Activities Planned for 1997-98

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Ships

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Aircraft

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Ship Movements

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Year Round Stations

McMurdo Station

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Austral Summer Camps

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Officers in Charge of Bases

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McMurdo Station

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Palmer Station

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Officers in Charge of Ships

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Numbers, Occupations and Specializations of Personnel

McMurdo

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South Pole

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Palmer Station

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Byrd Surface Camp

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Up-stream Bravo Field Camp

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Shackleton Glacier Field Camp

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Central West Antarctica Field Camp

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SHIPS

USCGC POLAR STAR

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Champion Class T-5 Tanker

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M/V GREEN WAVE

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R/V NATHANIAL B. PALMER

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Names and Professional Affiliation of Personnel Engaged in Scientific Activities

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Orient Lines, Inc.

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Shipborne

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Landbased

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;,1 5HIXJHV

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McMurdo Area Antarctic Refuges and Survival Caches

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Mt. Erebus Hut and Cache

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Cape Crozier Hut and Cache

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Lake Bonney Hut and Cache

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LAKE VIDA CACHE

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Lake Hoare Hut

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Lake Fryxell Hut

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New Harbor Hut

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McMurdo Supported Remote Locations

Siple Dome Camp

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Byrd Surface Camp

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Deactivated USAP Stations and Camps

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Byrd Aurora Substation

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Camp Neptune

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Patuxent Camp

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Prebble Glacier Camp

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Camp Gould

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Amundsen Glacier Camp

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Byrd Coast Camp

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Camp Ohio

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Camp Minnesota

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Little Rockford

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Plateau Station

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Camp Ohio II

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Roosevelt Island Hut

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Hallett Station

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Brockton Station

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Marie Byrd Land Camp

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Ellsworth Mountains Camp

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McGregor Glacier Hut

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Dome C Camp

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Beardmore South Camp

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U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997-1998 ...... iii

Biology and medicine ...... 1

Joint Global Ocean Flux Study ...... 9

Ocean sciences...... 19

Environmental research...... 22

Marine and terrestrial geology and geophysics...... 24

Glaciology and glacial geology...... 36

Climate studies...... 40

Ozone-depletion studies ...... 42

Astronomy, aeronomy, and astrophysics ...... 43

i U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997-1998

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997-1998 The 175 research projects that the U.S. Antarctic funds projects in biology, environmental research, Program will field during the 1997-1998 austral sum- ocean sciences, climate systems, geology and geo- mer and the 1998 winter are this year’s U.S. contribu- physics, glaciology, aeronomy, astronomy, and as- tion to the international effort to understand the Ant- trophysics. The exception is the interdisciplinary arctic and its role in global processes and to support southern ocean component of the Joint Global Ocean other research that can be best or only performed in Flux Study, supported by the Office of Polar Pro- Antarctica. This book, which describes each project, grams and the Division of Ocean Sciences. is intended by the National Science Foundation Projects that are not primarily scientific research (NSF), as funding and management agency for the are not described here. Such projects include those program, to keep scientists and others informed to integrate research and education, to enable repre- about research progress. sentatives of the media to report on the program, and Most of the research described here is performed for artists and writers to help record the Nation’s ant- by teams of investigators from U.S. universities who arctic heritage. Maintenance and engineering infra- have won NSF financial support of their work in re- structure projects also are not addressed. sponse to Antarctic Research: Program Announcement Related information products that are produced and Proposal Guide (NSF 96-93), which describes re- or funded by NSF include: search goals generally. Scientists from other Federal • agencies also are supported by the operational re- Press releases issued by the Foundation’s Public sources in the Antarctic that are maintained by the Affairs Office to describe specific research Foundation. progress. See the NSF World Wide Web page at http://www.nsf.gov or call 703-306-1070. These resources consist principally of the year- • round research stations McMurdo—a coastal station Antarctic Journal of the United States, which and operational hub at 78°S at the southwest corner reports U.S. Antarctic Program news and related of the Ross Sea; Amundsen-Scott South Pole at 90°S events, now online monthly at the NSF WWW in the antarctic interior; and Palmer on Anvers Island site. along the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula at • Antarctic Journal of the United States annual 64°S. The research icebreaker Nathaniel B. Palmer review issues, which contain short reports by supports investigations in sea ice areas around the investi-gators about research recently performed Antarctic, and a new ice-strengthened research and in Antarctica. These large issues are online and support ship—Laurence M. Gould—will debut during are available in print from the Office of Polar the 1997-1998 season to replace Polar Duke, in the Programs (dfriscic @nsf.gov). program since 1984. • A Library of Congress bibliography covers the Heavy-airlift mobility comes from ski-equipped world literature back to 1951. Principal products C-130 airplanes operated by the New York Air Na- are the monthly Current Antarctic Literature— tional Guard and the Navy’s Antarctic Development online at http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/ Squadron 6. Smaller ski-equipped planes (Twin Ot- library/aware/ antlit.htm—and annual Antarctic ters under charter) and a fleet of contract helicopters Bibliography—available from the Government headquartered at McMurdo also provide air support, Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. and various ground vehicles are in use. A Coast National Information Services Corporation (410- Guard icebreaker provides operational and research 243-0797 or [email protected]) sells a CD-ROM support, and the U.S. Air Force Air Mobility Com- holding this database and other polar mand provides airlift between New Zealand and bibliographies. McMurdo. The NSF contractor Antarctic Support Associates provides operations, maintenance, spe- Short “highlights” e-mails can be sent to you cialized science support, and other services. when each month’s Current Antarctic Literature and Antarctic Journal is posted. To be placed on the list With one exception, this book arranges the re- contact [email protected]. search projects in scientific discipline order. The or- der recalls the organization of the Antarctic Sciences Section of NSF’s Office of Polar Programs, which

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997-1998 iii

Biology and medicine

Photochemical and optical properties of antarctic Impacts of climate change on antarctic vascular waters in response to changing UV-B fluxes. David plants: Warming and ultraviolet-B radiation. Tho- Kieber, State University of New York, College of En- mas Day, Arizona State University. Evidence is strong vironmental Science and Forestry; and Kenneth that the climate of the Antarctic Peninsula has Mopper, Washington State University. The decrease changed appreciably in this century. Weather records in stratospheric ozone over the Antarctic results in an indicate that mean summer air temperatures have increase in the UV-B flux in the ocean surface waters risen more than 10°C over the past 45 years at some where photosynthesis occurs (the euphotic zone). peninsula locations. In addition to this warming The increase leads to cellular damage to aquatic or- trend, springtime ozone depletion events have re- ganisms, as documented by photo-inhibition, and sulted in well-documented increases in ultraviolet-B decreased productivity. Cellular damage can occur (UV-B) radiation levels. These rapid changes in re- either intracellularly or externally at the cell surface gional climate provide a unique opportunity to as- from biomolecular reactions with externally- sess the impacts of climate change on vascular generated reactive transient compounds. The extent plants. of this extracellular damage will depend on the photochemistry of the seawater surrounding the cell. Although the presence of only two native vascu- Until recently, nothing was known about the type of lar plant species (Deschampsia antarctica and Coloban- photochemical processes, rates, and steady state con- thus quitensis) and their sparse distribution in Antarc- centrations of transients in Antarctic waters. Our tica attest to the severe conditions for plant survival, objective is to determine the dependence of UV-B there are already indications that climate changes are and UV-A fluxes on photochemical production rates exerting a strong influence on these species. Regional of formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, pyruvate, and warming appears to be leading to rapid increases in the OH radical in antarctic coastal waters. We will populations of these species, based on censuses taken collect and filter 40 liters of sea water. Aliquots of this along the peninsula. The influence of enhanced UV-B water will be placed in quartz tubes and irradiated in levels on these species is less clear. a surface water bath each day. Using radiometers An experiment has been initiated in which tem- and spectral irradiance data available hourly at perature and UV radiation levels are manipulated Palmer Station, we will measure the total daily UV-B around naturally growing Deschampsia and Coloban- and UV-A light fluxes. This experiment will be re- thus plants on the Antarctic Peninsula to assess their peated for 2 - 3 separate 40-liter water samples. Con- responses to these factors. Assessment involves ex- current with this long-term experiment, we will col- amining changes in photosynthesis, growth, and re- lect, filter, and irradiate coastal sea water daily to production of these plants following warming or ex- assess the variability in surface water photoproduc- clusion of different UV components. tion rates as a function of nitrate and nitrite levels (for the OH radical), DOC concentrations and the During the first field season, growth significantly optical properties (absorbance and fluorescence) of improved under warming treatments. Exclusion of these waters. Additionally we will collaborate with UV did not have any significant effects, although researchers from the Smithsonian’s Environmental conclusions from this short-term assessment would Research Center (S-010) to determine action spectra be premature. Field manipulations will be continued for phytoplankton photoinhibition and photopro- and expanded in the current assessment of plant re- duction of reactive oxygen species (the OH radical sponses in four key areas: photosynthesis, general and hydrogen peroxide) in the same water samples thermal adaptations, reproduction, and soils. These and under the same light conditions. With these data areas are critical to understanding plant responses to we will be able to construct models of photochemical climate change in Antarctica. (S-003) production rates in surface waters and at various depths and to predict the impact of varying levels of Role of antifreeze proteins in freezing avoid- UV-B on the photoproduction and steady-state con- ance in antarctic fishes: Ecological and organismal centration of several key reactive transient com- physiology, structure-function and mechanism, ge- pounds in the upper water column. (S-002) netics, and evolution. Arthur DeVries, University of Illinois. Ongoing and new studies of the role of anti-

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 1 freeze glycopeptides (AFGPs) and peptides (AFPs) in antarctic larvae will enable us to compare stage- freezing avoidance of antarctic fishes in five specific specific developmental metabolism rates. To obtain areas constitute this project: these metabolic data, we will use a novel technique called “coulometric respirometry,” which permits • the relationship of the severity of environment continuous measurements of metabolic rate during and association of ice in fish, development. In addition, we will examine the bio- • the uptake of endogenous ice and its fate, chemistry of development to determine the mecha- • structure-function of antifreeze proteins includ- nism(s) of low metabolism in antarctic larvae. Using ing the molecular mechanism of AP adsorption data from these, we will test long-standing hypothe- and inhibition of ice growth, ses on cellular mechanisms of low metabolism as these apply to invertebrate development in antarctic • structures and organizations of AP genes and environments. The results from our research may gene families and their relationship to protein also have implications for larvae developing under characteristics and gene evolution, and • limited food conditions in other cold environments, tissue specificity of AFGP expression. such as the deep sea. (S-006) The extent of exogenous and endogenous ice will Ultraviolet photobiology of planktonic devel- be determined for McMurdo area fishes, which expe- opment stages of antarctic benthic invertebrates. rience the coldest and most ice-laden waters of the Deneb Karentz, University of San Francisco. Recently antarctic region. Similar experiments will be con- documented global decreases in stratospheric ozone ducted for the less severe marine environment of the have brought attention to the potential ecological Antarctic Peninsula. These studies will correlate consequences of increased ultraviolet-B (UV-B) ra- freezing extremes with circulating levels of AFGPs in diation in marine communities. Even without ozone the fishes associated with these two environments. depletion, UV-B radiation penetration of ocean sur- (S-005) face waters represents a biological hazard to many Metabolic physiology during embryonic and marine organisms. The most extensive destruction of larval development of antarctic echinoderms. Donal ozone has been occurring over Antarctica and the T. Manahan, University of Southern California. Feeding southern oceans, where over 50 percent depletion is larvae of benthic marine invertebrates in the cold wa- recorded each spring. ters of McMurdo Sound are present in the water col- A major obstacle in assessing UV effects is that umn for many months before the phytoplankton little is known about the UV photobiology of indi- bloom, but scientists currently do not understand vidual species. In the Antarctic, some of the ecologi- how these feeding larvae survive long periods under cally dominant benthic invertebrate species occupy starvation conditions. Knowing the physiological intertidal and shallow subtidal depths where re- mechanisms of this process is important for under- searchers have already documented biological effects standing the ecology of larvae from antarctic regions. of UV-B. Because, for many of these species, their For example, the results from recent studies of ant- planktonic development and spawning season coin- arctic echinoderm larvae do not support the sugges- cide with the period when ozone depletion is occur- tion that feeding larvae use other food sources (bac- ring, their microscopic embryos and larvae are ex- teria or dissolved organic material) to survive this posed to increasingly higher levels of UV-B. Pres- period of negligible phytoplankton abundance. ently, no information is available on the potential Physiological data, however, suggest a possible sur- short- or long-term effects of increased UV-B levels vival strategy—potential larval life spans can be ex- on populations of antarctic benthic invertebrates. tended for about 1 year in the complete absence of food. Such life spans (without food) for feeding lar- Our research focuses on the UV photobiology of val forms are unique to antarctic larvae. Our research three important antarctic invertebrate species—the focuses on the metabolism of this process in antarctic limpet Nacella concinna, the sea urchin Sterechinus echinoderm larvae. We will test the hypothesis that neumayeri, and the sea star Odontaster validus—which the metabolic cost of development will be lower in inhabit intertidal and subtidal areas in the region of antarctic echinoderms than for the same “unit of dif- Palmer Station, Anvers Island, Antarctic Peninsula. ferentiation” (fertilized egg to feeding larval form) in The adults of these species are dominant members of comparable temperate larvae. Because such data on antarctic intertidal and shallow subtidal benthic com- temperate larvae already exist, our investigation of munities, and their embryos and larvae develop for

2 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 months in surface waters from late austral winter stores upon both pituitary generation of thyrotropin through summer. To evaluate the impact of ambient and energy intake and will analyze each subject’s UV-B on early stages (gametes, embryos, and larvae) baseline, determined in the predeployment situation in the life histories of these species, we will examine of California and compared with periods and stan- potential UV exposure levels; assess differential sen- dardized measures obtained during the antarctic sitivities; identify molecular, chromosomal, and mor- summer and winter. phological UV-B induced damage; and evaluate po- tential protection and recovery from UV-B exposure. We believe that a correction of the low T4 state in Because these species have taxonomic equivalents at the central nervous system can be managed with T4 both temperate and tropical latitudes, our study will supplementation without dramatically changing en- provide important biological parameters for increas- ergy requirements, as suggested by researchers pre- ing scientific knowledge about UV effects on both lo- viously conducting human studies using cold-air cal and global scales. (S-007) chamber experiments. If this thesis is correct, charac- teristic declines in mood and memory during winter Polar T3 Syndrome: Metabolic and cognitive seasons in circumpolar regions may be attenuated by manifestations and their hormonal regulation and T4 supplementation without affecting energy me- impact upon performance. H.L. Reed, Kathleen R. tabolism disadvantageously. Our project also ex- Kowalski, Kenneth D. Burman, and John Thomas, H.M. pands information regarding the ultimate regulation Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine. People who and maintenance of the increased T3 production, a live and work in Antarctica for longer than 4 to 5 central determinant of the Polar T3 Syndrome. (S-008) months develop a characteristic constellation of symptoms and hormonal changes called the “Polar Possible linkages between ecosystem measures T3 Syndrome.” Earlier researchers have described and the demographics of a Weddell seal popula- these people as having a 40 percent increase in en- tion. Donald Siniff, University of Minnesota. The Wed- ergy requirement; frequent mood disorders; dou- dell seal, an important upper-trophic-level species, bling of the production, use, and tissue stores of has been the focus of long-term studies because this triiodothyronine (T3), the most active thyroid hor- species congregates near antarctic support facilities. mone; a decline in central nervous system thyroxine The most extensive investigations have involved the (T4); and acquisition of physiologic cold adaptation. Weddell seal population near McMurdo Station where research and monitoring efforts began in the To improve science’s understanding of this syn- early 1960s and have continued to the present. The drome, a team of experienced polar physiologists, objectives of our project are endocrinologists, and psychologists will use a multi- • to continue the long-term tagging studies by disciplinary approach to study these apparent dis- completing the fieldwork necessary to tag all cordant and compartmentalized tissue responses pups born into the McMurdo Sound population over 4 years. The possible cognitive and metabolic and to replace tags on previously tagged in- changes in performance related to declines in central dividuals so they will not be lost from the tagged nervous system T4 and elevations in skeletal muscle population T3 content will be studied. Placebo-controlled T4 re- placement directed at the central nervous system • to update estimates of population parameters deficit will be carried out and measured with cogni- annually and to continue the analyses and tests tive instruments. of hypotheses associated with this database • to collect blood samples for DNA analysis, in 3 The team will evaluate T content in the cardio- support of anticipated future genetic work vascular system by using submaximal exercise test- • ing to differentiate resting from activity-mediated, to attach radio transmitters to adult males to energy-use contributions by the skeletal muscles. study breeding activity Additionally, tissue samples of skeletal muscle will • to study Weddell seal foraging ecology with provide information regarding the genetic coding for scientists from Hubbs Marine Research Institute. T3 responsive proteins and, thus, will permit more In support of these objectives, we will carry out accurate characterization of the thyroid status of mark-and-recapture surveys that are necessary to these muscles. We will use moderate energy restric- obtain all the estimates required for current capture- tion along with T4 supplementation to study the de- recapture models. (S-009) pendence of T3 production, distribution, and tissue

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 3 New approaches to measuring and understand- no information is available concerning the role and ing the effects of ultraviolet radiation on photosyn- regulation of the elevated serum osmolarity in ant- thesis by antarctic phytoplankton. Patrick Neale, arctic fish. Questions that arise include these: Smithsonian Institution. Increases in ultraviolet-B ra- • What role does the chloride cell play in diation (UV-B, 280-320 nanometers) associated with mediating salt extrusion? the antarctic ozone hole have been shown to inhibit • Which hormones regulate chloride cell activity? the photosynthesis of phytoplankton, but the overall effect on water column production is still a matter of The chloride cell physiology and regulation in debate and continued investigation. Investigations antarctic fish will be compared with a New Zealand have also revealed that even at “normal” levels of fish that is eurythermal. The goals of the proposed antarctic stratospheric ozone, UV-B and UV-A research are to determine the plasticity of antarctic (320-400 nanometers) appear to have strong effects and New Zealand fish gill function at the physiologi- on water column production. The role of UV in the cal level (through studies of ion transport activity) ecology of phytoplankton primary production has and molecular level (through studies of the so- probably been under appreciated in the past and dium/potassium-ATPase enzyme). Specifically, this could be particularly important to the estimation of research will primary production in the presence of vertical mix- • ing. This research focuses on quantifying UV effects determine the gill extrusion mechanisms on photosynthesis of antarctic phytoplankton by de- underlying the increase in gill sodium/ fining biological weighting functions for potassium-ATPase activity upon warm acclima- UV-inhibition. tion in antarctic fish and • determine the hormonal regulation of the gill New theoretical and experimental approaches extrusion mechanisms. will be used to investigate UV responses in both the open waters of the Weddell-Scotia confluence and The results of this research will, for the first time, coastal waters near Palmer Station. In particular, describe in detail the underlying mechanism(s) me- measurements will be made of the kinetics of UV in- diating the enhanced hypo-osmoregulation observed hibition and recovery on time scales ranging from in antarctic fish and will allow the comparison of minutes to days. Variability in biological weighting these results to those observed in a eurythermal New functions will be calculated for pelagic and coastal Zealand fish. (S-012) phytoplankton in the southern oceans. The results Weddell seal foraging: Behavioral and ener- will getic strategies for hunting beneath the antarctic • provide absolute estimates of photosynthesis fast ice. Randall Davis, Texas A&M University at under in situ, as well as under altered, UV Galveston. To forage efficiently beneath the extensive, irradiance; unbroken fast ice along the antarctic coast, Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) have adapted to an en- • broaden the range of assemblages for which biological weighting functions have been deter- vironment that is very challenging for an air- mined; and breathing predator. These adaptations enable Wed- • dell seals to hunt for prey at depth while holding clarify how kinetics of inhibition and recovery their breath for 20 minutes or longer. This feat is should be represented in mixed-layer models. (S- analogous to a lion or other large terrestrial predator 010) holding its breath while it locates, pursues, and cap- The role and regulation of chloride cells in ant- tures prey. In addition, Weddell seals must return to arctic fish. David Petrel, Creighton University. Antarc- the same hole at the end of a dive or know the loca- tic fish have the highest serum osmolarity of any sea tion of other breathing holes. Failure to locate a water teleost. Maintenance of fluid balance is crucial breathing hole will result in a seal’s death by drown- for survival. Upon warm acclimation from -1.5° to ing. 4°C, the fish lose 20 percent of their serum osmolarity This study will investigate the behavioral and through extrusion of sodium chloride (NaCl) across energetic adaptations that enable Weddell seals to the gill. NaCl extrusion in fish is primarily per- forage in the antarctic fast-ice environment. To formed by chloride-secreting cells located on the gill achieve this goal, the underwater behavior, locomo- arches and gill opercula. The driving force for NaCl tor performance (swimming velocity, stroke fre- transport is the sodium/potassium-ATPase. To date,

4 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 quency and amplitude, and three-dimensional tion will be useful in the management of these spe- movements), and energy metabolism of Weddell cies. (S-018) seals will be measured during foraging dives. Hy- potheses on general foraging strategies, searching Long-Term Ecological Research on the antarctic behavior, searching mechanics, modes of swimming, marine ecosystem: An ice dominated environment. metabolic costs of foraging, and foraging efficiency Maria Vernet, Scripps Institution of Oceanography; for different environmental conditions and prey type Eileen Hofmann, Old Dominion University; Langdon will be tested. Until now, it has not been possible to Quetin and Raymond C. Smith, University of California investigate the foraging behavior of marine mam- at Santa Barbara; William R. Fraser, Montana State Uni- mals in detail. To accomplish this study, a small versity; David M. Karl, University of Hawaii. The cen- video system and data logger will be attached to the tral hypothesis of the Palmer Long-Term Ecological seals’ backs, and oxygen consumption will be meas- Research (LTER) project is that the annual advance ured during voluntary dives from an isolated ice and retreat of sea ice is a major physical determinant hole in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. of spatial and temporal changes in the structure and function of the antarctic marine ecosystem. Evidence Observing the foraging behavior and prey of ma- shows that this dynamic variability of sea ice has an rine mammals is a major means to advance studies of important, perhaps major, impact on all levels of the their foraging ecology. The Weddell seal may be the food web, from total annual primary production to single best species in which to study the foraging be- breeding success in apex predators. For example, havior and energetics of deep-diving pinnipeds be- variability in sea ice may affect prey and predators cause directly (e.g., access to open water or preferred habi- tats) or indirectly (e.g., food availability, which in • data are available on its diving ability, turn may be affected by the variability in sea ice). We • the isolated-ice-hole protocol in McMurdo hypothesize that sea ice is a major factor regulating Sound enables recorders to be attached and • recovered reliably, and the timing and magnitude of seasonal primary production; • it makes daily foraging dives when placed in the • isolated ice hole. (S-017) the dynamics of the microbial loop and particle sedimentation; Population structure of key antarctic fish and • krill abundance, distribution, and recruitment; invertebrate resource species. Patrick M Gaffney, and University of Delaware. Characterizing the population • structure of important antarctic species is essential to survivorship and reproductive success of apex an improved understanding of antarctic ecology and predators. the successful management of this ecosystem. The The magnitude and timing of sea ice may have British Antarctic Survey (BAS) has initiated a collabo- different consequences for different key species, and rative international effort (Project Gene Flow) aimed it is still unclear what the ramifications would be for at delineating population structure in several key the whole antarctic ecosystem. For example, high species (fish, squid, and krill). A 1-month cruise in levels of survivorship and reproductive success of the Scotia Sea to obtain biological specimens and Adélie penguins appear to depend on high levels of oceanographic data represents a unique opportunity availability of antarctic krill, which in turn appear to to apply both established and novel molecular tech- be correlated with greater ice coverage. On the other niques to an important problem in antarctic resource hand, high levels of breeding success of south polar management. Four commercially and/or ecologically skuas appear to be determined by the availability of important species will be the primary targets of the antarctic silverfish, which in turn appear to be associ- research: mackerel icefish, Patagonian toothfish, ant- ated with lesser ice coverage. Thus, the overall objec- arctic krill, and the seven star flying squid. A variety tives of the Palmer LTER project are of molecular genetic techniques, including some that are well-established and others that are novel but • to document not only the interannual variability extremely promising, will be applied to delineate ge- of annual sea ice and the corresponding physics, netic population structure in these species. This re- chemistry, optics, and primary production search will provide information on the whether sepa- within the study area but also the life-history rate “stocks” or genetically different populations of parameters of secondary producers and apex these species exist in antarctic waters. This informa- predators;

