will be a principal source of information to the PROCAVA for improving performance, and to IFAD supervision missions. Thus, they should be undertaken after the annual report on monitoring has been prepared and before IFAD supervision of the project. Guidance on undertaking annual reviews is provided Appendix 3 of this ESMF.

(i) Monitoring Indicators In order to be able to assess the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures for the impacts that will arise from the potential agricultural activities, The Regional Safeguards Officers together with the M&E officers will conduct regular monitoring of all the sub- projects. The overall performance and effectiveness of the Program can be assessed through monitoring the following indicators:

x Hectarage of vegetation clearance; x Incidences of work-related illnesses at construction sites or project areas. x Incidences of work-related injuries at sites x Number of pit latrines for excreta disposal for workers; x Number of agro- infrastructure rehabilitated; x Number of direct beneficiaries; x Quality of construction materials for the agricultural infrastructure; x Quality of water discharged from the establishments; x Number of employment opportunities for locals; x Number of new employees engaged by the project; x Ratio of men to women employed by the project (ensure equity in the recruitment processes); x Percentage of youth engaged in the projects; x Number of safeguards training courses conducted for all staff including extension officers; x Number of safeguards training courses conducted for beneficiaries; x Ratio of men to women trained (ensure equity in the training processes); x Implementation of the public consultation plan; x Institution of planned maintenance of machines and infrastructure; x Number of climate smart technologies adopted; x Area of degraded land restored; x Area of land under climate smart agriculture; x quantity of pesticides and fertilizer used; x Water and soil conservation structures established; x Climate change coping mechanisms, and adaptation strategies employed.

8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 INTRODUCTION

The ESMP for the proposed PROCAVA, provides guidelines for the management of potential environmental and social aspects at all possible project sites. Appendix 7 provides examples of specific issues to be considered for ESMP development for agricultural activities. In each case the ESMP identifies parties responsible for monitoring actions, and any training or capacity building needs. Mitigation measures have been identified to reduce present and potential impacts associated with both the existing and new agricultural activities on the proposed project. In addition, mitigation measures are identified as either social or physical measures. Social mitigation includes the measures used to mitigate effects such as noise, land acquisition and use, physical and economic displacement and other effects to the human environment. Physical mitigation includes measures that address impacts to the physical environment, such as biological communities, vegetation, water resources, air quality, and others.

It should be noted that the projects are for smallholder and emerging farmers, which they will be able to run and replicate after the project life, thus the envisaged civil works for the reconstruction programme is not the heavy type of construction but that which can be done by local contractors and builders.

Also, the Environmental and social Management Plan considers only the impacts that have been rated moderate and high significance in Chapter 5, as these present impacts that need attention.

8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Table 8-1 Environmental and Social Management Plan TEXT RESPONSIBILI CAPACITY IMPACT MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT REF. TY BUILDING 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 5.2.1 PLANNING PHASE (ii) Physical Restrictions on project Space x Some project sites are on steep terrain and erosion is x Does not apply for refurbishing existing structures. MASA, None impacting on arable land, x Institute measures to reduce erosion potential like MITADER, PMU x Some project sites are close to ecologically sensitive contouring, stabilising slopes and planting and Contractors areas eg wetlands, protected areas, etc and thus are vegetation. restricted in their ability to expand. x Institute rangeland management and catchment conservation. x Avoid unnecessary excavations and restore and protect any disturbed ground. 5.2.2 IMPLEMENTATION/OPERATION PHASE (i) Clearing of Vegetation x Limited Vegetation clearing may occur during expansions x Sensitive habitats should be avoided. MASA, Environmental and refurbishments of existing infrastructure, but may be x Clearing should be limited to working areas only. MITADER, PMU awareness significant for new establishments. x Revegetation and reforestation must be and Contractors training x Over abstraction of resources may occur for construction prioritized. purposes. x Over abstraction of construction materials should x Sensitive habitats may be affected as material are be avoided. sought, e.g. Grass from wetlands. x Habitat restoration must be done where effects x Overgrazing from the increased stocks of animals have been caused. x Sustainable range management must be practiced (ii) Soil and land degradation x Point source contamination from diesel, lubricants etc x Appropriate containment measures for all MASA, PMU Environmental around working areas. operational areas and proper disposal of used and Contractor awareness x Increased soil erosion due to vegetation clearing, soil lubricants. training trampling and compaction. x Soil erosion control measures (e.g. re-vegetation, x Increased rapid runoff due to vegetation clearing and reseeding of grasses, land preparation, terracing, soil compaction diminishing infiltration capacity. use of gabions, stabilization of banks of canals x Deterioration of soil characteristics due to increased etc) erosion, excessive use of agro-chemicals, poor irrigation x Restoration of borrow pits, sand and quarry stone practices. abstraction sites and brick moulding sites. x Implementation of CA techniques, and best irrigation practices. (iii) Loss of natural and cultural heritage x Natural features, antiques and relics destroyed in the x Conduct feasibility studies, fencing, introduce MASA, PMU, Requirement of project area e.g. during excavations. proper antiquity education programmes. District Agric. the National Officer, NGOs

TEXT RESPONSIBILI CAPACITY IMPACT MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT REF. TY BUILDING x Prepare a Physical cultural resources’ Monuments management plan Act. x Establish procedure for chance finds. Sensitise farmers and construction workers on chance find procedures (iv) Habitat loss and biodiversity disturbances. x Noise and vibrations cause wild animals to migrate x Conduct feasibility studies, PMU, District Requirement of x contamination of the rivers may cause fish kills and x Minimize vibrations and strong noise, Agric. Officer the Parks and destruction of other aquatic life x Enforcement of parks and wildlife law, Wildlife Act. x riverine ecosystems modifications due to over- x Avoid contamination of soil and water Management abstraction for irrigation purposes x Environmental flows must be reserved at all times. of environmental flow (v) Disturbance of marginal areas Establishing the projects in such areas poses serious threats x Avoid extraction of raw materials from marginal PMU, NGOs to their further degradation. areas, and x no construction of structures in marginal areas. beneficiaries (vi) Exposure to Agro-chemicals x Use of agro-chemicals to increase yields may be x Encourage organic farming and limit the use of MASA, PMU, Training in intensified, also to control pests and diseases. Agro-chemicals like inorganic fertilizers. Scheme application of x This can then expose the farmers to these toxic x Use integrated Pest Management approaches to Management agrochemicals chemicals minimize pesticide use. Committee including x Conduct awareness training & workshops on safe transportation, handling of chemicals. storage, handling and disposal (vii) Loss of fragile ecosystems Fragile ecosystems like wetlands, quickly degrade and loose x Conduct feasibility studies before construction, Contractors, their functionality if misused. x Use expert knowledge of ecologists, PMU, District, x Introduction of ecosystem conservation projects, Forestry x Fencing out some sensitive sites. Department, x Harvesting of resources in wetlands must be controlled. x Agricultural activities in wetlands must be under controlled conditions – sustainable use of wetlands. x Invasive alien species must not be introduced into sensitive ecosystem. (viii) Effluent and Solid Waste

TEXT RESPONSIBILI CAPACITY IMPACT MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT REF. TY BUILDING x Most agricultural, livestock, agro-industries, packaging x Seek guidance of local environmental officers to PMU; Likely and marketing operations produce solid waste. identify acceptable disposal sites. Local hazardous and - Steam and hot water boilers produce ash x Waste from agricultural activities can be further Environmental non-hazardous - Fresh food and processed food markets, waste processed into other uses, e.g. organic manure. Officer. construction from canning Reuse and recycling must be preferred over waste - Livestock production units produce manure, disposal of the waste. dairy waste, waste from slaughter houses (ix) Ambient air quality x Air Quality will be impacted by emissions waste from x Animal waste must be handled properly to avoid PMU and Training piggery, chicken manure, processing etc. smell. Contractor farmers in…. x Air Quality will be impacted by emissions from vehicles, x Contractors should use dust screens or nets in Training earthmoving equipment and released particulate matters. windows, doorways and ventilators of rooms where contractor to x Demolition to modify the built environment will lead to demolition or other dusty construction activities are use dust considerable levels of cement dust which can affect occurring. screens…. workers and the public. x Dust suppression measures must be instituted at all sites. (x) Ambient Water Quality x Water quality will be impacted by wastewater discharges x Contractors to erect proper sanitary facilities. PMU and None from construction activities including onsite sewage and x Pollution from lubricants and other wastes to be Contractor, rainwater run-off. avoided. District Agric. x Soil and water pollution resulting from the accumulation x Controlled disposal of wastes and effluent by use Officer of solid and liquid waste. of appropriate disposal facilities, use of appropriate x Soil and water pollution from chemicals & fertilizers drainage structures, use of cleaner technologies, meant for production. proper storage of materials, awareness campaigns x Water quality may be impacted by waste streams from x Waste must be recycled and reused to avoid piggery or processing plants. dumping in waterways. (xi) Temporary Visual Intrusions Rehabilitation and upgrading of agricultural facilities like x Contractor should ensure minimum footprint of Contractor and none Warehouses, processing plants and other possible facilities construction activities and provide decent District will change the characteristics of the area and leave a marred accommodation for workers. Agriculture landscape. x All altered landscapes (Sand pits, borrow pits, Office. brick moulding sites etc) should be rehabilitated by the contractor. 5.3 SOCIAL AND HEALTH IMPACTS 5.3.1 PLANNING PHASE (I) Limited Stakeholder Involvement x Low chances of success and sustainability x Conduct a comprehensive participatory MASA, Team building x Failure to take up ownership of the project stakeholder mapping exercise including roles and PROCAVA responsibilities at national, provincial, district and local area level x Timeously dissemination of information x Always target buy in at decision making level (ii) Poor project Inception/Introduction

TEXT RESPONSIBILI CAPACITY IMPACT MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT REF. TY BUILDING x Anxiety and anticipation Limited cooperation x Efforts must be made to stick to agreed timelines MASA, None x Suspicion and hence concealing important of information x Transparency and full disclosure of key elements PROCAVA, x of the project SDAE (iii) Targeting

x Conflict within communities x Conduct adequate situational assessment to MASA, None x Perpetuating gender inequalities determine different vulnerability dimensions PROCAVA, x Apply a transparent selection criterion SDAE x Consider affirmative action28 for women and youths for effectiveness

5.3.2 IMPLEMENTATION/OPERATION PHASE (i) Land Acquisition from farmers x Conflict between farmer organisations x Intensify DUATS claim, registration and MASA, SDAE Conflict x certification process for poor farmers, women Resolution and youths x Apply the Voluntary Land Donation Protocol where private land is being freely/ offered in line with the Land Use Planning law x Not more than 10% of land should be donated (ii) Resettlement and loss of livelihoods x Removal/alteration of usual source of livelihood x Create alternative sources of livelihood e.g. by MASA, Sustainable x long-term hardship, impoverishment, and social unrest involving the affected parties in the scheme. PROCAVA, Livelihood and among the affected community x Preparation and implementation of a Resettlement SDAE Livelihood x Migration to alternative livelihoods. Policy Framework, which will include restoration x compensation plans. (iii) Disruption of access ways and mobility x Usual access ways/routes closed. x Engage in good irrigation scheme designs Scheme Sensitisation x Long routes in use - women, the elderly and school x Relocate the footpaths and construct foot bridges Management and awareness children affected where possible. raising x (iv) Disputes over water resources Over-abstraction of water may trigger conflicts in the project x Provide water management training to farmers. MASA, x Integrated areas. x Introduce alternative sources of water such as PROCAVA, water boreholes. SDAE, Scheme management x Introduce water saving technologies like drip Management skills irrigation to utilize minimal amounts of water.

28 Action favouring those who tend to suffer from discrimination.

TEXT RESPONSIBILI CAPACITY IMPACT MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT REF. TY BUILDING x Water demand management (v) Limited access to Mechanisation and inputs x Perpetuation of gender inequality x Seek to understand community power relations MASA, Ministry Gender x Low productivity with regards to access and control of assets resp. for Gender Mainstreaming x Cyclical poverty x Create awareness on gender and social inclusion PROCAVA, in rural for buy- in SDAE agriculture x Ensure that women and youth benefit through affirmative action in a transparent manner (vi) Market Place limitations x Failure to sell products at a fair market price x Enhance opportunities, skills, and capacities for MASA, Agro-business x Discouragement women and youths to access and effectively PROCAVA, management x negotiate at the market place SDAE skills x (vii) Public Health x Spread of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS x Education on Public health issues MASA, Health HIV/AIDS and x Increase x Awareness raising within local communities and Dept, related x the prevalence of water-borne diseases workers through Information, Education and PROCAVA, communicable x (intestinal and urinary bilharzia and malaria) Communication (IEC) and distribution of free SDAE diseases x condoms and counselling and treatment will help alleviate the impacts. (viii) Occupational Health Safety risks x Temporary and permanent physical injuries x A Health/Safety/Environment officer should be MASA, Health Application of x Bronchial diseases from dust. present during construction Dept, various types x Loss of life x All safety precautions must be enforced. PROCAVA of PPE and x x Provide PPE to all workers. their proper x Institute dust and noise suppression measures. use. (ix) Gender Based Violence x Physical body harm x Zero tolerance to gender-based violence MASA, Gender Based x Lack of productivity x Ensure sexual harassment Policy at all levels MGCAS, Violence and x Communicable disease incidences involved in the project PROCAVA, Sexual x (IFAD also has ZERO tolerance policy on sexual SDAE Harassment exploitation and abuse)

(x) Child Labour x Child exploitation x Zero tolerance to employment of children MASA, Sensitisation x Communicable disease MGCAS, and PROCAVA, Awareness SDAE creation (xi) Civil Works x Substandard infrastructure that is not sustainable x Site specific feasibility studies should be carried None out first

TEXT RESPONSIBILI CAPACITY IMPACT MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT REF. TY BUILDING x structure that cannot withstand extreme weather events x Norms of construction of civil works must comply and climate change with relevant instructions approved by MOPHRH.

(xii) Operation and Maintenance x Unsustainability of systems x Capacity Assessment needs to be conducted Operation and x Failure to derive intended value from the infrastructure before bringing infrastructure Maintenance and equipment x Apply a demand driven approach that ensures for x Damage to equipment community will be able to operate and maintain sustainability x Injury of farmers infrastructure/equipment sustainably x Intensive capacity building commensurate with proposed infrastructure/equipment (xii) Farmer Organisations/Water User Associations x Lack of sustainability x Social management skills should be built for MASA, PMU Leadership x Non- productive effective leadership and Contractor skills x Constant Conflicts x Promotion of women and young people leadership should be promoted (xv) Social misdemeanour by construction workers Impacts associated with the contractor’s camp include: x As a contractual obligation, contractors should be MASA, PMU Sensitisation x Disposal of liquid and solid wastes. required to have an HIV/AIDS policy and a and Contractor x Theft, alcoholism and sexually transmitted diseases framework (responsible staff, action plan, etc) to (especially HIV/AIDS). implement it during project execution. x Contractor to curb thefts and misbehaviour through a code of conduct. x Contractor to manage any of its waste properly. (xvi) Climate Change and Variability x • Impacts associated with extremes of climatic conditions x Instituting Climate smart agriculture MASA, PMU, • public like droughts, floods, cyclones x Promoting public awareness of climate change MITADER awareness of x Improving early warning systems climate x Incorporating climate resilience measures in all change sub-project types. • sub-project specific Strengthening farmer coping capacities; coping & Improving the knowledge and management of resilience rivers; strategies • introduction of Climate smart technologies

9 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

9.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATION PLAN

The implementing agency of the PROCAVA has the responsibility to effectively engage stakeholders in achieving the project objectives for the benefit of all. This public consultation plan (PCP) forms part of the ESMF and is the same for all categories of rehabilitations, construction and agricultural work. It is for use during public consultation in the screening processes for every IFAD funded project and sub-project under PROCAVA.

9.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PLAN

The PCP provides a framework for achieving effective stakeholder involvement and promoting greater awareness and understanding of issues so that the project is carried out effectively within budget and on-time to the satisfaction of all concerned. To ensure the effective implementation of this plan, PROCAVA shall be committed to the following principles: x Promoting openness and communication; x Ensuring effective stakeholder involvement; x Evaluating the effectiveness of the engagement plan in accordance with the expected outcomes.

The key elements of a Public Consultation Plan are: i. Stakeholder identification and analysis ii. Information disclosure iii. Stakeholder consultation iv. Grievance management v. Stakeholder involvement in project monitoring vi. Reporting to stakeholders vii. Management functions.

9.3 IDENTIFYING STAKEHOLDERS

Stakeholders for the purpose of this project shall be defined as all those people and institutions that have an interest in the successful planning and execution of the project. This includes those likely to be positively and negatively affected by the project. Table 9-1 identifies the key stakeholders.

Table 9-1 Stakeholder Identification Matrix AFFECTED PARTIES HOW TO IDENTIFY THEM People living in the x Identify the local government area(s) that falls within vicinity of the proposed 500m radius of the proposed schools. works. (students, x Review available data to determine the profile of the teachers, parents etc) whole stakeholder or relevant group. x Use identified groups and individuals to tap into stakeholder networks to identify others. Special interest groups x Identify key individuals or groups through organized groups, local clubs, community halls and religious places. x Be aware of similar local groups or individuals.

The consultation process shall ensure that all those identified as stakeholders are conferred with. Subject to MASA coordinator’s approval, the Environmental/Social consultant will share information about the project with the public to enable meaningful contributions and thus enhance the success of the project.

Public Consultations shall take place throughout the project cycle and particularly at the commencement of the planning, construction and operational phases. The consultation will take place through workshops, seminars, meetings, radio programs, request for written proposals/comments, questionnaire administration, public reading and explanation of project ideas and requirements

9.4 KEY STAKEHOLDERS

Stakeholders of this project shall be defined as all those people and institutions that have an interest in the successful planning and execution of the project. This includes those likely to be positively and negatively affected by the project.

The key stakeholders to be continuously engaged could include:

1. Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security - Ministério da Agricultura e Segurança Alimentar (MASA): a. Direcção Nacional de Extensão Agrária (DNEA) – National Directorate for Agrarian Extension b. Direcção Nacional de Agricultura e Silvicultura (DINAS) - National Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry c. Instituto Nacional de Irrigação (INIR) - National Institute of Irrigation d. Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique (IIAM) - Institute of Agricultural Research of Mozambique. e. Direcção Nacional de Veterinária (DINAV) - National Directorate of Veterinary Medicine.

2. Ministry of Gender, Child and Social Action - Ministério do Género, Criança e Acção Social (MGCAS) a. Direcção Nacional do Género.

3. Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development - Ministério da Terra, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Rural (MITADER) a. Direção Nacional do Ambiente (DINAB)- National Direction of the Environment b. Direção Nacional do Ordenamento Territorial e Reassentamento - National Directorate of Land Management and Resettlement c. Direção Nacional de Terras (DINATER) – National Directorate of Land

4. Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Water Resources - Ministério das Obras Públicas, Habitação e Recursos Hídricos (MOPHRH) a. Direcção Nacional de Gestão de Recursos Hídricos (DNGRH) - National Directorate for Water Resources Management

5. Ministry of Youth and Sports - Ministério da Juventude e Desportos (MJD) a. National Institute of Youth - Instituto Nacional da Juventude (INJ)

6. IFAD 7. Farmers/farmers groups or associations; 8. Communities neighbouring Farming Communities; 9. Other agricultural NGOs; 10. Multinational companies involved in agrochemical and agricultural biotechnology, such as Monsanto, Syngenta, Bayer, DowDuPont, and BASF.

The above list is not exhaustive. As the Project gets underway, the PMU will develop a detailed PCP identifying all possible stakeholders, their specific information needs and the appropriate modes of consultation as well as feedback mechanisms. Information Disclosure and Consultation

The type of information to be disclosed to the various stakeholders depends on their interests and how they will be affected by the Project – or how PROCAVA activities may be affected by them. Thereafter various communication tools can be utilized for the engagement process, such as: x Project notices published in local newspapers; x Radio advertisements; x Direct mailings to communities; x Presentations with or without focus group sessions); x Targeted e-mails; x One-on-one meetings, presentations, seminars, workshops, e-mails and phone conversations with stakeholders; x Site tours; and x The use of social media.

Table 9-2 below gives a general overview of the types of information needs for various stakeholder groups.

Table 9-2 Summary of the Public Consultation Plan (PCP) for PROCAVA Stakeholders Information to be disclosed Consultation means PROCAVA sub- Current and new activities and how these Local leaders i.e. Chief’s or district offices, projects, relate to them in terms of opportunities and Churches, national media, social media, IFAD / neighbouring threats MASA website etc. communities, general Forum to express community / health fears Public consultations, focal group discussions, public and get feedback e.g. accidental social media release/escape; contamination; emergencies Training specific members of the communities, (fire) awareness, education Staff / workers at How refurbished and expanded facilities will Staff newsletters, bulletin boards, signs in labs; existing facilities affect their work environments including email, website, meetings with management, Occupational Health & Safety rules staff sensitization & training program in lab safety Farmers Groups, Consultation on information needs / food Researchers, District Extension services, Agricultural NGOs safety Baseline surveys / subsequent surveys to Farmer Union monitor impacts, emails, bulletins Agrochemical Available information on new technologies, Seminars; District Extension services, sales companies crops varieties for improved yield etc agents

Intergovernmental Sharing Implementation findings and Intergovernmental meetings and consultations Institutions; experience. Build partnerships through meetings, IFAD seminars, workshops University Graduates Internship opportunities Website, public media, bulletin boards Youths Opportunities for going into farming and for District Agricultural Offices, public employment during construction, sponsorships consultations for education

9.5 CURRENT PUBLIC CONSULTATION

In the process of developing the current ESMF the local stakeholders were consulted to solicit their views and concerns as regards the proposed intensification of agricultural activities resulting from the roll out of the various value chains. The list of the consulted stakeholders is attached as appendix 6. Two approaches were employed, i.e. the administration of a questionnaire and direct interviews with targeted stakeholders.

Figure 9-1 Public Consultation at Dondo Irrigation Scheme (Note; Three Associations: (i) Associacao Tambararani, (ii) Cooperativa 7 de Abril and (iii) Associacao Nhachato)

9.5.1 Consultations with the major organizations. The consultations with the designated implementing or major organizations involved mainly the administration of the questionnaire, meetings and interviews.

In general, the aims of the consultations included (i) introducing the project to the Stakeholders; (ii) identifying together the potential environmental and social challenges the project may face; (iii) identifying any other possible challenges and how they should be addressed or mitigated; and (iv) bringing on board the major agricultural players to garner project ownership from inception.

According to these stakeholders, the approach that PROCAVA used of consulting with them in the identification and selection of key value chains shows the genuineness and seriousness of the initiative. It is going to be much easier to implement and manage the value chains because they selected what is relevant to each area. As key project institutions, they also value the component of institutional strengthening and believe the capacity and skills that are going to be developed will assist the country beyond the PROCAVA project. Most community interventions are currently being hampered by inadequate human, skills, time and financial resources. More specifically, they also brought attention to the following issues:

(i) The dilemma of food production intensification versus environmental degradation - there is need for similar intensity in environmental restoration where preventive measures are surpassed by the need for food production. (ii) Availability of water - Some value chains such as horticulture normally thrive during the dry season but it is also the time of the year when water availability is at its lowest. (iii) Conflict with food security sector - Intensification of some value chains such as poultry production demand more feed (maize, sorghum etc.) which are also critical for human consumption. (iv) Identification of value chains should remain open even under PROCAVA as the knowledge that will be gained could open other opportunities. There are other lucrative value chains for example rabbit and baobab in Sofala and Manica respectively. (v) Consultation, dialogue, engagement of central government, local government, community leaders among others can make or break the project and therefore should continue throughout the project cycle. (vi) The race to get access to land equipped with irrigation facilities is likely to intensify thus resulting in conflict. It is important that necessary management tools to avoid, minimise and/or resolve conflicts be in place. (vii) Extension services already have basic skills to assist communities but the move to intensification and related technologies presents a skills gap that needs to be filled through training and mentorship. (viii) Competition from large and established agro producers cannot be ignored. Measures need to be put in place to support, protect and continuously motivate small scale farmers. (ix) As much as the programme wants to involve youths, it must be understood that they prefer quick gain value chains such as vegetables and poultry. They prefer also to participate at the end line of any value chain. (x) The programme must work on promoting best practices and successful farmers. Learning and exchange visits across districts and provinces will be useful.