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 5 • to quantify the processes that cause variation in David Ainley, Point Reyes Bird Observatory. As part of physical forcing and the subsequent biological this collaborative project, we will investigate the response among the representative trophic demographic mechanisms responsible for dramatic levels; growth in existing Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) • to construct models that link ecosystem colonies and will identify new ones in the Ross Sea processes to environmental variables and which region. We will also study the possibility that the simulate spatial/temporal ecosystem growth of these colonies is related to documented relationships; and then climate change in the region by • to employ such models to predict and validate • distinguishing the relative importance of the key ice-ecosystem dynamics. resources that constrain colony growth— availability of nesting habitat vs. access to food A key challenge for the Palmer LTER project is to • and characterize and understand the link between the examining behavioral mechanisms (philopatry— different spatial and temporal scales of the various the immigration/emigration balance, and/or physical and biological components of the antarctic breeding effort/success) that influence colony ecosystem. (S-016, S-021, S-028, S-032, S-035, and S- growth as a function of initial size and 046) distribution. This will be the first empirical a priori study to The chemical ecology of shallow-water antarc- consider the geographic structuring of a seabird tic marine invertebrates. Bill J. Baker, Florida Institute population. Results will increase scientific under- of Technology. Our research is a continuation of an in- standing of population regulation and patterns of terdisciplinary approach to chemical ecology. The dispersion and of the effects of climate change—me- objectives are to characterize and quantify chemically diated through changes in sea-ice cover—on penguin mediated ecological relationships among antarctic populations. In addition, results will provide a con- benthic invertebrates. During two field seasons, we text in which to interpret conflicting data on penguin will investigate several specific objectives. We will population trends from existing programs that use evaluate the chemical defenses in adult antarctic ma- Adélie penguins as an indicator species for point rine invertebrates and also early life history stages. source anthropogenic impacts on antarctic resources Investigators will evaluate lecithotrophic eggs, em- (e.g., fishery catches, disturbance by tourism). Our 7- bryos, and larvae for bioactivity. This is particularly year research effort includes intensive field study relevant because many antarctic invertebrates broad- conducted at three Ross Island penguin colonies. As cast conspicuous lecithotrophic embryos and larvae, part of the study, we will quantify reproductive effort which require 2 to 6 months to develop. Because bi- and success, food availability (access to food), diet ologists have observed that colored sponges use their quality, habitat use, and immigration/emigration pigments as defensive agents, we will investigate the relative to colony size and environmental conditions functional role of this coloring in sponges and in (i.e., pack-ice cover). Our methods bring together other colored invertebrates. Furthermore, bioactive several well-established techniques that have been metabolite concentration and sequestration will be successfully but infrequently used in antarctic biol- investigated in invertebrates from which researchers ogy: have isolated secondary metabolites. Finally, we will continue to work on isolating and characterizing bio- • aerial photography to evaluate availability of active compounds from invertebrates to evaluate nesting habitat their functional role. Two significant aspects of this • microwave images of sea-ice concentration to research are the use of ecologically relevant bioassays assess availability of feeding habitat to guide the isolation of the active chemical agents • analysis of stable isotopes to evaluate food while working on-site at McMurdo Station and, sub- quality sequently, the characterization of those metabolites at our home institutions. In summary, our research pro- • radio telemetry to assess overlap in colony gram will contribute significantly to the understand- feeding areas ing of the nature and role of bioactive agents in the • automatic systems to log aspects of reproductive ecology of the antarctic marine benthos. (S-022) effort. Factors regulating population size and colony Our research builds on the efforts of Landcare distribution of Adélie penguins in the Ross Sea. Research New Zealand (LCRNZ), which conducted

6 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 two preliminary field seasons and is independently McMurdo Dry Valleys: A cold desert ecosys- funded; LCRNZ activities include the testing of new tem. Robert A. Wharton, Jr., University of Nevada, Des- equipment. LCRNZ will continue its efforts and col- ert Research Institute; Andrew Fountain, U.S. Geological laborate with us throughout the project. Researchers Survey; Diana Freckman, Colorado State University; W. from the University of California at Santa Cruz, Uni- Berry Lyons, University of Alabama; John Priscu, Mon- versity of Wisconsin, and Avid, Inc., will work with tana State University. The McMurdo Dry Valleys, lo- those from H.T. Harvey and Associates and LCRNZ cated on the western coast of McMurdo Sound, form to accomplish project goals. (S-031) the largest ice-free area (approximately 4,800 square kilometers) on the antarctic continent. This area was Penguin-krill-ice interactions: The impact of selected as a study site in the National Science Foun- environmental variability on penguin demography. dation’s Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) pro- Wayne Trivelpiece, Montana State University. This gram. The dry valleys are among the most extreme study will focus on populations of Adélie, gentoo, deserts in the world—far colder and drier than any and chinstrap penguins at Admiralty Bay, King of the other LTER sites. The perennially ice-covered George Island. These populations have exhibited lakes, ephemeral streams, and extensive areas of ex- fluctuations in abundance that have been related to posed soil within the valleys are subject to low tem- long-term changes in environmental conditions, in peratures, limited precipitation, and salt accumula- particular sea-ice coverage and its possible effects on tion. The biotic systems in the McMurdo Dry Valleys prey (krill) availability. are composed of only microbial populations, micro- This research will test the following five hy- invertebrates, mosses, and lichens. Nonetheless, potheses relating penguin demography to environ- complex trophic interactions and biogeochemical mental variability via its effect on krill recruitment in nutrient cycles exist in the lakes, streams, and soils. the antarctic marine ecosystem. Solar energy produces glacial melt water in the aus- tral summer, and in turn, this melt water exerts a • Krill population structure is strongly affected by primary influence on the soils, streams, and lakes by pack ice extent through its impact on female replenishing water and nutrients to these ecosys- fecundity and larval survival. tems. All ecosystems are shaped to varying degrees • Recruitment of penguins to their respective by climate and material transport, but nowhere is populations will be affected by the extent of pack this more apparent than in the McMurdo Dry Val- ice cover during the winter prior to the breeding leys. The overall objectives of the McMurdo Dry season. Valleys LTER are to understand the influence of • The survival of penguin fledglings will be physical and biological constraints on the structure correlated to the extent of pack ice cover the and function of dry valley ecosystems and to under- winter following the breeding season. stand the modifying effects of material transport on • these ecosystems. These objectives will be accom- Adélie penguins return to the pack-ice habitat plished through a program of systematic environ- during their first 2-week long foraging trips mental data collection, long-term experiments, and following clutch competition to recover from the model development. prolonged fasting of the courtship period. • Accessible pack ice in the early breeding season During the 1997-1998 field season, the following has led to the evolution of discreet population studies will be conducted in the McMurdo Dry Val- centers of Adélies from the Bellingshausen, leys as part of the LTER project: Weddell, and Ross Sea populations. • glacier mass balance, melt, and energy balance The Pygoscelis species are the major predators of • chemistry of streams, lakes, and glaciers krill (Euphausia superba) in the Antarctic Peninsula re- • flow, sediment-transport, and productivity of gion and are key species used to monitor the poten- streams tial impacts of fishery activities in this area. To un- • derstand the structure and function of the antarctic lake pelagic and benthic productivity—microbial marine ecosystem thoroughly, it is imperative to de- food webs termine the impact of environmental variation on the • soil productivity structure and regulation of upper trophic level • Radarsat studies of aeolian transport processes predators such as the Pygoscelis penguins. (S-040) • ground penetrating radar (GPR) measurements

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 7 of glaciers and frozen lakes. We are also interested in elucidating the morpho- • meteorology. logical basis for evolutionary changes in buoyancy and are hopeful that our study will provide insight Our efforts will focus on integrating the biologi- into how notothenioids diversified to occupy a vari- cal processes in and material transport between the ety of water-column habitats in the southern oceans. lakes, streams, and terrestrial ecosystems in the dry (S-048) valley landscape. This season, several experiments will focus increased attention on community struc- Ecological studies of sea-ice communities in the ture and function within benthic microbial mats of Ross Sea, Antarctica. David Garrison, University of the dry valleys lakes. Because experimental setup California at Santa Cruz. Coastal sea ice forms an ex- and sampling of lake sediments and microbial mats tensive habitat in the southern oceans. Reports dat- requires scuba diving, an additional goal this season ing from the earliest explorations of Antarctica have is to evaluate quantitatively the potential impact of described high concentrations of algae associated diving activities on lake systems. (S-042) with sea-ice, suggesting that the ice must be an im- portant site of production and biological activity. The Buoyancy and morphological studies of antarc- magnitude and importance of ice-based production tic notothenioid fishes. Joseph T. Eastman, Ohio Uni- is difficult to estimate largely because the spatial and versity. Notothenioids, antarctic fishes of the perci- temporal distributions of ice communities have been form suborder Notothenioidei, are the dominant examined in only a few regions, and the processes fishes by number and biomass in all inner shelf areas controlling production and community development of the southern oceans. An evolutionary novelty— in ice are still understood only superficially. This the only known example of a fish species flock—noto- study will examine sea-ice communities in the Ross thenioids, which are derived from a benthic stock Sea region of Antarctica in conjunction with studies lacking swim bladders, have diversified into most of ice physics and remote sensing. The specific objec- water-column habitats. They display a wide scope of tives of the study are organismal diversification in an ecosystem histori- cally underused by non-notothenioid fishes and are a • to relate the overall distribution of ice striking example of the nature of antarctic marine communities in the Ross Sea to specific habitats biodiversity. The primary objectives of our project, that are formed as the result of ice formation and which centers on evaluating organismal di- growth processes; versification in these antarctic fishes, are • to study the initial formation of sea ice to • to evaluate organismal diversification with document the incorporation and survival of emphasis on neutral buoyancy, reduced density organisms, in particular to examine winter (compared to the pleisomorphic benthic populations within “snow-ice” layers to condition), and the associated morphology in determine if a seed population is established at members of the families Nototheniidae, the time of surface flooding; Channichthyidae, and Bathydraconidae • to sample summer communities to determine • to explore the evolution of neutral buoyancy and the extent that highly productive “snow-ice” and reduced density by mapping these and other “freeboard” communities develop in the deep morphological features on cladograms water regions of the Ross Sea; and independently derived from other information • to collect basic data on the biota, activity, and • to determine whether the diversification of general physical and chemical characteristics of buoyancy (life history) types and the associated the ice assemblages, so that this study morphology are reflective of the phylogenetic contributes to the general understanding of the history of various notothenioid classes or are ecology of the ice biota in pack ice regions. (S- related to environmental adaptation 325) • to add new buoyancy and morphological information to the existing suites of characters available for phylogenetic analysis of notothenioids.

8 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 Joint Global Ocean Flux Study

The objectives of the U.S. Joint Global Ocean B. Palmer and a ship from the University National Flux Study (JGOFS) are to quantify and understand Oceanographic Laboratory System. Because most of processes controlling the time-varying fluxes of car- the investigators will use hydrographic and nutrient bon and associated biogenic elements and to predict data from these cruises, this project will support the the response of marine biogeochemical processes to analysis of nutrient concentrations during the 13 climate change. The JGOFS Southern Ocean Pro- JGOFS cruises. A team of oceanographic experts rep- gram, a 3-year effort south of the antarctic Polar resenting various institutions has been assembled to Front Zone, is aimed at complete these analyses. The data will be scrutinized for errors and provided in a timely fashion to all • understanding better the fluxes of carbon, both project investigators, as well as to the relevant organic and inorganic, in the southern oceans oceanographic data-storage facilities. The hydrogra- • identifying the physical, ecological, and phy and coring groups have been put together based biogeochemical factors and processes that on the successful model for the Arabian Sea JGOFS regulate the magnitude and variability of these study. In conjunction with the nutrient data, the ef- fluxes forts of these groups will form a large portion of the • placing these fluxes into the context of the con- southern oceans JGOFS database that both field in- temporary global carbon cycle. vestigators and modelers will use to clarify the role of the southern oceans in the global carbon cycle. (S- The southern oceans are critical in the global car- 211 and S-255) bon cycle, as indicated by the region’s size and the important physical processes that occur in it (e.g., Mesoscale processes and primary productivity deep and intermediate water formation), but its at the polar front. Mark R. Abbott, Oregon State Uni- quantitative role in the contemporary global carbon versity. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) cycle is uncertain. Because the broad continental provides a pathway between the major basins of the shelf of the Ross Sea is characterized by relatively Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans and has a critical high biomass with large phytoplankton blooms in role in the global redistribution of salt, heat, and the austral spring and summer, this region has been other ocean properties between these basins. Al- selected for intensive process studies as part of the though improved observations and more powerful U.S. JGOFS comprehensive investigation of carbon numerical models have identified many critical proc- and biogenic fluxes in the southern oceans. esses, the scarcity of direct observations has greatly hampered our understanding of the physical envi- Management and scientific services in support ronment. Scientific understanding of ocean biogeo- of the U.S. JGOFS Southern Ocean Program study: chemistry in this region is even worse. The challenge (1) Nutrients and (2) hydrography, coring, and site to understanding southern ocean dynamics (both survey. Robert F. Anderson, Columbia University; physics and biogeochemistry) is exacerbated by the Walker Smith, University of Tennessee . The JGOFS ob- strong dynamic link between mesoscale processes jectives for the southern oceans study include deter- and large-scale processes. The dynamic scales ap- mining the response of the southern oceans to natu- proach the scales typical of energetic coastal systems, ral climate perturbations and predicting the response yet the size of the southern oceans and the impacts of the southern oceans to climate change. on global biogeochemistry and climate make this an important region. Our JGOFS research focuses on the To address these objectives successfully, a large antarctic Polar Front Zone (APFZ) ecosystem, which field program has been designed to provide various behaves much like a coastal upwelling system and is investigators the opportunity to test specific hy- characterized by episodic diatom blooms. These potheses that relate to these broadly defined objec- blooms result in high f-ratios, high preservation rates tives. We expect the field test to last through March of biogenic silica, and relatively little vertical flux of 1998 and use two U.S. research ships: the U.S. Ant- particulate biogenic material. These processes are arctic Program’s icebreaking research ship Nathaniel consistent with observations of bottom sediments.

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 9 The lack of meridional barriers leads to a “recircula- southern oceans constitute the only JGOFS study site tion” of diatoms associated with frontal meanders. where the vertical stability is low and where inter- Phytoplankton would alternately upwell and then mediate and deep water masses are being formed, downwell in these meanders, creating a helical cir- we are able to observe directly the rate at which culation path. Although such bloom events may be DOM is sequestered in the deep ocean. (S-213) unimportant in the total productivity of the system, they do have a disproportionate role in carbon Measurements of carbon dioxide during the fluxes. To obtain data, we will use a high-resolution JGOFS Southern Ocean Program. Taro Takahashi, sampling array of moorings with bio-optical sensors Columbia University. Water masses, such as Antarctic and current meters. During the high-resolution sur- Bottom Water and Antarctic Intermediate Water, veys, we will also deploy Lagrangian drifters (some originate in the high-latitude southern ocean areas equipped with bio-optical sensors) to characterize and spread through the interior of the major ocean the temporal and spatial scales of variability when basins, forming a major conduit for exchange of heat coupled with the Eulerian observations from the and such dissolved gases as carbon dioxide and oxy- moorings. These data will be analyzed in conjunction gen between the atmosphere and the interior of the with high-resolution SeaSoar surveys and high tem- oceans. An improved understanding of the processes poral resolution sediment traps that other JGOFS in- governing the physical and biogeochemical proper- vestigators will use to study the effects of mesoscale ties of the source waters in the southern oceans is im- processes on productivity and horizontal and vertical portant not only for gaining quantitative knowledge fluxes of biological properties. (S-212) of the carbon-nutrient cycle in the global oceans but also for predicting the future course of atmospheric Distribution, sources, and sinks of dissolved carbon dioxide and hence the climate of the Earth. organic matter in the southern oceans. Edward T. Our research consists of three kinds of field observa- Peltzer, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The five tions. First, we will make continuous underway principal objectives of our project are measurements of the total carbon dioxide concentra- tion in surface waters throughout the JGOFS cruises • to determine, via shipboard measurement, both to determine the seasonal and geographic variations dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total and the causes of oceanic carbon dioxide sink/source organic carbon (TOC) and the spatial and tem- conditions. Second, we will measure the partial pres- poral distribution of dissolved organic matter sure of gaseous carbon dioxide and total carbon di- (DOM) in the southern oceans oxide in discrete sea water samples to observe depth • to identify the sites of net DOM production and profiles of the carbon chemistry (especially in the up- export per 500 meters) at hydrographic stations located at • to estimate rates of net DOM production and various latitudes during two seasonal cruises. Fi- export nally, high-resolution measurements of the hydro- graphic structure of the uppermost 250 meters and of • to estimate rates of bacterial remineralization of DOM nutrients will be conducted to document the meso- scale variability of biogeochemical properties within • to place these rates in the context of the global the antarctic Polar Front Zone. We will use a towed carbon cycle. pumping system, designated as SeaSoar, on one of We will estimate the net rates of DOM produc- the cruises to the antarctic Polar Front Zone to make tion and consumption by a combination of in situ these measurements. (S-214) measurements and shipboard incubation experi- Regulation of primary productivity in the ments. Large-scale rates will be calculated from a southern oceans: Phytoplankton photosynthesis combination of simple box and advection-diffusion characteristics from individual cell measurements. models. We will routinely collect samples via small Robert J. Olson and Heidi M. Sosik, Woods Hole Oceano- water samples drawn from 10-liter Niskin bottles on graphic Institution. Central to the mission of the U.S. the conductivity-temperature-depth rosette. Our JGOFS Southern Ocean Program is an understanding work emphasizes making large-scale surveys and re- of the composition of the planktonic food web and peating these surveys on a seasonal basis and will be the efficiency with which it transports carbon to the conducted in collaboration with a complementary deep ocean. One of the specific questions being study that emphasizes process-oriented measure- posed is the mechanism of regulation of phyto- ments of bacterial remineralization rates. Because the plankton growth and productivity in this area. Light

10 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 limitation, micronutrient availability, and grazing Oxygen dynamics during the JGOFS southern pressure all have been proposed to explain the per- ocean process study. Michael L. Bender and Mary sistence of high macronutrient concentrations and Lynn Dickson, University of Rhode Island. Our research the relatively low productivity often observed. To focuses on using oxygen to constrain carbon fluxes distinguish among these mechanisms, we will ex- on three scales—large, meso, and local. For the large amine photosynthetic characteristics of phytoplank- scale, we will collect air samples and measure the ton in natural populations under a range of envi- oxygen/nitrogen ratio. Because oxygen concentra- ronmental conditions. We will use chlorophyll- tions in the atmosphere vary on seasonal time scales fluorescence induction measurements of individual as a result of primary production in the spring and cells to estimate photochemical efficiency and ab- summer months and ventilation of the ocean in the sorption cross-sections of photosystem 2 (PS2), as fall and winter, knowledge of the amplitude of the well as relative pigment content per cell for different oxygen/nitrogen signal will provide a measure of groups of phytoplankton that can be distinguished the magnitude and timing of net production for the either microscopically or flow cytometrically. These southern oceans. We collect air samples daily from measurements, carried out on samples from depth ships that will participate in the JGOFS experiment profiles and experimentally manipulated assem- to have high-resolution records of zonal and tempo- blages of phytoplankton, should allow us to distin- ral variations of the atmospheric oxygen field. Simi- guish among limiting factors for phytoplankton larly, we will determine net primary productivity growth. For example, limitation by micronutrients from the mesoscale oxygen field in two ways: first by should result in low photochemical efficiency (re- measuring oxygen/argon ratios and isotopic oxygen- flecting the loss of functioning PS2 reaction centers), 18 from oxygen in sea water, which will be collected whereas low-light limitation (due to deep mixing) from the mixed layer, and second by continually would be indicated by high fluorescence (i.e., pig- measuring subsurface oxygen concentrations along ment content) in near-surface cells. Grazing control the cruise track. These two approaches, together with would be implied if photosynthetic characteristics the air-sampling program, will provide a temporally indicate no limitation of intrinsic growth rates. The and spatially integrated estimate of net production. individual cell nature of the proposed measurements Finally, we will measure daily gross and net oxygen will allow us to evaluate the condition of different production and nitrate assimilation to constrain car- groups of phytoplankton (or different cells) in a bon flow. Gross oxygen production is calculated by given water sample and to examine unambiguously spiking and incubating sea-water samples with oxy- the effects of environmental gradients or experi- gen-8 labeled water and measuring the isotopic oxy- mental treatments on given species. In addition, as a gen-18 of the photosynthetically produced oxygen. result of these measurements, we will be able to Net oxygen production is measured by comparing characterize the composition of the phytoplankton the relative change in the oxygen concentration be- community by microscopic and flow-cytometric tween initial and incubated samples by automated analysis. By observing the physiological state of cells high-precision Winkler titrations. These measure- in natural assemblages and experiments and com- ments will provide daily depth-integrated gross and bining this information with information on com- net production rates in addition to respiration rates. munity structure, we will be able to evaluate the Furthermore, we will conduct photosynthetic irradi- relative importance of light, iron, and grazing as lim- ance experiments to measure gross and net produc- iting factors for productivity in the southern oceans tion during cruises to extrapolate local measure- and interpret more accurately bulk measurements of ments up to meso- and large-scale using bio-optical phytoplankton properties that can be obtained in a data from moorings and satellites. (S-218) high-resolution survey with fast-repetition-rate fluo- rometry. (S-215) Iron in antarctic polar front zones. Kenneth H. Coale, Moss Landing Marine Laboratory. Our JGOFS Benthic cycling and accumulation of organic project concerns the effect of iron on the productivity matter, biogenic opal, and CaCO3 in the JGOFS of the upper layers of the ocean. Dissolved iron con- southern ocean study areas. Frederick Sayles, Woods centrations in surface waters of the open ocean are Hole Oceanographic Institution. Our JGOFS study fo- often extremely low and have been shown to limit cuses on benthic remineralization and burial and primary production in high-nitrate and low- how these processes contribute to the cycling of the chlorophyll regions of the global ocean. As a result of major biogenic components (organic matter, CaCO3, an earlier JGOFS study in the equatorial Pacific and biogenic opal) in the southern oceans. (S-217)

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 11 Ocean, models describing the spatial and temporal silica in copepod fecal pellets and in sediment trap variability in production and export now include the materials. (S-220) role of iron as a limiting micronutrient. The observed patterns of production in the equatorial Pacific were Physical and biological controls of carbon diox- consistent with the supply and distribution of iron in ide levels in the southern oceans: A multitracer ap- this region. For the southern oceans, however, few proach. Paul D. Quay, University of Washington. The data are available on iron concentrations and distri- southern oceans have been implicated, by ocean bution of iron that could be used for such interpreta- models, as an important region of oceanic uptake of tions. For example, we do not know if iron concen- anthropogenically produced carbon dioxide. Few trations are enhanced or depleted in southern ocean data, however, are available to corroborate these upwelled waters. Also, little is known concerning the model predictions. The three most likely characteris- concentrations, distributions, or sources of iron in the tics of the southern oceans to have a major impact on southern oceans and, as a result, correlating patterns global carbon-dioxide distribution are of production in these waters with the distribution of • a carbon-dioxide sink that brings deep-water iron is difficult. As part of our study, we will make upwelling close to the surface systematic measurements of trace metal distributions • in the Ross Sea and in the Antarctic Polar Front Zone high wind speeds that cause a rapid air-sea with an emphasis on iron. These data will provide a exchange of heat and gases base that will allow us to evaluate southern ocean • biological productivity that occurs both in the biological processes in terms of a possible iron limita- open ocean and at the ice edge. tion. The results of this work will contribute signifi- The interplay between these three processes cantly to our understanding of iron biogeochemistry controls the surface carbon-dioxide concentrations in the southern oceans and of factors that control and, thus, the direction and magnitude of air-sea gas rates of new production in these regions, and they exchange. In our JGOFS project, we will use a combi- will have a direct bearing on our understanding of nation of chemical measurements and a wind-driven the global carbon cycle. (S-219) circulation model to determine how deep water up- Does copepod grazing control large phyto- welling in this region exchanges carbon dioxide with plankton in the HNLC region of the southern the surface layer and how the air-sea exchange and oceans? Michael Dagg, Louisiana Universities Marine biological productivity offset the effects of upwelling Consortium. Large phytoplankton, especially dia- on surface carbon-dioxide levels. The measurement toms, typically grow slowly in the permanently ice- and modeling activities will yield a quantitative ex- free regions of the southern oceans, including the planation of how the air-sea flux of carbon dioxide in Antarctic Polar Front Zone (APFZ), because of the southern oceans is affected by circulation, gas ex- limitations of micronutrients (Fe) or light or other change, and biological productivity. We will use the limitations associated with deep mixing. Marine sci- model results to predict how the surface carbon-di- entists believe that under these conditions the oxide levels and the ratio of carbon isotopes in the growth of large phytoplankton is balanced by graz- dissolved inorganic carbon pool of the ocean respond ing from the copepod community. When the growth to changes in circulation rates and pathways caused of large phytoplankton is enhanced by increasing by different atmospheric conditions. These results the amount of iron in the ecosystem or by improving will help us to reconstruct past conditions of carbon- light conditions, we believe that the additional dioxide levels in the southern oceans, based on proxy growth is mostly absorbed by the functional re- measurements in marine sediments and continental sponse of the copepod community. The increased ice cores. (S-221) growth of phytoplankton, however, will saturate the The role of particulate organic carbon, small grazing diatoms and increases the silicon-to-carbon particles, and aggregates in biogeochemical cycles ratio of sinking matter. This occurs because about 70 in southern ocean fronts. W.D. Gardner, Texas A&M percent of ingested carbon is assimilated across the University. Our component of JGOFS concerns the copepod gut wall but silicon is digestively inert. role of particulate organic carbon (POC), small parti- These relationships will be addressed by shipboard cles, and aggregates in biogeochemical cycling, and it experiments designed to measure the feeding rates of makes use of optical techniques to quantify the flux large copepods on large phytoplankton of the APFZ of organic carbon. Specifically, the results of our in- and by measuring the ratio of carbon to biogenic vestigation will help us to identify the factors and

12 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 quantify the processes that regulate the magnitude Program, we provide a quantitative estimate of up- and variability of primary productivity and the fate per ocean export fluxes of particulate organic carbon of biogenic materials. We will use a suite of optical on spatial and temporal scales relevant to under- instruments to measure the in situ distribution of standing biological and physical processes. We will particles over the size range from microns to milli- measure the concentration of thorium-234 (a particle- meters. To measure beam attenuation and light scat- reactive tracer with a half-life of 24.1 days) and its ra- tering, we will attach a transmissometer to over-the- tio to particulate organic carbon (POC) and particu- side instruments at profiling stations. We will also late organic nitrogen (PON) to derive the appropriate make underway light transmission observations export data. Our research includes collecting tho- with the shipboard in-line sea-water system and will rium-234 and POC samples on cruises spanning the use an underwater video camera to define the in situ seasonal production cycle in the antarctic Polar Front particle size distribution. The optical data will be cor- Zone. The results will be used to constrain the upper related with measurements of particulate matter and ocean sinking fluxes and to derive relationships be- particulate organic carbon and with discrete micro- tween production and export across physical gradi- plankton, chlorophyll, and primary productivity ents (i.e., fronts) during seasonal transitions between measurements made by others in the program. We low and high productivity. We will also examine the will integrate these data with measurements of fluo- sensitivity of these rate estimates to model assump- rescence, carbon dioxide, microplankton, mixed- tions and data quality. (S-224) layer dynamics, diel variations, frontal dynamics, nutrients, oxygen, light levels, wind mixing, and dis- The distribution of iron and other reactive trace solved/particulate radioisotope distributions. The metals in contrasting productivity zones of the Ant- objective is to evaluate the role of particles in the arctic Polar Front during the U.S. JGOFS southern packaging and export of carbon and particulate mat- oceans study. Christopher Measures, University of Ha- ter from the euphotic zone and the exchange be- waii. Antarctic waters are generally characterized by tween the large- and small-particle pools. (S-222) low standing stocks of phytoplankton and low rates of primary production, despite the abundance of in- Carbon and nitrogen in dissolved organics: A organic nutrients in the water column. Many re- contribution to the U.S. JGOFS Southern Ocean searchers have speculated that the lack of in these Program. Dennis Hansell, Bermuda Biological Station for waters explains this paradox but no one has pre- Research. We will collaborate with other researchers sented conclusive evidence of the importance of iron to evaluate microbial dynamics, carbon cycling, and or its mechanisms in stimulating productivity. The the nitrogen cycle, particularly dissolved organic ni- major goals of the JGOFS Southern Ocean Process trogen (DON). Our goal is to determine the impor- Study are, in part, to unravel the factors and proc- tance and role of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as esses that regulate the magnitude and variability of an intermediate in the oceanic carbon cycle. Nearly primary productivity and use this knowledge to de- 1,000 gigatons of reduced carbon are estimated to re- termine how the southern oceans respond to natu- side in the DOC pool, which has a turnover time of rally occurring climate changes both in the past and 6,000 years. The average net oceanic carbon dioxide in the future. In this study, we will measure iron and uptake is 2.1 gigatons, only a small fraction of the other reactive trace metals in the water column of DOC pool. Although a perturbation in DOC produc- various productivity regimes of the Antarctic Polar tion or sink could affect the balance between oceanic Front Zone. These measurements will be used to and atmospheric carbon, the dynamics of this large further our understanding of the supply and distri- pool remain enigmatic. Our two specific objectives bution of iron in antarctic waters and, in concert with are to determine the concentrations of DOC and the measurements taken by other investigators, the DON throughout the water column through an an- importance of iron in affecting the structure of the nual cycle and to measure the rates of DOC produc- microbial food web and the dynamics of the various tion by autotrophs and mineralization heterotrophs. biogeochemical cycles in the water column. As the (S-223) complex role that iron plays in the magnitude and sequence of biological processes becomes better un- Seasonal and spatial variations in the flux of derstood, these measurements will gain importance particulate organic carbon derived from thorium- in modeling the biological effects of iron on marine 234 in the U.S. JGOFS southern ocean process ecosystems and, indirectly, its impact in global bio- study. Ken O. Buesseler, Woods Hole Oceanographic In- geochemical cycles. (S-225) stitution. As part of the U.S. JGOFS Southern Ocean

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 13 Physics and recycling efficiency as factors con- ton bloom the resolution will be higher. The total ex- trolling new (nitrate) production in the southern port fluxes of organic carbon, nitrogen, biogenic sili- oceans. Raymond Sambrotto, Columbia University, La- cates, and calcium carbonate that can be obtained mont-Doherty Earth Observatory. The vast size of from these measurements represent the basic core southern ocean region together with its abundance of variables of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study pro- nutrients has led many scientists to speculate about gram. (S-228) its role in past and present exchanges of carbon with Primary production in the southern oceans. the atmosphere, as well as how this interaction may Richard Barber, Duke University; John Marra, Columbia change in response to future climactic perturbation. University; Walker Smith, University of Tennessee. The To better understand the interaction between ocean southern oceans are critical to the global carbon cy- and atmosphere, we will measure nitrate uptake and cle—as suggested by its size and the physical process the uptake and regeneration of nitrogen from ammo- that occurs there (e.g., deep and intermediate water nium, urea, and dissolved amino acid sources in sur- formation)—but its present quantitative role is un- face water. We also will measure how light affects certain. To address the objectives of U.S. JGOFS effort nitrate uptake and analyze the size distribution to successfully, measuring primary production is re- determine how vertical mixing can affect local rates quired for all process cruises planned for the south- of new production. Although we will sample all of ern oceans study. Three methods will be used: in situ the major physiographic regions of the southern incubations, deck incubations, and the photosyn- oceans during this project, we will focus on the fron- thetic irradiance response. The areas of study will be tal systems at the northern portion of the study area, the continental shelf of the Ross Sea and the Polar as well as the permanently ice-free region immedi- Front region to the north of the Ross Sea. The con- ately to the south. This extensive region encompasses trols on photosynthesis will also be investigated. We the largest, uninterrupted biogeochemical province hypothesize that, on the continental shelf, irradiance in the world ocean. Thus, the work addresses the limitation is the major factor controlling phytoplank- JGOFS goal of identifying the factors that regulate ton productivity, whereas in the Polar Front region, the magnitude and variability of biological produc- the availability of iron limits phytoplankton growth tion and its ultimate export from surface water and and influences the size distribution of the popula- will be critical to the success of future models used to tions. The productivity data, in conjunction with hy- predict the response of the southern oceans to cli- drographic data, will form a large part of the south- mate change. (S-226) ern oceans JGOFS database that at-sea investigators Latitudinal variations of particle fluxes in the and modelers will use to clarify the role of the south- southern oceans: A bottom-tethered sediment trap ern oceans in the global carbon cycle. (S-231, S-232, array experiment. Jack Dymond, Oregon State Univer- and S-233) sity. We will directly measure the downward flux of Silica cycling and the role of diatoms in the particulate matter through an array of bottom- biological pump of the southern oceans (U.S. mounted sediment traps. These traps will be main- JGOFS). Mark Brzezinski, University of California at tained for 18 months and have a sampling resolution Santa Barbara, and David Nelson, Oregon State Univer- of 17 days with higher resolution during the intense sity. Our project will make use of the R/V Nathaniel summer phytoplankton bloom. The total export B. Palmer and the R/V Thompson. This component of fluxes of organic carbon, nitrogen, biogenic silicates, the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) concerns and calcium carbonate that can be obtained from the general topic of removal of organic carbon from these measurements represent the basic core vari- the surface layers of the ocean and deals specifically ables of the JGOFS program. (S-227) with diatoms, a form of siliceous phytoplankton, as a Latitudinal variations of particle fluxes at the major component of the biological pump of the southern ocean: A bottom-tethered sediment trap southern oceans. Diatoms are known to be responsi- array (U.S. JGOFS). Susumu Honjo, Woods Hole ble for the majority of primary production in the Po- Oceanographic Institution. This project will make di- lar Front Zone (PFZ) and along the retreating ice rect measurements of the downward flux of particu- edge in the Ross Sea. late matter through an array of bottom-mounted Strong correlation between the fluxes of diato- sediment traps. These traps will be maintained for an maceous silica and organic carbon indicate that dia- 18-month period and will have a sampling resolution toms are also the autotrophic source of much of the of 17 days; during the intense summer phytoplank-

14 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 organic matter exported from the surface waters of Quaternary climate cycles. The sedimentary record the southern oceans. The role of diatoms in the bio- of these isotopes also indicates a systematic down- logical pump may be especially important in the core shift associated with late Quaternary climate PFZ, since nearly all of the silica flux in the southern change. Our project has three objectives: oceans occurs beneath the PFZ. As a result, this re- • to confirm and calibrate the relationships gion and the waters to the south constitute the larg- between nitrate use and levels of nitrogen est area of modern siliceous sediment accumulation isotopes and between surface-water carbon- in the world. Surprisingly, that immense opal accu- dioxide levels/phytoplankton growth rates and mulation is supported by very low rates of primary surface-water levels of carbon isotopes; production near the surface. Within the water col- umn and upper sediments, the regional cycles of car- • to determine the reliability of the transfer of the bon and silica are decoupled to a degree that does proxy signal of these isotopes to the ocean floor; not occur elsewhere, and thus, opal-rich, but organic- and poor, sediments are forming throughout much of the • to determine the magnitude and consistency of abyssal southern ocean. any changes, caused by such environmental factors as water temperature, in the preserved The observational program is designed to reveal proxy signal and identify sedimentary fractions the fate of the silica produced and to help constrain for which these changes are minimized. the contribution of diatoms to carbon fixation and export in the region. The insights gained regarding To accomplish our objectives, we will sample the magnitude, fate of biogenic silica, and the factors water seasonally in ocean areas between the sub- controlling silica cycling and diatom productivity tropical convergence and the Ross Sea. Samples rep- will help evaluate the role of diatoms in the biogeo- resenting various aspects of surface-water chemistry, chemical cycling of elements in the region and ex- including nitrate-related compounds and dissolved 0 0 plain the mechanisms producing high accumulation isotopic carbon, will be collected at 1 and 2 latitude rates of diatom silica in the southern oceans. (S-234 resolution along the cruise track. At each mooring, and S-235) we will also take vertical profiles of the upper-water column. (S-236 and S-237) Nitrogen and carbon isotope paleo-proxy veri- fication and calibration in the southern oceans New and regenerated production in the south- (U.S. JGOFS). Mark Altabet, University of Massachu- ern oceans: Ross Sea study (U.S. JGOFS). William P. setts; Roger Francois, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu- Cochlan, University of Southern California; Deborah tion. Over the last decade, researchers have proposed Bronk, University of Georgia. The broad continental and developed, to varying degrees, several new shelf of the Ross Sea is characterized by relatively deep-sea sediment proxies for important oceanic high biomass with large phytoplankton blooms in properties. An urgent need has been recognized for the austral spring-summer. This study is designed to verification and calibration studies, however, par- assess the rates of new and regenerated production ticularly in the southern oceans. The southern oceans in the Ross Sea continental shelf regime during the have long been known as a region important to pa- productive growing season in Antarctica (spring, leo-oceanography, not only because the region re- summer, autumn). The overall objectives of this sponds strongly to and contributes to the forcing of study are to obtain accurate and quantitative esti- climate cycles but also because its remoteness makes mates of the nitrogenous nutrition of the planktonic it one of the least studied regions with regard to pa- assemblages in this dynamic system and to under- leoproxy verification and calibration. In this respect, stand the factors that control the magnitude and the Joint Global Oceans Flux Study (JGOFS) South- variability of primary production and the vertical ern Oceans Program provides paleo-oceanographers flux of biogenic material from the euphotic zone (i.e., with a unique opportunity for seasonal access to a export production). A suite of core measurements region that extends from the subtropical convergence will be made to estimate new and regenerated pro- to the Ross Sea. duction over relevant spatial and temporal scales. New production in the Ross Sea is hypothesized as a Our effort focuses on sedimentary nitrogen and function of the evolution of the ecosystems’ devel- carbon isotopes, both of which, researchers have opment and thus regulated by shown, exhibit large north/south gradients in the • upper and surface portions of sediment cores during the hydrodynamic properties of the water column (i.e., vertical stability from ice melt),

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 15 • the interaction of macronutrients (ammonium cles (the particulate carbon flux) may be solved. (S- and urea), and 240 and S-241) • the availability of the micronutrient iron. Bacterial production uncoupled from primary Core measurements include determining the production: Implications for dissolved organic mat- uptake rates of four nitrogen substrates (nitrate, ni- ter fluxes in the southern oceans. Farooq Azam, Uni- trite, ammonium, and urea) using the 15N-tracer versity of California at Davis; Hugh W. Ducklow, Vir- technique at stations distributed along transects from ginia Institute of Marine Sciences, The College of William the ice edge (marginal ice zone), across the shelf, and Mary; David L. Kirchman, College of Marine Studies. slope and into the open ocean. Measurements will be Our investigation focuses on the role and quantita- taken at seven depths ranging from 100 percent to 1 tive importance of bacteria in transforming organic percent of surface irradiance during morning, mid- matter. Researchers hypothesize that extreme sea- day, and night. The degree of isotopic dilution will be sonal and spatial variation in the southern oceans quantified during nitrogen uptake experiments to leads to transient uncoupling between bacteria and determine more accurately the rates of uptake and to primary producers, as mediated through the dis- estimate rates of microheterotrophic nitrogen regen- solved organic matter pool. The principal goal of our eration. In addition to the core measurements, addi- research will be comprehensive spatial and temporal tional experiments will answer specific questions coverage of core measurements (bacterial abundance, about the system, and will refine our estimates of biomass, and production). This will allow an inte- new and regenerated production. (S-238 and S-239) grated quantitative assessment of the fraction of primary production consumed by bacteria. Equally Thorium isotopes as indicators of export flux important is the study of the mechanisms controlling and particle dynamics in the southern oceans: Joint the rate and time frame in which bacteria process Global Ocean Flux Study. Michael P. Bacon, Woods primary production. This is critical to complement Hole Oceanographic Institution; J. Kirk Cochran, State the core measurements and address these issues. University of New York at Stony Brook. We will use the Specifically, total bacteria counts will be comple- U.S. Antarctic Program’s icebreaking research ship mented with counts of nucleoid-containing cells and Nathaniel B. Palmer and a ship from the University respiring cells to determine the fraction of the bacte- National Oceanographic Laboratory System on six rial assemblage that is active. In collaboration with process cruises between October to November 1996 other researchers, we will use incubation experi- and March 1998. Our effort focuses on the spatial and ments to examine variation in dissolved organic temporal variations in the distribution and particu- matter lability and the growth yield of bacteria. This late fluxes of thorium isotopes (thorium-234 and tho- project will provide a quantitative and mechanistic rium-228). These isotopes serve as ocean tracers and understanding of variability in a major pathway of yield fundamental information about the rates of carbon flow, the microbial loop, in the southern biogeochemical processes that govern the production ocean. (S-243, S-244, and S-245) and fate of biogenic particles in the oceanic water column. While at sea, we will measure thorium-234 Organic geochemical studies in the southern by beta and gamma-counting. Ashore, we will use oceans. John I. Hedges, University of Washington; Cindy alpha-spectrometry to measure thorium-228. The Lee, State University of New York at Stony Brook; Stuart data will be interpreted within the context of biologi- G. Wakeham, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography. Our cal rate measurements and other data to be collected JGOFS project is a cooperative study of organic-mat- during the study. We will use these data to estimate ter cycling in the water column and in the surface export fluxes of organic matter, carbonate, and silica sediments of the southern oceans. The main goals of from the euphotic zone; to quantify transformation the effort are processes such as aggregation and disaggregation in • to determine how the composition and fluxes of the water column; and to test biogeochemical mod- organic material vary regionally and seasonally els. Thorium is a particularly useful tracer in this within the southern oceans context because its mode of production is well • known; it is taken up quickly by biogenic particles; to relate these variations to biological processing and its concentration can be measured quite pre- of the punctuated organic input and its siliceous cisely. The removal of thorium by falling particles matrix can therefore be determined, and the inverse prob- • to follow the downward diagenetic fate of lem of inferring the integrated mass of falling parti- planktonic remains through the water column

16 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 and into the underlying sediments, with special The overall goal of this research is to understand emphasis on biochemical trends reflecting how physical processes (advection, mixing, and substrate quality or freshness light), iron-limitation, and grazing interact to deter- • to account holistically for total organic matter at mine plankton community structure and production all stages of degradation by carbon-13 analysis of in the open oceans. Population abundances and bio- bulk trap and sediment samples. masses of the plankton community will be assessed by analytical flow cytometry (bacteria and phyto- While onboard ship, we will collect suspended plankton) and microscopy (nano- and microplank- and raining particulate material within the water col- ton) to determine their temporal and spatial patterns umn and from the underlying sediment at several relative to physical features of the polar front. sites along the proposed study transect. We will use Growth rates of phytoplankton and bacteria and of both plankton net tows and high-volume filtration of microzooplankton herbivory and bacterivory will be surface water to collect suspended particles. Modular measured with a suite of complementary methods sediments traps will be deployed in arrays of four to including dilution, fluorescently labeled prey, size collect sinking particles. Specially designed individ- fractionation, and an Isozyme assay for bacterivory. ual traps will selectively collect sinking particles and reject swimming zooplankton without loss of sample Results of this project will contribute to the gen- or biocide. Two of the four traps on each array will eral understanding of phytoplankton control mecha- be fitted with 12-tube subsampling carousels to nisms and trophic interactions in high-nutrient, study shorter term variations. We will analyze the low-chlorophyll regions of the world’s oceans. They collected trap- and sediment-core samples for their will also help to identify how potential global change basic biochemical building blocks, such as carbohy- affects water-column stability and how physical drates, amino acids, lipids, lignins, and pigments. forcing in the southern oceans may alter food web These biochemical components make up the bulk of structure, carbon storage, and export from the the organic matter produced in the upper-water col- euphotic zone. (S-249) umn and are an important fraction of the material buried in the sediment. At the molecular level, they U.S. JGOFS Southern Ocean Process Study: can provide unequivocal information on the sources Zooplankton processes (U.S. JGOFS). Mark Huntley, of organic matter and its decomposition at depth and University of California at San Diego. Making use of the on the pathways by which biogenic material is trans- R/V Nathaniel B. Palmer and the R/V Roger Revelle, ferred to the sediment. We will combine these data this project will be a seasonal study of the mesoscale with information obtained during prior JGOFS ex- spatial distribution of the carbon utilization by zoo- periments to produce a global picture of the organic plankton in the Antarctic Polar Front Zone and the chemistry of particulate matter in the ocean. (S-246, Ross Sea. Evidence strongly indicates that the eges- S-247, and S-248) tion of pellets by zooplankton can contribute sig- nificantly to a highly variable and episodic biogenic Structure and dynamics of plankton communi- carbon flux in the southern oceans. The research ap- ties in the antarctic front zone: Interactions of proach used will quantify the rate of total fecal pro- physical forcing, iron limitation, and micro- duction by the meso- and macrozooplankton com- zooplankton grazing (U.S. JGOFS). Michael Landry, munity at scales that dominate the variability— University of Hawaii. The southern oceans are a vast eddy-resolving spatial scales and seasonal time and variable environment with a potentially large scales—in both the Antarctic Polar Front Zone and role in global carbon cycling. The Joint Global Ocean the Ross Sea study regions. Flux Study Southern Ocean Program seeks to ad- vance the understanding of this region by investi- The process of quantification will depend upon gating seasonal and spatial dynamics in two impor- measurements of zooplankton abundance and distri- tant subsystems: the Ross Sea shelf and the Antarctic bution using a SeaSoar-mounted Optical Plankton Polar Front Zone. This project will contribute to this Counter (OPC) in the Polar Front Zone, a effort by determining microbial community structure net-mounted OPC in the Ross Sea study area, and and by assessing rates of phytoplankton growth and underway acoustic current measurements in both re- microzooplankton grazing on four cruises covering gions. Experimental measurements of ingestion rate the spring, summer, and autumn seasons in the will be directed at developing empirical relationships open-ocean front zone. to body weight, food availability, and diel periodicity for the principal species of antarctic zooplankton