9.5.2 Consultations with the public. The public consultations were done to raise awareness of the project by informing the public in the concerned areas through their chiefs and some public gatherings about the upcoming programme in their areas. The public was also interviewed to gather their opinions regarding the programme and the environmental and social consequences that may result from its implementation.

The stakeholders who were consulted are listed in appendix 6 together with a sample of the record of the public consultations.

9.5.3 Analysis of the responses on the questionaires The following is a summary of the responses from the public consultations. It is also important to note that at community level, the knowledge on possible environmental impacts were not readily coming out. This could point to two things - either they were afraid of losing project assistance or they genuinely did not have an appreciation of the impacts.

9.5.4 Environment and Social Concerns The envisaged Positive environmental and social impacts include the following: x Availability of infrastructure locally (multi-purpose water points, cattle fairs etc)

x Capacity to produce at a large scale x Competitiveness of products at the markets x Job creation for the locals especially skilled youths x Rural community livelihoods improved and more disposable income x Acquisition of new skills (technical and managerial)

The envisaged Negative environmental and social impacts include the following: x Inadequate of financing for inputs to produce at large scale x Strong winds and floods x Conflicts from infrastructure access and control issues x Breakdown of equipment and failure to repair and /or replace x Flooding of external producers at the markets

In summary, the consultations show that the public perceive the programme to be of great potential to bring improvement to the livelihoods of the concerned communities through bringing the various value chains that will assist with increased production and productivity as well as the possibility of job creation.

There were some negative impacts anticipated but the communities were also able to suggest mitigation activities that should be included in the programme. Some of these were centering around possible externalities due to increased use of pesticides but communities believe with proper training on use and management of such most adverse effects could be minimized.

In General the following comments were made by the stakeholders: x Surrounding village will gain a lot of knowledge with regards to Agriculture x Communities should always be informed of any developmental activities that will take place in their areas. x Strong fencing and security at the project site x Project should help with development of the road, electricity and water installation for the village. x The project will be very helpful to our community if it will be well implemented

9.6 PUBLIC CONSULTATION WORKSHOP

A Public Consultation Workshop on the PROCAVA Environmental and Social Management Framework was held in Maputo on the 1st of March 2019 at the Hotel Montebelo (Indy Village). The list of participants in included in Appendix 6.

9.6.1 Minutes of meeting

The following is a record of the question and answer session that followed the presentation of the PROCAVA Environmental and Social Management Framework at the Final Public Consultation Workshop:

Table 9-3 Questions and Answers Questions Raised/ Suggestions Answers (PROCAVA-ESMF Team) It is important to include experiences from This study integrates experiences from other studies in other Projects. Mozambique and IFAD projects outside Mozambique. The MOPHRH is indicated in the main report, e.g., "For Include the Ministry of Public Works PROCAVA, the water management infrastructures for Housing and Water Resources irrigation will be developed in close collaboration with MOPHRH" In the main report the analysis of risks, causes and Risks that are not linked to agriculture impacts include all risks related to the implementation of should be safeguarded as well. the project activities from the design, construction and implementation of the projects. In fact, it is about awareness. This applies for projects that result in significant changes "Projects developed in IFAD and use of wetlands: why so much Sensitive areas, like wetlands, have significant and often restriction on the use of wetlands? these irreversible or not readily remedied adverse are traditionally used by local environmental impacts”. If such a project is identified, is communities especially in rice economically viable etc., it can still be done but under production. Wetlands can be used to stringent environmental requirements. These types of promote rice cultivation. projects will be categorized as A, therefore, requiring an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) at the design stage. The Project design was led by FDA-PROSUL and followed the set of local natural potential and the need to add value and focus on relevant value chains. The The northern zone apparently has high process was inclusive with the participation of relevant potential for cattle production, but it is not stakeholders and this ESMF study is part of the process. a common practice as in the province of Therefore, the proposed projects per site took into Gaza. account the best development intents and options.

Jaime Chissico - DPA Nampula

Questions Raised/ Suggestions Answers (PROCAVA-ESMF Team) You should talk about the value chain of The project is about the poultry value chain. The poultry, which is more comprehensive, possible proposed sub-projects are not domestic as and not domestic fowl. such, but at a reasonable commercial scale so that the Suzana Jamal – veterinary services small holder farmers also access the commercial markets.

What is the percentage of young people The project aims to encompass 50% of women and 30% and women you want to achieve in the of young people. This is also indicated in the PROCAVA- Program? ESMF document. Why farmer’s association and The project promotes the organization of farmers in cooperatives for young people, given that farmer’s associations in order to facilitate the association is not for profit. interventions and the relevant technical assistance that is in line with government interventions.

The combination of agriculture and Both projects PROCAVA and PRODAPE will be fishing is suggested so that young people implemented under FDA-PROSUR coordination, which can be kept very active and do not give may consider its articulated implementation. However, up. as suggested by the same proponent below, there is a need for specialization of producers/ stakeholders to better master the value chains. As in the above line. Specialization may be rather a way It is suggested to specialize producers in of achieving better mastery of the value chain, however, specific value chain activities, either dynamic youngsters may prefer their integration into production, commercialization or other for more value chains. effectiveness.

This categorization was obtained using the IFAD Why does the PROCAVA project fall into SECAP, whose limit for irrigated perimeters category "A" the category “A”? is 100 ha. However, the National regulations stipulate

that the limit for Category “A” is 350ha and also the Ernesto Paulino - DPA Gaza National regulations do not categorize the whole project but individual sub-projects. Further, the category “A” for PROCAVA’s activities was arrived at due to the development and/or rehabilitation of at least nine (9) irrigation schemes, which will be above 100 ha. How can young people have access to As discussed in the presentation, the proposed strategic funding under these programs? actions to promote youth participation in agriculture include: Ricardo Jorge - Tec. Aquacultura Farming must be presented as a lucrative profession and not linked to poverty status as currently is the situation in order to attract young people

Questions Raised/ Suggestions Answers (PROCAVA-ESMF Team) Technology and innovation skills - Use prevailing young people's interest in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as a means to build strong farming networks and access to timely information (farming tips, weather conditions, market prices etc.) Advocate for policy consideration on access to land by young people. Guaranteed ownership of land or production process will give them the right reason to do agriculture. What is the scope of the project? Why is The role of MOPHRH is indicated in the document Missing the Ministry of Economy and especially for projects related to irrigation Finance and the Ministry of Public Works infrastructures, i.e., “For PROCAVA, the water and Housing public works. management infrastructures for irrigation will be developed in close collaboration with MOPHRH”. Francisco Sambo - DPA Nampula However, although the Ministry of Finance is heavily involved at the grassroots level specifically through the SDAEs, the consultant will indicate in the final version the specific role of the Ministry of Finance as the regulator of investments in the country. Include energy and fuel legislation in the In fact, there are number of fiscal benefits to agriculture Report. in the national legislation whose purpose is to promote the development of agriculture recognized as the basis of development. However, we do not intend to present the general review of national legislation. The approach followed was to presented a selected review the legislation that to highlight the most relevant aspects for PROCAVA-ESMF. Improving product availability and quality are indicated Improvement of product availability in the project documents among the expected positive should be listed as a positive impact. impacts. As indicated in the presentation: Logistical, cultural and About Risk Management: why women do economic factors prevent women (and youth) from not have access to mechanization and accessing credit, mechanization and better inputs. inputs?

The Project intervention aims at the entire value chain in

order to promote production and productivity. Mechanization will reduce the effort Mechanization is at the heart of all the interventions. (labor) of the woman: since the project does not aim to promote mechanization

Questions Raised/ Suggestions Answers (PROCAVA-ESMF Team) should be withdrawn such a positive impact.

Aderito Mavie - DPA Sofala. ESMF: it is suggested to simplify the Mozambican legislation does not include the need for subsequent steps of the project, i.e. the ESMF but rather environmental and social impact need for further environmental studies. assessment. The ESMF is an IFAD requirement. Both IFAD and Mozambican legislation require subsequent Baptista Zunguza – FDA-PROSUL, Xai- studies on EIAS for simplified category A or EIAS Xai projects for category B. What is the reason to choose certain The Project design was led by FDA-PROSUL and crops over others? followed the set of local natural potential and the need to add value and focus on relevant value chain. The Name: (?) process was inclusive with the participation of relevant stakeholders and this ESMF study is part of the process. Therefore, the proposed projects per site took into account the best development intents and options.

9.7 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

As part of the continuous consultation process, a grievance redress mechanism has been developed for PROCAVA. The grievance redress mechanism (GRM) will consist of two main parallel systems and an additional one. These systems are; i) a community-based system and ii) a formal system and iii) the IFAD Complaints procedure.

The GRM will be a system by which queries or clarifications about the programme will be responded to, problems with implementation will be resolved, and complaints and grievances will be addressed efficiently and effectively. The purpose of the grievance redress mechanism is: x To be responsive to the needs of beneficiaries and to address and resolve their grievances; x To serve as a conduit for soliciting inquiries, inviting suggestions, and increasing community participation; x To collect information that can be used to improve operational performance; x To enhance the programme’s legitimacy among stakeholders; x To promote transparency and accountability; x To deter fraud and corruption and mitigate programme risks.

When an aggrieved person declares a grievance, they may elect to take the community- based route or the more formal one (Figure 9-2):

9.7.1 Community Based System This will be a stand-alone Grievance Mechanism where the communication mechanism involves only community members and will tend to be site specific. This will be used to facilitate agreements among community members but also to solve disagreements where these might occur.

It is known that communities rely substantially on their own internal social regulatory systems including mechanisms to deal with grievances that work in parallel with the formal systems. Under PROCAVA it is recommended that these be used to the extent possible at community level. Recourse where necessary will be facilitated by the Project, but in general PROCAVA will ensure culturally appropriate, easy access to program information through culturally appropriate means and language of communication.

Many of the PROCAVA subprojects implementation will be community based, negotiation and agreement by consensus will provide the first avenue to iron out and resolve any grievances expressed by project affected individuals. In this context, appropriate community-based channels of grievance redress mechanisms will be put in place, and the project affected people sensitised to make use of them.

Normally, the channels have to be in line with norms of the communities as well as laws of the country. Thus, the process will involve informal courts handled by traditional leaders (village headmen, Chiefs). And will follow the following route (Figure 9-2): i) Village Tribunal The first port of entry is the village committee or tribunal. The village head organises a village tribunal to preside over the matter. The village committee or tribunal will have a set time (possibly 15 days) from receipt of the grievance to act upon it.

ii) Chief level When one party is not satisfied with the decision at village headmen level, the complaint can be taken up to the Chief of the area. In most cases/ complaints of this nature are sorted out at the Chief level. iii) District Commissioner However, those who are not satisfied will be allowed to appeal to the District Commissioner (DC) of the district and ultimately take the formal route.

Figure 9-2 The Community-based grievance mechanism.

9.7.2 Formal GRM The formal Grievance Redress Mechanism is detailed in Appendix 8. it consists of the following components: - x The access point for impacted/concerned people will be situated as close to the beneficiary farmers as possible, at such places as the sub-project and PROCAVA offices. PROCAVA staff will be responsible for receiving the Grievances, classifying and logging them. x An acknowledgement of receipt should be given to the complainant containing an expectation of when they will receive a response. x The grievance is then Assessed and investigated to identify all the key facts. x A resolution is then arrived at and the proposed actions are confirmed with

PROCAVA/MASA senior members of staff. x A response is then communicated to the complainant within the timescale promised. x The complainant is given room to appeal to MASA or the Courts of Law if they are not satisfied with the response. x Once done the case is brought to a closure and all the staff members of PROCAVA are made aware of the complaint, any underlying issues and plans to prevent any future recurrence of the issue.

9.7.3 Additional GRM Approaches Besides the proposed GRM approach, aggrieved persons can also employ additional channels to air their complaints. These include the IFAD Complaints procedure. The objective of the IFAD Complaints Procedure is to ensure that appropriate mechanisms are in place to allow individuals and communities to contact IFAD directly and file a complaint if they believe they are or might be adversely affected by an IFAD-funded project/programme not complying with IFAD's Social and Environmental Policies and mandatory aspects of SECAP.

Complaints must concern environmental, social and climate issues only and should not be accusations of fraudulent or corrupt activities in relation to project implementation – these are dealt with by IFAD's Office of Audit and Oversight.

10 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN

10.1 INTRODUCTION

The lead implementing Agent (MASA) with the help of relevant authorities must monitor the environmental effects of project implementation and the success of mitigation measures. This monitoring is an important part of managing the impacts of the project. This should be done by an independent team of experts drawn from all spheres of the environment that may be affected.

10.2 AREAS TO BE MONITORED

1) Soils Soil degradation occurs as the soils are exposed and or compacted during the agricultural sub-project implementation potentially decreasing the drainage of the areas.

The farmers must ensure that no gullies develop in the project area or rills at the edges of agricultural field area. This can be avoided by taking such soil erosion control measures as construction of embankments and designing drainage along work areas. The absence of gullies and rills will be used as a measure of the success of the control measures.

The soil can be scotched by chemical spillages. This will render the soil poisonous and it must be discouraged at all cost.

2) Vegetation Unnecessary vegetation clearing and grass fires must be prevented at all costs. The trees should not be gathered for firewood or cut for other purposes. The local residents must be monitored to ensure that firewood is not excessively collected.

3) Loss of natural and cultural heritage The replication/upgrading works may affect some natural features, antiques and relics in the project area. Measures must be put in place for chance finds and any such incidences must be treated as required by the relevant Act.

4) Wildlife Under such situations, farmers may want to snare small animals. All wildlife should be treated in accordance with the Wildlife Act.

5) Marginal lands/fragile ecosystems Marginal lands and fragile ecosystems must be protected against abuse.

6) Chemical pollution A great likelihood of chemical pollution of the water and the soil exists and in order to monitor the amount of pollutants in the soil or water, samples must be taken regularly from them for pollution testing.

7) Water resources Both quality and quantity of water resources in the rivers must be properly managed for sustainable agriculture to persist.

8) Ambient air quality All air polluting activities need to be checked regularly to minimise their effect on air quality.

9) Socio-Cultural Issues Regular health checks of the work force/farmers are a way to monitor disease patterns of the members of the community to ensure that no new strains of diseases are being introduced.

10) Noise and Vibrations It will be important to routinely monitor noise levels from the machinery to ensure that it conforms to the limits recommended for noise levels.

11) Climate Resilience It will be important to regularly inspect agricultural infrastructure for its resilience to climate change and variability and also any agricultural practices, if they are still relevant in the given climatic conditions.

10.3 GENERAL

It is recommended that all environmental parameters mentioned above be monitored during the implementation and operation stages and any impacts should be mitigated as soon as possible. The farmers and the PMU should monitor on a daily basis.

In the course of monitoring, if and when any significant impacts are detected, the monitoring team should meet and address the issue. All team members should keep records of such meetings.

10.4 THE MONITORING PLAN

The Monitoring Plan is summarized in Table 10.1 below.

Table 10-1 Monitoring Activities and Indicators

ISSUE METHOD OF MONITORING AREAS OF CONCERN POSITIVE INDICATOR FREQUENCY RESPONSIBLE AGENCY ON THE GROUND Soils The Developer should make a daily inspection of x Soil erosion an absence of rills, gullies Monthly and MITADER earth works, and ensure that slopes are suitably or other erosion features ongoing as project graded. Once earthworks are complete the PMU x Conservation activities occurs is implemented should monitor the restoration measures x Rangelands management implemented by the Contractor, such as revegetation Vegetation The farmers must clear area to be used and site works x Clearing of the project site No unnecessary vegetation Monthly and x MITADER only. and disturbance of cleared ongoing as project animals. is implemented . x flora and fauna Animals The farmers and the Environment Department staff x Game corridors Usual animal access routes Monthly and x National parks should carry out regular inspections of the area and check are maintained /not ongoing as project (Game that usual animal access routes are maintained. x disrupted. Reduced, is implemented corridors) human, animal conflict. Birds Interference with nesting sites x Nesting sites Reproductive patterns of Monthly and x National parks birds undisturbed ongoing as project x Migratory routes is implemented Small Ensure that no unnecessary habitat loss occurs. x Animal habitats No Mammals are displaced Monthly and x National parks mammals’ from their habitats. ongoing as project habitat loss is implemented Crime The PMU should Liaise with police department if x Criminal activities in the Crime theft kept to a Monthly and Police department crime/theft becomes a problem. area minimum. Incidences of ongoing as project stock theft and house is implemented breaking minimized. Noise Noise monitoring should be carried out on an ad-hoc x Noise Levels Noise levels at the nearest Monthly and x Ministry of Health basis by the Environmental Monitor or the PMU to sensitive receiver would be ongoing as project establish noise levels in the work areas. kept to a minimum. is implemented.

ISSUE METHOD OF MONITORING AREAS OF CONCERN POSITIVE INDICATOR FREQUENCY RESPONSIBLE AGENCY ON THE GROUND Health The PMU must ensure that education and awareness x Public health Reduction in number of Monthly and x MISAU campaigns are implemented. The Ministry of Health, local cases of such diseases as ongoing as project authority should carry out awareness campaigns on x Ensure that stagnant Avian flu, foot and mouth, is implemented animal related diseases, water-borne diseases and carry water is sprayed to AIDS/STD related diseases out vector control methods such as regular spraying of destroy mosquito larvae. recorded at hospital and potential breeding sites (ponds) x Waste management at medical clinic Sub-project sites. Reduction in number of x Disease outbreak due to diseases such as malaria concentration of people at and cholera the Sub-project sites. x Disease outbreak due to dust and water pollution. x Control and management of various animal diseases Archaeology Provision should be made to allow archaeologists to be x Archaeological Findings Archaeological remains not x Monthly and x Department of Culture present on site during the excavation periods if they so excavated, disturbed or ongoing as wish. The PMU should inspect all excavations, and where destroyed. project is archaeological remains are found work must stop until the implemented PMU has given the all clear to proceed. The PMU should contact the Museums Authorities in the event of a x Room for chance significant archaeological find. finds

Energy The Developer must inspect the provisions made by the x Types of energy sources Energy supplied by electric Monthly x Department of Contractor to supply energy to the workforce, and ensure used in the project generator or another Environment that fuel wood is not being collected. The Environmental suitable source. Department should enforce legislation which prohibits Deforestation and resultant cutting down of trees. The Environmental Department, erosion controlled and PMU and local leadership (cultural and political) should reduced sensitize the workers against cutting down of trees.

Air Pollution Observations should be made on the level of dust x Levels of dust emissions Deposition of dust on Monthly x MISAU generated during the Agricultural Activity implementation surfaces should decrease by the Environmental Monitor or PMU. Dampening should with increased dampening be carried out if levels are unacceptable.

ISSUE METHOD OF MONITORING AREAS OF CONCERN POSITIVE INDICATOR FREQUENCY RESPONSIBLE AGENCY ON THE GROUND

Water x Water resources should be managed well x Watercourses and x Water made available for Tests for water x MOPHRH resources impoundments. environmental concerns. pollution to be done x The Ministry of Health should test borehole water quality Monthly in the area to ascertain the suitability for human x Surface water quality x Pollution of water consumption. resources x Ground Water Quality monitored/detected early x Recommended distances and remedial measures from watercourses. taken on time x Possible dam construction sites. Landscape The PMU should make visual inspection of earth works to x Visual intrusions Landscape alteration Monthly x Department of Culture ensure that excessive excavation is not being carried out. reduced to a minimum Temporary screening may be appropriate in some cases. x Aesthetics

Complaints The PMU should inspect the record of complaints made x Complaints Number of complaints Monthly x Project PMU by local residents, to be kept by the farmers, and should decreases. check that action is taken quickly and that the number of complaints does not rise significantly.

Local Ministry of Local Government to ensure the following x Land management x Disputes over land Monthly governance reduced x compliancy to designs x Land allocations x Employment opportunities and recruitment are x Cooperation of local transparent. x Socio cultural issues leadership is secured x Allocation of land is overboard x Local governance x Locals employed in the x Cultural values are respected. x Social Aspects, projects x Land rights Agricultural x Ensure that Agricultural Activities follow designs and x Siting of works, plan Land degradation curbed Monthly x MASA Activities recommendations given for proper agricultural Program running smoothly practices.

x Ensure overall management of the Programme. x Appropriate land use downstream is done and no pollution of crops from contaminated water from spillages occur.

11 CAPACITY BUILDING AND TRAINING FOR E&S MANAGEMENT

The following is an outline of the capacity building and training needs for environmental and social management for PROCAVA.

11.1 CAPACITY BUILDING NEEDS

The successful implementation and monitoring of the environmental and social management framework, environmental and social management plans (ESMPs) and pest management plan (PMP) will require that target groups and stakeholders who play a role in the implementation of the ESMF be provided with appropriate training and awareness. This is necessary because the implementation of the activities will require inputs, expertise and resources which will be adequately taken care of if the concerned parties are well trained. These groups are described below.

As noted in Section 2.5.2, currently there is little capacity within the Ministry of Agriculture to implement environmental and social requirements necessary to manage the potential environmental and social risks and impacts resulting from the proposed agricultural activities for PROCAVA.

i. National Level The PROCAVA PMU will be responsible for completing the Environmental and Social Screening Form (Appendix 1) to be able to identify and mitigate the potential environmental and social impacts of rolling out the various value chains. In the event that a project activity under PROCAVA falls under the listed projects in the Environmental Law, PROCAVA and Ministry of Agriculture will review the recommendations from the District and undertake the process of seeking the approval of the EIA through the Environmental Department. In addition, strategic decisions on the direction of rolling out the value chains will be undertaken at this level, and therefore those decision makers must be aware of potential risks and impacts. The groups that will need training will include: x PMU coordinator and management x Ministry of Agriculture staff x PROCAVA Steering Committee x Other collaborating institutions. ii. Area and District (Local) Level At Provincial, District and local level the groups that will receive environmental and social training in various topics including agriculture facility management, pest management, pesticide management, HIV/AIDS awareness, water management, crop management include: x District Agricultural Office Team x District Environment Units x Extension workers in project impact areas x District environmental officers x District agricultural officers x Farmers x Farmers associations x Store keepers

x Pesticide transporters x Pesticide users x Agro-dealers x Waste management firms

11.2 TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

The proposed PROCAVA activities will be numerous and challenging. Successful implementation of the project activities will require dynamic and multi-disciplinary professionals. Therefore, regular short and tailor-made training courses and seminars will be required to reinforce the capacity and skills of the stakeholders and farmers during the entire project period. Training activities and target groups are presented in Table 11-1 below.

The stakeholders have different training needs as follows: x Awareness raising will cause the participants to acknowledge the significance or relevance of the issues, but without in-depth knowledge of the issues; x Sensitization will cause the participants to be familiar with the issues to the extent of demanding precise requirements for further technical assistance; x Comprehensive training will raise the participants to a level of being able to train others and to competently take action on environmental and social issues in their areas.

Training and seminars will also be required for building capacity and awareness in social and environmental issues including effects of deforestation and soil erosion. Table 11-1 below provides costs estimates for the identified capacity building activities. The basis of the estimates is on some of the following: x Prevailing costs of goods and services offered in typical urban or rural areas. x An average number of 30 people for District Agricultural Office team x An average number of 30 people for a local level team. x The length of training sessions will depend on the course and will vary from 1 day to about 2 weeks. x The estimated costs include training costs/fees, hire of rooms, food for participants, per diems, and transport costs. Training subsistence allowances have been estimated at $30.00 per participant per day while a lump sum of $ 45 00.00 has been included for each training session to cover the costs of the trainer.