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 17 grazers. These relationships will then be combined • Do nano- and microzooplanktonic protozoa con- with measurements of biomass and distribution to stitute a significant fraction of the zooplankton compute the rate of total fecal production. The ap- community in the Ross Sea? proach addresses those factors that are most likely to • Are these protozoa responsible for maintaining produce the greatest variability in zooplankton- low phytoplankton and bacterial standing stocks produced biogenic flux: in this environment? • variability in zooplankton biomass and in the • Is mixotrophy (i.e., combined phototrophic and food available to that biomass, on scales of tens phagotrophic nutrition) an important adaptive of kilometers horizontally and tens of meters behavior for the survival of protists in this vertically, planktonic antarctic ecosystem? • seasonal variability, and Studies will be conducted over an annual cycle • variability that is attributable to the size- in the Ross Sea to examine the expected strong sea- frequency distribution of zooplankton . sonal variability in these features of protistan ecol- ogy. (S-251) The results will quantify the role of zooplankton in carbon flux processes of the southern oceans, The carbon dioxide system in the southern leading to a better understanding of the southern oceans. Frank J. Millero, University of Miami. Our ex- ocean carbon cycle. (S-250) periment will be conducted aboard the research ships Nathaniel B. Palmer and Roger Revelle. The flux Seasonal contribution of nano- and micro- of gaseous carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to zooplankton to antarctic food web structure in the the ocean is controlled by the air-sea difference in the southern ocean (U.S. JGOFS). David A. Caron, Woods partial pressure of carbon dioxide. In the ocean, the Hole Oceanographic Institution and Darcy Lonsdale, dissolved carbon dioxide is in chemical equilibrium State University of New York at Stony Brook. A major with carbonate and bicarbonate ions. The carbonate role for nanoplankton (2-20 Tm) and microplankton T ion concentration controls the rate of dissolution and (20-200 m) protozoa in pelagic food webs of the precipitation of calcium carbonate and the rate at world ocean has been firmly established in recent which inorganic carbon is delivered to the sediment. years. Neritic and coastal ocean ecosystems have What is not well known is how these inorganic rela- been extensively studied in this regard, and consid- tionships are affected by biological processes in a re- erable information is also accumulating on the mi- gion where production and transformation processes crobial processes of tropical and temperate oceanic are quite large. As part of our research, we will make ecosystems. In contrast, the roles of nano- and micro- direct measurements of the carbonate system on zooplankton in the flow of energy and elements seven cruises between 1996 and 1998. This will in- through polar communities is less clear because of volve measuring total inorganic carbon dioxide the difficulties associated with sampling and work- (TCO2), the partial pressure of gaseous carbon diox- ing in these environments and because of the pre- ide (pCO2), and total alkalinity (TA) in the surface vailing dogma that microbial processes may be over- waters, as well as the pCO2 in atmosphere, continu- shadowed by “classical” phytoplankton- ously along the cruise tracks. We will also make zooplankton-fish food webs in these environments. complementary depth profiles of the oceanic pa- Clearly, there is now a great deal of information that rameters at some stations in cooperation with the is contradictory to this dogma, and numerous studies carbon-related measurements planned by other in recent years have documented an abundant and groups participating in the experiment. The resulting active protozoan fauna in polar ecosystems. Never- carbon-based and nutrient measurements should theless, there are still substantial gaps in our under- provide the necessary field data that will be needed standing of the overall importance of the microbial to examine the flux of carbon dioxide across the air- loop in polar environments. sea interface and the changes resulting from primary We will examine questions concerning the eco- productivity and the oxidation of plant material. (S- logical role of nano- and microplanktonic protozoa in 253) the water column of the Ross Sea:

18 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 Ocean sciences

A survey of the variability in atmospheric oxy- katabatic winds and mesocyclones influence the spa- gen in relation to the global carbon cycle. Ralph F. tial and temporal distribution of sea ice, as well as Keeling, University of California at San Diego, Scripps In- the upper ocean mixed-layer depth, and thus control stitution of Oceanography. The abundance of oxygen in primary production within the sea ice and in the the atmosphere is sensitive at the part-per-million open water system. The structure, standing stock, level to biological and anthropogenic activities over a and productivity of bottom-dwelling biological wide range of spatial and time scales. Measurements communities are also linked to meteorological proc- of variations in atmospheric oxygen, detected esses through interseasonal and interannual varia- through changes in the oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio, can tions in horizontal and vertical fluxes of organic car- address several important issues pertaining to the bon produced in the upper ocean. During this 3-year global carbon cycle: study, we will investigate links among the atmos- pheric, oceanic, and biological systems of the south- • the magnitude of new production of organic western Ross Sea ecosystem. Direct measurements matter in surface waters over expanses of the will include ocean where direct, in situ observations are • lacking regional wind and air temperatures derived from automatic weather stations • the magnitude of any terrestrial carbon sink at • northern latitudes ice cover, ice movement, and sea-surface temperatures derived from a variety of satellite- • the relative importance of terrestrial ecosystems based sensors versus the oceans as a sink for anthropogenic • carbon dioxide. hydrographic characteristics of the upper ocean and primary productivity in the ice and in the An improved understanding of these issues will water derived from research cruises and satellite be valuable for making more accurate forecasts of studies global climatic and biogeochemical changes in the • vertical flux of organic material and water decades ahead. We have recently measured the oxy- movement derived from oceanographic gen in air samples collected at several locations moorings containing sediment traps and current around the world, and the current project continues meters our effort to carry out a systematic global survey of the variability in the oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio. Meas- • the abundance, distribution, and respiration urements will be carried out using a newly devel- rates of biological communities on the sea floor, oped interferometric technique for oxygen-to-nitro- derived from box cores, benthic photographs, gen analysis and using gas-handling methods that and shipboard incubations. obtain a precision of 1 part in 200,000 in the oxygen Based on archived meteorological data, we ex- measurement. (S-204) pect that the atmospheric variability during the Research on ocean–atmosphere variability and study period will be such that we will be able to ecosystem response in the Ross Sea. Robert B. Dun- monitor changes in air-flow patterns and their influ- bar, Rice University. This interdisciplinary study, Re- ence on oceanographic and biological patterns and to deduce the direct and indirect links, which are the search on Ocean–Atmosphere Variability and Eco- focus of the research. Results from this study will system Response in the Ross Sea (ROAVERRS), fo- contribute to our knowledge of atmospheric and cuses on atmospheric forcing, ocean hydrography, oceanic forcing of marine ecosystems and lead to a sea-ice dynamics, primary productivity, and pelagic– better understanding of marine ecosystem response benthic coupling in the southwestern Ross Sea. The to climatic variations. (S-216A) primary goal is to examine how changes in aspects of the polar climate system, in this case wind and tem- Research on ocean–atmosphere variability and perature, combine to influence marine productivity ecosystem response in the Ross Sea. James Barry, on a large antarctic continental shelf. In the Ross Sea, Monterey Bay Aquarium. Our project is part of an in-

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 19 terdisciplinary study (Research on Ocean–Atmos- 1996 and March 1997 and between October 1997 and phere Variability and Ecosystem Response in the March 1998, we will model primary production in Ross Sea, or ROAVERRS) of meteorologic forcing the water column and sea ice. The focus of the initial phenomena, sea-ice dynamics, ocean hydrography, modeling studies will be to derive estimates of pri- primary productivity, and benthic-pelagic coupling mary productivity for the southern oceans. These ini- in the southwestern Ross Sea, Antarctica. The pri- tial estimates will be based on current understanding mary goal is to examine how changes in aspects of of the physiology, biochemistry, and ecology of the polar climate system—in this case wind and tem- southern ocean phytoplankton and sea-ice algae; cli- perature—influence marine productivity on a large matologies for sea-ice cover, cloud cover, sea-surface antarctic continental shelf. In the Ross Sea, winds off temperature, and algal pigments; and existing mod- the continent and mesocyclones influence the spatial eling approaches for depth-dependent primary pro- and temporal distribution of ice cover, as well as up- duction in sea ice and water column. One of our pri- per ocean mixed-layer depth. Consequently, they mary goals is to make the first determination of the control primary production in sea-ice and open- relative amounts of primary production in the water water systems. The structure, standing stock, and column and in the sea ice using a consistent, modern productivity of bottom-dwelling biological com- estimation method (bio-optical modeling) for both munities are also linked to meteorologic processes systems. Sensitivity analyses will then be performed through interseasonal and interannual variation in to guide planning of the ROAVERRS program. These horizontal and vertical fluxes of organic carbon pro- analyses will be directly applicable to planning for duced in the upper ocean. During a 2½-year field in- Joint Global Ocean Flux Study and for Global Ocean vestigation, we will study links among atmospheric, Ecosystem Dynamics activities related to estimating oceanographic, and biological systems in the south- primary production in the southern oceans. Specifi- western Ross Sea ecosystem. Direct measurements cally, we will study model sensitivity to sampling will include scales (temporal and spatial) in the ROAVERRS study region and to variation in the parameters pro- • regional wind and air temperature posed for measurement during ROAVERRS (e.g., al- • ice cover, ice movement, and sea-surface gal bio-optics, photosynthetic parameters, spectral temperature quality of light, nutrient concentration, sea-ice thick- • hydrographic characteristics of the upper ocean ness, snow cover, water-column mixing rates, and and primary productivity in sea ice and upper- temperature). Following completion of this modeling water column study, the ROAVERRS program will make improve- ments to the models based on an expanded data- • vertical flux of organic materials and ocean circulation base—for example, tuning the model for different types of sea-ice habitat or phytoplankton blooms— • abundance, distribution, and respiration rates of and carry out testing of these models against field ob- biological communities on the sea floor. servations. (S-216C) Based on archived meteorologic data, we antici- Drake Passage expendable bathythermograph pate that atmospheric variability during the study program. Ray Peterson, University of California. This will allow us to monitor changes in air-flow patterns project will analyze data from bottom pressure in the southwestern Ross Sea and determine their in- gauges deployed across choke points for the south- fluence on oceanographic and biological patterns. ern ocean flow. Bottom pressure gauges were de- The study will contribute to our knowledge of at- ployed between South Africa and the antarctic coast mospheric and oceanographic forcing of polar ma- close to the Greenwich Meridian and at two locations rine ecosystems and lead to a better understanding spanning the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) of the polar marine ecosystem response to climate south of Tasmania. Simultaneously, the British de- variability. (S-216B) ployed similar instruments in the Drake Passage. The Modeling primary production of the southern main scientific goal of these deployments was to de- ocean for ROAVERRS. Michael P. Lizotte, University termine the fluctuations in the transport of the ACC of Wisconsin. As part of the Research on Ocean–At- and to relate it to those in the subtropical and sub- mosphere Variability and Ecosystem Response in the polar gyres and to the wind field over the southern Ross Sea (ROAVERRS) program that will be con- oceans. (S-260) ducted in the southwest Ross Sea between October

20 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 Optical measurements and modeling to esti- used in the course of this study where cultures will mate concentration and fluxes of organic matter in be exposed to ambient irradiance levels of UV-B, UV- the southern oceans. B. Greg Mitchell, University of A, and visible radiation in varying proportions to California at San Diego, and Dariusz Stramski, Univer- simulate present and enhanced UV-B radiation. The sity of Southern California. As predicted in the 1970s, use of a single species in culture will allow con- the stratospheric ozone layer has been diminished as trolled experiments to test our hypotheses. The re- a consequence of anthropogenic release of chloro- sults will allow development of predictions con- fluorocarbons. The thinning ozone layer results in in- cerning the competitive advantage of various polar creased surface flux of harmful ultraviolet-B (UV-B, taxa with respect to alterations to their radiation en- vironment. This effort will improve our under- 280+320 nanometers) radiation relative to ultraviolet- standing of mechanisms of photoprotection in ma- + + A (UV-A, 320 400 nanometers) and visible (400 700 rine polar phytoplankton in response to increasing nanometers) radiation. Although considerable effort levels of UV-B radiation. (S-261 and S-262) has focused on evaluating the impacts of ozone de- pletion for antarctic marine communities, effects of Turbulent mixing near the Filchner-Ronne Ice increased UV-B radiation in the Antarctic remain Shelves. Laurence Padman, Oregon State University. virtually unexplored. In particular, few studies have This study concerns the formation processes of Wed- addressed questions related to UV acclimation and dell Sea Bottom Water, a very cold and saline water photoprotection, questions whose answers are essen- mass found at the continental shelf edge of the south- tial for predicting the long-term ecological effects of ernmost Weddell Sea. The formation process is be- increased UV-B radiation. lieved to involve saline but warm Circumpolar Deep Water and extremely cold but relatively fresh Ice This study will focus on the capacity of diverse Shelf Water, but little is known about the process it- marine polar phytoplankton species to acclimate to self. Weddell Sea Bottom Water is important because increasing UV-B levels by synthesizing potentially it is a precursor to Antarctic Bottom Water, a dense, photoprotective UV-absorbing compounds, known globally distributed water mass. The outflow of Ice as mycosporinelike amino acids (MAAs). Because Shelf Water from beneath the Filchner-Ronne Ice convolution of known photo-inhibition action spec- Shelf has been the subject of a continuing interna- tra with environmentally realistic spectral irradiance tional field program. flux indicates that UV-A radiation represents the major portion of photo-inhibiting solar radiation, In February and March of 1998, a British Antarc- UV-absorbing compounds are likely to have evolved tic Survey (BAS) cruise on board H.M.S. Endurance in response to UV-A wavelengths. If MAAs are to be will focus on the oceanic and atmospheric exchange effective at increased UV-B radiation levels, the cells processes within the open water at the face of the ice must be able to synthesize compounds with UV-B shelf. This study is an integral part of the scientific absorption at shorter wavelengths of relevance to program of the cruise and will concern the mecha- ozone depletion (e.g., less than 320 nanometers). To nisms responsible for the mixing of Ice Shelf Water date, there is limited evidence as to the efficacy of with other regional water masses as it emerges from MAAs in photoprotection or whether UV-B radiation under the ice shelf. The measurements that will form alone can induce MAAs in phytoplankton. We will the basis for the analysis include address the following questions: • vertical profiles of temperature, conductivity, • Is MAA production common among polar and velocity microstructure; marine phytoplankton? • acoustic doppler current profiles; and • How efficient are MAAs at absorbing UV, in • rapidly sampling temperature sensors mounted particular the UV-B, radiation? on BAS current meter moorings. • What wavelengths are involved in the induction Datasets collected by other participants in the of MAA synthesis? cruise will include • Are MAAs effective UV photoprotectants, in • particular for UV-B? atmospheric measurements, • We will conduct several experiments with phy- a regional survey of the hydrographic structure of the upper ocean, and logenetically diverse arctic and antarctic isolates in monospecific cultures. Several approaches will be • satellite-based remote sensing products. (S-265)

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 21 Dynamic/thermodynamic processes and their the snow cover. contribution to the sea-ice thickness distribution The SAR images from ERS-2 and RADARSAT and radar backscatter in the Ross Sea. Martin Jeffries, will be acquired at the McMurdo ground station and University of Alaska at Fairbanks. This project is a processed at the Alaska SAR Facility. These images study of the effects of antarctic sea ice in the global will provide information about the large-scale ice climate system through an examination of how the motion field and the small-scale ice deformation spatial distribution of ice and snow thickness and of field, both of which contribute to the observed ice- open water is reflected in satellite-based synthetic thickness distribution. aperture radar (SAR) imagery. The field investiga- tions will be carried out from the R/V Nathaniel B. In addition, a study of the spatial and temporal Palmer in winter 1998 and summer 1999 and will variation of the backscattered microwave energy will produce observations of contribute to the development of numerical models that simulate the dynamic and thermodynamic inter- • the snow and ice distribution; actions among the sea ice, ocean, and atmosphere. • the crystal structure, stable isotopes, salinity, and The surface data are vital for the extraction of envi- temperature structure of ice cores; and ronmental information from the radar data, and for • the stratigraphy, grain size, and water content of the ultimate validation of interactive models. (S-286)

Environmental research

Impacts of tourism on wildlife populations at Characterization of indigenous and introduced Palmer Station, Antarctica. William Fraser, Montana toxic phytoplankton in Antarctica. Donald Anderson, State University. Tourism in Antarctica has steadily Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Of the thou- increased since the late 1960s. Despite rising concern sands of species of marine phytoplankton only a few that human activity may adversely affect wildlife produce potent toxins. These species are found in the populations, studies designed to address this issue massive “red tides” or blooms of cells that discolor have been lacking. Our objective is to examine the the water. More commonly, the organisms are pres- feasibility of coupling research on the effects of tour- ent at low concentrations and are noticed only by the ism on Adélie penguin populations on Torgersen Is- effects their toxins have on aquatic organisms and land, Antarctic Peninsula, with two long-term eco- humans. The nature of the toxic phytoplankton system programs already in existence in the area. The problem has changed considerably in recent years: rationale for this approach is that understanding and many areas that were previously unaffected are now defining the natural variability inherent in the eco- subject to recurrent outbreaks. Therefore, it is alarm- system are necessary prerequisites for identifying ing that marine algal toxins (saxitoxins) have been and interpreting the effects of human activity. By em- found in antarctic mollusks. ploying identical technologies and methodologies, we will attempt to develop identical, coincident data- The implications of this discovery are profound bases at sites visited by tourists to compare with da- given the low number of trophic levels between pri- tabases developed as part of the two ecosystem mary producers and top predators and the proven studies at sites not visited by tourists. The latter will ability of the saxitoxins to alter the food web struc- thus provide the background ecosystem data needed ture and dynamics. Saxitoxins can affect zooplank- to discern and interpret the former. If we are success- ton, fish larvae, whales, porpoises, seabirds, and hu- ful in developing this arrangement, our research will mans. A concern is that the saxitoxin-producing alga, become one of the key studies addressing human presumably the dinoflagellates in the genus Alexan- impact in Antarctica and will serve as a model for drium, has been introduced to antarctic waters, possi- future research of a similar nature. The results of this bly by vessel traffic between South America and the study will also help fulfill the National Science Foun- Antarctic Peninsula. This mechanism of species dis- dation’s responsibility and obligations for environ- persal has been implicated in the sudden appearance mental protection under the Antarctic Conservation of toxic algae in other areas of the world. Short and Act of 1978. (S-013) frequent transport pathways do exist between Ant- arctica and the high-toxicity waters of southern Chile

22 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 and Argentina. It is also possible that the saxitox- The first objective will be to establish a field ex- ins-producing organism is indigenous to Antarctica periment near McMurdo Station where the investi- and was only recently noticed. In either case, the im- gators will manipulate organic loading and trace plications to the antarctic food web are significant. metal concentrations in sediment within colonization trays to test whether the separate taxa respond inde- The objectives of this project are to identify and pendently to the classes of pollution. Treatments will characterize the possible source(s) of saxitoxins in also include access of larger mobile predators and Antarctica to determine whether the causative or- time for community development to assess whether ganisms are indigenous or introduced species, and if biological interactions within the ecosystem with the introduced, to identify the probable origin and trans- diagnostic capability of the indices of pollution port pathway. (S-300) stress. Second, the investigators will complete a rig- Diagnostic indicators of biological community orous review and meta-analysis of all available data stress using benthic community analysis to tease sets on effects of pollution on marine invertebrate apart impacts of organic enrichment and toxicity: communities to test the hypothesis using the wealth An experiment in McMurdo Sound. Charles Peter- of pre-existing information from monitoring dis- son, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Com- charges, oil spills, and previous experimentation. (S- munities of benthic invertebrates are widely used to 302) monitor and evaluate biological impacts of pollution The effect of dissolved organic matter on the in the marine environment because their sessile life photolysis and bioaccumulation of synthetic or- styles, longevity, functional diversity, well-known ganic compounds in two lakes on Ross Island, Ant- taxonomy, and ecological significance render this arctica. Yu-Ping Chin, Ohio State University. The effect system an ideal ecological template on which bio- of persistent synthetic organic contaminants (SOCs) logical consequences are imprinted. Benthic commu- on the antarctic ecosystems is poorly understood. nities have been used successfully in environmental Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is ubiquitous to all assessments for convincing demonstrations that im- surface waters in Antarctica, and these compounds pacts of pollution are readily detectable at the level of may play an important role in the fate of SOCs. DOM family and phylum for macrofaunal invertebrates. is capable of acting as a quasisorbent, thereby alter- This project is designed to test the hypothesis ing the speciation of SOCs in the water column. that indices of abundance and production for indi- DOM is also highly photoreactive and is able to form vidual phyla of macrofauna and/or meiofauna can chemical transients that can transform SOCs. This be used as independent diagnostics to tease apart the dual-role nature of DOM could have pronounced ef- typically confounded impacts of these two separate fects on the bioavailability of SOCs to aquatic organ- classes of marine pollution. The investigators will isms. test the hypothesis that annelid worms and nema- This exploratory research will study processes todes are enhanced by modest organic loading and that control the fate of SOCs in the presence of DOM arthropods and echinoderms are depressed prefer- from two small lakes on Ross Island. Bioaccumula- entially by modest exposure to toxic contaminants tion experiments using phytoplankton and cyano- (trace metals). This hypothesis will be tested near bacteria from these sites will be conducted in an ef- McMurdo Station because fort to understand the effect of DOM on the bioavail- • its relatively constant environment allows ability of SOCs. A chlorinated biphenyl congener and experimental work to proceed on the sea floor pyrene have been selected for study because they without compromise by confounding distur- represent classes of contaminants found in Antarctica bances; and because they possess a wide range of physio- • previous benthic studies at this site have chemical properties. Photolysis experiments using revealed significant confounded patterns of artificial sunlight simulators will be studied to de- sediment contamination and benthic community termine the role of DOM as photocatalysts in the degrad-ation; and transformation of the two target analytes. The results • from this exploratory research will provide the low rates of natural bioremediation in cold polar groundwork for a much larger field project that will oceans make study of pollution impacts study these processes both in situ and ex situ using especially critical at high latitudes. other SOCs. (S-305)

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 23 Measurement of combustion effluent aerosols Previous work showed that extremely small, but from the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station. An- detectable, concentrations of black carbon aerosol are thony Hansen, Magee Scientific Company. Anthropo- brought to the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station genic activities in Antarctica have the potential of in the background atmosphere in amounts consistent producing both contemporaneous and long-term en- with models of long-range transport; however, the vironmental impacts on the nearly pristine sur- program that made this determination terminated in roundings. One of these impacts arises from the 1990. A 1986 study of surface snow and ice showed a emission of “black” or “elemental” carbonaceous clear plume of soot downwind of the station. Our ob- aerosols from the exhaust of diesel-powered genera- jective is to install more modern equipment both up- tors and vehicles used to support antarctic opera- wind and downwind of the South Pole Station to re- tions. When deposited on the snow and ice cover, establish the background aerosol measurements and this pollutant may be preserved indefinitely. Its high to provide a direct assessment of the station’s emis- optical absorption will alter the surface albedo and sions. The results of our work will contribute to de- the radiative properties of surface cover. Its ability to termining the station’s environmental impact result- promote catalytically certain chemical reactions may ing from combustion-derived emissions. This infor- lead to modifications of snow and ice chemistry. Its mation may be used as input to mitigation and absorbed content of fuel-derived organic species, abatement strategies. The upwind data will contrib- such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other ute to the global monitoring record and to assess- toxics, may have a deleterious effect on marginal bi- ments of the global circulation of anthropogenic ota and near coastal stations. emissions capable of influencing atmospheric optics and chemistry. (S-314)

Marine and terrestrial geology and geophysics

Cretaceous-Paleogene foraminiferida of the document this in the project’s initial report in order Victoria Land Basin (Cape Roberts Project). Peter- to assist others who are planning post-drilling in- Noel Webb, Ohio State University. We will characterize vesti-gations. Basic information to be recorded on the foraminifera in drill core recovered during the the foraminifera include Cape Roberts Project (CRP). As part of the CRP, in- • presence, abundance, preservation, species vestigators will drill four holes from a sea-ice plat- dominance and diversity form in up to 500 meters of water in the southwest • Ross Sea. Geophysical site surveys suggest that the stratigraphic distribution, levels of endemism or cosmopolitanism in faunas four drill holes will provide an aggregate thickness of about 1,500 meters of core and span about 100 to • completeness or fragmentation of population about 30 million years (Cretaceous-Paleocene). This structures and related information interval of geological time is not yet documented by These data will be used to address various geo- in situ stratigraphic sections in either the Ross Sea or logical problems. Disconformities and acoustic re- East Antarctica. The nearest comprehensive data flectors that extend across the rift system basins and sources for the Cretaceous and Paleocene occur in are also expected to be encountered in the drill hole New Zealand, the northern Antarctic Peninsula and will be dated. Major basin subsidence/uplift trends the southern oceans. We will use benthic and resulting from compaction and/or rift-margin fault- planktonic Foraminiferida from the core, together ing will be deduced from benthic foraminiferal with data from other fossil groups, to provide on-site bathymetric indicators. We will use more subtle cy- age and stratigraphic control as drilling progresses. clicity in the stratigraphic distribution of benthic spe- Age correlations will be made with biostratigraphy cies to recognize and document phases of transgres- from southern ocean sites where drilling was con- sion and regression, which in turn may indicate a ducted during Deep Sea Drilling Project/Ocean relationship between sea-level oscillation and terres- Drilling Project cruises and also with New Zealand trial glacial events. During the Cretaceous- planktonic and benthic zonal/stage schemes. Our Paleocene, the final disintegration of Gondwanaland initial objective is to make a comprehensive ac- occurred, specifically the northward movement of counting of foraminiferal material present and to

24 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 New Zealand and Australia away from Antarctica. and Engineering Center as a backup to the McMurdo Foraminifera from the CRP drill holes will contribute system. to an understanding of the paleogeography and pa- leooceanography between the East Antarctic high- Digital cartographic data collection and applica- lands and Pacific margin (the location of the proto- tion activities will continue both on and off the ice to Transantarctic Mountains) and the West Antarctic rift support antarctic science. Applications will use data system basins between this suspected island chain at scales ranging from 1:30,000,000 to 1:10,000. At and the highlands of West Antarctica. This will help McMurdo Station, USGS will provide access to the answer the question as to whether the marine margin antarctic data through cooperative activities with in- of East Antarctica, near the planned drill holes, was dividual scientists, production of graphic displays of located in a Cretaceous cul-de-sac or whether it oc- selected research areas, data/analysis support to cupied, at times, a position on a major oceanic circu- McMurdo logistic activities, and demonstrations of lation pathway between the southwest Indian, applications software packages with antarctic data. southwest Pacific, and southwest Atlantic Oceans. Absolute gravity meter measurements will be (S-049B) obtained at McMurdo Station, Terra Nova Bay, along Mapping and geodesy program. Jerry L. Mul- the McMurdo Dry Valley coast, and at one site inland lions and Tony K. Meaner, U.S. Geological Survey. Ac- along the coast. These measurements will be used to curate maps of Antarctica are essential for research establish baseline gravity values in Antarctica. These and support of operational and logistical activities. data also support GPS technology by improving the They also provide a cartographic base for support of vertical and horizontal geodetic control values. future antarctic scientific investigations and data The USGS maintains the U.S. Antarctic Map and collections. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) maps Aerial Photography Collection at the USGS National large portions of the continent to support U.S. re- Center in Reston, Virginia. This reference library is search in Antarctica. Before publishing these maps, used by many antarctic scientists to obtain maps and the USGS establishes geodetic control for topo- aerial photographs used in planning their field ac- graphic and satellite image-mapping at scales of tivities each year. (S-052) 1:10,000 to 1:250,000. Tephrochronology applied to Late Cenozoic pa- USGS personnel will take aerial photography leoclimate and geomorphic evolution of the central using airborne global positioning system (GPS) Transantarctic Mountains. David R. Marchant, Uni- photogrammetry and geodetic surveys, operate GPS versity of Maine. Our project focuses on the geomor- stations at various sites, support digital cartographic phic evolution of the McMurdo Dry Valleys. We will data applications, obtain absolute gravity measure- use isotopic ages and areal distribution of volcanic ment, and participate in the international GPS ant- ash deposits to constrain the chronology and rates of arctic campaign. As part of the aerial photographic landform development and to help quantify the age mapping program, we will photograph selected of geomorphic surfaces. The depositional setting and overland routes to South Pole Station, including the degree of weathering of the ash will help us to con- Leverett Glacier and Skelton Glacier. We will also do strain regional paleoclimatic conditions during and aerial-mapping photography in the Shackleton Gla- after deposition of the volcanic ash. We will focus on cier and McGregor Glacier areas in support of geo- the Quartermain Mountains, Asgard Range, Olym- logic research. Airborne GPS photogrammetry will pus Range, and McKelvey Valley because these re- provide mapping control for aerial photographs gions are known to contain some volcanic ash depos- taken by a Wild RC-10 aerial mapping camera using its and because they contain a variety of geomorphic the Twin Otter aircraft. settings over a substantial elevation range. With the The GPS Continuous Operating Reference Sta- data collected in the field, we will attempt to test as- tion (CORS) will continue to operate year-round at sumptions that underlie the hypothesis that the dry McMurdo and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Stations. valleys region represents a relict, semiarid landscape Data from these GPS base stations are used by other that formed before the continental ice sheets devel- science groups to improve the accuracy of their GPS oped during middle Miocene time and that subse- field observations. In addition, during the summer, quent slope modification has been limited to minor we operate a CORS GPS receiver at the Crary Science glacial scouring concentrated at valley heads, glacier

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 25 confluences, and deep-valley troughs. Among these ing drilling operations. Each season will include underlying assumptions are the following: preparation of a preliminary biostratigraphic/ paleo- environmental report based on siliceous microfossils. • that present geomorphic processes are ineffective This report will become part of the CRP Initial Reports denudation agents volume, which will include the preliminary results • that widespread land surfaces within tectonically from other microfossil groups, lithostratigraphic, uniform blocks reflect base-level changes at the magnetostratigraphic, and other analyses. Transantarctic Mountains front • that geomorphic landforms of the dry valleys Analysis of diatoms and other siliceous micro- that superficially resemble box canyons, escarp- fossils in CRP cores will greatly aid in the develop- ments, mesas, and buttes of desert regions in the ment of an integrated biostratigraphy for this poorly American southwest were formed by the same known interval in the southern high latitudes. Dia- types of denudation processes now operating in toms will provide evidence of, for example, environ- the Colorado Plateau. mental changes in water depth, primary productiv- ity, and the presence or absence of sea ice. CRP cores The isotopic-age information generated by this will provide an excellent opportunity to study adap- project will help constrain models of geomorphic tation of diatoms to strong polar seasonality and evolution in cold-desert regions and will have impli- diatom evolution. By integrating CRP studies with cations for models of landscape development and ongoing studies of Paleogene siliceous microfossils uplift history of the Transantarctic Mountains. If the in Arctic strata (for example, Ocean Drilling Program hypothesis of ancient semiarid erosion followed by Leg 151), the CRP cores will also offer the possibility minor glacial incision proves correct for the dry val- of gaining a bipolar perspective on Paleogene high- leys region, then changes in base level, as defined by latitude phytoplankton evolution. (S-051) isotopically dated land surfaces in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, will provide a chronology of Late Cenozoic Downhole logging for the Cape Roberts Proj- mountain evolution and uplift independent of ther- ect. Richard Jarrard, University of Utah. Continuous- mochronological studies that have been completed. core and downhole logging will be done at the four Answering these questions is important because the planned Cape Roberts Project (CRP) scientific drill thermochronology studies, although well suited for holes. The goal of CRP is to study the Early Tertiary determining long-term uplift rates, are not well and Cretaceous record of climate, tectonics, and sea- suited for distinguishing early from Late Cenozoic level change and to determine the time of onset of uplift. The volcanic ash database developed during antarctic glaciation. Geophysical well logs will be this study will also be useful for studies of the converted into continuous records of variation, and McMurdo volcanic province. (S-054) these records can be interpreted as indicating varia- tions in mineralogy and porosity. The detailed Diatom biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmen- one-dimensional records at each hole will be inte- tal history of Cape Roberts Project cores. David grated with available high-resolution seismic data to Harwood, University of Nebraska at Lincoln. This project produce a two-dimensional interpretation of the will work to characterize the diatom fossils in drill stratigraphy. This geophysical logging program is an core recovered by the Cape Roberts Project (CRP). essential component of basic characterization of the The CRP is a major program within the international drill site and is a fundamental part of the effort to antarctic earth science community designed to sam- produce a stratigraphic framework for interpretation ple antarctic continental margin strata of late Creta- of other scientific work on the core. (S-055) ceous through Paleogene age (30 million to 100 mil- lion years ago). Drilling operations will include con- Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and pa- tinuous coring from a sea-ice platform at four sites leoenvironmental history of Cape Roberts Cores. on the flank of the Victoria Land basin in the western David K Watkins, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, and Ross Sea, during two drilling seasons. This particular Sherwood Wise, Florida State University. The Cape project involves initial field-based paleontologic Roberts Project (CRP), a major program within the analysis of siliceous microfossils in Cape Roberts international antarctic earth science community, is cores. Core sections will be ferried to the Crary Sci- designed to sample the stratigraphic record, which ence and Engineering Center for immediate analysis. spans the time interval 30 to 100 million years ago, Diatoms and other siliceous microfossils will provide by drilling four sites on the flank of the Victoria Land rapid age and paleoenvironmental information dur- basin. Our effort focuses on basic characterization of

26 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 calcareous nannofossils as part of the development of region will be visited, where more than 1,500 mete- the biostratigraphic framework for drill core recov- orites have already been recovered and many more ered during the project and will support the drilling remain. During the 1999+2000 field season, several program by providing rapid-age and paleoenviron- icefields in the Dominion Range-Grosvenor Moun- mental information through the study of calcareous tains-Scott Glacier region will be visited, where pre- nannofossils. To accomplish this, we will systemati- vious reconnaissance and incomplete systematic cally sample the recovered sedimentary cores and searching promise significant meteorite recoveries. analyze their calcareous nannofossil content at the Crary Science and Engineering Center at McMurdo Antarctica is the world’s premier meteorite Station, Antarctica. Initial reports volume to be pre- hunting ground for two reasons. pared at the end of each of the two drilling seasons • Although meteorites fall in a random fashion all will include the results of this work as part of the over the globe, the likelihood of finding a initial characterization of the cores. The calcareous meteorite is enhanced if the background material nannofossil biostratigraphic record spans the entire is plain and the accumulation rate of terrestrial interval to be cored during CRP. Recent work on cal- sediment is low. Ice is a perfect medium. careous nannofossils from ocean drilling sites around Antarctica has yielded a refined zonation for the Pa- • On the east antarctic ice sheet, ice flow can leogene and Upper Cretaceous of the southern become blocked causing very old ice to be oceans that will provide a high-resolution bios- pushed to the surface. When the stagnant ice is tratigraphic framework for hemipelagic and pelagic deflated by the strong katabatic winds, a lag sediments recovered by Cape Roberts drilling. Data deposit of meteorites, over time in large from this research, when combined with other fossil concentrations, is left on the exposed surface of data, magnetostratigraphic data, and other age- the ice. dating methods, will provide integrated age control Continued recovery of antarctic meteorites is im- that is essential for other geological investigations. In portant for several reasons. ANSMET samples addition, calcareous nannofossils are excellent pa- leoenvironmental indicators for surface-water tem- • have been the only reliable source of new, perature and productivity. We will use statistical nonmicroscopic extraterrestrial material since the analysis of quantitative population census data to in- Apollo project; fer paleoenvironmental variations during the Pale- • provide essential “ground truth” about the ogene and Cretaceous. These data, in combination composition of asteroids, planets, and other with data from other fossil groups and sedimen- bodies of our solar system; tological studies, will be useful for assessing climate • provide samples of many geological types of change during the critical period of 30-100 million asteroids; years ago. (S-057) • have proved, against the conventional wisdom, Antarctic search for meteorites. Ralph Harvey, that some meteorites actually represent Case Western Reserve University. The Antarctic Search planetary materials, delivered to us from the for Meteorites (ANSMET) will continue during the Moon and Mars; and 1997+1998, 1998+1999, and 1999+2000 austral sum- • have even promoted the discovery that mer field seasons in Antarctica. Since 1976, ANSMET meteorites can be used to do astronomy, through has recovered more than 7,800 meteorite specimens the study of isotopically anomalous grains that from locations along the Transantarctic Mountains. could have evolved only in a different stellar environment. (S-058) Over the next 3 years, systematic searches will be conducted in regions known to contain meteorites, Maestrichtian land mammals of Vega Island, and reconnaissance work will be conducted to dis- Antarctic Peninsula. Michael Woodburne, University of cover new concentrations. During the 1997+1998 California at Riverside. The Maestrichtian is consid- field season, work will be done in the Pecora Escarp- ered to have been a key interval in the development ment-LaPaz Icefields region, where several small ice- of the land mammal fauna of southern Gond- fields remain unsearched and earlier reconnaissance wanaland from Australia to Antarctica and South located significant concentrations. During the America. Until now, no Maestrichtian fossil land + mammals have been found in any of these conti- 1998 1999 field season, the southern Walcott Névé nents. The Lopez de Bertodano Formation of Vega

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 27 Island, Antarctic Peninsula, shows the best potential ganic geochemical measurements are relevant to of yielding remains of land mammals of Maestrich- these issues, they are included in the initial core tian age in any southern Gondwanaland location. characterization studies. Our will include measuring This project is designed to grasp that opportunity as whole-rock carbonate carbon, total carbon, total ni- a collaborative venture between St. Mary’s Univer- trogen and total sulfur; analyzing the elemental sity, University of California at Riverside, and Ar- composition of kerogen in selected samples; and us- gentine scientists. ing gas chromatographic analysis of the solvent- soluble organic matter in selected samples. These Current theory predicts that the presently un- data will be collected in the Crary Science and Engi- known Maestrichtian-age land mammal fauna in neering Center (CSEC) at McMurdo Station and will Antarctica should consist of be reported as part of the initial core characterization • a suite of non-therian taxa remnant from an study of the CRP. (S-064) Albian-Campanian fauna that occupied southern Thermal and fluid state of the lithosphere be- Gondwanaland from Australia to Antarctica to neath South Pole region, East Antarctica, from South America and magnetotelluric measurements. Philip Wannamaker • a complex of marsupials composed of relict and John Stodt, University of Utah. Our objective is to peradectids and more derived early members of extend knowledge of the thermal and physico- australidelphians. The australidelphians should chemical state (fluids, melts) of the deep crust and include early members of the (currently) South upper mantle of Antarctica with magnetotelluric American Microbiotheriidae as well as early (MT) geophysical profiling of the South Pole area. In lineages of the (currently) Australian Peramelina, the MT method, temporal variations in the Earth’s Dasyuromorphia, and Diprotodontia. natural electromagnetic (EM) field are used as source Investigators will test this hypothesis in terms of fields to probe the electrical resistivity structure in the composition of the Maestrichtian land mammal the depth range of 1 to 100 kilometers or more. The fauna by conducting field research on Vega Island of effort will consist of about 16 sites over a length of 90 the James Ross Island basin, Antarctic Peninsula. The kilometers, offset from South Pole Station a few location has been chosen on the basis of its known kilometers and oriented grid NE-SW, normal to the productivity in yielding Maestrichtian-age verte- Transantarctic Mountains (TAM). The method will brates (presbyornithid birds and hypsilophodont di- test the cratonic character of the lithosphere of this nosaurs) in near-shore fine-grained shallow-water part of East Antarctica to depths of 100 to 150 kilo- marine sandstones of the Lopez de Bertodano For- meters and compare its resistivity structure with that mation that are amenable to dry or wet sieving col- imaged in central West Antarctica (CWA) by the lecting methods. Such methods have proven success- same research group. Second, there has been only ful in obtaining fossil mammals from similar facies in one successful broadband MT campaign in the ant- the medial Eocene La Meseta Formation of Seymour artctic interior. Conditions around South Pole differ Island. (S-061) from those at CWA, and this project should make MT surveying more feasible over the entire continent. Initial Characterization of Organic Matter in Third, the results will provide the crustal response Cretaceous-Paleogene Sedimentary Rocks, Cape baseline for possible long-term MT monitoring to Roberts, Antarctica. Richard M Kettler, University of lower mantle depths at South Pole. (S-068) Nebraska at Lincoln. Our project focuses on organic geochemical characterization of Cretaceous-Paleogene Initial sedimentological characterization of the sedimentary rocks to be recovered during the Cape Late Cretaceous-Early Cenozoic drill cores from Roberts Project (CRP). The CRP proposes to core Cape Roberts, Antarctica. Lawrence Krissek, Ohio four 500-meter holes from a fast ice drilling platform State University. An international initiative to collect in the Ross Sea. The core recovered will be de- 1,500 meters of drill core from offshore of Cape Rob- scribed, curated, and sampled for scientific re-search. erts, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, is intended to The CRP has the potential to answer significant provide a better understanding of antarctic history questions regarding the history of the West Antarctic through the late Cretaceous and early Cenozoic. rift system, the development of continental ice Events during this period, which extends from be- sheets in Antarctica during the Cretaceous and Pa- fore the final breakup of Gondwanaland through the leogene, and the response of biota to climatic deterio- onset of antarctic glaciation, are ill-defined by exist- ration and the development of seaways. Because or- ing data. The Cape Roberts Project (CRP) aims to

28 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 provide new data about the development of the west This project builds on over 10 years of prior in- antarctic rift system, the subsidence history of the vestigation into the depositional processes, produc- Ross Sea, and ice-sheet fluctuations on Antarctica tivity patterns, and climate regime of the Antarctic through this critical time interval. Peninsula. This previous work identified key loca- tions that contain ultra-high-resolution records of CRP is partly an extension of previous drilling past climatic variation. These data indicate that solar efforts on the antarctic continental margin and is cycles operating on multicentury and millennial time partly a new initiative to document more completely scales are important regulators of melt water pro- the developmental history of the Ross Sea sector of duction and paleoproductivity. These marine records the Antarctic and southern Pacific region through the can be correlated with ice-core records in Greenland late Cretaceous-early Cenozoic. It will draw on the and Antarctica. successes of previous drilling efforts to document re- gional and environmental development with good This project will focus on sediment dispersal spatial and temporal resolution, and it will also draw patterns across the Palmer Deep region. The objec- upon newly compiled geophysical databases. tive is to understand the present links between the modern climatic and oceanographic systems and CRP is a collaborative endeavor and is currently sediment distribution. In particular, additional in- being supported by six participating countries. Tasks formation is needed regarding the influence of sea involved in this segment of the project will include ice on the distribution of both biogenic and terrige- initial description and characterization of the strati- nous sediment distribution. Sediment samples will graphic successions; these results will be used as the be collected with a variety of grab sampling and fundamental database for other analyses. The strati- coring devices. Two additional objectives are the de- graphic sections will also be used as reference sec- ployment of sediment traps in front of the Muller Ice tions for modeling observed marine and geophysical Shelf in Lallemand Fjord and seismic reflection work events. Initial sedimentological characterization of in conjunction with site augmentation. The goal of the successions will allow the definition of facies, the sediment-trap work is to address whether sand construction of facies sequences, and the interpreta- transport and deposition adjacent to the ice shelf tion of depositional environments through time. The calving line results from melt water or aeolian proc- end result of the proposed work will be an Ocean esses. In addition, the relationship between sea-ice Drilling Program-style initial report for each drilling conditions and primary productivity will be investi- season. These reports will include the stratigraphic gated. The collection of a short series of seismic lines log, initial facies and depositional system interpreta- across the Palmer Deep basins will fully resolve the tions, sedimentary petrologic and petrogenetic question of depth to acoustic basement. (S-072) analyses, and initial clay mineralogical analysis. In- formation provided by other specialists will also be Paleomagnetic and mineral magnetic charac- included in the reports, including biostratigraphy, terization of drill cores from the Cape Roberts Proj- magnetostratigraphy, geophysical logs, and geo- ect. Kenneth Verosub, University of California at Davis. chemical interpretations. The initial interpretations of The goals of the Cape Roberts Project (CRP) are to regional history will be presented in these reports, elucidate the history of fragmentation of the Pacific and the regional and global ramifications of this his- margin of Gondwanaland and the history of antarctic tory will be highlighted. (S-070) glaciation from Cretaceous through Oligocene time. The CRP will operate with an integrated science plan Holocene paleoenvironment change along the in which all of the initial scientific characterization of Antarctic Peninsula: A test of the bipolar/solar sig- the cores will be done at McMurdo Station during nal. Eugene Domack, Hamilton College. This project is a two drilling seasons over two successive years. The multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional effort to eluci- drilling seasons will each be 2 months long and will date the detailed climate history of the Antarctic operate in much the same manner as 2-month cruises Peninsula during the Holocene epoch (the last 10,000 of the Ocean Drilling Program. The scientific activi- years). The Holocene is an important, but often ties associated with characterization of the cores will overlooked, portion of the antarctic paleoclimatic re- include magnetostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, pe- cord because natural variability in Holocene climate trography, mineralogy, and sedimentology. Age de- on time scales of decades to millennia can be evalu- termination is of principal importance in such a proj- ated as a model for our present “interglacial” world. ect because a temporal framework is necessary to obtain a history of climatic and tectonic events.