Table 11-1 Environmental and Social Training TARGET GROUP / MEANS OF No. TRAINING ACTIVITY COST ESTIMATES TRAINER VERIFICATION 1. Environmental and Social x PMU coordinator and x 30 high level $ 17,600.00one session Risks and Impacts of management decision during the entire project PROCAVA x Sub-project management makers, period) - Typical issues x FDA/DPASA Provincial managers, - Mitigation requirements Technical Committee coordinators Length: 1 day - Management plans x Other collaborating trained - Monitoring requirements institutions. - Management review - Budgeting for E&S risk TRAINER: Dept. of management Environment OR PRIVATE CONSULTANT

2. Environmental and Social x District Agricultural Office x 10 members of (Three sessions during Impact Assessment of the Team District the entire project Projects: x District Environment Agricultural period) - Screening process. Units Office Team - Use of checklists x Extension workers in are trained. Length: 5 days per - Preparation of terms of project impact areas. x 10 District session reference. Environment - Identification of Impacts Units members Total cost: $ 32.200.00 - ESIA report preparation and TRAINER: Dept. of are trained. processing Environment OR PRIVATE x 10 Extension - Policies and laws in CONSULTANT workers in Mozambique project impact - IFAD safeguard policies areas trained. 3. Integrated Pest Management x Farmers x 10 members (Four sessions during - Types of pests x Trial farm management of trail farm the entire project period) - Identification of pests committee management - Biological control of committee Venue: Farms pests TRAINER: MINISTRY OF x 10 Extension - Physical control of AGRICULTURE Workers Length: 5 days per pests x 30 Farmers session - Chemical (pesticide) from various control trial farms Total cost: $75,800.00 - Environmental control trained

4. Facilitate HIV/AIDS x Extension workers in x 10 Extension TO USE NAC awareness project impact areas workers in RESOURCES - Impacts of HIV/AIDS on x Farmers. project impact (Two sessions during social wellbeing, areas trained. entire project period) livelihood and projects TRAINER: NAC, MASA Venue: - Mitigation measures x 30 Farmers Length: 5 days - Care of victims from various trial farms trained 5. Water Management x Extension workers and x 10 Extension (Four sessions during - When to irrigate Farmers Workers the entire project period) - How much water to apply x 30 Farmers - For how long from various Venue: Farms - Water rights x Extension workers and trial farms Farmers trained Length: 5 days per Crop Management session - Crop selection - Crop rotations TRAINER: PRIVATE Total cost: $ 55,500.00 - Cropping calendar CONSULTANT OR MASA - How to apply fertilizer - Use of organic manure / compost - Weeding - Crop harvesting & storage 6. Pesticide Management x Store Keepers x 10 members of (Three sessions for the - Pesticides Types and Use x Pesticide Transporters Scheme entire project period) - Packaging, labelling and x Pesticide Users Procurement Handling Venue: Farms

TARGET GROUP / MEANS OF No. TRAINING ACTIVITY COST ESTIMATES TRAINER VERIFICATION - Storage, Stacking and x Agro-dealers Committee Release x All Farmers Trained Length: 5 days per - Pesticides Record x Trial Farm Management session Maintenance Committee x 10 Extension Pesticides Procurement Workers Total cost: $49,200.00 - Identification of Pesticide Dealers x 30 Farmers - Pesticides Handling & TRAINER: MINISTRY OF from various Transportation AGRICULTURE trial farms - Record Maintenance trained Pesticides Application and Disposal - Types and Handling of Equipment - Pesticides Toxicity - Safety of Applicators (OSHA) - First Aid - Care, Cleaning and Disposal of Pesticides and Equipment 7. Maintenance of the x Extension workers and x 10 Extension (Two sessions during Agricultural Facilities Farmers Workers the entire project period) - Detecting the damaged x 30 Farmers structures x Extension workers and from various Venue: The farms - Materials needed to Farmers trial farms Length: 5 days per maintain the damaged trained session structures x Agro-processors Hygiene and Sanitation Total cost: $ 68,400.00 - Water supply - Sanitation TRAINER: PRIVATE - Water and sanitation related CONSULTANT OR MASA diseases - Infrastructure needed on the scheme for sanitation enhancement 8. Agriculture Research x Research Scientists x 10 Research (Two sessions during Facility Management x Research technicians Scientists the entire project period) - Handling of chemicals/ x Admin and general centre x 10 Research reagents, staff technicians Venue: research - disposal of wastes, x 5 admin staff laboratories - biosafety, - security, Length: 5 days per - emergency response. session

Total cost: $54,900.00

Processing facility x Agro processors x 15 Extension (Two sessions during Management x Workers the entire project period) - disposal of wastes, x 15 Processors - biosafety, Venue: research - security, laboratories emergency response. Length: 5 days per session

Total cost: $50,000.00

9. TOTAL ESTIMATED BUDGET 403,600.00

11.3 PROPOSED APPROACH IN EXECUTING TRAINING ACTIVITIES

PROCAVA will adopt a strategy of running workshops and refresher courses to disseminate the safeguards instruments. It will also use the training of trainers and community exchange visits approach.

It will be important that key decision makers, the PMU coordinator and management staff and other high-level persons are sensitized in the potential environmental and social risks and impacts due to the proposed PROCAVA activities, in particular the roll out of the various value chain activities to be conducted in the project areas. This training may be conducted by a private consultant or by the Department of Environment.

The training activities in Environmental and Social Impact Assessment can be conducted by the Department of Environment or private consultants under the supervision of the Department of Environment. This will have to be done at the beginning of the project, before the project activities start, so that the participants are ready in time to apply the knowledge during implementation of the project activities. Skills in the screening process will be very useful for assessing the environmental and social implications of the project activities before they start.

Pest Management and Pesticide Management training activities will be implemented by MASA and PROCAVA who have the requisite knowledge of types of pesticides and their application. They also have the practical knowledge and experience with different pest and pesticides. The training may be conducted during the early stages of the project activities but before that first planting season. This training should be executed twice during the project life, preferably at the beginning and at project mid-term.

Training in Project Planning and Implementation should be done before any project activities start in order to prepare the participants to use their knowledge during project implementation. The training should be done once during the project life. Private consultants may be able to conduct the training.

The HIV/AIDS awareness campaigns would be conducted by the Aids Council under their planned national activities. The Ministry of Agriculture is already collaborating with the Aids Council on programmes that have already been drawn up. This training activity should be conducted at the beginning of the project activities and annually thereafter.

Agricultural Technology and Management; Water Management; Crop Management, waste management Procurement, Marketing and Financial training would be facilitated internally by PROCAVA with the assistance from the Department of Agriculture or the appropriate private consultants would have to be engaged to carry out the training. These training activities should be conducted at the beginning of the operation phase, soon after construction activities, to take advantage of the farming activities for practical training.

The management of agricultural facilities requires the application of management plans and standard operating procedures to ensure all aspects of safety, security and environmental and social compliance.

11.4 FUNDING REQUIREMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL TRAINING

The proposed environmental training activities for the project will be funded directly by the project resources in accordance with the proposed plan laid out in Table 11-1 above.

12 ESMF BUDGET.

The actual quantities, specifications and estimated costs of design measures to avoid or mitigate negative impacts will be assessed by the civil design contractor and incorporated into the bidding documents. The contractor will execute all required works and will be reimbursed through pay items in the bill of quantities, which will be financed by the project.

The cost estimates for the rest of the activities in the environmental and social management plan are given below in US dollars. The detailed budget is meant for implementing and monitoring the recommended mitigation measures throughout the project duration. It is recommended that the budget be integrated into the overall project costs to ensure that the proposed mitigation measures are actually implemented.

12.1 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

This component will comprise specific environmental assessment studies (of a specialised nature) to determine impacts of particular agricultural activities on the environment as the project progresses

Table 12-1 Technical Assistance Budget No. ACTIVITY ESTIMATED COST (US $)

1.0 environmental assessment studies 250,000.00

Sub-Total 250,000.00

12.2 SITE-SPECIFIC ESIAs AND ESMPs

This component will comprise Mitigation issues to do with Site-specific ESIAs, ESMPs and the Environmental License fees for registering these EA studies with MITADER.

Category A projects will require a full ESIA to be produced before project commencement. There are at least nine (9) irrigation schemes, which will fall under category “A” as they will involve the development and/or rehabilitation of schemes which are above 100 ha. These schemes are likely to pose significant or adverse environmental and social impacts and will require an ESIA, ESMPs and Monitoring Plans to be developed to mitigate risks associated with these category A schemes

Category B projects will require a simplified ESIA or just an ESMP. These are projects that may have some adverse environmental and/or social impacts on human populations or environmentally significant areas, but the impacts are less adverse than those for Category A; are site-specific and few are-irreversible in nature; and can be readily remedied by appropriate preventive actions and/or mitigation measures. The majority of the proposed programme interventions in PROCAVA will fall under category “B” since they will be operations for small scale and emerging farmers who cannot handle real large schemes.

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Category C projects generally do not require additional environmental analysis because the activities have positive environmental impacts, or negligible or minimally adverse environmental impacts.

Table 12-2 Site-specific ESIAs and ESMPs Budget No. ACTIVITY ESTIMATED COST (US $)

1.0 8 x Site-specific ESIAs @ 22,000.00 each site 176,000.00 8 x Site specific RPFs @ 15, 000.00 each site 120,000.00 2.0 493 x Site-specific ESMPs (Trained Field Officers to train beneficiaries) lump 650,000.00 sum. 3.0 Environmental License fees for all the sub-projects 131,800.00

Sub-Total 1077,800.00

12.3 MITIGATION MEASURES

Mitigation and enhancement measures were discussed in detail in table 8-1 and the following is a summary of some of the measures with cost implications.

Table 12-3 Mitigation and enhancement measures Budget No. ESTIMATED MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT COST (US $) 1.0 feasibility studies 90,000.00 x Site specific feasibility studies should be carried out first for the 9 major irrigation schemes @ US$ 10,000.00 each 2.0 Capacity Building 100,000.00 x Capacity Assessment needs to be conducted before bringing infrastructure x Intensive capacity building commensurate with proposed infrastructure/equipment x Build Social management skills for effective leadership 3.0 Stakeholder Participation 90,000.00 x Conduct a comprehensive participatory stakeholder mapping exercise including roles and responsibilities at national, provincial, district and local area level x Conduct adequate situational assessment to determine different vulnerability dimensions. 4.0 Revegetation and reforestation 100,000.00 x Revegetation and reforestation must be prioritized. x Institute rangeland management and catchment conservation. x Habitat restoration must be done where effects have been caused x All altered landscapes (Sand pits, borrow pits, brick molding sites etc.) should be rehabilitated. 5.0 Soil erosion control measures 80,000.00 x Institute measures to reduce and control soil erosion like contouring and terracing, stabilising slopes and banks, re-vegetation, reseeding of grasses, land preparation, use of gabions, etc) 6.0 Contamination from Chemicals 80,000.00 x Appropriate containment measures for all operational areas and proper disposal of used lubricants. x Conduct awareness training & workshops on safe handling of chemicals.

Sub-total 540,000.00

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12.4 MONITORING AND EVALUATION PURPOSES

This component will comprise: i) the monitoring and evaluation issues of the whole project ii) Research and Development work to come up with more environmentally friendly agricultural processes for particular value chains. iii) Monitoring and Evaluation of the progress of the implementation of the ESMF. Assessing whether it is being effective or not.

Table 12-4 Monitoring and Evaluation Budget No. activity Estimated Cost (US $)

1.0 Monitoring and evaluation exercises 200,000.00 2.0 Research and Development work 150,000.00 3.0 Monitoring and Evaluation work 150,000.00

Sub-Total 500,000.00

12.5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL TRAINING

Environmental and Social Training were discussed in detail in table 11-1 and the following is a summary of the budgetary requirements for the proposed training activities

Table 12-5 Environmental and Social Training Budget. No. TRAINING ACTIVITIES Estimated Cost (US $) 1 High level training in Environmental and Social Risks of PROCAVA 17,600.00 2 Training in Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 32,200.00 3 Training in Pest Management 75,800.00 4 Facilitate HIV/AIDS awareness 0.00 5 Water and Crop Management Training 55,500.00 6 Training in Pesticide Management 49,200.00 7 Maintenance and Hygiene and Sanitation 68,400.00 8 Agro-facility Management 54,900.00 9 Processing facility Management 50,000.00

TOTAL 403,600.00

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12.6 ANNUAL AUDITS

The project will be subjected to annual audits and an end of project audit. The following is the cost estimate for the Audits.

Table 12-6 Monitoring and Evaluation Budget No. ACTIVITY ESTIMATED COST (US $)

1.0 Annual Audit 120,000.00 2.0 End of Project Audit 90,000.00

Sub-Total 210,000.00

12.6.1 ESMF Implementation budget summary The following is the ESMF Implementation budget summary taking into consideration all the issues covered in sections 12.1 to 12.6:

Table 12-7 Estimated Budget for ESMF Implementation (US$) YEAR REFERENCE No. YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 TOTAL TABLE ACTIVITY Technical Assistance 1 (Environmental Table 12-1 100,000.00 70,000.00 40,000.00 20,000.00 20,000.00 250,000.00 assessment studies) Site-specific ESIAs, ESMPs RPFs 2 Table 12-2 405,600.00 270,600.00 153,600.00 1077,800.00 and Environmental License fees Mitigation Table 8-1 and 3 150,000.00 140,000.00 110,000.00 80,600.00 60,000.00 540,000.00 Measures 12-3 Monitoring and evaluation Table 10-1 and 4 purposes 100,000.00 150,000.00 100,000.00 90,000.00 60,000.00 500,000.00 table 12-4 (R&D, M&E, Field Visits) Environmental Table 11-1 and 5 and Social 123,000.00 95,000.00 79,000.00 60,000.00 46,600.00 403,600.00 12-5 Training 6 Annual Audit 12-6 40,000.00 40,000.00 40,000.00 - 120,000.00 End of Project 7 12-6 90,000.00 90,000.00 Audit TOTAL 2,981,400.00

However, it must be noted that ESIAs and ESMPs will be prepared for all sub-projects which have potential significant negative impacts, and these provide cost estimates for the implementation of specific mitigation and management measures for those sub-projects.

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13 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The proposed Inclusive Agri-Food Value-Chains Development Programme (PROCAVA), once implemented together with its environmental and social safeguards instruments, shall have more positive benefits to the host communities and surrounding environment. The objectives of the project are to contribute to Poverty Reduction, Improved Food and Nutrition Security and Resilient Livelihoods for Inclusive Rural Transformation. Overally, the ESMF proposed interventions are most likely to result in a number of direct and indirect positive impacts to the project, thus raising the potential of the proposed project in significantly improving the livelihoods of the local populations in the target Districts. The improvement in food security that the communities will benefit from, will translate to improved livelihoods as people become more and more self-sufficient.

The overall project EA category is “A”, mainly because of the nine (9) irrigation schemes that are going to be developed and/or rehabilitated, and are likely to pose significant or adverse environmental and social impacts requiring further EA work and development of full ESIAs to mitigate risks associated with these category A schemes.

However, the majority of the other sub-projects will fall under EA category “B” and are expected to pose medium risks to the environment and social system. These risks will be localised, limited in scope, manageable and/or reversible through recommended mitigation measures.

To register the said success, the project will require the establishment of clear implementation arrangements, and budget provision to ensure actual implementation of the environmental and social aspects, without which, the positive and expected benefits of the project will not be realised. It will require effective coordination and capacity building of all implementing agents to foster an enabling environment for reducing potential vulnerabilities. This will take creating the correct implementation structures in each Region/province like engaging Regional Safeguards Officers, who in turn will solicit the active participation of the rest of the stakeholders like the District environment and Agriculture departments.

All sub-projects shall be required to follow the Environmental Assessment (EA) processes and guidance set out in this ESMF. Hence each and every sub-project shall be screened for its potential environmental and social impacts and from the screening results either a full ESIA will be conducted or a site specific environmental and social management plan (ESMP) will be developed. The specific measures that will then be outlined in either the full ESIA or the site specific ESMP shall be fully implemented by each sub-project. The careful implementation of PROCAVA together with its environmental and social safeguards will result in the following envisaged positive impacts: i. Overall, the project will enhance food security, improve nutrition and protein intake thereby improving the quality and standard of living for farmers and communities at large; ii. National, provincial and district relevant institutions are going to enhance their programme design, planning and implementation capacity for various value-chains being proposed.

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iii. The project will improve agricultural sector and reduce reliance on imports for example chicken products and vegetables; iv. Women and youths targeted activities will transform their lives in a positive way as it creates gainful employment. Strategies being proposed will attract youths into agriculture not only as farmers but as successful entrepreneurs; v. The quantity and quality of produce is expected to be high and competitive on the market due to improved inputs and production technologies for vegetables, Cassava legumes, red meat and poultry; vi. Farm mechanisation will reduce demand for manual labour and alleviate the burden especially for women who can do other productive and household duties as usually demanded; vii. There is going to be enhanced access to both productive and domestic water which is key to survival for rural communities. viii. Creation of market linkages and accessible road network will enable poor farmers to manage and control the entire value chain of their products; ix. Social capital29 is expected to increase as farmer organisations are strengthened through various community-based management skills for effectiveness; x. The envisaged capacity building programs will improve sustainability of facilities/infrastructure through good operation and maintenance; xi. Environmental management and climate change adaptation will be enhanced through various agricultural practices and technologies;

However, if not carefully designed and implemented, the proposed project components may adversely affect the natural and social environmental. The areas that are at high risk are particularly those that involve infrastructure development such as rehabilitation of dams, construction of livestock infrastructure and market places, as well as the intensification of agriculture which may lead to deforestation, soil and water contamination. Furthermore, poor management of various project social processes, operation and maintenance is not only going to exacerbate adverse impacts but will totally reverse the project gains.

On the main, the Final benefits of this project to the nation will, by far outweigh potential negative effects. Further, the project will overally not have any apparent significant environmental impacts if the recommended mitigations are carried out.

29 Social capital broadly refers to those factors of effectively functioning social groups that include such things as interpersonal relationships, a shared sense of identity, a shared understanding, shared norms, shared values, trust, cooperation, and reciprocity Page | 168

14 REFERENCES

Baruya P and Kessels J. (2013); Coal prospects in Botswana, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Namibia. National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy, Beijing, China, December 2013. Chabwela, H.N. (1991); Wetlands. A conservation Programme for Southern Africa. A report document, Vol.II. SADC and IUCN. Chairuca, L., Naafs, A., van Haren, I., Upton, K., Ó Dochartaigh, B.É. and Bellwood- Howard, I. (2018). Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Mozambique. British Geological Survey. Accessed [11/12/2018]. http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Mozambique FAO, (2002); Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2002. World Agriculture Towards 2015/2030. Rome: FAO. Available at: www.fao.org/docrep/004/y3557e/y3557e00.htm#TopOfPage FSIN, (2018); Food Security Information Network (FSIN), 2018. Global Report on Food Crises 2018. www.fsincop.net GoM (2005), An Economic Analysis of Natural Resources in Mozambique, Rural Land Issues and Policies, Maputo, Mozambique, February 2005 GoM, (2011); Mozambique Strategic Program for Climate Resilience, The Government of Mozambique, Ministry of Planning and Development (MPD) and Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA) Maputo, Mozambique, November,2011. Gomes, F., Famba, S., (1999); Water Resources for Crop Production Mozambique Country Report. In: Workshop on Integrated Analysis and Management of Renewable Natural Resources in Mozambique. UEM-FAEF, Maputo. Gomes, F., Marques, M.R., Mafalacusser, J., and Brito, R. (1998). Wetlands for Agricultural Development, Mozambique Country Report. Expert Consultation on Wetlands Classification for Agricultural Development in Eastern and Southern Africa, 03- 06/12/1997. Harare, Zimbabwe. GRM 1997; Government of the Republic of Mozambique, Ministry of Agriculture/National Directorate of Forest and Wildlife, The Forestry and Wildlife Policy and Strategy, Maputo, 1997. IFAD, (2008); Improving access to land and tenure security POLICY, IFAD, Rome December 2008. IFAD, (2010); IFAD Climate Chang Policy, IFAD Governing Council, Rome. IFAD, (2011a); IFAD Policy on the Disclosure of Documents, (2010), Governing Council — Thirty-fourth Session, Rome, 19-20 February 2011 IFAD, (2011b); IFAD’s Environment and Natural Resource Management Policy: Resilient livelihoods through the sustainable use of natural assets, Executive Board — 102nd Session, Rome, 10-12 May 2011

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IFAD, (2015); How to do; Seeking free, prior and informed consent in IFAD investment projects, Knowledge Management and Grants Office, Policy and Technical Advisory Division. Rome, 2015 IFAD, (2017); Social, Environmental and Climate Assessment Procedures, Managing risks to create opportunities, 2017 EDITION, Rome. Italy. IFAD, (2018); Inclusive Agri-Food-Value-Chain Development Programme (PROCAVA), Detailed Design Report, Main report and Appendices. IFAD Mozambique, Maputo INE, 2017; Mozambique National Institute of Statistics (INE), August 2017, World Population Prospects (2017 Revision) - United Nations Population Estimates and Projections. INGC, (2009); Study on the Impact of Climate Change on Disaster Risk in Mozambique: Main Report. National Institute for Disaster Management (INGC). Maputo JICA, (2016); Environmental and Social Consideration in Detailed Planning Survey (Technical Cooperation for Development Planning). Macamo, Solange (2006); Privileged Places in South Central Mozambique: The Archaeology of Manyikeni, Niamara, Songo, and Degue-Mufa. Uppsala University: African and Comparative Archaeology. p.152. Macey P.H., Miller J.A, Rowe C.D, Grantham G.H, Siegfried P, Armstrong R.A, Kemp J, Bacalau J, (2013); Geology of the Monapo Klippe, NE Mozambique and its significance for assemblyof central Gondwana; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University,3450 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 0E8, Canada. McGahey, D., Davies, J., Hagelberg, N., and Ouedraogo, R. (2014). Pastoralism and the Green Economy – A Natural Nexus? UNEP and IUCN, Nairobi, Kenya. MICOA, (2007). Ministry for The Co-Ordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA), National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA). Maputo, 2007. MICOA, (2009). Ministry for The Co-Ordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA), The National Report on Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Mozambique. 94pp. Maputo. 2009 MITADER, (2015). National Strategy and Action Plan of Biological Diversity of Mozambique (2015-2035). 115pp. Maputo. Nobela, L (2015); “Sustainable Soil Resources Management” status, priorities and challenges, African Soil Partnership Workshop, Presented by Enga. Nobela, Laurinda, DARN/Soil fertility Researcher, 20-22 May 2015, Maputo, Mozambique. Reddy, S.J. (1984). General Climate of Mozambique. Serie Terra e Água do INIA, Comunicação no 19-a. Maputo, Mozambique. Reddy, S.J. (1986). Agroclimate of Mozambique as relevant to dry-land agriculture. Serie Terra e Água do Instituo Nacional de Investigação Agronómica, Comunicação no 47. Maputo, Moçambique. Rutten, R., Makitie, H., Vuori, S. & Marques, J. M. (2008). Sedimentary rocks of the Mapai Formation in the Massingir-Mapai region, Gaza Province, Mozambique. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 48, 251–262, Page | 170

Ryan Edwards, (2011), Environmental Impact Assessment Method. SiVEST (Pty) Ltd. Saket, M. (1994); Report on the updating of the exploratory national forest inventory. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Department of Forestry. Forest Inventory Unit. SWECO, (2004); SWECO INTERNATIONAL AB, Development of the Pungwe River Basin Joint Integrated Water Resources Management Strategy. The Pungwe River Monograph. SWECO International AB. Government of the Republic of Mozambique, Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe and Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). SWECO, (2005); SWECO INTERNATIONAL AB, Development of the pungwe river basin joint integrated water resources management strategy. Impact on the Pungwe River basin due to gold mining - Trainee Final Report, February 2005, Government of the Republic of Mozambique, Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe and Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). Tinley, K. (1977): Framework of Gorongosa System, University of Pretoria. UN-Energy. (2004). The energy challenge for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. New York. www.un-energy.org/publications/50-the-energy-challenge-for- achieving-the- millennium-development-goals. UNEP, (2008); United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2008. Africa: Atlas of Our Changing Environment. Nairobi Available at: https://na.unep.net/atlas/africa/downloads/chapters/Africa_Atlas_English_Intro.pdf WFP, (2018); Mozambique, A Climate Analysis; www.wfp.org/countries/Mozambique Wikipedia, (2018); Geography of Mozambique, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Mozambique Wood, M; Dussubieux, L & Robertshaw, P.; (2012);The Glass Of Chibuene, Mozambique: New Insights Into Early Indian Ocean Trade; April 2012; Department of Archiology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Sweden School of Geography, Archiology and Environment Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa, 126 Madrona Drive, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA, E-mail:[email protected] World Bank, (2007). Mozambique Country Water Resources Assistance Strategy: Making Water Work for Sustainable Growth and Poverty Reduction. August, 2007. Preliminary Publication. AFTWR Africa Region World Bank, (2010). Making Transport Climate Resilient Country Report: Mozambique. August 2010, COWI, Denmark. 173 pp.