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 29 This research will determine high-quality paleo- Antarctica is available for examination. In this con- magnetic stratigraphy, with the appropriate mineral text, it will be possible to examine details of seed magnetic studies, in support of the CRP. For the plant growth, development, and evolution at high on-site magnetic studies, this project will paleolatitudes during the latter stages of the Paleo- zoic and extending into the Jurassic. • undertake logging of the whole-core magnetic susceptibility, which will help correlate the The few specimens collected during an earlier re- several overlapping cores to be recovered during connaissance at Carapace Nunatak suggest a flora the CRP; rich in conifers and seed ferns. The conifer compo- • determine a magnetostratigraphic framework for nents will be important in evaluating basal character dating the cores; states within the major conifer families, whereas the • seed ferns will be useful in evaluating the characters undertake mineral magnetic and environmental and relationships of these Mesozoic gymnosperms to magnetic studies to assess the reliability of the the geologically younger flowering plants. The site paleomagnetic signal; and also contains some woody specimens (small twigs, • determine if environmental magnetic properties fragments of wood), in which the tree rings will be yield information concerning changes in the analyzed and compared with those from other high tectonic, sedimentologic, diagenetic, or climatic latitude sites, both older (Permian and Triassic) and influences on the sedimentary record at Cape younger (Cretaceous and Tertiary). (S-076) Roberts. Dry valleys seismograph project. Bob Reynolds, Detailed environmental and mineral magnetic U.S. Geological Survey. The dry valleys seismograph studies will also enable evaluation of the sediments project was established in cooperation with the New as recorders of the geomagnetic field. The Cape Rob- Zealand Antarctic Program to record broadband, erts records provide the potential to obtain rare high high-dynamic-range digital seismic data at a remote southern latitude constraints on geomagnetic field site removed from the environmental and anthropo- behavior. Paleomagnetic studies should also provide genic noise on Ross Island. The Wright Valley offers important data concerning crustal movements and one of the few locations on the continent where bed- rift development in the Ross Sea sector. (S-075) rock can be accessed directly. The station consists of a triaxial broadband borehole seismometer at 100 me- Jurassic floras of the Carapace Nunatak area: ters depth and a vertical short-period instrument at Evolution and paleoclimatic significance. Thomas 30 meters depth. These data are digitized at the re- Taylor, University of Kansas. This project will system- mote location and then are radio-frequency teleme- atically collect and analyze the Jurassic fossil floras tered via repeaters on Mount Newell and Crater Hill, from three levels at Carapace Nunatak in southern eventually to the recording computer located in the Victoria Land and will complete reconnaissance for Hatherton Laboratory at Scott Base. Although ar- similar-aged deposits at Shapeless Mountain near the chived at Scott Base for backup purposes, the data do head of Wright Valley. These floras represent the not stop flowing at this point. The data pass via a most extensive deposits of Jurassic fossil plants that point-to-point protocol link to the Internet at are known from the continental portion of Antarc- McMurdo Station and then on to the Albuquerque tica. They are poorly known, both from a Seismological Laboratory for distribution to the seis- biostratigraphic and floristic standpoint and, as such, mological community. This year’s objectives are to are important not only to our understanding of floral refuel the remote station and the repeater site and to changes in Antarctica but also to correlations with continue to enhance the performance of the radio other Gondwanaland continents. In addition to im- link. Extra effort will go into the overhaul of the pressions and compressions, the site also contains thermoelectric generators this season to improve permineralized specimens. In this rare preservation their reliability over past seasons. This data set has type, cells and tissue systems are intact so that details beautifully complemented the data from the other about the anatomy and morphology of these Jurassic seismic stations that the Albuquerque Seismological plants can be evaluated. The preservation of the Laboratory operates on the antarctic continent at permineralized floral elements at Carapace is identi- Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Palmer Station, cal to those of Permian and Triassic age that have and, next season, the Australian station, Casey. (S- been studied over the past 10 years. As a result, a 078) continuum of structurally preserved plant fossils ex- tending from the Permian into the Upper Jurassic of

30 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 Stress field history, Cape Roberts, Antarctica. prime importance for interpreting antarctic geologic, Terry Wilson, Ohio State University. This collaborative biologic, climatic, and tectonic history during the research program will obtain the first age-calibrated Cretaceous-Cenozoic. Objectives of CRP include stress-field history within the west antarctic rift sys- • obtaining a late Cretaceous-Cenozoic paleo- tem of Antarctica. The opportunity to acquire the climatic record stress data is provided by the international drilling • studying glacial-deglacial and eustasy cycles program planned at Cape Roberts, which is located along the margin between the uplifted Transantarctic • determining the Gondwanaland breakup and Mountains and the rifted crust of the Victoria Land rifting history of the Ross Sea embayment. basin. Information on the paleostress history of the Core description and downhole experiments will Mesozoic and Cenozoic rift-basin fill will be obtained be conducted at each drill site. An international team from the core and downhole logging of natural frac- of biostratigraphers, sedimentologists, magneto- tures and faults. stratigraphers, petrologists, and others will conduct To establish the contemporary stress state, the initial characterization of the cores and their constitu- cores will be examined for coring-induced stress ents during and immediately following drilling. fractures and the borehole will be examined via Palynomorphs have proven to be invaluable downhole televiewer and dipmeter for any wellbore tools for biostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental breakouts and fractures reactivated by the contempo- interpretation of younger Ross Sea sequences drilled rary stress field. The stress data will be analyzed to in the Ross Sea embayment. They include both ma- address questions relevant to the paleo- and neotec- rine (dinocysts) and nonmarine (spores, pollen) tonic evolution of the antarctic plate. The results will types, record extensive and diverse geologic infor- contribute to the resolution of outstanding questions mation, and are preserved in a wide variety of litho- such as the cause of the anomalous aseismicity of the facies formed in various paleoenvironments. This continent, the geometry of stresses along the litho- project will provide initial palynological characteri- spheric boundary between the Transantarctic Moun- zation of the CRP drillcores in collaboration with tains and the west antarctic rift system, and the evo- New Zealand palynologists. Analyses will focus on lution of the antarctic intraplate stress field and its providing palynological input for an integrated bios- relation to rifting episodes associated with Gond- tratigraphic and paleoenvironmental framework wanaland breakup. Contemporary stress data ob- based on all microfossil groups present. This critical tained from this research will be added to the global framework is of fundamental importance to all fu- stress database and will help to fill the current void ture geologic, geophysical, and paleontologic studies in the global stress coverage marked by the antarctic conducted on the cores and in the drilling area. (S- plate. (S-079) 080)

Initial palynological characterization of Cape Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory. Philip R. Roberts drill cores. John Wrenn, Louisiana State Uni- Kyle, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology. versity. The Cape Roberts Project (CRP) is designed Mount Erebus, the most active volcano in Antarctica, to core submarine deposits in the western Ross Sea has been in a continuous eruptive state throughout that range in age from middle Late Cretaceous to the 20th century. The volcano is unique because it early Miocene. Four 500-meter-long drill cores will contains a persistent, convecting lava lake composed be taken from a platform of annual sea ice floating in of highly alkalic anorthoclase phonolite magma. water depths ranging from 100 to 500 meters. The During the time that the volcano has been observed, cores will sample a composite stratigraphic section eruptive activity from the lava lake and adjacent 1,500 meters thick during two 45-day drilling sea- vents has consisted of minor strombolian eruptions sons. that rarely eject volcanic bombs to heights exceeding Shipboard geophysical surveys have identified a 500 meters. Recent work has also shown that Mount package of dipping sedimentary strata interpreted to Erebus is an important source of aerosols to the ant- be Cretaceous-Miocene. A thin blanket of younger arctic atmosphere and most likely contributes signifi- sediments overlies these beds. Rocks of this age cant quantities of chlorine, fluorine, and other trace range are not known from the Ross Sea, the components to the snow falling on the east antarctic Transantarctic Mountains, or elsewhere in East Ant- ice sheet. These data have important consequences arctica. Thus, recovered sediments of this age have for chemists who are trying to decipher paleoenvi-

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 31 ronments from snow and ice-core analyses. Our ob- behavior of the ice sheet and to provide an important jective is to continue seismic observations using the basis for testing glaciological models that attempt to Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory at McMurdo predict the future behavior of the ice sheet—for ex- Station. Year-round observations using eight seismic ample response to global warming and subsequent stations on Mount Erebus and one at McMurdo Sta- sea-level rise. To accomplish this objective we will tion allow near real-time observations of the ongoing acquire a variety of different data sets. High- volcanic activity. Additional observations of the gas resolution seismic data acquired with air guns will emissions and surveillance of the activity from an ob- provide a stratigraphic framework for recognizing servatory near the summit of Mount Erebus will ex- deposits of the last glacial maximum. Very high- pand scientific understanding of the degassing be- resolution seismic records acquired with both hull- havior of this “open vent” volcano. Radiometric mounted and deep-towed chirper systems will en- dating of lava erupted from Mount Erebus will con- able us to link cores to seismic data; these systems tribute to an understanding of the development of provide stratigraphic resolution on the order of tens the volcano. (S-081) of centimeters. Sediment cores provide sample mate- rial for dating glacial events and for establishing the Global Positioning System (GPS) measure- source of ice that grounded on the continental shelf. ments of crustal motion in Antarctica. Carol A. The multibeam system provides direct images of Raymond, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The objective of features formed at the base of the ice sheet when it this project is to establish a Global Positioning Sys- was grounded on the continental shelf, such as gla- tem (GPS) geodetic network in the Transantarctic cial furrows and drumlins. These features provide in- Mountains to measure vertical and horizontal crustal formation about flow direction of former ice streams velocities. The vertical crustal velocities measured by and the extent to which deformation of the bed on GPS reflect the viscous, elastic response of the solid which the ice sheet rested contributed to ice sheet earth to antarctic deglaciation. We will use data from flow and retreat. (S-083) this GPS network to test models of late Pleistocene- early Holocene versus late Holocene deglaciation of The GPS campaign to measure rock motion in Antarctica. These data will also help constrain the the Transantarctic Mountains and related volcanics. length of time over which the antarctic ice sheet dis- Ian Whillans, Ohio State University. In close coopera- integrated and the distribution of the peak glacial tion with the U.S. Geological Survey, we will begin load. A mid-Holocene deglaciation model produces a taking global positioning system (GPS) measure- predicted uplift pattern near the Transantarctic ments of rock motion in southern Victoria Land and Mountains that we can measure using high-precision nearby areas. We will use the results to test some of GPS geodetic measurements within a 4-year period. the leading models for ice-sheet change and tectonic We will also measure horizontal deformation in- movement, particularly whether the continent is re- duced by rebound to help constrain present-day bounding because of reduced ice load from East or changes in antarctic ice mass by monitoring the elas- West Antarctica and whether Terror Rift or Tran- tic deformation of the lithosphere resulting from on- santarctic Mountain uplift is producing tectonic mo- going glacial loading and unloading. The lithos- tion. A modest program to measure ice motion will pheric response to ongoing ice mass changes is pre- be conducted as well. Our objective is to test models dicted to be an order of magnitude less than the vis- for ice flow in the Allan Hills meteorite concentration coelastic response to late Pleistocene-Holocene region and to determine whether small glaciers in the deglaciation. Tectonic uplift rates are also predicted McMurdo Dry Valleys are thickening or thinning. We to be small compared to the predicted rebound signal will set monuments into rock and ice and will use for this region. Baselines across faults in the GPS receivers to determine their locations. Measure- Transantarctic Mountains may capture co-seismic ments will be taken again in later years to determine motion if an earthquake or a seismic slip were to oc- further motion. (S-084) cur. (S-082) Scotia Arc Global Positioning System project. Timing of retreat of the west antarctic ice sheet. Lawrence A. Lawver and Ian W. Dalziel, University of John B. Anderson, Rice University. Our objective is to Texas at Austin. Antarctica is Earth’s most isolated examine the timing of ice-sheet grounding and re- continent. It is surrounded by actively spreading treat from the continental shelf in the Ross Sea region ridges except in the South American sector. The mo- during the past glacial episode. This type of analysis tion of South America with respect to Antarctica is is needed to improve the understanding of the past latitudinal and left-lateral at approximately 22 milli-

32 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 meters per year and is distributed along the bounda- follow-on project will allow characterization of the ries of the intervening Scotia Plate. A prominent but slow motions and deformations that occur across discontinuous bathymetric high, known as the Scotia and within the boundaries of the Scotia Plate. Ridge, surrounds the Scotia Plate on three sides. This feature includes some continental material detached The objectives of SCARP are to determine from South America and Antarctica, but its eastern • the relative motions of the Antarctic, South closure is a volcanically and seismically active group America, Scotia, and South Sandwich plates of islands, the South Sandwich Arc, which is sepa- • rated from the Scotia Plate by a vigorously spreading strain partitioning within the South America– Scotia Plate boundary zone, Tierra del Fuego back-arc ridge. The entire east-closing, locally emer- gent bathymetric feature joining the two continents, • the rate of extension across the volcanically is known as the Scotia Arc. The D-shaped Sandwich active Bransfield trough and the present rate of Plate and Arc appear to be moving rapidly east with uplift or subsidence of the extinct South Shetland respect to both South America and Antarctica, Islands volcanic arc thereby for the first time introducing a subduction • with our British colleagues, the rate of rollback of system into the otherwise rift-bounded South Atlan- the South Sandwich Trench in a South tic Ocean basin. This motion may constitute the best American–African framework. evidence for mantle return flow from the closing Pa- cific Ocean basin to the expanding Atlantic Ocean The results of these objectives in turn will basin. The Scotia Arc is nonetheless one of the most • make an important contribution to a geodetic poorly constrained of the major tectonic systems on assessment of the elastic displacement field Earth, although it is a critical and enigmatic link in associated with extension in Bransfield Strait and global plate-motion circuits. the accumulation or loss of ice on the antarctic continent The Scotia Arc GPS Project (SCARP) will use the • global positioning system (GPS) to measure the plate help scientists determine why there is motions between South America, Antarctica, and Af- transpression along the northern boundary of rica and around the Scotia Arc using a newly devel- the Scotia Plate and transtension along its oped geodetic strategy known as a multimodal occu- southern boundary pation strategy (MOST). This strategy involves set- • facilitate testing for motion between East and ting up permanent GPS receivers at a small number West Antarctica postulated as a source of error in of sites in South America and Antarctica and using global plate circuits additional receivers to position numerous stations • enable researchers to assess what the South relative to this continuously operating network. Two Sandwich trench rollback means in terms of seasonally occupied stations in the South Sandwich mantle flow and the potential for transforming a Islands will be tied to permanent GPS sites in South passive rifted ocean basin into a subducting or America, Antarctica, and Africa, and to intervening disappearing ocean basin. (S-087) stations in the Falkland, South Georgia, and South Orkney Islands, which British collaborators will oc- IRIS: Seismology at the South Pole and Antarc- cupy occasionally. During the initial 3 years, the tic Peninsula. Rhett Butler, Incorporated Research Insti- South Sandwich arc motion will be easily resolved. tutions for Seismology (IRIS). The IRIS Global Seismo- Using roving stations in the Antarctic Penin- graphic Network (GSN) operates two stations in sula/South Shetland Islands area, we should be able Antarctica—SPA at Amundsen–Scott South Pole Sta- to determine if extension is occurring across Brans- tion and PMSA at Palmer Station. Both SPA and field Strait. PMSA provide key seismological coverage in the Southern Hemisphere and are critical stations in the We will also construct a relatively dense subnet- GSN. Located on Earth’s rotational axis, SPA is work in Patagonia/Tierra del Fuego and a moder- uniquely situated to measure long-period oscillations ately dense subnetwork in the Antarctic Peninsula of the Earth without the effects of rotational splitting network. Although we do not expect these subnet- of modes. The Antarctic Peninsula station has a works to achieve submillimeter-per-year velocity unique vantage for studies of the tectonics and seis- resolution in the initial 3-year project, we will be able micity of the Peninsula, South America, Scotia Sea, to establish the baseline necessary for a follow-on and Drake Passage. Near real-time access to the data suite of measurements in perhaps 6 to 8 years. The is important to the seismological community. IRIS, a

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 33 nonprofit consortium of 87 U.S. universities, creates burrows to those of the Early Triassic and later. and manages research facilities for seismology. Cur- This study will elucidate the evolutionary and rently, it provides funding to the University of Cali- behavioral history of crayfish. Modern crayfish exert fornia at Los Angeles to operate a long-period gra- an important control on parameters such as energy vimeter at the South Pole. IRIS operates the SPA and flow, biotic species composition, and biotic abun- PMSA seismic stations in cooperation with the Albu- dance in many different aquatic ecosystems. This querque Seismological Laboratory of the U.S. Geo- study will yield information about how and when logical Survey. (S-090 and S-091) this environmental and behavioral diversification Collaborative investigation of earliest crayfish: took place, as well as increase understanding of the Paleobiologic, paleoecologic, and paleoclimatic im- late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic paleoclimates. (S- plications. John Isbell, University of Wisconsin at Mil- 094) waukee; Molly Miller, Vanderbilt University; Loren Bab- Contrasting architecture and dynamics of the + cock, Ohio State University. During the 1995 1996 Transantarctic Mountains. Robin Bell, Columbia Uni- austral summer field season, the oldest known fossil versity. Continental extension produces a great vari- crayfish and one of the oldest known occurrences of ety of structures. The cause of variable rift width and fossil crayfish burrows were found in the Shackleton crustal thinning is fairly well explained by variable Glacier area of Antarctica. This collaborative, inter- initial heat flow and crustal thickness. Mechanical disciplinary study will expand on these discoveries. stretching of the lithosphere has been linked to rift shoulder uplift, but the cause of variable rift flank The crayfish claw was found in the Upper Car- uplift remains poorly understood. The Transantarctic boniferous to Lower Permian Pagoda Formation de- Mountains are an extreme example of rift flank up- posited in glacial environments 280 to 300 million lift, extending over 3,500 kilometers across Antarctica years ago. The discovery pushes back the first occur- and reaching elevations up to 4,500 meters and thus rence of crayfish 65 to 75 million years. The crayfish constituting a unique feature of Earth’s crust. The burrows were found in the Lower Triassic Fremouw range was formed in the extensional environment as- Formation deposited approximately 240 million sociated with the Mesozoic and Cenozoic breakup of years ago. Their abundance and complexity indicate Gondwanaland. Geological and geophysical work that crayfish developed burrowing behavior early in has shown that the Transantarctic Mountains devel- their long history. The objectives of the study are to oped along the long-lived lithospheric boundary collect additional crayfish body and trace fossils from between East and West Antarctica reactivated by a Antarctica, to use these fossils to develop further in- complex history of extensional and translational mi- sight into the depositional conditions in parts of that croplate motions. continent during intervals of the Late Carbonifer- ous-Early Permian and the Early Triassic, and to The motivation for studying the Transantarctic study the early evolutionary and burrowing history Mountains is to try to understand the geodynamics of freshwater astacoid decapods (crayfish). Specifi- of their extreme elevation rift flank. Are the geody- cally, the work plan is namics of the area unique, or does the history of gla- • to search for more fossil crayfish and crayfish ciation and related erosion contribute to the extreme burrows in the Pagoda Formation; uplift? Using the existing data sets, researchers find that it is difficult to be confident about constraining • to interpret the way of life of the crayfish in the the geological architecture across representative sec- Pagoda Formation and relate it to the crayfish tions of the Transantarctic Mountains. Any effort to morphology; refine geodynamic mechanisms requires this basic • to reconstruct the depositional environment and understanding of the Transantarctic Mountains ar- paleoclimate recorded by the crayfish-bearing chitecture. The goal of this project is to rocks; • • constrain the architecture of the rift system as to search for crayfish within burrows in the well as the distribution and structure of Fremouw Formation; sedimentary basins, glacial erosion, and mafic • to describe quantitatively the burrows in the igneous rocks surrounding the rift flank by Fremouw Formation; and acquiring three long-wavelength geophysical • to compare the morphology and behavior of Late transects with integrated gravity, magnetics, ice- Carboniferous to Early Permian crayfish and penetrating radar, and ice surface measurements;

34 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 • quantify the contribution of various geodynamic • What is the deep structure of the South mechanisms to understand the geological Sandwich subduction zone? conditions that can lead to extreme rift flank • What is the seismological structure of active uplift; and back-arc spreading centers in the Bransfield • use the improved understanding of architecture Strait and South Sandwich regions? and geophysical data to test geodynamic models Answering these questions will help to constrain to improve our understanding both of the important tectonic questions such as what causes Transantarctic Mountains geodynamics and the plate motion changes, what processes initiate back- general problem of the geodynamics of rift flank arc spreading, and what is the relationship between uplift worldwide. mantle flow and surface tectonics? (S-097) This project will allow development of a gener- alized framework for understanding the develop- Transantarctic Mountains aerogeophysical re- ment of rift flank uplift as well as address the ques- search activities (TAMARA). Terry Wilson, Ohio tion of the specific geodynamic evolution of the State University, and Carol Finn, U.S. Geological Survey, Transantarctic Mountains. (S-095) Denver. As part of the TAMARA program, we will conduct aeromagnetic surveying over the Tran- A broadband seismic experiment for study of santarctic Mountains in the McMurdo region. the tectonics and structure of the Antarctic Penin- Ground-based gravity measurements will be made sula and Scotia Sea regions. Douglas Wiens and Dap- near the Skelton Neve camp as time permits. The eng Zhao, Washington University. The present-day aeromagnetic data will be integrated with a GIS to be tectonics and seismological structure of the Antarctic constructed as part of this program (geophysical and Peninsula and Scotia Plate region are among the geologic data sets and satellite imagery) to obtain a most poorly understood of any location in the world. comprehensive model of the Transantarctic Moun- This region offers a unique and complex geodynamic tains architecture and evolution. The science objec- setting, as illustrated by the recent cessation of vol- tives of this project focus on canism along the South Shetland Trench and onset of • Mesozoic-Cenozoic Transantarctic Mountains volcanism and rifting in the Bransfield Strait, the rift-flank architecture and the kinematics and possible presence of diffuse deformation and/or mi- timing of rifting and uplift, croplates in the Drake Passage region, and fast back- arc spreading behind the South Sandwich Arc. Our • Jurassic and Cenozoic rift-related magmatic project is the U.S. component of an international ef- architecture, and fort to study the seismotectonics and seismic struc- • Paleozoic convergent margin trends within the ture of the Antarctic Peninsula and Scotia Sea regions Ross orogen. (S-099) by using a large-scale deployment of broadband seismographs beginning during the 1996–1997 field Antarctic network of unattended broadband in- season. We will deploy nine broadband PASSCAL tegrated seismometers (ANUBIS). Sridhar Anan- seismographs for 2 years in the Antarctic Peninsula dakrishnan, Pennsylvania State University. The antarctic region, southernmost Chile, and South Georgia Is- crust and mantle composition and geometry are land. Our research addresses the following ques- poorly known. The primary methods for studying tions: the crust, upper mantle, and the deeper astheno- sphere is interpretation of seismic data: either by • Is there seismological evidence, in the form of “active” methods acquired through use of explosives either subduction-zone earthquakes or seismic or by “passive” means, using natural sources and structure, for current subduction beneath the interpreting various earthquake phase arrival times Antarctic Peninsula? and amplitudes. Integrating passive and active seis- • Is there evidence from seismic anisotropy for mology can result in efficient use of resources to pro- large-scale mantle flow around South America duce detailed images of the lithosphere. This project into the South Atlantic? will develop a passive seismic network for the ant- arctic interior. • Are regional earthquakes and focal mechanisms consistent with current kinematic models for the The Antarctic is a gaping hole in the rapidly im- Scotia Plate, which imply compressional proving field of global seismic imaging and tomo- deformation in the Drake Passage region? graphy. On this huge continent (surface area of 14

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 35 million square kilometers), there are only eight analyzed at each station for local crustal thickness, broadband seismic observatories. Further, with the lamination, Poisson’s ratio (a measure of crustal com- exception of South Pole, all of those stations are position), crust and mantle anisotropy (a measure of along the margins of the continent and none are in current and former stress regimes), and identification West Antarctica. By contrast, there are 200 permanent of rift zones and crustal block boundaries. In addi- stations worldwide in the FDSN (Federation of tion, the data from all the stations (including the ex- Digital Seismograph Networks) and on the order of isting peripheral ones) can be used for seismic tomo- 1,000 in national networks not yet integrated into the graphic analysis to detail lateral variations in these FDSN. properties. Six of the stations will be installed at ex- isting Automatic Geophysical Observatory sites (in This project will develop and deploy 11 long- East Antarctica), which will provide heat and power term broadband seismic stations on the continent it- for the data loggers. The remaining five stations will self. Because 98 percent of the continent is ice cov- be in West Antarctica and will be powered and ered, these stations will be installed at the surface of heated by wind turbines during the austral winter. the ice sheet. The body-wave data thus recorded (S-180) from regional and teleseismic earthquakes can be

Glaciology and glacial geology

Recovery and science coordination of an ice esses include advection, diffusion, and the effects of core at Siple Dome, Antarctica. Kendrick Taylor, Des- solar radiation penetration into the snow. An under- ert Research Institute. This project, which will recover standing of these processes is important because they a 1,000-meter ice core from Siple Dome, Antarctica, control the rate at which reactive and nonreactive and coordinate a science management office for the chemical species in the atmosphere become incorpo- scientific program, is part of the West Antarctic Ice rated into the snow, firn, and polar ice and, thus, will Sheet (WAIS) program, which seeks to understand affect interpretation of polar ice-core data. Currently, the current behavior of the west antarctic ice sheet the interpretation of polar ice-core data assumes that and to decipher its past climate history. Siple Dome is diffusion controls the rate at which chemical species located between ice streams C and D and is well situ- are incorporated into firn. This project will determine ated to investigate coastal climate conditions and the whether ventilation, or advection of the species by dynamics of the Siple Coast ice streams, which drain air movement in the firn, and radiation penetration the west antarctic ice sheet. The annual accumulation processes have a significant effect. Field studies at the at the site is 7 to 11 centimeters of ice per year, and it two west antarctic ice sheet deep-drilling sites will be is anticipated that annual layers will be identifiable conducted to determine the spatial and temporal ex- to an age of at least 6,000 years. The length of the us- tent for key parameters and boundary conditions able climate record will extend to at least 80,000 needed to model the advection, conduction, and ra- years. This project provides the background for the diation transmission/absorption processes. An ex- Siple Dome drilling program, develops the opportu- isting multidimensional numerical model is being nity for individual scientists to work on the ice core, expanded to simulate the processes and to serve as and establishes a science coordination office to coor- the basis for ongoing and future work in transport dinate the activities of the various organizations in- and distribution of reactive chemical species. (S-155) volved in the project, including the National Science The evolution of a polar ice sheet in East Ant- Foundation (NSF), the Polar Ice Coring Office arctica. George Denton, University of Maine. This study (PICO), Antarctic Support Associates (ASA), and the seeks to determine the sequence and chronology of National Ice Core Laboratory (NICL). (S-152) events that led to the development of the antarctic ice Near-surface processes affecting gas exchange: sheet. A continental-scale ice sheet probably first de- West antarctic ice sheet. Mary Albert, Cold Regions veloped in East Antarctica close to the Eo- Research and Engineering Laboratory. This project will cene-Oligocene boundary under temperate climatic examine the physical processes that affect the man- conditions. The purpose of this project is to deter- ner in which heat, vapor, and chemical species in air mine, from landscape analysis (with a numerical are incorporated into snow and polar firn. The proc- chronology), when (and why) these early temperate

36 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 conditions gave way to a polar environment in Ant- ture data are needed to interpret the strain-rate arctica. From previous fieldwork and recent photo- measurements in terms of an anisotropic flow for the graphic analysis, an extensive relict landscape (older ice at depth. The cores will be used to ascertain if the than 17 million years) with landforms and erosional vertical profile of paleotemperatures and other cli- features characteristic of temperate glaciation has matic records is laterally continuous in the upper been delineated. This relict landscape has been called part and discontinuous at depth, as investigators the “Sessrumnir erosion surface,” and it extends over found it to be in ice cores from Greenland (i.e., the 3 degrees of latitude and covers almost 10,000 square GISP2 and GRIP cores). Lateral continuity of the rec- kilometers in three fault blocks of the Transantarctic ords is important in demonstrating the reliability of Mountains (Convoy, Dry Valleys, and Royal Society). climatic history inferred form the ice cores. (S-157) It is on this relict land surface that data will be col- lected which record Middle and Early Miocene gla- Snow-atmosphere transfer function for reversi- cial history and paleoclimate. The results should al- bly deposited chemical species in West Antarctica. low an identification of the transition from temperate Roger Bales, University of Arizona. Measurements to polar conditions. This work will involve landscape made by this project will help investigators improve analysis, stratigraphy of glacial deposits, and ar- their understanding of the relationship between for- gon-40/argon-39 dating of volcanic ashfalls. Denu- maldehyde (HCHO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) dation rates will come from fission-track analyses in the atmosphere and the concentrations of the same and from exposure-age analyses of bedrock surfaces species in antarctic snow, firn, and ice. This work and erratic boulders. The overall results will eluci- aims to relate changes in concentrations in the snow, date the origin and stability of the polar antarctic firn, and ice to corresponding changes in tro- cryosphere. (S-156) pospheric chemistry. Atmospheric and firn sampling for formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide at one or Hot-water borehole drilling on Siple Dome to more of the WAIS (West Antarctic Ice Sheet) ice core deploy vertical strain meters and to determine ice drilling sites will be undertaken, and controlled labo- temperature and lateral continuity of climatic rec- ratory studies to estimate thermodynamic and rate ords at depth. Barclay Kamb, California Institute of parameters will be performed. In addition, this work Technology. The long-term objective of this project is will involve modeling of atmosphere-snow exchange to establish by direct observation in boreholes the processes to infer the “transfer function” for reactive physical mechanism of rapid motion of the West species at the sites and atmospheric photochemical Antarctic ice streams, in relation to global climate modeling to relate changes in concentrations of for- change. In previous years, we have studied ice maldehyde and hydrogen peroxide in snow, firn, and streams B and C and have developed techniques for ice to atmospheric oxidation capacity. This work will rapid deep drilling with a hot-water jet and for ob- contribute to a better understanding of the relation- taining ice cores by hot-water drilling. During the ship between atmospheric concentrations of various 1997-98 field season, we will apply the hot-water species and those same species measured in snow drilling technique to the problem of the vertical com- and ice samples. (S-158) pression of ice at depth in the ice sheet at the Siple Dome deep-coring site and how this compression Passive microwave remote sensing for paleo- thins the annual layers of ice that accumulate each climate indicators at Siple Dome, Antarctica. Robert year on the surface of the ice sheet. Quantitative Bindschadler, National Aeronautics and Space Admini- knowledge of this thinning process is necessary to stration. Passive microwave data will be used in this evaluate an ice core’s age at depth and the history of project to validate key paleoclimate indicators used ice accumulation. Collaborating with investigators in glaciologic research. The specific contributions of from the University of Alaska (S-164), we will drill this research are 40 boreholes to various depths near the Siple Dome • to define the timing and spatial extent of hoar core site, while investigators from project S-164 in- complexes, which may serve as visible, annual stall vertical strain meters in these holes to measure stratigraphic markers in ice cores, through a the vertical compression rate as a function of depth. combination of satellite passive microwave data Additional, this field season we will obtain a vertical and field observations and profile of ice temperature near the strain-rate- • measurement locations and drill a vertical sequence to monitor temperature trends at the site with of ice cores near the main Siple Dome core site and at calibrated passive microwave brightness a location about 10 kilometers away. The tempera- temperatures and to correlate these trends to

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 37 proxy temperatures provided by oxygen and rate,” is dominant. Its measurement is, therefore, im- hydrogen stable isotope ratio profiles from snow portant for the calibration of dynamic models of ice- pits and/or ice cores. flow. Two different, relatively new, high-resolution systems for its measurement in hot water drilled The work will take place at Siple Dome, Antarc- holes will be employed. The iceflow model resulting tica, as part of the field activities associated with the from the measurements and flow-law determination ice-core drilling program there. (S-159) will be used to interpret the shapes of radar internal Digital imaging for ice core analysis. Joan J. layering in terms of the dynamic history and accu- Fitzpatrick, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver. Over 2 mulation patterns of Siple Dome over the past 10,000 years we will develop the technology and methodol- years. The resulting improved model will also be ap- ogy for digitizing the photographs and analyzing the plied to the interpretation of the thicknesses of the thin sections from ice cores and will investigate the annual layers (to produce annual accumulation rates) application of digital technology for whole-core stra- and borehole temperatures from the ice core to be tigraphy, using digital photography, image en- drilled at Siple Dome during the 1997+1998 field sea- hancement and image processing. The thin section son. The results should permit an improved analysis analysis will be tested using samples already in hand of the ice core, relative to what was possible at recent from the Taylor Dome ice core. If we are successful, coring sites in central Greenland. This is a collabora- we will apply these techniques to samples from the tive project between the University of Alaska, the Siple Dome ice core, in cooperation with the investi- University of California at San Diego, and the Uni- gators funded to retrieve and examine these sections. versity of Washington. (S-164) The original digital images with all original data an- notation files will be distributed to Siple Dome in- Physical and structural properties of the Siple vestigators so they can use these files to interpret Dome Core. Anthony Gow, Cold Regions Research and their own data. All software and hardware acquired Engineering Laboratory. This project will investigate for this project will become part of the permanent the visual stratigraphy, index physical properties, equipment inventory at the U.S. National Ice Core relaxation characteristics, and crystalline structure of Laboratory and will be available for use by clients at ice cores from Siple Dome, West Antarctica. This in- the facility. vestigation will include measurements of a time-priority nature that must be initiated at the drill Antarctic ice core records of oceanic emissions. site on freshly drilled cores. This need will be espe- Eric Saltzman, University of Miami. This project will cially pressing for cores from the brittle ice zone, develop long-term records of the atmospheric depo- which is expected to constitute a significant fraction sition of aerosolborne, marine-derived elements to of the ice core. The brittle zone includes ice in which the antarctic ice sheet. The project includes the sam- relaxation, resulting from the release of confining pling of antarctic ice-core samples from the Vostok pressure, is maximized and leads to significant ice core and the laboratory analysis of soluble ions in changes in the mechanical condition of the core that the ice. The analyses include methanesulfonate, must be considered in relation to the processing and non-sea-salt sulfate, and several additional ions de- analysis of ice samples for entrapped gas and chemi- rived from gaseous emissions from the sea surface, cal studies. This relaxation will be monitored via pre- from seasalt, and associated with continental dust. cision density measurements made initially at the The principal emphasis of this work is on sulfur, be- drill site and repeated at intervals back in the United cause of its role as a major aerosol-forming constitu- States. Other studies will include measurement of the ent of the atmosphere and because of its potential annual layering in the core to as great a depth as vis- importance to climate. The main goal of the project is ual stratigraphy can be deciphered, crystal size to complete analyses of the Vostok ice core. (S-161) measurements as a function of depth and age, c-axis fabric studies, and analysis of the physical properties Ice dynamics, the flow law, and vertical strain of any debris-bearing basal ice and its relationship to at Siple Dome. William Harrison, University of Alaska the underlying bedrock. Only through careful docu- at Fairbanks. This 3-year project will measure the ver- mentation and analysis of these key properties can tical strain rate as a function of depth at two sites on we hope to assess accurately the dynamic state of the Siple Dome, Antarctica. Iceflow near a divide such as ice and the age-depth relationships essential to deci- Siple Dome is unique because it is predominantly phering the paleoclimate record at this location. (S- vertical. As a consequence, the component of ice de- 165) formation in the vertical direction, the “vertical strain

38 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 • SOAR laser: Calibration and first measurement Are the Ross ice streams (B, D, and E) currently for ice-sheet change detection. Ian Whillans, Ohio surging? State University. This 3-year study will make precise • What has been the buttressing effect of an and accurate measurements of the elevation of the enlarging Crary Ice Rise on the flow of ice stream antarctic ice sheet to detect ongoing changes in the B? surface of the ice sheet. The location and pattern of Both questions will be answered based on a change discovered may be used to deduce the causes combination of data collected on the surface, from of the changes. Suitable equipment for these meas- the air, and from space. Although many past indica- urements are part of the Support Office for Aerogeo- tions of change in West Antarctica have been based physical Research in Antarctica (SOAR) facility. This on interpolations and calculations with large uncer- project will evaluate the quality and calibrate the tainties, these measurements will be direct, making measurements to be made by SOAR. Tests will be use of rapid and accurate global positioning system made both while the aircraft is parked and during data to minimize field logistic requirements. Direct flights over ground-surveyed sites near the aircraft measurement of expected thinning in the upper por- base camp. After the validation and calibration is tion of ice stream D and repeated satellite image complete, a limited measurement program to detect measurements at the heads of ice streams B, D, and E time changes in surface elevation of glaciologically to detect the inland migration of the onset area (as is interesting sites will be started. At the conclusion of required by sustained surging) will enable a test of a the program, the capability of the SOAR facility to surge hypothesis developed by Bindschadler. The determine surface elevation accurately and precisely buttressing impact of Crary Ice Rise on ice stream B’s will be established. SOAR will then be useful to all flow will be studied by comparing new measure- investigators who are interested in precision map- ments of ice thickness, surface elevation, and velocity ping and detection of change in the antarctic ice with data collected during the 1950s, 1970s, and sheet. (S-166) 1980s, thus providing a multidecadal time series of Reconstruction of paleotemperatures from pre- change. (S-173) cision borehole temperature logging: A Tran- Radar investigations of former shear margins: santarctic Mountains transect from Taylor Dome to Ross Sea. Edwin Waddington, University of Washing- Roosevelt Island and ice stream C. Charles Bentley, ton. As a part of this study, we will gather data to University of Wisconsin at Madison. This 2-year project provide a direct thermal measurement of any climate will perform radar investigations across former shear warming in the Ross Sea sector of Antarctica. When margins at Roosevelt Island and ice stream C to combined with existing McMurdo Dry Valleys cli- measure changes in the configuration and continuity mate records and indicators, these data should pro- of internal layers and the bed. The broad goal of vide information about past relationships in the re- these investigations is to gain an understanding of gion among such climate factors as cloudiness, air ice-stream flow and the timing and mechanisms of temperature, and wind patterns. To obtain the data, ice-stream shutdown. A high-resolution short-pulse we will log temperature as a function of depth in pre- radar system will be used for detailed examination of existing boreholes on a transect from Taylor Dome the uppermost 100 meters of the firn and ice, and a through the McMurdo Dry Valleys to the Ross Sea. monopulse sounding-radar system will be used to Paleotemperatures will be derived by applying for- image the rest of the ice column (including internal mal inverse methods to the data. The oxygen-isotope layers) and the bed. Changes in the shape and conti- proxy record from the Taylor Dome ice core will be nuity of layers will be used to interpret mechanisms compared with a true thermal record to calibrate the and modes of ice-stream flow including the possible oxygen-isotope proxy record. Vertical strain rate will migration of stagnation fronts and rates of shut- be measured in an existing 130-meter dry hole to al- down. Variations in bed reflectivity will be used to low correction for firn compaction and ice advection. deduce basal hydrology conditions across lineations. (S-171) Accumulation rates deduced from snow pits and shallow cores will be used to estimate near-surface West Antarctic Glaciology V. Robert Bind- depth-age profiles. Improved understanding of ice- schadler, National Aeronautic and Space Administration. stream history opens the possibility of linking This 3-year project is designed to answer two ques- changes in the west antarctic ice sheet with the geo- tions of critical importance to understanding the ice- logic evidence from northern Victoria Land and the flow of the west antarctic ice sheet:

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 39 ocean record of the retreat of the grounding line in posed sampling and analyses will yield the quantita- the Ross Sea. (S-176) tive information necessary to establish empirical re- lationships between the explosivity of a low-latitude Determining ice-sheet mass balance using eruption and the amplitude of its corresponding sig- global positioning system measurements. Gordon nals in antarctic snow. (S-185) Hamilton, Ohio State University. Over the course of 3 years, we will measure the rate of thickening or thin- Measurements and model development of ant- ning of the antarctic ice sheets at selected sites in East arctic snow accumulation and transport dynamics. and West Antarctica. To do this, we will measure David Braaten, University of Kansas. A more thorough vertical velocities of markers anchored at several understanding of annual ice-sheet snow accumula- depths in the ice sheet and retrieve shallow firn cores tion is important for interpreting paleoclimatic ice- to determine density and long-term average accu- core records, and assessing the role of wind on the mulation. Precise, absolute marker positions will be mass transport of snow is important in understand- obtained using global positioning system surveys. ing the redistribution of snow on the continent and The three existing sites will be revisited, and 13 new mass transport off the continent. Our research con- sites in nine locations will be established on the east tinues to quantify the year-round snow accumulation and west antarctic ice sheets. Although we will use dynamics and wind-blown mass transport of snow the measured thickening or thinning rates to test in remote katabatic wind areas, providing new in- various glaciological hypotheses, the results of the sights into these complex nonlinear processes. Using work will also be useful for calibrating data from sat- instrumentation that disperses colored glass micro- ellite and airborne altimetry of ice sheets. (S-178) spheres at 14-day intervals throughout the year and a sonic snow depth gauge that makes hourly meas- The quantitative assessment of the Mount Pi- urements of snow-surface height, we can reconstruct natubo signal in antarctic snow. Ellen Mosley- in detail the complex accumulation and transport Thompson, Ohio State University. This study will sam- dynamics. The microspheres dispersed at fixed times ple surface snow in pits and drill shallow cores near throughout the year act as both time markers within South Pole to look for evidence of the June 1991 the annual snow-accumulation profile and as tracers eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. Ex- of snow mass transport by the wind. These insights tensive measurements and observations by satellite are essential in developing and validating numerical and by ground-based and airborne atmospheric in- models that are concurrently being developed to struments are available regarding the amount of sul- simulate these processes. fur dioxide emitted from the eruption, as well as the global distribution and decay of the stratospheric Snow-core and snow-pit sampling of the annual aerosols derived from the volcanic sulfur dioxide. accumulation will be conducted at Ferrell automatic Ground-based and airborne measurements in Ant- weather station (AWS) on the Ross Ice Shelf and arctica clearly indicate that the stratospheric sulfate AGO-2 on the polar plateau. At each site, we will aerosols from this eruption reached high southern take snow samples with a depth resolution of up to 1 latitudes in late 1991 and persisted in the antarctic centimeter and will analyze these to identify micro- atmosphere through 1993. Preliminary results from sphere horizons within the annual accumulation pro- snow pit samples recently taken in the South Pole file. Snow cores will be obtained along a line in the area indicate that the Pinatubo signal exists and can prevailing wind direction and will be analyzed to be separated from the signal of another volcanic identify microspheres transported by the wind. The eruption (Cerro Hudson), which occurred in instrumentation located at Ferrell AWS will be mid-August 1991. Combined with the known total moved to Marilyn AWS on the Ross Ice Shelf, an area sulfate aerosol production from Pinatubo, the pro- with very strong katabatic winds. (S-190)

Climate studies

Antarctic Meteorological Research Center. Science and Engineering Technology Center at Charles Stearns and John T. Young, University of Wis- McMurdo Station, is a resource for meteorological re- consin. The Antarctic Meteorological Research Center search and a test bed for improving operational syn- (AMRC), one of three research centers in the Crary optic forecasting. The Man-Computer Interactive

40 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 Data Access System (McIDAS), a versatile computer- but simple and well-formed single-species crystals. based system for organizing, manipulating, and in- Our research provides a unique mechanism for ex- tegrating antarctic environmental data, forms the ba- amining the crystal growth and evolution process in sis of AMRC. McIDAS not only captures the flow of the natural atmosphere. By observing halos through meteorological information from polar-orbiting sat- polarizing filters, we will also be able to examine the ellites, automatic weather stations (AWS), opera- atmospheric ice-crystal orientation, shape, and size. tional station synoptic observations, and research The results of our project will advance our under- project efforts, but it also receives environmental data standing of why well-formed ice crystals grow in the products, such as weather forecasts, from outside antarctic atmosphere but are not generally observed Antarctica and serves as a repository for existing ar- elsewhere. (S-208) chived databases. Developed at the University of Wisconsin in the mid-1970s, McIDAS ingests mete- Chlorine- and bromine-containing trace gases orological data from various sources, standard syn- in Antarctica. R.A. Rasmussen, Oregon Graduate Insti- optic observations, radiosonde profiles, satellite- tute for Science and Technology. We are collecting air based visible and infrared imagery, atmospheric pro- samples year-round at Palmer Station to investigate files inverted from multispectral scanning sensors, seasonal trends in trace-gas concentrations. The sam- and nonstandard sources such as total ozone map- ples are analyzed in our laboratories for a number of ping spectrometer data, synthetic aperture radar sea- trace components, especially chlorine- and bromine- ice information, and the AWS network observations. containing gases. These trace constituents, which The system automatically registers, calibrates, and come from both natural and human sources, can alter locates (by geographical coordinates) the ingested in- the Earth’s climate. They have even been implicated formation and allows a user at a work station to ma- in the chemical processes that contribute to the aus- nipulate the database. The manipulations, which in- tral spring depletion of the ozone layer over Antarc- clude sectorization, false color, enhancements, tica. Our work will contribute to a better under- brightness stretching, overlays, and looping, are standing of the buildup of trace constituents, par- quite definitely keyed to synoptic meteorological re- ticularly those of high-latitude marine origin. (S-254) search and weather forecasting. The antarctic system South Pole monitoring for climate change. is based primarily on data streams provided by polar Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station: David Hofman, orbiters (AVHRR/ HRPT and DMSP), because the Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; Palmer angles of sight for geostationary satellites are ex- Station: James T. Peterson, Environmental Research tremely low. The full use of McIDAS capabilities to Laboratories, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admini- produce meteorological data products for forecasting stration. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad- and research will include data-transfer and commu- ministration (NOAA) Climate Monitoring and Diag- nications capability to, for example, the Australian nostics Laboratory team will continue long-term Bureau of Meteorology, the University of Wisconsin measurements of trace atmospheric constituents that Space Science and Engineering Center, the Fleet influence climate. Four scientists will work at the Numerical Oceanography Center in Monterey, and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station observatory the European Center for Medium Range Weather during the austral summer, and two NOAA person- Forecasts in Reading, United Kingdom. (S-202) nel will stay over the winter to measure carbon di- Antarctic halos and ice crystals. Walter Tape, oxide, water vapor, surface and stratospheric ozone, University of Alaska. Our project is an experimental wind, pressure, air and snow temperature, and at- and theoretical study of ice crystals in the antarctic mospheric moisture and other trace constituents atmosphere and the halos that they produce. For rea- from the station’s clean-air facility. These measure- sons that are not currently known, the antarctic inte- ments are part of NOAA’s effort to determine and rior experiences more frequent and better developed assess the long-term buildup of global pollutants in halos than any other location on Earth. Our objec- the atmosphere. The measurements will be used for tives are to observe natural halos at Amundsen–Scott time-series analyses of multiyear data records that South Pole Station and to sample ice crystals to vali- focus on stratospheric ozone depletion, transantarctic date computer models of light refraction and reflec- transport and deposition, interplay of the trace gases tion in ice crystals. Such models have the potential and aerosols with solar and terrestrial radiation for the remote sensing of atmospheric conditions. fluxes on the polar plateau, the magnitude of sea- Controlled experiments, such as seeding the atmos- sonal and temporal variations in greenhouse gases, phere with dry ice, will produce artificially generated and the development of polar stratospheric clouds