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15 APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING FORM

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING FORM

FOR

SCREENING OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF

INCLUSIVE AGRI-FOOD VALUE-CHAINS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (ROCAVA)

Sub-projects Name:

Sub-projects Location:

Community Representative and Address:

Extension Team Representative and Address:

Site Selection: When considering the location of a sub-project, rate the sensitivity of the proposed site in the following table according to the given criteria. Higher ratings do not necessarily mean that a site is unsuitable. They do indicate a real risk of causing undesirable adverse environmental and social effects, and that more substantial environmental and/or social planning may be required to adequately avoid, mitigate or manage potential effects.

Site Sensitivity Issues Rating Low Medium High Natural No natural habitats No critical natural habitats; Critical natural habitats present of any kind other natural habitats habitats present occur Water quality Water flows exceed Medium intensity of water Intensive water use; and water any existing demand; use; multiple water users; multiple water users; Page | 172

Site Sensitivity Issues Rating Low Medium High resource low intensity of water water quality issues are potential for conflicts availability use; potential water important is high; water quality and use use conflicts expected issues are important to be low; no potential water quality issues Natural Flat terrain; no Medium slopes; some Mountainous terrain; hazards potential erosion potential; medium steep slopes; vulnerability, stability/erosion risks from unstable soils; high floods, soil problems; no known volcanic/seismic/ flood/ erosion potential; stability/ volcanic/seismic/ hurricanes volcanic, seismic or erosion flood risks flood risks Cultural No known or Suspected cultural Known heritage sites property suspected cultural heritage sites; known in project area heritage sites heritage sites in broader area of influence Involuntary Low population Medium population High population resettlement density; dispersed density; mixed ownership density; major towns population; legal and land tenure; well- and villages; low- tenure is well-defined; defined water rights income families well-defined water and/or illegal rights ownership of land; communal properties; unclear water rights

Completeness of Sub-projects Application: Does the sub-project application document contain, as appropriate, the following information?

Yes No N/A Description of the proposed project and where it is located Reasons for proposing the project The estimated cost of construction and operation Information about how the site was chosen, and what alternatives were considered A map or drawing showing the location and boundary of the project including any land required temporarily during construction The plan for any physical works (e.g. layout, buildings, other structures, construction materials) Any new access arrangements or changes to existing road layouts Any land that needs to be acquired, as well as who owns it, lives on it or has rights to use it A work program for construction, operation and decommissioning the physical works, as well as any site restoration needed afterwards Construction methods Resources used in construction and operation (e.g. materials, water, energy) Information about measures included in the sub-projects plan to avoid or minimize adverse environmental and social impacts Details of any permits required for the project

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Environmental and Social Checklist Yes No ESMF Guidance A Type of activity – Will the sub-projects : 1 Involve the construction or rehabilitation of any small dams, weirs or reservoirs? 2 Support irrigation schemes? 3 Build or rehabilitate any rural roads? 4 Build or rehabilitate any electric energy system? 4 Involve food processing? 5 Build or rehabilitate any structures or buildings? 6 Support agricultural activities? 7 Be located in or near an area where there is an important historical, archaeological or cultural heritage site? 8 Be located within or adjacent to any areas that are or may be protected by government (e.g. national park, national reserve, world heritage site) or local tradition, or that might be a natural habitat? 9 Depend on water supply from an existing dam, weir, or other water diversion structure? If the answer to any of questions 1-9 is “Yes”, please use the indicated Resource Sheets or sections(s) of the ESMF for guidance on how to avoid or minimize typical impacts and risks B Environment – Will the sub-projects : 10 Risk causing the contamination of drinking water? 11 Cause poor water drainage and increase the risk of water- related diseases such as malaria or bilharzia? 12 Harvest or exploit a significant amount of natural resources such as trees, soil or water? 13 Be located within or nearby environmentally sensitive areas (e.g. intact natural forests, mangroves, wetlands) or threatened species? 14 Create a risk of increased soil degradation or erosion? 15 Create a risk of increasing soil salinity? 16 Produce, or increase the production of, solid or liquid wastes (e.g. water, medical, domestic or construction wastes)? 17 Affect the quantity or quality of surface waters (e.g. rivers, streams, wetlands), or groundwater (e.g. wells))? 18 Affect the quality of ambient air, (smells, dust, etc) 19 Result in the production of solid or liquid waste, or result in an increase in waste production, during construction or operation? If the answer to any of questions 10-18 is “Yes”, please include an Environmental and social Management Plan (ESMP) with the sub- projects application. C Land acquisition and access to resources – Will the sub-projects: 20 Require that land (public or private) be acquired (temporarily or permanently) for its development? 21 Use land that is currently occupied or regularly used for productive purposes (e.g. gardening, farming, pasture, fishing locations, forests) 22 Physically or economically displace individuals, families or businesses?

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Yes No ESMF Guidance 23 Result in the temporary or permanent loss of crops, fruit trees or household infrastructure such as granaries, outside toilets and kitchens? 24 Result in the involuntary restriction of access by people to legally designated parks and protected areas? It the answer to any of the questions 19-23 is “Yes”, please consult the ESMF and, if needed, prepare an Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) D Pesticides and agricultural chemicals – Will the sub-projects : 25 Involve the use of pesticides or other agricultural chemicals, or increase existing use? If the answer to question 24 is “Yes”, please consult the ESMF and, if needed, prepare a Pest Management Plan (PMP). F Dam safety – Will the sub-projects : 26 Involve the construction of a dam or weir? 27 Depend on water supplied from an existing dam or weir? If the answer to question 25-26 is “Yes”, please consult the ESMF

CERTIFICATION We certify that we have thoroughly examined all the potential adverse effects of this sub-projects. To the best of our knowledge, the sub-projects plan as described in the application and associated planning reports (e.g. ESMP, RAP, PMP), if any, will be adequate to avoid or minimize all adverse environmental and social impacts.

Community representative (signature): ………………………………………….……………

Extension team representative (signature): ……………………………………………………

Date: …………………………………………………

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Desk Appraisal by Review Authority: The sub-project can be considered for approval. The application is complete, all significant environmental and social issues are resolved, and no further sub-project planning is required.

A field appraisal is required.

Note: A field appraisal must be carried out if the sub-project: x Needs to acquire land, or an individual or community’s access to land or available resources is restricted or lost, or any individual or family is displaced x May restrict the use of resources in a park or protected area by people living inside or outside of it x May affect a protected area or a critical natural habitat x May encroach onto an important natural habitat, or have an impact on ecologically sensitive ecosystems (e.g. rivers, streams, wetlands) x May adversely affect or benefit an indigenous people x Involves or introduces the use of pesticides x Involves, or results in: a) diversion or use of surface waters; b) construction or rehabilitation of latrines, septic or sewage systems; c) production of waste (e.g. slaughterhouse waste, medical waste); d) new or rebuilt irrigation or drainage systems; or e) small dams, weirs, reservoirs or water points.

The following issues need to be clarified at the sub-project site:

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………

A Field Appraisal report will be completed and added to the sub-project file.

Name of desk appraisal officer (print): …………………………………………………………...

Signature: …………………………………………………

Date: ………………………………

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APPENDIX 2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL FIELD APPRAISAL FORM

NAME OF PROJECT Application Number:

(PROCAVA)

PART 1: IDENTIFICATION

1. Project Name: (for example: Rehabilitation of Chókwè Irrigation scheme – Chókwè District)

2. Project Location: (for example: Chókwè District)

3. Reason for Field Appraisal: Summarize the issues from the Screening form that determine the need for a Field Appraisal.

4. Date(s) of Field Appraisal:

5. Field Appraisal Officer and Address:

6. Extension Team Representative and Address:

7. Community Representative and Address:

PART 2: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

8. Project Details: Provide details that are not adequately presented in the sub-project application. If needed to clarify sub-project details, attach sketches of the sub-project component(s) in relation to the community and to existing facilities.

PART 3: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES

9. Will the project: Yes No * Need to acquire land? * Affect an individual or the community's access to land or available resources? * Displace or result in the involuntary resettlement of an individual or family? If "Yes", tick one of the following boxes: The Resettlement Action Plan (RAP/ARAP) included in the sub-project application is adequate. No further action required. The RAP/ARAP included in the sub-project application must be improved before the application can be considered further. An RAP/ARAP must be prepared and approved before the application can be considered further.

10. Will the project: Yes No * Encroach onto an important natural habitat? * Negatively affect ecologically sensitive ecosystems? If "Yes", tick one of the following boxes: The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) included in the sub-project application is adequate. No further action required. The EMP included in the sub-project application must be improved before the application can be considered further. An EMP must be prepared and approved before the application can be considered further. Page | 177

11. Will this project involve or introduce pesticides? Yes No

If "Yes", tick one of the following boxes: The Pest Management Plan (PMP) included in the sub-project application is adequate. No further action is required. The PMP included in the sub-project application must be improved before the application can be considered further. A PMP must be prepared and approved before the application can be considered further.

12. Will this project involve or result in: Yes No

* Diversion or use of surface waters? * Production of waste (e.g. slaughterhouse waste)? * New or rebuilt irrigation or drainage systems? If "Yes", tick one of the following boxes: The application describes suitable measures for managing the potential adverse environmental effects of these activities. No further action required. The application does not describe suitable measures for managing the potential adverse environmental effects of these activities. An ESMP must be prepared and approved before the application is considered further.

13. Will this project require the construction of a small dam or weir? Yes No If "Yes", tick one of the following boxes: The application demonstrates that the structure(s) will be designed by qualified engineers, and will be built by qualified and adequately supervised contractors. No further action is required. The application does not demonstrate that the structure(s) will be designed by qualified engineers, and will be built by qualified and adequately supervised contractors. The application needs to be amended before it can be considered further.

14. Will this project rely on water supplied from an existing dam or weir? Yes No If "Yes", tick one of the following boxes: The application demonstrates that a dam safety report has been prepared, the dam is safe, and no remedial work is required. No further action is required. The application does not demonstrate that a dam safety report has been prepared, the dam is safe, and no remedial work is required. A dam safety report must be prepared and approved before the application is considered further.

15. Are there any other environmental or social issues that have not been adequately addressed? Yes No

If "Yes", summarize them:

and tick one of the following boxes: Before it is considered further, the application needs to be amended to include suitable measures for addressing these environmental or social issues. An ESMP needs to be prepared and approved before the application is considered further.

PART 4: FIELD APPRAISAL DECISION

x The sub-project can be considered for approval. Based on a site visit and consultations with both interested and affected parties, the field appraisal determined that the community

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and its proposed project adequately address environmental and/or social issues as required by the ESMF.

x Further sub-project preparation work is required before the application can be considered further. The field appraisal has identified environmental and/or social issues that have not been adequately addressed. The following work needs to be undertaken before further consideration of the application:

All required documentation such as an amended application, ESMP, RAP/ARAP, or PMP will be added to the sub-projects file before the sub-projects is considered further.

Name of field appraisal officer (print): ......

Signature: ...... Date: ……………………………………

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APPENDIX 3 GUIDELINES FOR ANNUAL REVIEWS

Objectives: The objectives of annual reviews of ESMF implementation are two-fold: a) To assess Project performance in complying with ESMF procedures, learn lessons, and improve future performance; and b) To assess the occurrence of, and potential for, cumulative impacts due to PROCAVA-funded and other development activities.

The annual reviews are intended to be used by PROCAVA management to improve procedures and capacity for integrating natural resources and environmental/social management into project operations. They will also be a principal source of information to Bank supervision missions.

Scope of Work: ESMF Performance Assessment The overall scope of the performance assessment work is to: a) Assess the adequacy of the sub-project approval process and procedures based on interviews with project participants, project records, and the environmental and social performance of a sample of approved sub-projects; b) Assess the adequacy of ESMF roles and responsibilities, procedures, forms, information resource materials, etc.; c) Assess the needs for further training and capacity building; d) Identify key risks to the environmental and social sustainability of sub-projects; and e) Recommend appropriate measures for improving ESMF performance.

The following tasks will be typical: a) Review provincial and district records of sub-projects preparation and approval (e.g. applications; screening checklists; ESMPs, RAP/ARAPs and PMPs appraisal forms; approval documents), monitoring reports as well as related studies or reports on wider issues of natural resources and environmental management in the country; b) On the basis of this review, conduct field visits of a sample of approved sub-projects to assess the completeness of planning and implementation work, the adequacy of environmental/social design, and compliance with proposed mitigation measures. The sample should be large enough to be representative and include a substantial proportion of sub-projects that had (or should have had) a field appraisal according to established ESMF criteria (see Section 7.2 The Screening Process). Sub-projects in sensitive natural or social environments should especially be included. c) Interview project and district officials responsible for sub-projects appraisal and approval to determine their experience with ESMF implementation, their views on the strengths and weaknesses of the ESMF process, and what should be done to improve performance. Improvements may concern, for example, the process itself, the available tools (e.g. guidelines, forms, and information sheets), the extent and kind of training available, and the amount of financial resources available. d) Develop recommendations for improving ESMF performance.

Cumulative Impacts Assessment This part of the annual review assesses the actual or potential cumulative impacts of sub-projects with other sub-projects or development initiatives on the environment, natural resources and community groups. Cumulative impacts result from a number of individual small-scale activities that, on their own, have minimal impacts, but over time and in combination generate a significant impact. For example:

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* Decline in groundwater levels or quality due to the construction of numerous wells and the introduction of numerous small-scale irrigations works; * Overwhelmed or illegal waste and dumping sites due to the inappropriate disposal of increasing amounts of waste materials; * Illegal poaching of wildlife due to expansion of land under cultivation or increased proximity and access to protected areas through construction of small access roads; and * Attraction of large migrant populations to communities that have successfully introduced improve social infrastructure (such as schools, health centers or water sources) resulting in overcrowding, depletion of resources (e.g. space, supplies, water), etc.

The function of this assessment is primarily as an "early warning" system for potential cumulative impacts that might otherwise go undetected and unattended to. It will be largely based on the observations of people interviewed during the field work, and trends that may be noticed by district or regional officials. Where cumulative impacts are detected or suspected, recommendations will be made to address the issue, perhaps through more detailed study to clarify matters and what should or can be done about them.

Qualifications for Undertaking Annual Reviews: The reviews should be undertaken by an individual or small team with training and experience relevant to the likely issues to be encountered (e.g. environmental and natural resources management and land acquisition and resettlement). They should also be familiar with the methods and practices of effective community consultation, and with typical methods and processes for preparing, appraising, approving and implementing small-scale community development projects.

Timing: Annual reviews should be undertaken after the annual monitoring report has been prepared and before IFAD supervision of the project, at the closing of each year of the project. It is expected that each review would require 3-4 weeks of field work (interviews, examination of sub-projects), and that the review report would be completed within 2 weeks of completing the field work.

Outputs: The principal output is an annual review report that documents the review methodology, summarizes the results, and provides practical recommendations. Distinct sections should address: a) ESMF performance and b) cumulative impacts. Annexes should provide the detailed results of the field work, and summarize the number of approved sub-projects by district and their characteristics according to the annual report format (see Appendix 4). Copies of the annual review report should be delivered to PROCAVA Steering Committee, to each district/provincial office responsible for appraisal, approval and implementation of sub-projects, and to IFAD. The Provincial Review Panel may also want to host national or district workshops to review and discuss the review findings and recommendations.

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APPENDIX 4 GUIDELINES FOR ANNUAL REPORT

Name of the Project: Application Number: (PROCAVA)

1. Name of District or Local Government:

2. Name and Position of Review Authority Completing the Annual Report:

3. Reporting Year:

4. Date of Report:

5. Community Sub-project (s):

Please enter the numbers of sub-projects in the following table.

Types of Activities

Approved thisApproved year Application included an ESMF checklist Field Appraisal EMP PMP RAP/ARAP Specific TA Water Supply Water point rehabilitation Earth dam rehabilitation Community reservoirs Small dams Water harvesting facility Gravity water schemes Roads and Energy Tertiary/secondary roads Tertiary/secondary road culverts/bridges Footpaths Agriculture and markets Terracing Agro-processing facilities Post-harvest handling facilities Market places Natural resources management Anti-erosion interventions and soil fertility restoration Démonstration/nutrition gardens Stream and river bank protection Wetland development Soil Conservation Works

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6. Were there any unforeseen environmental or social problems associated with any sub- project approved and implemented this year? If so, please identify the sub-project (s) and summarize the problem (s) and what was or will be done to solve the problem (s). Use a summary table like the one below.

Sub-project Problem(s) Actions taken Actions to be taken

7. Have any other environmental or social analyses been carried out by other public or private agencies in your district/province? If so, please describe them briefly. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… .

8. Have you noticed any particular problems with implementing the ESMF in the past year (e.g. administrative, communications, forms, capacity)? If so, please describe them briefly. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Training: Please summarize the training received in your district/province in the past year, as well as key areas of further training you think is needed.

Group Training Received Training Needed Review Authority

Approval Authority

Extension Teams

NGOs/Associations

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APPENDIX 5. SUMMARY OF IFAD GUIDANCE STATEMENTS.

GUIDANCE STATEMENT 1 : BIODIVERSITY Biodiversity or biological diversity refers to the full range and variety of the world’s biota, and its living organisms. Biodiversity is usually considered at three levels: (i) generic, (ii) species, and (iii) ecosystem diversity. Conservation of biological diversity aims at maintaining global biological resources to meet the needs of humanity today while ensuring their availability for future generations – a fundamental criterion of sustainable development (IFAD, 2017).

Conservation of biodiversity is a cornerstone of IFAD projects, particularly those for agricultural development. Value chain development projects may also offer opportunities for preserving biodiversity by promoting the sustainable harvesting and marketing of products derived from old plant varieties and breeds (e.g. underutilized species), locally used plants (e.g. medicinal plants) and non-timber forest products. Short value chains supplied by many small producers, who use considerably more species and varieties than larger farms, are more suitable for the conservation of agrobiodiversity than long value chains served by a few large farms with monocultures. In addition, agricultural practices such as mixed cropping and agroforestry have proved beneficial for climate change adaptation and improved agricultural productivity.

IFAD does not implement projects in areas of critical habitats or which result in conversion or degradation of such habitats. Emphasis will be to identify alternatives and ensure that any potential degradation or conversion is appropriately mitigated. IFAD will protect biodiversity by designing its projects appropriately, ensuring that they are implemented sustainably with full community participation, and providing sound recommendations for improving borrowing countries’ agricultural policies.

Biodiversity should be identified at an early stage of project preparation to allow for optimum integration of conservation and development objectives. The following are some of the issues to be considered in this identification process: x Adopt an ecosystem perspective and multisectoral approach to developmental programmes; x Promote fair and equitable sharing of costs and benefits from biodiversity conservation and sustainable use at all levels: local, national, regional and international; x Encourage full stakeholder participation, including partnerships between civil society, government and the private sector; x Ensure that IFAD programmes and projects are consistent with the wider policy framework, and/or changes are made for supportive policies and laws; x Ensure that institutional arrangements are effective, transparent, accountable, inclusive and responsive; x Provide and use accurate, appropriate, multidisciplinary information, accessible to, and understood by, all stakeholders; x IFAD’s investments should be sensitive to, and complement, local and national structures, processes and capacities;

GUIDANCE STATEMENT 2 – AGROCHEMICALS Increased food production is one of IFAD’s central objectives; the use of agrochemicals (mainly fertilizers and pesticides) may be necessary to achieve higher yields per unit area. However, the environmental and social (including health) concerns raised by such use of agrochemicals must be carefully considered (IFAD, 2017). Page | 184

Agrochemicals include fertilizers, liming and acidifying agents, soil conditioners, pesticides, and chemicals used in animal husbandry such as antibiotics and hormones. The use of agrochemicals has been critical to raising crops for food. However, some of these chemicals cause substantial damage to the environment, ecology and human health, greatly reducing their net benefits.

IFAD projects promote the use of agrochemicals directly, as a project component for increased crop productivity, or – more commonly – indirectly, by increasing the availability of short-term credit for farm inputs or water for irrigation, which encourages increased use of agrochemicals.

Careful selection of the type of agrochemicals and management of their use (timing, dosage, mode of application, etc.) can reduce to acceptable levels the environmental risks they pose while providing the needed benefits for increased production with lower financial and health risk costs.

IFAD projects should strive to improve existing pesticide and fertilizer use by ensuring that the proper institutional, legal and regulatory framework is in place and that sufficient technical and managerial capacity-building is provided for the selection, application, storage, disposal and monitoring of pesticides, which are often hazardous if they are misused or handled improperly.

The use of agrochemicals can also be reduced or eliminated by promoting indigenous farming practices, such as: x the cultivation of locally adapted crops and varieties, which are often resistant to local pests and diseases; x the use of locally available natural biopesticides and pest-repellent crops, with adapted cultivation strategies (seeding periods and methods, etc.); x the use of natural on-farm animal and green manure; and x the utilisation of organic farming techniques.

Ensuring diversity in the crops and varieties cultivated on a farm, especially indigenous crops, reduces the risk of high-level pest infestations and disease epidemics and facilitates enhanced ecosystem services, including through pollinators and active soil fauna and flora.

GUIDANCE STATEMENT 3 – ENERGY Worldwide, 2.4 billion people rely on traditional biomass such as fuelwood and charcoal for cooking; 1.3 billion people do not have access to electricity (REN21, 2012). Households expend significant proportions of their disposable incomes, time and labour on low-quality energy sources. This situation entrenches poverty, constrains the delivery of social services, limits opportunities for women, and erodes environmental sustainability at the local, national and global levels (UN-Energy, 2004).

Modern bioenergy technologies can offer a wide range of solutions that are appropriate to rural domestic energy needs (e.g. for cooking on flexi-biogas) or to energy demand for productive uses (e.g. water pumping for irrigation).

Broad and reliable access to energy allows the powering of agricultural and transport equipment, is particularly important for producers who are off the power grid or connected to an unreliable power supply, and reduces rural poverty through increased agricultural and labour productivity (IFAD, 2017).

Energy security is receiving increased attention in the IFAD portfolio, which focuses on improving access to energy for domestic, processing and farming purposes, to enhance the Page | 185

quality of life and living standards of poor rural people. In partnership with other entities, and in support of country-owned initiatives, IFAD explores alternative sources of energy for poor people, to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels or traditional biomass by capitalizing on opportunities to use renewable energy sources at the farm and community levels, and promoting low-cost technologies that use local resources to provide energy to rural areas.

Renewable energy is of growing interest because of its potential to diminish reliance on fossil fuels, reduce carbon emissions and mitigate climate change. For example, biogas can provide poor rural people in developing countries with clean and renewable energy all year round. The use of biogas stoves frees women from the need to collect fuelwood, enabling them to undertake other productive activities.

GUIDANCE STATEMENT 4 – FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE Fisheries projects can be divided in two groups: (i) capture fisheries (harvest of wild stock); and (ii) culture fisheries or fish farming (freshwater aquaculture, brackish water aquaculture and Mari culture). Capture fisheries include marine operations (offshore and near-shore) and inland operations (rivers and lakes). Fish farming produces more fish than is normally available from wild stock, by manipulating or managing the fish and food resources (by containment in ponds or specific productive areas, creating new or improved use of natural habitats).

The demand for fish has steadily increased over the past five decades and it is no longer possible to meet this demand from wild fish stocks alone. Increased fish production can only be achieved through better management of capture fisheries resources and the aquatic ecosystem and expansion of aquaculture. Aquaculture can improve food security and diversification of livelihoods, thereby reduce households’ vulnerability to natural hazards and economic uncertainty. However, aquaculture must be managed responsibly to avoid negative social and environmental impacts, including pollution, damage to aquatic biodiversity, conflicts over resource rights, and marginalization of small-scale actors (IFAD, 2017).

Climate change poses new challenges for the sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture systems all across the globe. Coastal communities are in the frontline of climate change impacts and are vulnerable to sea level rise, extreme weather events, changing distribution and abundance of fish stocks, eroding coastlines, salt water intrusion, expansion of tourism amenities, and the impacts of ocean acidification on food security and coastal resources.

IFAD’s Environment and Natural Resource Management Policy (2011) explains the broad environmental objectives for IFAD fisheries and aquaculture sector interventions to: (i) strengthen fisheries management and the tenure rights of fishing communities to common pool resources; (ii) introduce ecosystem approaches for both fisheries and aquaculture; (iii) restore and develop protected areas; (iv) promote integrated coastal and marine resource management to ensure sustainable fishing practices; (v) invest in retraining and education for fishers to create alternative employment opportunities; and (vi) encourage sustainable forms of aquaculture.

The GS serves to protect the environment from the effects of both capture and fish farming which include over exploitation and habitat destruction. Through this GS, IFAD seeks to achieve the following social, economic and environmental outcomes through investments in fisheries and aquaculture: x increase food production; x improve nutrition for fishing and fish farming communities, surrounding communities and extending to the national level; x increase incomes and employment opportunities, including for youth and women;

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x improve the health and quality of life in fishing communities; x increase national trade and exports of fisheries and aquaculture products; x reduce the immigration of young fishers to urban areas; x provide access to financial services for small-scale fishers and fish farmers; x preserve and strengthen habitats that are important for rejuvenating fish stocks, such as mangroves and coral reefs; x enhance access to knowledge and sustainable fisheries and aquaculture technologies; x strengthen policies and institutions for fisheries resource management, tenure and access rights of local people; and x enhance resilience of coastal communities against climate change and other shocks by incorporating climate change impacts in the design of new fisheries and aquaculture projects.

GUIDANCE STATEMENT 5 – FOREST RESOURCES Forests have an important role in supporting local and global ecosystem services and providing resources to some 1.6 billion people (UNEP, 2008), due to their highly productive nature. They are used and managed for different – often competing – purposes, such as timber and fuel wood production, Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) collection, watershed management, shelter and food supply for indigenous people (forest dwellers), emergency shelter and food supply for surrounding farming communities or herders, and conservation of biological diversity. Natural stands of trees and shrubs play an important supportive role in savannah pastoralism and are used as a restorative measure for fertility improvement in shifting cultivation. Tree-based production systems do not require the continuous managing of the soil (IFAD, 2017).

Forests equally have untapped potential to lift rural people out of poverty (Sunderlin, Angelsen and Wunder, 2010), providing a source of employment, income, food, energy and housing. Forest-based livelihood activities include livestock grazing, controlled hunting, and the collection of wild fruits and insects, all of which provide highly nutritious resources that can contribute to food security and alleviate dietary deficiencies.

IFAD, recognizes the importance of managing forests sustainably to reduce land degradation while improving food security and providing alternative income sources for communities and small farmers. Thus, the GS seeks to protect natural forests from destructive activities such as crop production & logging. It promotes management of natural forests by rural and indigenous communities, who can be provided livelihoods and adequate income generating activities through alternative livelihood activities such as livestock grazing, natural honey collection/production, collection of firewood, medicinal plants, wild fruits & nuts, controlled hunting, etc.

GUIDANCE STATEMENT 6 – RANGELAND-BASED LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION Livestock production is one of the fastest growing agricultural subsectors in developing countries, Accounting for 30 per cent of agricultural gross domestic product and spurring a demand for animal-source food products that is likely to double in the next 20 years (FAO, 2002). The growth of the sector exerts some pressure on natural resources such as the rangelands for the livestock, and without adequate measures being taken, in rangeland and feed stock management, may lead to an increase in greenhouse gases and thus contribute to climate change (IFAD, 2017).

Rangelands include grasslands, woodland savannahs, open forest (and in some cases cleared areas of closed forests), shrub lands, wastelands, abandoned agricultural areas, and

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deserts that support domestic ruminants and wild herbivores. The targets of these range areas vary from large-scale commercial ranching to mixed farming or traditional pastoral systems. Hence, depending on the scale of the operation, different measures will be adopted. Rangeland and pastoralist activities are two areas in which IFAD is very active. These areas support a large number of herders and livestock producers, however, open-access to these areas has resulted in grave environmental consequences. Over-grazing is one of the most notorious of these impacts (others include human settlement, roads, and harvesting fuel wood) leading to a loss of surface top-soil and losses in soil fertility.

Managing the environmental and social impacts of the livestock sector requires, at a minimum, disaggregating between extensive and intensive production. In extensive livestock production, the livestock are reared outdoors on natural and semi-natural forage, and in intensive production the livestock, are reared indoors and based on cultivated inputs or by-products. The nature of the environmental impact and the appropriate environmental responses vary entirely between these two broad types of systems (McGahey et al., 2014).

These guidelines address extensive livestock production on rangeland resources, i.e. some form of pastoralism. In developing countries, it is recommended to focus on both greening the intensive livestock sector and capitalizing on the inherent sustainability of pastoralism for local, regional and international markets (McGahey et al., 2014).

The basic guidance and good practices for IFAD interventions in the management of rangeland-based livestock involve promoting and supporting: (i) integrated crop/livestock systems; (ii) development of improved, locally adapted livestock genetics, and avoidance of erosion or loss of animal genetic resources; (iii) pastoral institutions and recognition of tenure rights and customary grazing lands; (iv) strengthened local governance capacity, national governance policy and institutional coherence; (v) livestock diversity; (vi) management and recycling of livestock manure as organic nutrients for restoring soil fertility; and (vii) range restoration, enhancement and sustainable rangelands management.

The primary beneficiaries are poor livestock keepers, particularly those who are economically or socially at risk and politically marginalized, such as rural women, youth, landless poor people, and people for whom animals such as poultry and small ruminants provide, at most, subsistence or a minimum contribution to daily nutritional guidance. IFAD is committed to developing a sustainable livestock sector in which poor farmers and herders might obtain higher incomes and better access to assets, services, technologies and markets. Thus, the GS seeks to promote sustainable rangeland management curbing all these negative impacts.

GUIDANCE STATEMENT 7 – WATER (AGRICULTURAL AND DOMESTIC USE) Many poor rural people face severe constraints in their access to adequate quantities of good quality water for domestic and agricultural uses. Clean water supplies and sanitation remain major problems in many parts of the world, with 11 per cent of the global population lacking access to safe drinking water. Agricultural production accounts for 70 per cent of global freshwater use, mainly through crop irrigation (IFAD, 2017).

In irrigation, water is managed for agricultural production. Most systems are established to improve crop yields per unit of land. Irrigation systems include: (i) water storage; (ii) water conveyance; (iii) water delivery to plants; and (iv) disposal of drainage water. Irrigation water is conveyed and delivered to plants by gravity, sprinkler or drip irrigation. The setting up of these systems impacts on the environment in many ways. Facilities for drainage of excess water are not always provided in irrigation systems which may lead to water logging and soil salinisation.

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Water management in agriculture includes projects fed by surface water or groundwater and/or rainfall in irrigation, soil and water conservation, swamp rehabilitation, watershed management, water for livestock, and inland fisheries and aquaculture.

The potential negative impacts of water investments affect several environmental and social aspects and include soil degradation, water quality, public health, effects on flora and fauna and disruption of ecosystem services, particularly when introduced on a large scale. In the near future, accelerating changes in the global climate will cause major alterations in the patterns of the water cycle and the geographical distribution of water, with significant effects on agricultural activities. Climatic change will have significant consequences on water supply, water systems, infrastructure and agriculture. It could also undermine IFAD’s investments and reduce the long-term sustainability of results. Therefore, FAD aims to reduce the vulnerability of water management and infrastructure to current climate variability while also considering the long-term effects of climate. Thus, this GS seeks to protect the environment from the adverse effects that can be inflicted by irrigation schemes.

GUIDANCE STATEMENT 8 – DAMS, THEIR SAFETY AND SECAP Dams provide a variety of benefits, including water for irrigation, livestock and domestic supplies and fisheries, as well as flood mitigation –and all these activities have had significant impacts on poverty reduction. But too often in the past dams have also created adverse social and environmental impacts. Moreover, dams are normally threatened by various forces that can cause failure and these generally continue to be active over the entire life of the dam. Dams often therefore present a safety hazard, as evidenced by various dam failures and incidents around the world, some with substantial loss of life (IFAD, 2017).

IFAD-assisted projects often include the construction of a new dam, or directly depend on an existing dam, either of which could result in adverse impacts or involve a risk of failure. This guidance statement is intended to help stakeholders, including country programme managers and country project management teams, to appreciate: (i) the potential for adverse social and environmental impacts and need for safeguards; (ii) how the dam planning and development process fits into the IFAD Project Cycle and SECAP; (iii) the need for sound technical advice in dam design and construction to minimize the risks of catastrophic failure; and (iv) the implications for project design in terms of the additional time and finance required. (v) Cross-cutting issues such as gender, participation, farmers’ organizations, as well as free, prior and informed consent (FPIC), in dam projects.

GUIDANCE STATEMENT 9 – PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCES For purposes of this guidance statement, physical cultural resources (PCR), also known as cultural heritage or cultural property, may be defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, historical, religious, spiritual or other cultural significance. As such, PCR may be found almost anywhere, in urban or rural settings, above or below ground, or even under water.

PCR may derive their significance from various sources, whether as part of a community’s cultural identity and heritage, as assets for economic or social development, or as sources of valuable scientific or historical information. As a result, their cultural significance may be local, provincial, national, or even international in nature (IFAD, 2017).

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Although the likelihood that IFAD programmes and projects will involve or affect PCR is small, in such unlikely cases where PCR is found, IFAD will assist borrowers in avoiding, minimizing or mitigating adverse impacts on PCR in the development programmes and projects that it finances. To this end, IFAD will use due diligence in applying its SECAP to ensure that PCR are properly identified and adequately addressed, and that any measures to protect PCR comply with the borrower’s national legislation as well as with its obligations under relevant international treaties and agreements (e.g. UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972).

While it is unlikely that IFAD’s portfolio of agricultural and rural development programmes/projects will involve or affect PCR, IFAD is committed to identifying and protecting PCR in all its operations. After all, even smallholder agriculture and rural development projects on marginal lands may, depending on location, involve resources of archaeological (e.g. ancient ruins, monuments, prehistoric caves), historical (e.g. original structures, architectural works, historic sites), religious (e.g. churches, mosques, temples, sacred grounds) or cultural (e.g. cemeteries, traditional meeting places) significance. Of particular concern are IFAD programmes/projects: (i) involving significant excavations, demolition, movement of earth, flooding or other environmental changes; and (ii) located in, or in the vicinity of, a PCR site recognized by the borrower. For this reason, IFAD will use its SECAP to ensure that any PCR involved in or potentially affected by an IFAD programme/project are properly identified and adequately protected.

GUIDANCE STATEMENT 10 – RURAL ROADS IFAD’s Strategic Framework 2015-2025 recognizes that weak and imperfect markets continue to be a disincentive to increased agricultural production and productivity by the rural poor. It further recognizes that inadequate rural infrastructure – particularly farm-to-market roads, storage facilities and marketplaces – is a very large part of the problem. IFAD, therefore, seeks to redress the situation by making an investment in productive rural infrastructure, including roads, as one of its key areas of thematic focus. That said, IFAD is unlikely to finance stand- alone rural road projects; it is instead more likely to finance rural roads as part of wider development programmes or simply as components of discrete agricultural development projects. Thus, the guidance statement applies to the planning and financing of projects that include a rural road component. The guidance statement is intended to help stakeholders, including country programme managers and Country Project Management Teams, to appreciate and avoid or mitigate the environmental risks associated with rural road development and to enhance prospects for environmental sustainability (IFAD, 2017).

The inclusion of any rural road in a project would – all other things being equal – result in that project being considered category B unless: (i) the road is to be constructed in an ecologically sensitive or hazard-prone areas; or (b) is likely to involve physical resettlement or economic displacement, and in which case, it would be considered a category A.1

Positive impacts The positive impacts of investment in rural roads are well known. Rural roads help to improve transport and communications for the rural poor. Improved mobility enables access to: (i) services (agriculture, education, health, finance); (ii) markets (inputs, agro-processing, wholesale, retail, export); (iii) income-generating opportunities; (iv) social, political and community activities; and (v) technology transfer.

Negative impacts However, roads can also create significant adverse impacts on the local environment. They can cause significant erosion and sedimentation, loss of wildlife and vegetation, deterioration of water quality and aquatic life, as well as degrade scenic beauty, waste limited funds and take useful land out of production. Negative impacts can be both direct and indirect. Page | 190

GUIDANCE STATEMENT 11 – DEVELOPMENT OF VALUE CHAINS, MICROENTERPRISES AND SMALL ENTERPRISES A value chain is a vertical alliance of enterprises that collaborate, to a greater or lesser extent, to bring a product from the initial input supply stage, through the various phases of production, processing and distribution, to the final marketing to consumers

The main goal of IFAD’s value chain projects is to integrate target groups (small rural producers) into viable value chains to improve their access to secure markets and to raise their incomes sustainably. These projects finance activities to address constraints to small producers’ participation in, and their benefits from, value chains. In general, value chain projects include one or more of three categories of intervention: (i) process/product upgrading; (ii) functional upgrading; and (iii) upgrading of coordination and business models. In practice, these interventions can entail a wide variety of approaches, depending on local challenges and opportunities. The interventions combine value chain development with development of microenterprises and small enterprises (MSEs), and support small producers’ organizations and their capacity for collective action (IFAD, 2017).

Micro and Small enterprise (MSE) development consists of a series of support measures to ease constraints posed by existing MSE policies including, trading laws and regulations, capital and administrative requirements, credit services, legal status etc. Additionally, micro and small enterprise development concentrates on intervention points along the value chain. As such, micro and small enterprise development initiatives do not in and of themselves produce negative environmental impact. They can be used to lessen the impact of small enterprises on natural resources. Several issues feature prominently in this GS: x Environmental issues associated with value chains fall into two categories: green issues, i.e. enhancement or depletion of natural resources including water, soils and biodiversity; and brown issues, i.e. pollution of air, water and land through the waste generated by production processes; x A key issue is the capacity for value chain segments to drive positive and negative environmental outcomes in other geographies or for other stakeholders through a cascade along the value chain; x From a social perspective, well-designed value chain projects can improve social inclusion as well as improve average incomes; x other two key issues to manage in all value chain projects are gender and food security. Different stages and functions of any value chain will be associated with gender-specific knowledge, assets, decision-making powers and responsibilities; x Household food security and nutrition may be at risk in value chain designs that emphasize monocropping and commercial sales at the cost of local food access or labour demands. x Inclusion of youth is also a growing issue in value chains;

GUIDANCE STATEMENT 12 – RURAL FINANCE (UNDER REVISION) Developing inclusive rural financial systems and fostering innovations to increase the access of poor people in rural areas to a wide range of financial services and sound financial institutions is central to IFAD’s mandate and key to agricultural and rural livelihoods development. IFAD concentrates on rural microfinance, which refers to the provision of financial services to people with low incomes in rural areas for both on- and off-farm activities. This includes the provision of a wide range of financial services to farming communities, including savings, deposits, money transfers, insurance, and credit. Diverse funding

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mechanisms such as supplier credit, contract farming, crop and investment loans all provide farmers with external sources of capital during the production cycle (IFAD, 2017).

Rural finance is also used by most farming families to support non-farm income generating activities such as food processing, buying and selling, micro-enterprise, and the migration of family members for seasonal employment in cities. And finally, finance also supports critical life cycle needs such as the education and marriage of children, medical emergencies, housing solutions, and the acquisition of assets for old age. All these have to be done with the environment in mind, so that they do not end up impacting on the environment.

The provision of financial services to poor rural households faces many challenges, including weak infrastructure and low population density located in marginal areas, inherent risks of serving low-income clients living and working in ecologically fragile environments and areas with demarcated natural resources, lack of typical client collateral, the limited capacity of Financial service providers (FSP), and low levels of client education. The overall financial market may be stunted and distorted from subsidized, targeted lending. Taken together, these challenges increase the transaction costs and risks of serving rural areas and require continual attention and innovation. The contemporary approach to rural finance focuses on building the sustainability of FSPs, thinking beyond the short life cycle of donor-driven projects.

To foster financial inclusion for poor people in rural areas, IFAD’s Rural Finance Policy1 requires compliance with six guiding principles in IFAD-financed rural finance interventions: (vi) support access to a variety of financial services; (vii) promote a wide range of financial institutions, models and delivery channels; (viii) support demand driven and innovative approaches, including providing a full range of financial services to poor families who live in degraded areas, which may, for example, support natural resource management practices and alternative livelihoods that are less harmful to the ecosystem; (ix) encourage, in collaboration with private sector partners, market-based approaches that strengthen rural financial markets, avoid distortions in the financial sector and leverage IFAD’s resources; (x) develop and support long-term strategies focusing on sustainability and poverty outreach; and (xi) participate in policy dialogues that promote an enabling environment for rural finance. Any deviation from these principles requires clear justification and approval by management.

GUIDANCE STATEMENT 13 – PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC RESETTLEMENT This GS provides guidance to country programme managers (CPMs) and country programme management teams (CPMTs) who are envisaging or dealing with activities or interventions that could imply physical relocation or any change in land use and livelihoods options resulting from an investment supported by IFAD that could negatively impact on some elements of IFAD’s target groups and the wider communities where they are found. The GS identifies key principles and measures that the Fund should follow in order to minimize potential risks and avoid any possible negative impacts of physical resettlement or economic displacement (IFAD, 2017).

The GS considers resettlement not only as the physical relocation of people but also as restrictions on or loss of access to means of livelihoods. Physical displacement refers to relocation, loss of residential land, or loss of shelter, while economic displacement implies the loss of land, assets, access to assets, income sources, or means of livelihoods. Physical and economic resettlement could be either agreed/negotiated or involuntary:

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x Involuntary Resettlement: This is when affected people or communities do not have the capacity to refuse it – because the free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) principle is not properly implemented and they do not have power of choice – or their rights to refuse it are over-ridden by national law or are simply denied. x Agreed/Negotiated Resettlement: This is when, in the respect of the do-no- harm principle and after having properly informed people and gone through the FPIC process, people potentially involved in the resettlement agree on being relocated and/or selling or relinquishing access to assets, against fair and timely compensations for their losses.

IFAD’s core mandate is to support the social and economic empowerment of poor rural women and men. As such, it is opposed to any investment that will have a negative impact on its target groups. Should resettlement or economic displacement be envisaged, the FPIC and the do- no-harm principles – which are two pillars of IFAD's Policy "Improving Access to Land Tenure Security Policy"– will be followed at all times and for all its beneficiaries for “any development intervention that might affect the land access and use rights of communities.” Thus, IFAD will make sure that x the “do-no-harm principle” is adhered to at all times. x The project affected people’s free, prior and informed consent has been solicited through inclusive consultations based on full disclosure of the intent and scope of the activities planned and their implications.

GUIDANCE STATEMENT 14 – COMMUNITY HEALTH This GS concerns itself with the health and safety risks associated with agriculture, as well as the use of improved technology and personal protective equipment (PPE). Generally, there is a lack of knowledge about how farmers are affected by their exposures to the variety of health risks that they are confronted with every day. Even the general improvements in health and safety in the workplace and the implementation of the International Labour Organization policies and procedures have not found their way into the agricultural sector. Furthermore, there is little medical surveillance in this sector, resulting in a lack of credible research data and evidence (IFAD, 2017).

This guidance statement aims to identify the main health issues arising from agricultural projects, the causative factors and potential mitigation measures. A health impact resulting from an IFAD-funded project, plan or programme is a measurable change on the health status of an individual, group or population, which may be attributable to the direct or indirect effects of an agricultural development. The impacts may be intended or unintended and may not become apparent for many years after prolonged exposure, or due to long-term latency in the human body. The main health impacts related to agricultural projects are: x occupational diseases, disorders and injuries; x waterborne diseases spread to humans through pathogens in water and on irrigated crops; x vector-borne diseases caused by habitat change; x non-communicable diseases; x nutritional disorders; and x communicable diseases from interaction between people.

There are a number of occupational health issues associated with agriculture, fishing, aquaculture and forestry projects: x traumatic injury;

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x respiratory illnesses; x noise-induced hearing loss; x cancer and other disorders from exposure to chemicals; x zoonoses; x dermatoses; x heat and cold stress; and x musculoskeletal disorders.

Climate change will cause a number of environmental changes which could affect human health in one or more ways. Where rainfall and flooding are predicted to increase (southeast Asia, Asia, the Caribbean, northern South America and West Africa), there will be an increased risk associated with vector-borne diseases, especially those carried by mosquitoes and ticks.

On the other hand, drought and increasing aridity are inimical to most pathogens, while some, such as cysticercosis, bovine TB, rabies, brucellosis and echinococcosis are unlikely to be sensitive to climate change.

Hotter, drier conditions will result in greater amounts of dust and respiratory illnesses, while these conditions will also increase the risks of heat stroke.

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APPENDIX 6 PROOF OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION

APP6.1 Consulted Stakeholder The following are the lists of all the stakeholders who were consulted during the ESMF study.

APP6.1.1 is the list of the stakeholders who were met during the countrywide Field consultation process that were made from the 19th of November 2018, to the 11th of December 2018

APP6.1.2 is the list of the stakeholders who attended the stakeholder’s verification workshop that was held in Maputo on the 1st of March 2019.

APP6.1.1 List of Consulted Stakeholders from field visits.

No. Date NAME ORGANISATION DESIGNATION CONTACT No. and E-MAIL 1.0 CONSULTING TEAM

1 S. Mtetwa IFAD Consultant mikemtetwa@live. com 00263775884268 2 S, FAMBA IFAD Consultant sebastiaofamba @gmail.com 00258823961320 3 H. MUTSAMBI IFAD Consultant henrietazharare @gmail.com 00263772476756 IFAD TEAM

Mr. Custodio IFAD Country Programme +25821498731; 4 19 Nov Mucavel Office [email protected] rg 19 Nov Mr. Ilario Rea IFAD ENRM & Safeguards, +258847803825; 5 ESA [email protected]

PROSUL TEAM Mr. Daniel Mate PROSUL PROSUL Coordinator 827078858; 6 20 Nov daniel.ozias.mate @gmail.com Mr. Egidio PROSUL Climate Change 871026916; 7 20 Nov Mutimba Adviser mutimbaeg@gmai l.com Mr. Baptista PROSUL Project Officer 870070017; 8 20 Nov Zunguza rubenzunguze@g mail.com 9 20 Nov Mr. Ilídio Hele PROSUL Project Officer Mr. Eduardo PROSUL Project Officer 872596346; 10 20 Nov Cuamba educuamba@hot mail.com Page | 195

No. Date NAME ORGANISATION DESIGNATION CONTACT No. and E-MAIL GAZA AND INHAMBANE PROVINCES Macia, Slaughter house Mr. Hevergue Macia, Slaughter Owner 820949333 11 21 Nov Zimbi house

21 Nov Diais Do Santos Macia, Slaughter Staff 12 house 21 Nov Kapingo Angelina Ministry of Agricultural Technician 13 Agriculture 14 21 Nov Bilene SDAE Director 846600149 21 Nov Jair Oliveira Ministry of Extension Supervisor 899132755 15 Agriculture 820968670 16 21 Nov Mr Sebastian Farmer’s President of farmers 863179614 Massinguitois Association association Naeamo Samora Machel

Gandlaze Irrigation Scheme Edgar Samuel Gandlaze GAPI Technician 845809099 17 22 Nov Vasco Irrigation Scheme

Antonio Farmers Member of the 84961878 18 22 Nov Maconguele Association Association ‘Gwandadze’ ‘Gwandadze’

Mr. Mucavel Farmers Pump Manager and 862130948 19 22 Nov Moniz Association secretary of the ‘Gwandadze’ Shednet

Samora Machel Association – Guija District Esth Francisco Farmers Member of the 20 21 Nov Sitoe Association Association

21 Nov Nosia Ernesto Farmers Member of the 21 Zocula Association Association

21 Nov Helena Fransisco Farmers Member of the 22 Mathe Association Association

21 Nov Rabeca Sitoe Farmers Member of the 23 Association Association

21 Nov Rosa Julia Farmers Member of the 24 Association Association

21 Nov Elxina Muchamga Farmers Member of the 25 Association Association

Josina Machel Association – Inharrime District 26 22 Nov Mr. Samuel Josina Machel President of farmers 846069858 Alfredo Gove Association association

27 22 Nov Natália Albino Josina Machel Vice-President Chilundo Association

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No. Date NAME ORGANISATION DESIGNATION CONTACT No. and E-MAIL 28 22 Nov Florinda Josefa Josina Machel Secretary Nhanombe Association

29 22 Nov Distino Suelane Josina Machel Accountant Association 30 22 Nov Inácio M. Limeme Josina Machel Supervisor Association 31 22 Nov José Felisberto Josina Machel Counsellor Association 32 22 Nov Isabel Alfredo Josina Machel Counsellor Association 33 22 Nov Lásaro Felisberto Josina Machel Head of production Association NDZUBWE Crush Pen – Chokwe District Mr. Alfonse Chokwe, Crush Agent/President of 87440047 34 23 Nov Ubizze Simoni Pen farmers association

23 Nov Tabiao Ambrosio Chokwe, Crush Vet Department 35 Pen Animal Health Technician

23 Nov Ana Mijui SNV/ILIR Technician Lead 36 service Provider

Panguene Cattle Market And Borehole, - Massingir,- Gaza Province Mr. Francisco Massingir cattle President of farmers 862635481 market and bore 37 23 Nov Valoi association hole, Gaza Province Mr Semeao Massingir President 862683145 38 23 Nov Lourenco borehole Guambe

NAAMPULA PROVINCE Department Of Agric And Forestry - Nampula Mr. Joaquim Nampula, DPA Deputy Director 843103094 39 26 Nov Tomas

MrsSónia de DPA Nampula Technician 40 26 Nov Araújo

41 26 Nov Mr Duarte Page DPA Nampula Technician Department of Land and Environment Francisco Sambo DPTADER Director 845440045 42 26 Nov Nampula fransisco.sambo @gmail.com EstêvãoAmérico DPTADER Technician 43 26 Nov Nampula Mr. Francisco Nampula, Department Head 845440045 Department of 44 26 Nov Sambo Fransisco.sambo Land and @gmail.com Environment Agricultural Research Institute - Nampula

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No. Date NAME ORGANISATION DESIGNATION CONTACT No. and E-MAIL Aldo José IIAM - Nampula Technician 842987233; Mabureza aldojosemaburez 45 26 Nov [email protected]

Nampula, Slaughter House Mr. Fernando Nampula, Manager 845019504 46 26 Nov Hononiwa Slaughter House

AENA, NGO Mr. Sergio Vasco AENA, NGO Project Officer 843652677 47 26 Nov seavasco@gmail. com SDAE Monapo Mr. Mendes da SDAE Monapo Director 848392801 48 27 Nov Costa Tomo

Mr. Guidinho dos SDAE Monapo Technician 846869861 49 27 Nov Santos

Muelege dam Mr. Fernando Muelege dam Extension Officer 846869861 50 27 Nov Rodriques

Novos Horizontes’ Farmer’s Association ‘ Mrs Antonieta Farmer’s Chairperson 847415905 Association 51 27 Nov Paulo Rabia ‘Novos Horizontes’ 27 Nov Fatima Jaime Novo Horizontes Chair 52 Women Association. 27 Nov Teresinha Ali Novo Horizontes Member 53 Women Association. 27 Nov Amina Lucais Novo Horizontes Member 54 Women Association. 27 Nov Luisa Raimundo Novo Horizontes Member 55 Women Association. 27 Nov Ancha Amisse Novo Horizontes Member 56 Women Association. 27 Nov Angelina Omar Novo Horizontes Member 57 Women Association. 27 Nov Lara Arlindo Novo Horizontes Member 58 Women Association. 27 Nov Catarina Agi Novo Horizontes Member 59 Women Association. 27 Nov Atiya Marcelino Novo Horizontes Member 60 Women Association.

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No. Date NAME ORGANISATION DESIGNATION CONTACT No. and E-MAIL 27 Nov Ineis Ali Novo Horizontes Member 61 Women Association. 27 Nov Rosalina Antonio Novo Horizontes Member 62 Women Association. SDAE Rapale Adelino Afonso SDAE Rapale Director 847300920; Manuael 826470070 63 28 Nov 863835510 adelinoafonso200 [email protected] Gonsalvez Ali SDAE Rapale Veterinary Technician 844692468 Cabral – Quality Control 863469334 64 28 Nov Supervisor and extension Officer Mugovolas SDAE Mr. Anibal Mugovolas SDAE Director 845992155 65 28 Nov Muquera

Group of young Mugovolas Meat Informal Association - 66 28 Nov beef traders market

67 28 Nov Duarte Page DPA Nampula Technician - SOFALA PROVINCE

DPA - Sofala Mr Adérito Mavie DPA - Sofala Director 823053620/ 849006247; 66 29 Nov. aderito.mavie@g mail.com Mr José Semedo DPA - Sofala Technician 826858020 67 29 Nov.

Mr. Erpelito DPA - Sofala Technician 842202815 68 30 Nov Macumbi

SDAE - Dondo Mr Jorge SDAE - Dondo Deputy Director 69 30 Nov. Vilanculos 70 30 Nov. Tomás Ernesto SDAE - Dondo Technician Dondo Irrigation Scheme – Three Associations Mr. Joaquim Farmer Dondo President of farmers 845927771 36 30 Nov. Mabinda association Mrs. Julieta Farmer Dondo President of farmers - 71 30 Nov. Albano association Mr. Franciso Luís Farmer Dondo President of farmers 842372118 72 30 Nov. association Moz Agro Pec (Dondo District Pedro Joao Dondo, Production Manager 848958985 73 1 Dec MozAgroPec Angela Guilane Dondo, MozAgropec Owner 844376023 74 1 Dec MozAgroPec SDAE - Nhamatanda Page | 199

No. Date NAME ORGANISATION DESIGNATION CONTACT No. and E-MAIL Mr. André Pita SDAE - Acting Deputy Director 825728090 75 Nhamatanda andrepita@rocket mail.com Domingos Nhamatanda Technician 848074554 76 Meneses SDAE

MANICA PROVICE

SDAE Chimoio Mr. Silvester Jose Provincial Director 826170249 77 4 Dec Directorate SDAE - Manica Eusébio Sixpense DPA Manica Extension Officer, 00258 847679074 78 4 Dec PROCAVA focal point in Manica Province Chimoio Municipal Slaughter House Bernardo Amoda Chimoio Municipal Head of the slaughter 875794447 79 3 Dec Slaughter House house Cassamo Amade Chimoio Municipal Deputy-head of the 80 3 Dec Slaughter House slaughter house Elsa da Luisa Chimoio Municipal Supervisor (veterinary 81 3 Dec Slaughter House officer for quality control) Helena Michone Poultry 82 3 Dec Helena Michone Poultry farm Manager 848478743 Joaquim Guita Joaquim Guita Poultry farm Manager 825907170/ 83 3 Dec 879907170 Helena Zakarias Vanduzi poultry farm Helena Zakarias Vanduzi poultry Manager - 84 3 Dec farm Moz Bife Mr. Bradley Moz Bife Manager 847593045 85 3 Dec Naude

Guro SDAE 86 4 Dec Jose Luis Guro SDAE Director 843546580 Armando SDAE Guro Technician - 87 4 Dec Mafunga

Abdul I. Jamal Poultry farm 88 4 Dec Mr. Abdul I. Jamal Poultry farm Manager 842417520 MASA-DNV Mr. Fernando MASA-DNV - 00258 824825640 89 11 Dec Rodrigues

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APP6.1.2 List of Consulted Stakeholders from public consultation workshop.

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APP 6.2 PROOF OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION

Samples of the response to the administered questionnaire and records of direct interviews have been included as proof of public consultation. The rest of the records of the public consultation process are compiled as Volume 3 of this report.

APP 6.2.1 Programme Inception Meeting

(i) Minutes of meeting The following is an outline of the minutes of the site handover meeting:

MINUTES OF THE ESMF INCEPTION MEETING, HELD ON 19NOVEMBER 2018 AT THE IFAD OFFICES IN MAPUTO AT 09:00AM

In Attendance:

No. NAME ORGANISATION DESIGNATION CONTACT No. AMD E- MAIL ADDRESS 1 Custodio IFAD Country Programme Office Mucavel 2 Ilario Rea IFAD Climate Change 00258847803825 3 Mrs Ana IFAD financial officer 00258823081416 Zandamela 4 Sibekile IFAD Consultants Team Leader - 866011966 Mtetwa Environmental and Social 00263775884628 Safeguards Specialist [email protected] 5 Henrieta IFAD Consultants Social Science and Gender 00263772476756 Zharare Specialist 6 Sebastiao IFAD Consultants Irrigation Engineering 00258823961320 Famba Specialist

APOLOGIES No apologies were made

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEETING Mr Rea Introduced the PROCAVA and explained the IFAD expectations to be aligned with the consultant’s work plan, especially that:

x The EIA regulations of IFAD are not the same as the country regulation, i.e., o For IFAD PROCAVA is a category “A” Programme since the intervention will include new irrigation areas greater than 100ha; o Therefore, country regulations classify PROCAVA as category B, since category “A” is for irrigation areas above 300ha. x The ESMF study should comply with IFAD regulation and discuss closely the country regulations including appropriate recommendations;

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x PROCAVA include a total of 75 Districts span over the country and will represent a scale-up of the actual PROSUL activities that were restricted to the southern provinces. PROSUL designed under CEPAGRI in 2012; x PROCAVA as an expansion of the PROSUL activities focus on Agri-food Value- chains Development on irrigated horticulture, cassava, red meat, legumes and poultry. x There were discussions about the relevant stakeholders and Government Institutions to be visited along the study. Therefore, it was decided to visit in the first place the PROSUL headquarters in Xai-Xai in order to deepen the team’s understanding of the PROCAVA programme. The proposed first meeting with PROSUL, the national leading institution of PROCAVA shall help on: o Defining the list of stakeholders to be visited and facilitate the contacts; o Defining the sites to be visited, the team intends to visit about 20% of the area of the Program; o Defining which stakeholders to invite for the discussion workshop; o Identifying the local focal persons such as extension officers to facilitate the site visits and local contacts; o Potential stakeholders would be: Ministries – MASA (FDA, INIR), MITADER, MOPRH (public work and water resources); Social and Gender SDAE (district department of agriculture); x Important Contacts at PROSUL: o Mr. Daniel Mate, the Project Coordinator; o Mr. Egidio Mutimba, the Climate Change Adviser, o And others, i.e., Mr. Baptista Zunguze, Horticulture Value Chain Advisor x The Consultants will be assisted by Mr Reia at IFAD and shall be working in close collaboration with the Climate Risk Analysis team (contact Dr. Dinis Juizo). x Some of the main issues to be addressed in the study: o Intensification of agriculture, i.e., the use of chemicals… o Land degradation, i.e., salinity, pollution, ... o Identify the main issues as related to fragile environment, challenges with multifunctional water sources/ boreholes (agriculture, domestic use, cattle), screening questions to facilitate the decision-making process; o Sustainability of the infrastructures; o What is required for studies in the on-going irrigation projects to comply with IFAD regulations; x On demand, IFAD will make available relevant documents to support the study, i.e., Mid-Term review documents, Missions reports among others. ------

Discussion with Ana Zandamela On the request of the consultant’s team there was a need to clarify few financial and logistical issues such as:

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- When the funds were expected to be available for the travel logistics in the consultants’ bank accounts; - The expected cost distribution of the travel lump sum; - What contact facilities were available for car rental. All issues were clarified for a better planning of the team, for instance that:

- Funds may be expected by Thursday and Friday and that by Thursday Mrs Ana would consult the Headquarters in Rome to track the issue; - For booking the flight to the Provinces, the team could use the IFAD travel agency so that payments can be done later; Contact for car rental made available for the field trip. ------

(ii) Response to Questionnaire

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APP 6.2.2 Meeting MATADOURO da MACIA DILAS Lda

Figure APP 1 Meeting with MATADOURO da MACIA DILAS Lda staff

(i) Minutes of meeting

The following is an outline of the minutes of the meeting MATA DOURO da MACIA DILAS Lda

MINUTES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK LEARNING VISIT MADE TO MATADOURO da MACIA DILAS Lda 21/11/18

1.0 ATTENDANCE No. NAME ORGANISATION DESIGNATION CONTACT No. AMD E-MAIL ADDRESS 1 Egidio Mutimba PROSUL Climate Change Adviser 2 Heve Mata douro da Macia Owner 820 949 333 3 Extension Ministry of Agriculture - Slaughter House Officer Veterinary Services Inspector 4 Extension Ministry of Agriculture - Community Officer Veterinary Services Inspector 5 Sibekile Mtetwa IFAD Consultants Team Leader - 866011966 Environmental and 00263775884628 Social Safeguards [email protected] Specialist Page | 210

6 Henrieta IFAD Consultants Social Science and 00258 Zharare Gender Specialist 7 Sebastiao IFAD Consultants Irrigation Famba Engineering Specialist

2.0 INTRODUCTION - The Slaughter house is privately owned but operational quality control is done by the Department of Veterinary Service Extension Officers. - All the cattle that come to the Slaughter house are certified by the Vet. - The current capacity of the Slaughter house is 30 cattle per day and 8MT per kilogram is charged. - There is a borehole that supplies water. Water consumption of the slaughter house is about 10000 litres for 4-30 cattle. Water quality is regularly checked. - Detergents are used to control smells and flies. - Staff are trained on the job by experts from Maputo and at the local school of Basic Agriculture. The facility is also being used for field training by students from the school.

3.0 IMPACTS

Environmental

- Potential environmental pollution from effluent. - Downhill groundwater pollution although the land is currently not being utilised. Social

- Inclusiveness as cultural factors like Halaal requirements are met. - Use of Slaughter House curbs against theft of cattle as permission certificates are issued by the Vet - Diseases are controlled due to supervision by the Vet. - Quality meat is guaranteed as any animal that does not meet standards is rejected. The slaughtering process also contributes to high quality meat.

3.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

- Consultation with community before setting up a slaughter house is required. This will ensure acceptance and cooperation. - Communities need to be educated on the advantages of a formal slaughter house as compared to traditional way. - The Department of Veterinary Services should carry out awareness campaign to raise awareness and educate the community on health cattle ranging and its implications.

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(ii) Response to Questionnaire

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APP 6.2.3 Meeting at the Muelege Breached Dam Site

Muelege Breached Spill way

Muelege Breached Dam wall

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(i) Minutes Of Meeting

MINUTES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK VISIT MADE TO MUELEGE DAM (MONAPO DISTRICT) 27/11/18

1.0 ATTENDANCE No. NAME ORGANISATION DESIGNATION CONTACT No. AMD E-MAIL ADDRESS 1 SDAE Province Technician 2 Mr Guidinho de Santos SDAE Monapo Extension Officer District Area Extension Officer 5 Sibekile Mtetwa IFAD Consultants Team Leader - 866011966 Environmental and Social 00263775884628 Safeguards Specialist [email protected] 6 Henrieta Zharare IFAD Consultants Social Science and Gender Specialist 7 Sebastiao Famba IFAD Consultants Irrigation Engineering Specialist

2.0 INTRODUCTION - More than 300 people are set to benefit from the dam - Currently they are relying on rain-fed agriculture which is not adequate as they spent most of the productive season recovering from cyclone effects that occur regularly -

3.0 IMPACTS Environmental

- The area is prone to cyclones almost at yearly basis - Capacity of dam needs to be increased to accommodate the 300 farmers that have been earmarked to benefit from PROCAVA - Dam structure needs to be cyclone resistant - resilient wall and wider spillway - clearing of land will result in deforestation -

Social

- There is potential conflict: i) with the farmer whose land is going to be taken for the 300 people coming on board once the dam has been rehabilitated an improved ii) water allocation between the farmer and the 300 beneficiaries iii) with downstream farmers due to decreased water flows as more water is going to be stored in the dam

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(ii) Response to Questionnaire

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APP 6.2.4 Meeting at the Chimoio Municipal Matadouro (Chimoio)

Chimoio Municipal Matadouro – Cattle Entry Point

Chimoio Municipal Matadouro – Slaughter Area

Chimoio Municipal Matadouro – Incinerator

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(i) Minutes of meeting

MINUTES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK VISIT MADE TO MUNICIPAL MATADOURO (CHIMOIO) 03/12/18

1.0 ATTENDANCE No. NAME ORGANISATION DESIGNATION CONTACT No. AMD E-MAIL ADDRESS 1 Mr Sixpence Ministry of Extension Officer Agriculture Elsa Dalwisa Dept. of Vet Veterinary Officer Services 2 Mr Cassamo Ahmade Municipal Slaughter House Matadouro Supervisor 5 Sibekile Mtetwa IFAD Consultants Team Leader - 866011966 Environmental and Social 00263775884628 Safeguards Specialist [email protected] 6 Henrieta Zharare IFAD Consultants Social Science and Gender Specialist 7 Sebastiao Famba IFAD Consultants Irrigation Engineering Specialist

2.0 INTRODUCTION - The Matadouro is situated in the middle of residential and business premises. A year ago, it was destroyed due to a car accident but has since been renovated. - It is run by the Municipality in close relationship with the Dept of veterinary services - It has a capacity to slaughter 20 cattle per day at a cost of 5MT/kg and 0.15MT/kg for vet fees. - The matadouro has basic equipment for manual slaughtering. There are no storage facilities and meat has to be transported same day. -

3.0 IMPACTS Environmental - The matadouro environs are well maintained. although it is prone to man-made disasters - If meat does not meet required standards (condemned due to disease), it is incinerated. The incinerator however is more of a braai stand - Main cause for substandard cattle is cattle TB due to inadequate vaccination. - If there is such a case, the vet Dept conduct case tracing to try and control spread of the disease. The cattle are also checked and certified before going to the slaughter house. Goats are also affected by TB - Effluent is channelled through the municipal sewer line Social - Halaal requirements are met - Communities have accepted and make it priority to use the matadouro as compared to traditional home slaughtering methods - all staff are men except one woman in Administration.

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(ii) Response to Questionnaire

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APPENDIX 7 GUIDELINES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUB-PROJECT ESMPs

APP 7.1 ESMP Development When a sub-project includes distinct mitigation measures (physical works or management activities), an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) needs to be included with the sub-project application. An example ESMP is presented in Chapter 8 of this ESMF.

ESMP Contents: An ESMP usually includes the following components: x Description of adverse effects: The anticipated effects are identified and summarized. x Description of mitigation measures: Each measure is described with reference to the effect(s) it is intended to deal with. As needed, detailed plans, designs, equipment descriptions, and operating procedures are described. x Description of monitoring program: Monitoring provides information on the occurrence of environmental effects. It helps identify how well mitigation measures are working, and where better mitigation may be needed. The monitoring program should identify what information will be collected, how, where and how often. It should also indicate at what level of effect there will be a need for further mitigation. How environmental effects are monitored is discussed below. x Responsibilities: The people, groups, or organizations that will carry out the mitigation and monitoring activities are defined, as well as to whom they report and are responsible. There may be a need to train people to carry out these responsibilities, and to provide them with equipment and supplies. x Implementation schedule: The timing, frequency and duration of mitigation measures and monitoring are specified in an implementation schedule, and linked to the overall sub- project schedule. x Cost estimates and sources of funds: These are specified for the initial sub-project investment and for the mitigation and monitoring activities as a sub-project is implemented. Funds to implement the EMP may come from the sub-project grant, from the community, or both. Government agencies and NGOs may be able to assist with monitoring.

Monitoring Methods: Methods for monitoring the implementation of mitigation measures or environmental effects should be as simple as possible, consistent with collecting useful information (see example below) and that community members can apply themselves. For example, they could just be regular observations of sub-project activities or sites during construction and then use. Are fences and gates being maintained and properly used around a new water point?; does a stream look muddier than it should and, if so, where is the mud coming from and why?; are pesticides being properly stored and used? Most observations of inappropriate behaviour or adverse effects should lead to common sense solutions. In some cases (e.g. unexplainable increases in illness or declines in fish numbers), there may be a need to require investigation by a technically qualified person.

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Table APP 7.1 ; Example of monitoring water quality from a drainage project Item Monitoring Parameter Sampling Monitoring Location Frequency Operation Phase Ground water quality pH Monthly tube wells, tile drain outfalls and/or salinity monitoring wells Alkalinity conductivity ammonia Total nitrates Phosphorus Pesticide scans BOD COD

Surface water quality pH Weekly above and below project influence – receiving water salinity and at strategic stations below and Alkalinity above drainage outfalls at minimum conductivity 500 meters; if the river exceeds 3 ammonia meters depth, samples at all stations Total nitrates should be at surface and 60-80% of Phosphorus depth Pesticide scans BOD COD Coliforms Drainage quality pH Weekly At point of discharge salinity Alkalinity conductivity ammonia Total nitrates Phosphorus Pesticide scans BOD COD Coliforms

App 7.2 Typical Sub-Project ESMPS The following groups of agricultural activities have been considered: x Livestock and Rangeland Management x Weirs and Reservoirs x Irrigation and Drainage x Crop Production x Agro-industry (Processing Agricultural products)

1.0 Livestock and Rangeland Management. x Improved Livestock activities. o Chicken raising. o Piggery. o Sheep raising. o Cattle raising. x Wool and mohair production.

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No. POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS MITIGATING MEASURE

1. Degradation of vegetation resources due to x Limitation of animal numbers. overgrazing. x Control of Length of grazing time on particular areas x Mixing of livestock species to maximize use of vegetation resource. x Reseeding and fodder production. x Cut-and –carry. x Strategic placement of water points and salt. 2. x Increased soil erosion due to clearing of x Restriction of livestock access to unstable vegetation and trampling. areas (e.g., steep Slopes). x Increased siltation of surface waters. x Soil erosion control measures (e.g., reforestation, reseeding of grasses, land preparation, terracing). 3. x Deterioration of soil fertility and physical Same as 1 and 2. characteristics through: o removal of vegetation o increased erosion o soil compaction 4. Increased rapid runoff due to vegetation x Water conservation measures and water clearing and soil compaction (Decreased spreading. infiltration capacity x . Same as 1 and 2. 5. x Degradation of vegetation and soil around x Development of many small capacity water water points. sources. x Over tapping of groundwater. x Strategic placement of water points. x Lowering of water table and degradation x Control of use of water points (animal numbers of vegetation Locally by drilling and use of and time of year) boreholes. x Closure of permanent water sources when temporary pools and Streams are available. x Limitation of well capacity by choice of technologies (e.g., hand-Pumps or buckets instead of motor pumps). 6. x Displacement or reduction of wildlife x Planning and implementation of range population by reduction of habitat. management strategies (choice of species, x Disruption of migratory routes. Livestock numbers, grazing areas) that x Competition for food and water resources. minimize negative impacts on wildlife. x introduction of diseases. x Establishment of compensatory wildlife x Impacts of burning. refugees. x Increased poaching and killing of wildlife x Investigation of management of wildlife considered as pests or predators to ranching which will help protect wildlife livestock. Resources. 7. Pollution, environmental disruption and health x Choice of chemical that is species-specific, hazards from Diseases and pest control short residence time (active period), and has measures low impact on other biologic resources. x Protective measures for field workers. x Spraying methods and timing to minimize potential of water pollution. x Selection of disease-resistant livestock breed. 8. Reduction of genetic variability due to selective x Conservation of genetic diversity in-site breeding (protection of wild relatives in natural Habit, maintaining variability within populations by breeding) and ex-situ (e.g., preservation of genetic material in `banks`). 9. Negative effects of uncontrolled burning for Implementation of well-planned and controlled brush control on soil and vegetation burning programs. (deterioration of soil fertility and soil structure, altered wildlife habitat, destruction of vegetation) 10. Conversion of most tropical lowland forests for Avoidance of clearing such forests for livestock livestock production resulting in long-term production. environmental degradation and unsustainable production. Page | 224

11. Occupational Health Safety risks x All safety precautions must be enforced. x The movement of trucks to and from the x Provide PPE to all workers. site, the operation of various equipment x institute dust and noise suppression and machinery and the actual agricultural measures. activities will expose the workers to work- related accidents and injuries. x Pollutants such as dust and noise could also have negative implications for the health of workers.

12. Social misdemeanour by construction x As a contractual obligation, contractors should workers be required to have an HIV/AIDS policy and a Impacts associated with the contractor’s camp framework (responsible staff, action plan, etc) include: to implement it during project execution. x disposal of liquid and solid wastes. x Contractor to curb thefts and misbehaviour x theft, alcoholism and sexually transmitted through a code of conduct. diseases (especially HIV/AIDS). x Contractor to manage any of its waste properly.

2.0 Weirs and Reservoirs x Establishing/maintaining Small Storage Reservoirs (tanks, small dams/weirs). x Development of Small Scale Farmer Driven Rainwater Harvesting.

No. POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS MITIGATING MEASURE

1. Soil erosion x Proper design and layout of structures avoiding too steep a gradient. x Land leveling. x Design of terraces on hillside minimizing surface erosion hazard. 2. Negative environmental effects of construction: x Measures to minimize impacts: x air and water pollution from o air and water pollution control construction and waste disposal o careful location of camps, buildings, x soil erosion borrow pits, quarries, spoil and disposal x destruction of vegetation, sanitary and sites health problems from construction o precautions to minimize erosion camps o land reclamation 3. Dislocation of people living in inundation zone. x Relocation of people to suitable area, provision of compensation in kind for resources lost, x provision of adequate health services, infrastructure, and employment opportunities. 4. Loss of land (agricultural, forest, range, Siting of dam to decrease losses; decrease size of wetlands) by inundation to form reservoir. dam and reservoir; protect equal areas in region to offset losses. 5. Loss of historic, cultural or aesthetic features by Siting of dam or decrease of reservoir size to avoid inundation. loss; salvage or protection of cultural properties. 6. Loss of wildlands and wildlife habitat. Siting of dam or decrease of reservoir size to avoid/minimize loss; establishment of compensatory parks or reserved areas; animal rescue and relocation. 7. Proliferation of aquatic weeds in reservoir and Clearance of woody vegetation from inundation downstream impairing dam discharge, irrigation zone prior to flooding (nutrient removal); provide systems, navigation and fisheries and weed control measures; harvest of weeds for increasing water loss through transpiration. compost, fodder or biogas; regulation of water

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discharge and manipulation of water levels to discourage weed growth. 8. Impediment to movement of livestock and Provision of passageways. humans. 9. Threat to historic, cultural or aesthetic features. x Siting of project to prevent loss. x salvage or protection of cultural sites. 10. Siting of project to less vulnerable area. x Siting of project to less vulnerable area. x Limitation and regulation of water take-off to minimize problems to extent possible. 11. Social misdemeanour by construction workers x As a contractual obligation, contractors should Impacts associated with the contractor’s camp be required to have an HIV/AIDS policy and a include: framework (responsible staff, action plan, etc) to x disposal of liquid and solid wastes. implement it during project execution. x theft, alcoholism and sexually transmitted x Contractor to curb thefts and misbehavior diseases (especially HIV/AIDS). through a code of conduct. x Contractor to manage any of its waste properly.

3.0 Irrigation and Drainage. x Establishing/maintaining Small Scale gravity irrigation schemes. x Improved homestead gardening e.g. using drip irrigation kits.

No. POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS MITIGATING MEASURE

1. Soil erosion (furrow, surface) x Proper design and layout of furrows or field avoiding too steep a gradient. x Land leveling. x Design of terraces on hillside minimizing surface erosion hazard. 2. Soil erosion (with sprinkler irrigation on hilly Design of sprinkler system minimizing erosion area). hazard assuring infiltration rate exceeds application rate of the sprinklers. 3. Waterlogging of soils. x Regulation of water application to avoid overwatering (including controlled turn-out to allow cutting off water supply to irrigation ditches), x . installation and maintenance of adequate drainage system. x Use of lined canals or pipes to prevent seepage. x Use of sprinkler or drip irrigation. 4. Salinization of soils x Measures to avoid water logging: x Leaching of salts by flushing soils periodically x Cultivation of 5. Scouring of canals Design of canal system to minimize risk and use of lined canals. 6. Clogging of canals by sediments. Measures to minimize erosion on fields. 7. Leaching of nutrients from soils. x Avoidance of overwatering. x replacement of nutrients by fertilizers or crop rotations. 8. Algal blooms and weed proliferation. Reduction of input to release of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) from fields. 9. Clogging of canals by weeds. x Design and management of canals to minimize weed growth. x . Provision of access to canals for treatment or removal of weeds. 10. Deterioration of river water quality below x Improved water management; improved irrigation project And contamination of local agricultural practices and control of inputs ground water ( higher salinity Nutrients, (particularly biocides and chemical fertilizers). agrochemicals) affecting fisheries and x Imposition of water quality criteria. downstream users Page | 226

11. Reduction of downstream flows affecting flood x Relocation or redesign of project. plain use, flood plain ecology, riverine and x . Regulation of takeoff to mitigate effects. estuarine fisheries, users of water, dilution of x Compensatory measures where possible. pollutants. 12. Encroachment on swamps and other Siting of projects to avoid or minimize ecologically sensitive Areas. encroachment on critical areas. 13. Alteration or destruction of wildlife habitat or x Siting of project to minimize loss or avoid impediment to movement of wildlife. encroachment on most sensitive or critical areas. x Establishment of compensatory parks or reserved areas. x Animal rescue and relocation. x Provision of corridors for movement. 14. Impediment to movement of livestock and Provision of passageways. humans. 15. Threat to historic, cultural or aesthetic features. x Siting of project to prevent loss. x salvage or protection of cultural sites. 16. Siting of project to less vulnerable area. x Siting of project to less vulnerable area. x Limitation and regulation of water take-off to minimize problems to extent possible. 17. Dislocation of populations and communities. x Siting of project to minimize effect. x Resettlement scheme ensuring at least equal standard of living. 18. Introduction or increase in incidence of water- x Prevention measures: borne or water-related disease x use of lined canals or pipes to discourage (schistosomiasis, malaria, onchocerciasis, etc.). vectors x Avoidance of stagnant or slowly moving water x use of straight or slightly curving canals x Installation of gates at canal ends to allow complete flushing x Filling or draining of borrow pits along canals and roads x disease prophylaxis x disease treatment 19. Disease and health problems from use of x Wastewater treatment (e.g., settling ponds) wastewater in Irrigation. prior to use. x Establishment and enforcement standards for wastewater use. 20. Conflicts over water supply and inequalities in Means to ensure equitable distribution among water Distribution throughout service area. users and monitor to assure adherence. 21. Over pumping of groundwater. Limitation of withdrawal so that it does not exceed ‘safe yields’ (recharge rate). 22. Occupational Health Safety risks x All safety precautions must be enforced. x The movement of trucks to and from the x Provide PPE to all workers. site, the operation of various equipment x institute dust and noise suppression and machinery and the actual agricultural measures. activities will expose the workers to work- related accidents and injuries. x Pollutants such as dust and noise could also have negative implications for the health of workers.

23. Social misdemeanor by construction x As a contractual obligation, contractors workers should be required to have an HIV/AIDS Impacts associated with the contractor’s camp policy and a framework (responsible staff, include: action plan, etc) to implement it during project x disposal of liquid and solid wastes. execution. x theft, alcoholism and sexually transmitted x Contractor to curb thefts and misbehaviour diseases (especially HIV/AIDS). through a code of conduct. x Contractor to manage any of its waste properly.

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4.0 Crop Production x Asparagus, mushrooms and fruits for export. x Growing tree seedlings (fruit trees, ornamental trees, fuel wood). x Basic seed multiplication and sale.

No. POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS MITIGATING MEASURE

1. Soil erosion (furrow, surface) x Proper design and layout of furrows or fields avoiding too steep a gradient. x Land leveling. x Design of terraces on hillside minimizing surface erosion hazard. 2. Pollution, environmental disruption and health x Choice of chemical that is species-specific, hazards from Diseases and pest control short residence time (active period), and has measures low impact on other biologic resources. x Protective measures for field workers. x Spraying methods and timing to minimize potential of water pollution. x Selection of disease-resistant crop varieties. 3. Reduction of genetic variability due to selective Conservation of genetic diversity in-site (protection breeding of wild relatives in natural Habit, maintaining variability within populations by breeding) and ex- situ (e.g., preservation of genetic material in `banks`). 4. Negative effects of uncontrolled burning for Implementation of well-planned and controlled brush control on soil and vegetation burning programs. (deterioration of soil fertility and soil structure, altered wildlife habitat, destruction of vegetation) 5. Conflicts over water supply and inequalities in Means to ensure equitable distribution among users water Distribution throughout service area. and monitor to assure adherence. 6. Siting of project to less vulnerable area x Siting of project to less vulnerable area. (marginal areas). x Limitation and regulation of water take-off to minimize problems to extent possible. 7. Encroachment on swamps and other Siting of projects to avoid or minimize encroachment ecologically sensitive Areas (fragile on critical areas. ecosystems). 8. Disease and health problems from use of x Wastewater treatment (e.g., settling ponds) wastewater in Irrigation. prior to use. x Establishment and enforcement standards for wastewater use. 15. Threat to historic, cultural or aesthetic features. x Siting of project to prevent loss. x salvage or protection of cultural sites. 16. Occupational Health Safety risks x All safety precautions must be enforced. x The movement of trucks to and from the x Provide PPE to all workers. site, the operation of various equipment x institute dust and noise suppression measures. and machinery and the actual agricultural activities will expose the workers to work- related accidents and injuries. Pollutants such as dust and noise could also have negative implications for the health of workers. 17. Social misdemeanour by construction x As a contractual obligation, contractors should workers be required to have an HIV/AIDS policy and a Impacts associated with the contractor’s camp framework (responsible staff, action plan, etc) include: to implement it during project execution. x disposal of liquid and solid wastes. x Contractor to curb thefts and misbehaviour x theft, alcoholism and sexually transmitted through a code of conduct. diseases (especially HIV/AIDS). x Contractor to manage any of its waste properly.

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5.0 Agro-industry (Processing Agricultural products) x Canning fruits x Milling cereals x Milk products x Meat products

No. POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS MITIGATING MEASURE 1. Soil erosion x Proper design and layout of structures avoiding too steep a gradient. x Land leveling. x Design of terraces on hillside minimizing surface erosion hazard. 2. x Increased soil erosion due to clearing of x Restriction of construction activities to good ground. vegetation and trampling. x Soil erosion control measures (e.g., reforestation, x Increased siltation of surface waters. terracing). 3. Siting of plant or facility complex on/near sensitive x Location of plant in rural area away from estuaries, habitats wetlands, or other sensitive or ecologically important habitats, or in industrial estate to minimize or concentrate the stress on local environment and services. x Involvement of natural resource agencies in review of siting alternatives. 4. Siting of agro-industry along water courses x Site selection examining alternatives which minimize leading to their eventual degradation. environmental effects and not preclude beneficial use of the water body using the following siting guidelines: o on a watercourse having a maximum dilution and waste absorbing capacity o in an area where wastewater can be reused with minimal treatment for agricultural or industrial purposes o within a municipality which is able to accept the plant wastes in their sewage treatment system o Improved water management; improved agricultural practices and control of inputs. o Proper handling of waste. o Imposition of water quality criteria. 5. Siting of agro-industry so that air pollution Location of plant at a high elevation above local topography, problems are aggravated. in an area not subject to air inversions, and where prevailing winds are away from populated areas. 6. Environmental deterioration (erosion, Control of agricultural inputs and cropping/grazing contamination of water and soil loss of soil fertility, practices to minimize environmental problems. disruption of wildlife habitat, etc.) from intensification of agricultural land use. 7. Aggravation of solid waste problems in the area x For facilities producing large volumes of waste, incorporation of the following guidelines in site selection: o plot size sufficient to provide a landfill or on-site disposal o proximity to a suitable disposal site o convenient for public/private contractors to collect and haul solid wastes for final disposal 8. Water pollution from discharge of liquid effluents x Laboratory analysis of liquid effluent (including cooling x Plant: TSS; temperature; pH water runoff from waste piles) in O/G, TDS, TSS, x Materials storage piles runoff: TSS; pH BOD, COD and in-situ temperature monitoring. x Most agricultural, livestock, agro-industries, x Seek guidance of local environmental officers to packaging and marketing operations produce identify acceptable disposal sites. solid waste. x Waste from agricultural activities can be further - Steam and hot water boilers produce ash processed into other uses, e.g. organic manure. Reuse - Fresh food and processed food markets, and recycling must be preferred over disposal of the waste from canning waste.

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No. POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS MITIGATING MEASURE - Livestock production units produce manure, dairy waste, waste from slaughter houses 9. Particulate emissions to the atmosphere from all Control of particulates by fabric filter collectors or plant operations. electrostatic precipitators. 10. Gaseous and odor emissions to the atmosphere Control by natural scrubbing action of alkaline materials; an from processing operations. analysis of raw materials during feasibility stage of project can determine levels of sulfur to properly design emission control equipment. 11. Accidental release of potentially hazardous Maintenance of storage and disposal areas to prevent solvents, acidic and alkaline materials. accidental release; provide spill mitigation equipment. 12. Occupational health effects on workers due to Development of a Safety and Health Program in the facility fugitive dust, materials handling, noise, or other designed to identify, evaluate, and control safety and health process operations. hazards at a specific level of detail to address the hazards Accidents occur at higher than normal to worker health and safety and procedures for employee frequency because of level of knowledge and protection, including any or all of the following: skill. x site characterization and analysis x site control x training x medical surveillance x engineering controls, work practices and personal protective equipment x monitoring x information programs x handling raw and process materials x decontamination procedures x emergency response x illumination x regular safety meetings x sanitation at permanent and temporary facilities 13. Disease and health problems from use of x Wastewater treatment (e.g., settling ponds) prior to wastewater to irrigate crops. use. x Establishment and enforcement standards for wastewater use in crop production. 14. Threat to historic, cultural or aesthetic features. x Siting of project to prevent loss. x salvage or protection of cultural sites. 15. Temporary Visual Intrusions x Contractor should ensure minimum footprint of x Rehabilitation and upgrading of agricultural construction activities and provide decent facilities like Warehouses, processing plants accommodation for workers. and other possible facilities will change the x All altered landscapes (Sand pits, borrow pits, brick characteristics of the area and leave a moulding sites etc) should be rehabilitated by the marred landscape. contractor. 13. Noise x Contractor to avoid old equipment. x Noise and vibration caused by machines, site x Heavy duty equipment to be minimized. vehicles, pneumatic drills etc x Noisy operations to be limited to certain times. x Noise from the chicken, pigs or whatever x Noise levels to be limited to within acceptable levels. animals which are being raised. x Animal raising to be in designated areas to avoid being x Noise from the processing of agricultural a nuisance to the general public. produce. x Processing plants should be sited away from residential areas. 14. Social misdemeanor by construction workers x As a contractual obligation, contractors should be x Impacts associated with the contractor’s required to have an HIV/AIDS policy and a framework camp include: (responsible staff, action plan, etc) to implement it x disposal of liquid and solid wastes. during project execution. x theft, alcoholism and sexually transmitted x Contractor to curb thefts and misbehaviour through a diseases (especially HIV/AIDS). code of conduct. x Contractor to manage any of its waste properly.

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APPENDIX 8 FORMAL GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

1.0 INTRODUCTION The grievance redress mechanism (GRM) is a system by which queries or clarifications about the project will be responded to, problems with implementation will be resolved, and complaints and grievances will be addressed efficiently and effectively.

2.0 PURPOSE OF THE GRM The GRM will serve the following purpose: x to be responsive to the needs of beneficiaries and to address and resolve their grievances; x to serve as a conduit for soliciting inquiries, inviting suggestions, and increasing community participation; x to collect information that can be used to improve operational performance; x to enhance the project’s legitimacy among stakeholders; x to promote transparency and accountability; x to deter fraud and corruption and mitigate project risks.

3.0 STRUCTURE OF THE GRM The GRM consists of a small number of components: x The access point for impacted/concerned people x Grievance log x Acknowledgement stage x Assessment stage x Passing of resolution x Response x Room for appeal x Case closure The components are summarized in the process flow diagram below.

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Process Overview The following key steps must be followed for all complaints received by PROCAVA staff:

Receive, classify& log

Acknowledge

Assess and Investigate

Resolve & Confirm

Respond to Complainant

Appeal &Follow up

QA & Close

The requirements for each of these steps is detailed below

Page | 232 1.0 Receive, classify & log

Summary Ensure that all potential issues are captured and classified for escalation, review and action as required.

Receiving the Grievance: The access points will be as close to the users as possible. An easily accessible and well publicized focal point or user-facing ‘help desk’ is the first step. This will be established at each sub-project, and PROCAVA Offices so that it will be seen as credible and accessible. The main issues for the access point include the following:

x Uptake channels should include some or all of the following: o phone hotline, o email, o mail, o SMS, o webpage, o or face-to-face. x The uptake channels will be publicized and advertised via local media and the implementing agency. x Verbal complaints should be recorded by staff for them to be considered. x Many complaints may be resolved ‘on the spot’ and informally by the PMU staff but should also be logged in order to (i) encourage responsiveness; and (ii) ensure that repeated or low-level grievances are being noted in the system. x The GRM should have the ability to handle anonymous complaints.

Typically, the complainant will be provided with a receipt and ‘roadmap’ telling him/her how the complaint process works and when to expect further information.

Logging and classifying: Any complaint, issue or negative stakeholder interaction (whether this is formally logged by the complainant or not), must be logged and classified for action.

All of these complaints must be formally logged using the standard forms.

All complaints must be prioritised as follows:

9 Priority 1 – urgent, potential high health and high business impact. This require a response to the Complainant within three (3) working days.

Page | 233 o This should be used (sparingly) for major health issues where the complaint may have disastrous impacts on either human, the environment or PROCAVA itself.

o Also, this could be used in a situation where the complainant may be in a position to influence or make public statements that would impact upon the PROCAVA reputation.

9 Priority 2, - non-urgent, lower health environmental and social impact. This requires a response to the complainant within 2 working weeks.

o This should be used for most complaints with individual stakeholders, as this allows a reasonable time to collect information and produce a balanced response.

Discretion and flexibility should be exercised in prioritising all complaints

The staff member logging the complaint should review the complaint and its priority with the Sub-project/PROCAVA PMU Manager before proceeding to the next step.

The Sub-project/PROCAVA PMU Manager will decide on the appropriate person(s) to carry out subsequent steps, including the investigation.

All Priority 1 complaints must be escalated immediately to the PROCAVA PMU Manager.

2.0 Acknowledge

Summary Ensure that every complaint receives a formal written acknowledgement, containing an expectation of when they will receive a response, and the person dealing with it.

All complaints, regardless of priority, should receive a pro forma acknowledgement sent out 1st class mail on the day of receipt.

3.0 Assess &Investigate

Summary Follow up all aspects of the complaint, both internal and external, to ensure that the key facts are identified and clarified. Page | 234 The priority of the complaint will drive the timescale for completion (3 days for urgent or 2 weeks for non-urgent).

All areas of interaction and communication should be established (who, what, where, when, why etc.) and documented where possible.

4.0 Resolve & Confirm

Summary Ensure that the final resolution is clear and fair. Also confirm the proposed action and resolution with another senior person (PROCAVA – PMU).

Ensure that the proposed resolution meets corporate guidelines and does not prejudice PROCAVA in any unnecessary legal or financial manner.

Document the proposed action and discuss and agree with the PROCAVA PMU Manager.

Discuss and review the solution from both the corporate and complainant viewpoint to ensure fairness and clarity.

The review should include recognition and documentation of any underlying issues that have contributed to the complaint and recommendations for actions to prevent further occurrence.

This should then be reviewed as part of the bi-monthly quality assurance reviews.

5.0 Respond to Complainant

Summary Provide the Complainant with the resolution within the timescales promised.

The details of the findings and proposed resolution should be clearly explained (in written or verbal form as appropriate) to the complainant- within the agreed timescales.

Page | 235 If this cannot be done on time the Complainant should be contacted by telephone to request further time.

6.0 Appeal &Follow

Summary Ensure that complaints are followed up to confirm that the complainants are satisfied with the response given. If not satisfied the Complainant is advised on the route for Appealing.

All Priority 1 complaints and 95% of priority 2 complaints must be followed up within a reasonable timescale.

This will be carried out by PROCAVA Administration team / PROCAVA PMU Manager’s office.

The follow-up should identify the following

- Is the complainant satisfied with the response?

- Did they feel that their complaint was properly and fairly handled?

Any negative responses to these questions should be referred to PROCAVA PMU Managers for action and direct follow up with the complainant. The complainant is given room for appealing to MASA or Courts of Law, if he is not satisfied.

7.0 QA & Close

Summary Ensure that the PROCAVA- PMU as a whole is aware of the complaints and any underlying issues. Plan actions to remove these and prevent future recurrence.

All complaints should be reviewed monthly as part of the quality assurance review meetings. Any complaints where action can be taken to avoid recurrence must be acted upon and raised with the appropriate managers/teams across the PROCAVA.

Page | 236 APPENDIX 9 SOME OF THE PROPOSED PROCAVA SUB-PROJECTS

HORTICULTURE

Activities Units Total Notes

Component 1 - Production and Productivity Improvement 0 Facilitate the establishment of Agro-dealers in Rural Areas number 80 Umbelúzi, Production of Potato Foundation Seed (IIAM) hectares 15 Sussundenga, Angonia, Tsangano Establishment of Potato Seed Multiplication Plots hectares 135 All ten Provinces Production of training materials (manuals, leftlets, brochures) number 15 Establishment of Business Farmer Field Schools (FFS) number 370 Stimulate the application of improved inputs through e-vouchers number 11,000 Training and equipment for lead farmers (50% W) number 741 Training of equipment /tractor operators number 50 0 Component 2: Strategic Market Related Infrastructure Investment 0 Rehabilitation and Improvement of Irrigation Schemes (Total Area) hectares 3,000 Irrigation Schemes of Larger than 100 hectares: 120 Chimbia hectares PROCAVA 100 Bloco 48 hectares PROCAVA 265 Bloco 5 hectares PROCAVA 100 Bachone hectares PROCAVA 100 Chidzolomondo hectares PROCAVA 112 Chitambe hectares PROCAVA 355 ESIA already done bloco 1 hectares under PROSUL 111 ESIA underway, will be nhatine (guija) hectares done under PROSUL

Greenhouses/ shadenets for vegetables (Area ≥ 2500 m2) number 75

Greenhouses/ shadenets for seedlings (Area ≥ 1250 m2) number 25

Modern irrigation kits (Climate Resilient Packages) number 80 Seed potato cold storage units number 5 Vegetable pack houses number 20 Construction of Wholesale markets for vegetables and others crops number 5 Construction of retail markets for vegetables and other crops number 6 Construction of improved silos (for nutrition / seed storage) number Adaptation of mechanization centers to horticulture requirements number 10 Rehabilitation and improvement of input shops number 80 Promotion of Animal Traction kits ( Number 60 Component 3: Institutional Strengthening and Implementation Support 0

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Activities Units Total Notes

Subcomponent 3.1: Institutional Strengthening 0 Strenthening farmer organizations (registration, bank accounts, accounting number 114 systems, marketing, branding, etc)

Market research and creation of buyers data-base studies 5 Training local contractors (irrigation, shadenets, greenhouses, etc) number 114 Training public staff o irrigation technology (design, construction) number 342 Establishment of market & weather information system number 1 Surveying equipment for DPASA, including training number 9 Construction suppervision kits for SDPI & SDAE number 57 Delimitation 0 26

CASSAVA

Activities Units Total Notes

Component 1 - Production and Productivity Improvement Strengthen IIAM - Tissue Culture lab. for micropropagation of cassava plantlets 64,000 plantlets Instalation of screenhouse for harding cassava plantlets nr. 2 Equipment of IIAM's Nampula Tissue Culture Laboratory nr. 1 Production of cassava breeder and foundation seed at IIAM research ha 226 stations Multiplication of cassava certified stems by Emergent farmers ha 1,250 Distribution of input kits (seed cutting, legume seeds, agro-tools, kits 40,000 fertilizers and pesticides, etc.) Acquisition of Animal traction for FO´s nr. 490 Acquisition of motocultivators and weed machines for FO´s nr. 118 Establishment of FFS and train on climate-resilient farming practices, nr. 1,600 processing, nutrition and agribusiness, including GAL tools, for competitive action in the market

Component 2: Strategic Market Related Infrastructure Investment 0 0

Construction of cassava processing units for FO´s nr. 20 Acquisition and assembly of cassava processing equipment for FO´s nr. 20

Acquisition of small cassava processing kits nr. 50

Component 3: Institutional Strengthening and Implementation 0 0 Support

Subcomponent 3.1: Institutional Strengthening 0 0 Strengthen FO´s (organization and legalization) using FFS approach nr. 160

Train FO´s on cooperativism, managment, agribusiness and GAL tools nr. 800

Page | 238

Activities Units Total Notes

Train project and Govt staff in different matters (GAP, Agribusiness, nr. 85 GALs, nutrition, climate adaptation) Train extension staff in agribusiness, processing, use and fortification of nr. 85 cassava by-products and quality control; Train processors in agribusiness, processing, use and fortification of nr. 85 cassava by-products and quality control Facilitating the establishment of marketing contracts involving young nr. 56 farmers, processors and other actors in the value chain Promotion of multimedia campaigns on GAP, Agribusiness, climate nr. 85 information and nutrition education (radio, billboards, TV) Promotion of platforms for coordination and dialogue between actors in nr. 90 the value chain Monitoring activities, knowledge management and communication nr. 170 Development of manuals, pamphlets and guidelines for dissemination of nr. 5 information for the stakeholders

Cooking demonstrations at FFS for women, child and pregnant women nr. 400 for good healthy Delimitação 0 0 DUAT Parcelas nr. 42,000

LEGUMES

Activities Units Total Notes

Component 1 - Production and Productivity Improvement 0 0 Production of legumes foundation seed at IIAM research stations ha 125 Multiplication of certified legume seed by Emergent farmers ha 700 Intensification of legumes production ha 22,120 Acquisition of motocultivators and weed machines for FO´s nr. 59 Construction warehouses for conservation of legumes seed at IIAM nr. 4 research station Establishment of cold room for seed conservation nr. 1 Supply of irrigation kits for 10 ha nr. 2 Reabilitation of dam at Angonia Research station nr. 1 Establishment of FFS and train on climate-resilient farming practices, nr. 1,010 processing, nutrition and agribusiness, including GAL tools, for competitive action in the market 0 0 0 Component 2: Strategic Market Related Infrastructure Investment 0 0

Strengthening local input suppliers nr. 32 Promotion of trade fairs nr. 181 Construction warehouses for conservation of agricultural products nr. 7 Construction of improved barns nr. 390 0 0 0

Page | 239

Activities Units Total Notes

Component 3: Institutional Strengthening and Implementation 0 0 Support

Subcomponent 3.1: Institutional Strengthening 0 0 Strengthen FO´s (organization and legalization) using FFS approach nr. 226 Train project and Govt staff in different matters (GAP, Agribusiness, GALs, nr. 75 nutrition, climate adaptation) Facilitating the establishment of marketing contracts involving producers, nr. 63 traders and other actors in the value chain Promotion of multimedia campaigns on GAP, Agribusiness, climate nr. 60 information and nutrition education (radio, billboards, TV) Promotion of platforms for coordination and dialogue between actors in the nr. 5 value chain Monitoring activities, knowledge management and communication nr. 150 Development of manuals, pamphlets and guidelines for dissemination of nr. 5 information for the stakeholders

Delimitation 0 0 DUAT Parcelas 0 3,000

RED MEAT

Activities Units Total Notes

Component 1 - Production and Productivity Improvement 0 0 Promote genetic cattle improvement (introduction of improved bulls) 0 300 Promote goat genetic improvement (introduction of improved goats) 0 800 Train livestock breaders on improved livestock management technologies 0 175 Establish fodder banks 0 78 Train livestock breaders on genetic improvement 0 175 Train farmers on strategies for dry season feeding (hay/sillage making, 0 175 fodder banks)

Establish innovation platforms 0 736 Promote Meat trader Cooperatives 0 45 Train and equip animal health workers 0 360 Establish livestock FFS 0 225 Train livestock breeders on Sustainable Natural Resources Planning & 0 196 Management Conduct Exchange and learning visits 0 180 Disseminate climate and market information 0 180 Train meat traders on higiene and meat processing standards 0 180 Establish water management / cattle fair management committees 0 276 Formalize infrastructure management committees, including oppening bank 0 276 accounts 0 0 0

Page | 240

Activities Units Total Notes

Component 2: Strategic Market Related Infrastructure Investment 0 0

Construction / rehabilitation / improvement of slaugtherhouses 0 3 Construction / rehabilitation / improvement of slaugther slabs 0 14 Construction of cattle fairs 0 19 Establishment of fattening centers 0 17 Construction of crush pens 0 199 Construction of dip tanks 0 23 Construction of vet pharmacies 0 27 Construction of water points (boreholes, dams) 0 70 Supply and install veterinary lab equipement 0 6 Procure mecanized hay bale making implements 0 39 Construction of improved goat housing 0 38 0 0 0 Component 3: Institutional Strengthening and Implementation 0 0 Support Subcomponent 3.1: Institutional Strengthening 0 0 Delimitation 0 37

POULTRY

Activities Units Total Notes

Component 1 - Production and Productivity Improvement 0 0 Build demonstrative aviaries (2,000 chickens including equipment and nr. 60 initial supplies) Build incubators for production of chicks nr. 6 Build small units of feed production nr. 6 0 0 0 Component 2: Strategic Market Related Infrastructure Investment 0 0

Build a slaughterhouse for chicken nr. 4

Page | 241

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY

INCLUSIVE AGRI-FOOD VALUE-CHAINS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

(PROCAVA)

______

VOLUME 3 THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION PROCESS ______

Prepared for: The Inclusive Agri-Food Value-Chains Development Programme (PROCAVA) Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MASA) Maputo, Mozambique

Page | 1 OTHER REPORTS IN THIS SERIES

The Inclusive Agri-Food Value-Chains Development Programme (PROCAVA) safeguards forms part of a series which is intended to provide complete documentation for the requirements of a holistic environmental and social safeguards management system for the programme. This Environmental and Social Safeguards instrument contains the findings of a study conducted for the agriculture sector of the Republic of Mozambique and the instrument has been developed on the basis of the local conditions and findings. The following documents form the series:

Volume 1: Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)

Volume 2: Integrated Pest Management Plan

Volume 3: The Public Consultation Process

Report no. 001 Issue no. 001 Date of issue 28/04/19

Prepared Sibekile Mtetwa - Environmental Safeguards Consultant 5 Soden Avenue Hillside Harare Zimbabwe [email protected]

Henrieta Zharare-Mutsambi – Social Development and Gender Specialist No.433, Sandton Township Harare Zimbabwe [email protected]

Checked ………………………………………………………….

Approved ………………………………………………………….

Page | 2 Contents OTHER REPORTS IN THIS SERIES ...... 2 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 6 1.1 GENERAL ...... 6 1.2 PUBLIC CONSULTATION PLAN ...... 6 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PLAN ...... 6 1.4 IDENTIFYING STAKEHOLDERS ...... 7 1.5 KEY STAKEHOLDERS ...... 7 2 CONSULTED STAKEHOLDERS ...... 10

2.1 CONSULTED STAKEHOLDER ...... 10 2.1.1 List of Consulted Stakeholders from field visits...... 10 2.1.2 List of Consulted Stakeholders from public consultation workshop...... 16 3 SITE HANDOVER MEETING ...... 21

3.1 SITE HANDOVER MEETING ...... 21 3.1.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 21 4 MEETING WITH PROSUL ...... 24

4.1 CONSULTATIVE MEETING PROSUL TEAM ...... 24 4.1.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 24 4.1.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 27 5 RECORD OF FIELD MEETINGS WITH STAKEHOLDERS ...... 29

5.1 MATADOURO DA MACIA DILAS LDA ...... 29 5.1.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 29 5.1.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 31 5.2 GANDLAZE IRRIGATION SCHEME – SHOKWE DISTRICT ...... 33 5.2.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 33 5.2.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 35 5.3 SAMORA MACHEL ASSOCIATION - IRRIGATION – GIAJA DISTRICT ...... 37 5.3.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 37 5.3.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 39 5.4 JOCINA MACHEL ASSOCIATION - CASSAVA PROCESSING ...... 41 5.4.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 42 5.4.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 44 5.5 MADE TO MADENDERE FRESH MARKET ...... 46 5.5.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 46 5.6 ASSOCIACAO CRIADAR DE NDZUBWE CRUSH PEN (CHOKWE DISTRICT ...... 48 5.6.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 48 5.6.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 50 5.6.3 Response to Questionnaire ...... 51 5.7 PANGWENI CATTLE FAIR (MASSINGR DISTRICT) ...... 52 5.7.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 52 5.7.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 55 5.8 PANGWENI WATER POINT (MASSINGR DISTRICT) ...... 57

Page | 3 5.8.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 58 5.8.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 59 5.9 MEETING WITH DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY - NAMPULA PROVINCE ...... 61 5.9.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 61 5.9.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 63 5.10 MEETING WITH PROVINCIAL DIRECTORATE FOR LAND, ENVIRONMENT AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT - NAMPULA ...... 65 5.10.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 65 5.10.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 67 5.11 MEETING WITH INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH - NAMPULA ...... 69 5.11.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 69 5.11.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 71 5.12 MUNICIPAL MATADOURO (NAMPULA DISTRICT) ...... 73 5.12.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 74 5.12.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 76 5.12.3 Response to Questionnaire ...... 77 5.13 THE AENA (NATIONAL NGO) ...... 78 5.13.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 78 5.13.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 80 5.14 THE MUELEGE BREATCHED DAM SITE ...... 82 5.14.1 MINUTES OF MEETING ...... 83 5.14.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 84 5.15 NOVO HORIZONTES WOMEN ASSOCIATION ...... 86 5.15.1 MINUTES OF MEETING - NOVO HORIZONTE (MONAPO DISTRICT ...... 86 5.15.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 88 5.16 SDAE MONAPO DISTRICT ...... 90 5.16.1 MINUTES OF MEETING ...... 90 5.16.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 92 5.17 SDAE RAPALE DISTRICT ...... 94 5.17.1 MINUTES OF MEETING ...... 94 5.17.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 96 5.18 THE DISTRICT SERVICES OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES (SDAE) MUGOVOLA ...... 98 5.18.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 98 5.18.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 100 5.18.3 Response to Questionnaire ...... 101 5.19 SOFALA PROVINCIAL DIRECTORATE FOR AGRICULTURE ...... 102 5.19.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 102 5.19.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 104 5.19.3 Response to Questionnaire ...... 105 5.20 : DONDO SDAE, - SOFALA PROVINCE 30/11/2018...... 106 5.20.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 106 5.20.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 108 5.20.3 Response to Questionnaire ...... 109 5.21 MOZ AGRO PEC (DONDO DISTRICT ...... 110 5.21.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 111 5.21.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 112

Page | 4 5.22 : NHAMATANDA SDAE – SOFALA PROVINCE ...... 114 5.22.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 114 5.22.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 115 5.23 THE PROVINCIAL DIRECTORATE FOR AGRICULTURE OFFICES – CHIMOIO ...... 117 5.23.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 117 5.23.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 119 5.24 CHIMOIO MUNICIPAL MATADOURO (CHIMOIO) ...... 121 5.24.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 122 Response to Questionnaire ...... 123 5.25 DONA HELENA POULTRY FARM (CHIMOIO) ...... 125 5.25.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 125 5.25.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 127 5.26 SIR GUITA POULTRY FARM CHICKEN PRODUCTION (CHIMOIO) ...... 129 5.26.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 130 5.27 DONA HELENA ZAKARIAS POULTRY FARM – VANDUZI DISTRICT ...... 131 5.27.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 132 5.27.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 133 5.28 MOZ BIFE FEED LOTS (VANDUZI) ...... 135 5.28.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 135 5.28.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 137 5.28.3 Response to Questionnaire ...... 138 5.29 THE PROVINCIAL DIRECTORATE FOR AGRICULTURE OFFICES – GURO DISTRICT . 139 5.29.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 139 5.29.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 140 5.30 SIR ABDUL JAMAL POULTRY FARM (GURO DISTRICT) ...... 142 5.30.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 142 5.30.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 144 5.30.3 Response to Questionnaire ...... 145 5.31 THE MASA - NATIONAL DIRECTORATE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE – MAPUTO ... 146 5.31.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 146 5.31.2 Response to Questionnaire ...... 148 5.31.3 Response to Questionnaire ...... 149 6 RECORD OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION WORKSHOP ...... 150 6.1.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 150 7 FINAL PROCAVA-ESMF MEETING WITH IFAD - 20TH MARCH 2019 ...... 154 7.1.1 Minutes of meeting ...... 154 8 TRAINING REQUIREMENTS ...... 156 9 PROPOSED APPROACH IN EXECUTING TRAINING ACTIVITIES ...... 159 10 FUNDING REQUIREMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL TRAINING ...... 161

Page | 5 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL The Government of Mozambique (GoM) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) are currently designing the Inclusive Agri-food Value-chains Development Programme (PROCAVA), under the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MASA). PROCAVA will be a nationwide programme and its activities will cover a total of 75 districts. Its focus will be on addressing the factors identified as limiting the effective functioning of the following value chains: a) selected horticulture commodities under irrigation; b) red meat (cattle and goats/sheep); c) poultry; d) cassava; and e) legumes (beans, cowpea and soybean). PROCAVA will thus support a range of sub-projects, to be identified by potential beneficiaries that will address the constraints identified in the selected values chains. The total cost for the proposed Program activities under PROCAVA will be approximately US$120 million, including additional financing.

Project Components The Inclusive Agri-food Value-chains Development Programme (PROCAVA), comprises three components as follows: x C1 - Production and Productivity Improvement, which aims to contribute to improving the levels of sustainable production and productivity of the target commodities. x C2 – Strategic Market-Related Investments aims to ensure that increased commodity production as a result of Component 1 interventions is linked to organised marketing channels. x C3 – Institutional and Policy Strengthening and Implementation Support. This will be a cross-cutting component serving the technical components and facilitating the pathways for the effective functioning of the target value chains.

Components C1 and C2 are comprised of agricultural activities which have a bearing on physical and social environments, hence the preparation of the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) to assist project stakeholders to minimize and/or mitigate negative impacts while enhancing positive impacts of the sub-projects.

1.2 PUBLIC CONSULTATION PLAN The implementing agency of the PROCAVA has the responsibility to effectively engage stakeholders in achieving the project objectives for the benefit of all. This public consultation plan (PCP) forms part of the ESMF and is the same for all categories of rehabilitations, construction and agricultural work. It is for use during public consultation in the screening processes for every IFAD funded project and sub- project under PROCAVA.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PLAN The PCP provides a framework for achieving effective stakeholder involvement and promoting greater awareness and understanding of issues so that the project is carried out effectively within budget and on-time to the satisfaction of all concerned. To ensure the effective implementation of this plan, PROCAVA shall be committed to the following principles:

Page | 6 x Promoting openness and communication; x Ensuring effective stakeholder involvement; x Evaluating the effectiveness of the engagement plan in accordance with the expected outcomes.

1.4 IDENTIFYING STAKEHOLDERS Stakeholders for the purpose of this project shall be defined as all those people and institutions that have an interest in the successful planning and execution of the project. This includes those likely to be positively and negatively affected by the project. Table 9-1 identifies the key stakeholders.

Table 1-1 Stakeholder Identification Matrix AFFECTED PARTIES HOW TO IDENTIFY THEM People living in the x Identify the local government area(s) that falls within vicinity of the proposed 500m radius of the proposed schools. works. (students, x Review available data to determine the profile of the teachers, parents etc) whole stakeholder or relevant group. x Use identified groups and individuals to tap into stakeholder networks to identify others. Special interest groups x Identify key individuals or groups through organized groups, local clubs, community halls and religious places. x Be aware of similar local groups or individuals.

1.5 KEY STAKEHOLDERS Stakeholders of this project shall be defined as all those people and institutions that have an interest in the successful planning and execution of the project. This includes those likely to be positively and negatively affected by the project.

The key stakeholders to be continuously engaged could include:

Page | 7 1. Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security - Ministério da Agricultura e Segurança Alimentar (MASA): a. Direcção Nacional de Extensão Agrária (DNEA) – National Directorate for Agrarian Extension b. Direcção Nacional de Agricultura e Silvicultura (DINAS) - National Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry c. Instituto Nacional de Irrigação (INIR) - National Institute of Irrigation d. Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique (IIAM) - Institute of Agricultural Research of Mozambique. e. Direcção Nacional de Veterinária (DINAV) - National Directorate of Veterinary Medicine.

2. Ministry of Gender, Child and Social Action - Ministério do Género, Criança e Acção Social (MGCAS) a. Direcção Nacional do Género.

4. Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Water Resources - Ministério das Obras Públicas, Habitação e Recursos Hídricos (MOPHRH) a. Direcção Nacional de Gestão de Recursos Hídricos (DNRH) - National Directorate for Water Resources Management

5. Ministry of Youth and Sports - Ministério da Juventude e Desportos (MJD) a. National Institute of Youth - Instituto Nacional da Juventude (INJ) 6. IFAD 7. Farmers/farmers groups or associations; 8. Communities neighbouring Farming Communities; 9. Other agricultural NGOs; 10. Multinational companies involved in agrochemical and agricultural biotechnology, such as Monsanto, Syngenta, Bayer, Dow Dupont, and BASF.

The above list is not exhaustive. As the Programme gets underway, the PMU will develop a detailed PCP identifying all possible stakeholders, their specific information needs and the appropriate modes of consultation as well as feedback mechanisms. Information Disclosure and Consultation

The type of information to be disclosed to the various stakeholders depends on their interests and how they will be affected by the Programme – or how PROCAVA activities may be affected by them. Thereafter various communication tools can be utilized for the engagement process, such as: x Project notices published in local newspapers; x Radio advertisements;

Page | 8 x Direct mailings to communities; x Presentations with or without focus group sessions); x Targeted e-mails; x One-on-one meetings, presentations, seminars, workshops, e-mails and phone conversations with stakeholders; x Site tours; and x The use of social media.

Table 1-2 below gives a general overview of the types of information needs for various stakeholder groups.

Table 1-2 Summary Overview of a Public Consultation Plan (PCP) for PROCAVA Stakeholders Information to be disclosed Consultation means PROCAVA sub-projects, Current and new activities and how these Local leaders i.e. Chief’s or district offices, neighbouring relate to them in terms of opportunities Churches, national media, social media, communities, general and threats IFAD / MASA website etc. public Forum to express community / health Public consultations, focal group fears and get feedback e.g. accidental discussions, social media release/escape; contamination; Training specific members of the emergencies (fire) communities, awareness, education Staff / workers at existing How refurbished and expanded facilities Staff newsletters, bulletin boards, signs in facilities will affect their work environments labs; email, website, meetings with including Occupational Health & Safety management, staff sensitization & training rules program in lab safety Farmers Groups, Consultation on information needs / food Researchers, District Extension services, Agricultural NGOs safety Baseline surveys / subsequent surveys to Farmer Union monitor impacts, emails, bulletins Agrochemical companies Available information on new Seminars; District Extension services, technologies, crops varieties for improved sales agents yield etc Intergovernmental Sharing Implementation findings and Intergovernmental meetings and Institutions; experience. consultations IFAD Build partnerships through meetings, seminars, workshops

University Graduates Internship opportunities Website, public media, bulletin boards Youths Opportunities for going into farming and District Agricultural Offices, public for employment during construction, consultations sponsorships for education

Page | 9 2 CONSULTED STAKEHOLDERS

2.1 CONSULTED STAKEHOLDER The following are the lists of all the stakeholders who were consulted during the ESMF study.

2.1.1 is the list of the stakeholders who were met during the countrywide Field consultation process that were made from the 19th of November 2018, to the 11th of December 2018

2.1.2 is the list of the stakeholders who attended the stakeholders verification workshop that was held in Maputo on the 1st of March 2019.

2.1.1 LIST OF CONSULTED STAKEHOLDERS FROM FIELD VISITS.

No. Date NAME ORGANISATION DESIGNATION CONTACT No. and E-MAIL 1.0 CONSULTING TEAM

Mr. Custodio IFAD Country Programme +25821498731; 4 19 Nov Mucavel Office [email protected] rg 19 Nov Mr. Ilario Rea IFAD ENRM & Safeguards, +258847803825; 5 ESA [email protected]

Page | 10 No. Date NAME ORGANISATION DESIGNATION CONTACT No. and E-MAIL Mr. Eduardo PROSUL Project Officer 872596346; 10 20 Nov Cuamba educuamba@hot mail.com GAZA AND INHAMBANE PROVINCES Macia, Slaughter house Mr. Hevergue Macia, Slaughter Owner 820949333 11 21 Nov Zimbi house