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 41 over Antarctica. Other objectives of our research are Antarctic automatic weather stations: Opera- to determine the rate at which concentrations of tion and research. Charles Stearns, University of Wis- these atmospheric constituents change and to exam- consin at Madison. Approximately 50 automatic ine their sources, sinks, and budgets. Working with weather stations measuring surface pressure, air climate modelers and diagnosticians, we will use temperature, wind speed and direction, and at some these data to determine how the rate of change of sites, humidity are located in remote areas of Ant- these parameters affects climate, particularly when arctica. The data are transmitted to polar-orbiting the data are included in climate model studies. In satellites of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric support of this project, Palmer Station personnel also Administration series and are rebroadcast for recep- will collect carbon dioxide samples. (S-257A and S- tion at McMurdo and Palmer Stations in Antarctica. 257C) The data from the weather stations are used to study the barrier wind along the Transantarctic Mountains; Operation of an aerosol sampling system at vertical motion and sensible and latent heat flux Palmer Station. Gail dePlannque and Colin G. Sander- from the Ross Ice Shelf; warm west winds flowing son, Environmental Measurements Laboratory, U.S. De- from the Beardmore and Byrd Glaciers; katabatic partment of Energy. In March 1990, a team from the flow on the Adélie Coast, Antarctica; and mesoscale U.S. Department of Energy, Environmental Meas- systems around the South Pole. The data are used to urements Laboratory (EML) in New York City, in- establish long-term climate records at selected sites. stalled a high-volume aerosol sampler, a gamma-ray Starting in the 1994–1995 field season, the data were spectrometer, and a satellite data transmission sys- used to study the meteorology of the west ant- tem at Palmer Station. This installation is part of arctic/Siple Coast region. During the 1995–1996 field EML’s Remote Atmospheric Measurements Pro- season, automatic weather stations were installed in gram, which is an extension of its worldwide surface support of future ice coring; the first such location air-sampling program. The system transmits data will be at Siple Dome. Data from the automatic through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad- weather stations are also used in support of aircraft ministration’s ARGOS satellite system. The sampling operations in Antarctica. The data are available from station at Palmer provides significant input for the University of Wisconsin. (S-283) EML’s global database. (S-275)

Ozone-depletion studies

Ground-based and in situ monitoring of polar compounds that interact on the surfaces of polar stratospheric clouds. Alberto Adriani, Institute of At- stratospheric clouds, which form during the polar mospheric Physics, Rome, Italy. In cooperation with the winter. It is for this reason that the hole appears in U.S. Antarctic Program and in collaboration with the the austral spring and that ozone depletion is much University of Wyoming, Italian scientists will make more severe in polar regions than elsewhere. By us- laboratory-based light radar (lidar) observations and ing balloonborne instruments, this investigation pro- in situ measurements by laser backscatter sondes of vides detailed information on the actual cloud parti- polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) above McMurdo cles and the distribution of the clouds and the ozone. Station. These data add to the available information The measurements will provide vertical profiles of concerning the annual springtime depletion of ozone both the PSCs and ozone, size distributions of the in the antarctic stratosphere and enhance scientific PSC particles, and some information on their compo- understanding of the role of PSCs in the depletion sition and physical state (liquid or solid). The project process. The lidar observations are also in the frame is enhanced by cooperation with an Italian investi- of the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric gator who operates a lidar system at McMurdo Sta- Change activity. (S-107) tion. The project contributes to the World Meteoro- logical Organization/UNEP Network for the Detec- In situ measurements of polar stratospheric tion of Stratospheric Change and the Global Change clouds (PSCs) spanning the austral winter and of Initiative. (S-131) ozone from late winter to early spring. Terry Deshler, University of Wyoming. The annual stratospheric Measurement of stratospheric chlorine monox- ozone hole above Antarctica is driven by chlorine ide and other trace gases over McMurdo Station in

42 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 the austral spring. Robert deZafra, State University of Trace gas measurements over the South Pole New York. Chlorine monoxide (ClO) is a product of using millimeter-wave spectroscopy. Robert deZafra, the destruction of stratospheric ozone by chlorine, State University of New York. Many atmospheric gases which is present in the stratosphere as a result of the radiate energy in the millimeter wavelength region breakdown of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). ClO, as of the radio spectrum; each species has a unique well as other trace stratospheric gases that are im- spectrum. The shape of each individual species’ portant in the antarctic ozone hole, can be measured spectrum provides information on the temperature from the ground by microwave receivers, similar to and pressure of the gas; thus, one can use the milli- those used in radio astronomy. This project will con- meter-wave spectrum of the atmosphere to deter- tinue a decade-long series of such measurements to mine the relative abundances and height distribution extend the climatology, but more important, to pro- of a number of trace species. In this particular inves- vide as well a cross calibration of a new Network for tigation, millimeter spectroscopy will be used to the Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC) ClO monitor ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, ni- microwave instrument, which has recently been in- tric acid, water vapor, and nitrogen dioxide above stalled nearby at New Zealand’s Scott Base. The South Pole over the period of year. Several of these NDSC instruments are being installed at a number of gases play important roles in the formation of the sites worldwide as part of a joint National Aeronau- annual antarctic ozone hole, whereas others, par- tics and Space Administration/World Meteorological ticularly water vapor and carbon monoxide, can Organization/UNEP program, and it is quite impor- provide information of the dynamics, particularly tant to provide as much correlative information as vertical transport, of the upper stratosphere and possible so that the NDSC can be relied upon in the mesosphere. ( S-138) future to monitor the health of the stratosphere. (S- 137)

Astronomy, aeronomy, and astrophysics

The operation of an extremely-low-frequency/ Lanzerotti, AT&T Bell Laboratories; Alan Wolfe, New very-low-frequency radiometer at Arrival Heights, York City Technical College. Magnetometers installed Antarctica. A.C. Fraser-Smith, Stanford University. at selected sites in both polar regions continue to measure the magnitude and direction of variations in During the 1997+1998 field season, this project will Earth’s magnetic field in the frequency range from 0 continue to operate an extremely-low-frequency and to about 0.1 hertz. Our project focuses on measure- very-low-frequency (ELF/VLF) radiometer at ments of these variations using magnetometers in- McMurdo, Antarctica, to monitor radio noise from stalled at conjugate sites in the Northern and South- natural sources such as thunderstorms. The Arrival ern Hemispheres, specifically at McMurdo and Heights site is one of a network of eight such radi- Amundsen–Scott South Pole Stations, Antarctica, ometers operated by Stanford University for the Of- and at Iqaluit, Northwest Territories, Canada. We are fice of Naval Research. Characterizing the possible also analyzing these data in association with similar sources of radio interference is important for opera- data acquired from several automatic geophysical tional purposes. Additionally, the variations in global observatories that are part of the polar experiment noise reflect variations in global thunderstorm activ- network for geophysical upper-atmosphere investi- ity and can, therefore, provide information on global gations (PENGUIN) program (S-112). Using these climate change. The antarctic site was chosen about systems, we gather data on the coupling of the inter- 15 years ago because it is unusually free from man- planetary medium into the dayside magnetosphere, made electromagnetic interference. The ELF/VLF re- including the magnetospheric cusp region, as well as cord of data collected by this project now extends the causes and propagation of low-frequency hy- unbroken for more than 10 years. (S-100) dromagnetic waves in the magnetosphere. Because Magnetometer data acquisition at McMurdo of unique climatic conditions at the South Pole, we and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Stations. Louis are also able to correlate optical measurements with

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 43 particle-precipitation measurements and with hydro- winter the aurora can be monitored 24 hours a day magnetic-wave phenomena recorded by the magne- unlike most other places, where the sky becomes too tometer. (S-101) bright near local mid-day. An intensified optical, all-sky imager, operating in two parallel wavelength An investigation of magnetospheric bounda- channels—4,278 and 6,300 Ångstroms—will be used ries using ground-based induction magnetometers to record digital and video images of aurora. These operated at manned stations as part of an extensive wavelength bands allow us to discriminate between ground array. Roger Arnoldy, University of New Hamp- more or less energetic electron auroras and other pre- shire. An array of induction coil magnetometers lo- cipitation. From South Pole Station, we can observe cated at high geomagnetic latitudes in the Arctic and the polar cap and cleft regions by measuring auro- Antarctic is operated, and the data collected are ana- ral-precipitation patterns and interpreting the results lyzed, by this project. The sites are Sondre Strom- in terms of coordinated observations of magnetic, fjord, Greenland, and Iqaluit, Northwest Territories, radio-wave absorption images and high-frequency, Canada, in the Arctic and at Amundsen-Scott South coherent-scatter radar measurements. Through this Pole and McMurdo Stations in the Antarctic. The investigation, we hope to learn about the sources and sites also complement similar magnetometers in the energization mechanisms of auroral particles in the U.S. and British automatic geophysical observatory magnetosphere and other forms of energy inputs (AGO) networks and the MACCS array in Canada. into the high-latitude atmosphere. (S-104) The measurements of magnetic pulsations at these high geomagnetic latitudes are used to study the A study of very high latitude geomagnetic phe- plasma physics of some of the important boundaries nomena: Continued support. Vladimir Papitashvili, of the magnetosphere, particularly those surround- University of Michigan. This joint U.S.-Russian project ing the area through which the solar wind enters the focuses on the structure of very-high-latitude iono- magnetosphere and where the magnetosphere trans- spheric current systems, the integrated effect of fers the solar wind’s energy to the Earth’s atmos- which is observed at the earth’s surface by magne- phere in the form of aurora and similar phenomena. tometers. Correlative data from antarctic and Green- This project is jointly supported by the U.S. Arctic land magnetometer arrays will be used to investigate and Antarctic Programs. (S-102) symmetries and asymmetries in the electrodynamics of the northern and southern polar caps and auroral Antarctic auroral imaging. Stephen Mende, Lock- regions. Two Russian permanent magnetic observa- heed Palo Alto Research Laboratory. In the past, space tories (Vostok and Mirnyy) and a remote autono- satellites have performed detailed exploration of the mous magnetometer at Sude are operated jointly by magnetosphere, and the average distribution of the the University of Michigan and the Russian Arctic energetic particle plasma content of the magneto- and Antarctic Research Institute in 1997. Scientific sphere has been mapped. This form of measurement objectives for the 1997-1998 field season are as fol- is unsuitable, however, for observing the dynamic lows: behavior of the magnetosphere. Auroral phenomena • are produced when particles from the magneto- to collect and process magnetometer data for sphere precipitate into the atmosphere causing the 1997 from Vostok, Mirnyy, and Sude (data from atmosphere to fluoresce. Because particles preferen- latter two stations will be delivered to Vostok by tially travel along the magnetic field line, the aurora the Russian snow traverse in November 1997) can be regarded as a two-dimensional projection of and the three-dimensional magnetospheric regions. Thus, • to update the second autonomous magnetometer observing the morphology of the aurora and its dy- system located at Vostok for the 1998 winter namics provides an important way to study the dy- operation and coordinate its deployment at namics of the three-dimensional magnetosphere. Komsomolskaya by the Russian snow traverse This method requires knowledge of which type of team. auroras represent which energy of precipitation and The principal investigator, V. Papitashvili, and a their connection to the various regions of the mag- netosphere. Russian magnetician, A. Frank-Kamenetsky will be delivered from McMurdo to Vostok in November Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station is uniquely 1997 by the first flight of LC-130. Dr. Frank- Kame- situated for optical observations of polar aurora. The netsky will stay at Vostok through winter of 1998 and specific advantage of South Pole is that during the operate digital magnetometer system; he will take a

44 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 snow traverse to Mirnyy in December of 1998 revis- magnetospheric cusp iting Komsomolskaya and Sude. Dr. Papitashvili will • to correlate with the automatic geophysical return to McMurdo from Vostok in December 1997 observatory (AGO) project upon completion of the project objectives for the field • season. (S-105) to support the University of Maryland narrow- band VLF recording. (S-108) Global thunderstorm activity and its effects on South Pole Air Shower Experiment 2. Thomas the radiation belts and the lower ionosphere. Um- Gaisser, University of Delaware. The South Pole Air ran Inan, Stanford University. Very-low-frequency Shower Experiment 2 (SPASE-2) consists of a (VLF) radio receivers at Palmer Station, Antarctica, sparsely filled array of scintillation detectors cover- operated by this project, study ionospheric distur- ing several thousand square meters at South Pole. It bance caused by global lightning. The principal detects energetic charged particles (mostly electrons), mode of operation is to measure changes in ampli- which are produced in the upper atmosphere by tude and phase of signals received from several dis- cosmic rays. The experiment has several goals, the tant VLF transmitters. These changes occur in the most important of which is to determine the elemen- VLF signals following lightning strokes because ra- tal composition of the primary cosmic rays at ener- dio (whistler) waves from the lightning can cause gies above approximately 100 teraelectronvolts. To very energetic electrons from the Van Allen radiation do this, SPASE-2 works in conjunction with the Ant- belts to precipitate into the upper atmosphere. This arctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array particle precipitation in turn causes increased ioniza- (AMANDA), which has several hundred optical de- tion in the ionosphere, thus affecting the propagating tectors so deep in the ice sheet that the only products VLF radio waves. Because the directions to the VLF of the cosmic ray interactions that can be seen by transmitters are known, it is possible to track re- AMANDA are muons. The ratio of muons to elec- motely the path of the thunderstorms that cause the trons produced in a cosmic ray shower is a sensitive changes. The Palmer receivers are operated as a col- function of the mass of the original primary cosmic laboration with the British and Brazilian Antarctic ray. Because SPASE can measure the number of elec- Programs, both of which operate similar receivers. trons produced by a cosmic ray as well as its total This project contributes to the Global Change Initia- energy and because AMANDA can determine the tive. (S-106) number of muons, the mass of an incident primary Extremely-low-frequency/very-low-frequency cosmic ray can be determined. The determination of (ELF/VLF) waves at the South Pole. Umran S. Inan, the elemental composition of cosmic rays is one of Stanford University. Advancing our understanding of the most important outstanding questions in cosmic the electrodynamic coupling of upper atmospheric ray physics, and such information will shed light on regions and refining our quantitative understanding the origin of energetic cosmic rays. This project is co- of the energy transport between the magnetosphere operative with the University of Leeds in the United and the ionosphere are two important objectives of Kingdom. (S-109D) the U.S. Antarctic Program’s automatic geophysical High-latitude antarctic neutral mesospheric observatory program. Particle precipitation driven and thermospheric dynamics and thermodynamics. by extra-low-frequency/very-low-frequency Gonzalo Hernandez, University of Washington. It is pos- (ELF/VLF) waves have a part in transporting and sible to deduce the temperature and wind speed of accelerating magnetospheric and ionospheric plas- the atmosphere by measuring the emission spectra of mas, processes that result from a variety of physi- certain trace gasses, especially the spectra of those cally different wave-particle interactions. Because that are confined to fairly narrow altitude regions. measuring ELF/VLF waves from multiple sites pro- This project uses a Fabry-Perot infrared interferome- vides a powerful tool for remote observations of ter located at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, magnetosphere processes, we maintain a system at Antarctica, to look at the band spectra of several Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station that measures trace species, most importantly the hydroxyl radical magnetospheric ELF/VLF phenomena. Data from (OH), in orthogonal directions. By determining the this system are correlated with data from the auto- doppler shift of the lines, researchers can measure matic geophysical observatory system. During the the winds. The brightness and line ratios within the 1997–1998 austral summer, our objectives are: bands provide density and temperature information. • to conduct ELF & VLF recording at The OH in the atmosphere is primarily found in a narrow band near 90 kilometers altitude. The fact

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 45 that the measurements are being made at the axis of • to study 26Al line emission and search for 44Tl rotation of Earth significantly limits the types of emission from galactic nucleosynthesis, and planetary waves, thus simplifying the study of the • to study transient positron annihilation large-scale dynamics of the atmosphere. (S-110) radiation, both direct and indirect and compton- scattered, from black-hole sources in the galactic Riometry in Antarctica and conjugate regions. Theodore Rosenberg, University of Maryland. We will center region. (S-116) use imaging and broadbeam riometers and auroral All-sky-camera measurements of the aurora photometers to study the processes of energy trans- australis from Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station. fer from the solar wind to Earth’s magnetosphere Masaki Ejiri, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan. and ionosphere at high geomagnetic latitudes. The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, located at the emphasis will be on understanding the ionospheric south geographic pole, is a unique platform from signatures of dayside auroral phenomena associated which to undertake measurements of the polar iono- with particle entry into the cusp and boundary lay- sphere. Because of the configuration of the geomag- ers, as well as the nightside substorm effects associ- netic field in the Southern Hemisphere, the station is ated with the magnetotail and plasma sheet. Three situated in such a way that dayside auroras can be imaging riometers, located at Amundsen–Scott South viewed for several hours each day. Research has Pole Station (Antarctica), Sondre Stromfjord (Green- shown that they are caused by precipitation of low- land), and Iqaluit (Northwest Territories, Canada, the energy particles, which enter the magnetosphere by magnetic conjugate to the South Pole) will provide means of the solar wind. Since 1965, data have been continuous, simultaneous, conjugate measurements acquired at the South Pole using a film-based, all- of polar auroral phenomena. All of the above data sky-camera system. Using advanced technology, we sets will also be used in conjunction with data ob- can now digitize photographic images and process tained by automatic geophysical observatories. (S- large amounts of information automatically. Besides 111) continuing to acquire 35-millimeter photographic images with all-sky-camera system, U.S. and Japa- Correlative medium-frequency radar studies of nese researchers will collaborate and use an all-sky- large-scale middle atmospheric dynamics in the camera processing system developed at Japan’s Na- Antarctic. David C. Fritts and Ben B. Balsley, University tional Institute of Polar Research to analyze data. of Colorado at Boulder. Using two medium-frequency This system displays data in a geophysical coordi- radars, we will measure the dynamics of the meso- nate framework and analyzes images over short and sphere and lower thermosphere at high time and long intervals not possible with individual photo- spatial resolution (2 minutes and 2 kilometers). The graphic images. The data will be used to investigate first of these systems was installed at McMurdo Sta- dayside auroral structure, nightside substorm effects, tion in January 1996; the second is planned for in- ° and polar-cap arcs. These studies can also be used to stallation at the British base of Rothera (67.5 S) dur- obtain further insight into the physics of the magne- ing January and February 1997. Using these instru- tosphere, the convection of plasma in the polar cap, ments, we will be able to study in detail large- and and solar winds in the thermosphere. (S-117) small-scale motion fields and their latitudinal and temporal variability. When the results of these data Solar and heliosphere studies with antarctic are compared with similar products from Northern cosmic-ray observations. John Bieber, University of Hemisphere radars, we expect to be able to study Delaware. Neutron monitors in Antarctica provide a interhemispheric differences in the behavior of the vital three-dimensional perspective on the ani- mesosphere and lower thermosphere, which prelimi- sotropic flux of cosmic rays that continuously bom- nary studies indicate are quite substantial. (S-113) bards Earth. At McMurdo and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Stations, year-round observations will Astrophysical gamma-ray spectroscopy with continue for cosmic rays with energies in excess of 1 the high resolution gamma-ray and hard x-ray spec- billion electronvolts. These data will advance our un- trometer (HIREGS) on long-duration balloon derstanding of a variety of fundamental plasma pro- flights. Robert P. Lin, University of California, Berkeley. cesses occurring on the Sun and in interplanetary Our objectives are as: space. Neutron-monitor records, which began in • to determine the conditions for positron 1960 at McMurdo Station and 1964 at South Pole annihilation (511 keV) line radiation from the Station, will play a crucial role in efforts to under- galactic center region, stand the nature and causes of cosmic-ray and solar-

46 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 terrestrial variations occurring over the 11-year sun- ozone. A secondary science mission is long-term spot cycle, the 22-year Hale cycle, and even longer continuous monitoring of atmospheric transmission time scales. At the other extreme, we will use new and backscatter from the surface. These data will be methods to study high time-resolution (10-second) compiled into a database that will provide statistics cosmic-ray data to determine the three-dimensional on atmospheric conditions for the Geoscience Laser structure of turbulence in space and to understand Altimeter System (GLAS). the mechanism by which energetic charged particles scatter in this turbulence. (S-120) The first AGO lidar is scheduled to be deployed to AGO P1 by the AGO servicing crew in November RICE—Radio Ice Cherenkov Experiment. David 1997. This instrument will have redundant laser di- Besson, University of Kansas. Electromagnetic radia- ode transmitters operating at 670 nanometers, pro- tion (e.g., light, x-rays, gamma rays) cannot escape ducing 500 milliwatt peak power pulses, at 1- or 4- from inside the most active regions of the Universe, microsecond pulse lengths, and a pulse-repetition for instance from the nuclei of galaxies, nor can the frequency of 4 kilohertz. The backscattered laser light highest energy gamma rays even propagate through will be collected by a 20-centimeter diameter tele- intergalactic space because they will be absorbed by scope and detected by all-solid-state single-photon the cosmic background infrared photons. Neutrinos, counting modules in a cross-polarized detection however, can traverse a considerable amount of ma- scheme. Type 1 PSCs will depolarize incident radia- terial unimpeded, and if they can be detected in such tion. Because the laser transmitters in AGO lidar pro- a way that their arrival direction and energy can be duce highly linearly polarized light, we expect to see determined, they can be used to study high-density a depolarization signal (up to several percent) in the regions and highest energy events of the cosmos. backscattered light. When an electron-type neutrino does interact in a di- electric medium (such as the deep glacial ice beneath The lidar data will be archived in the lidar in- South Pole), it will produce a shower of electrons and struments’ own flash memory as well as the optical positrons that will cause the energy of the original drive provided by the AGO platform. The AGO lidar neutrino to radiate rapidly away as electromagnetic will also contain its own Argos transmitter, which radiation. The probability of such interactions in- will telemeter at least one atmospheric profile per creases with increasing energy, so that a detector’s day back to NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in sensitivity increases with energy. Thus, a modest Greenbelt, Maryland. (S-126) sized (by neutrino detector standards) instrumented Rayleigh and sodium lidar studies of the tro- volume of ice, say a 100-meter cube, could have an posphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere at the effective volume of a cubic kilometer, a size which is Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. George Papen, deemed necessary to do astronomy. This project is a University of Illinois. During the 1997-1998 field sea- pilot to determine the feasibility of the radio detec- son, this project will continue the operation of a so- tion of neutrino interactions in ice. (S-123) dium resonance lidar at the South Pole to study the Rayleigh and sodium lidar studies of the tro- vertical structure and dynamics of the atmosphere posphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere at the from the lower stratosphere to the mesopause. Dur- Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. Jim Abshire, ing this third year of the project, an iron resonance li- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard dar will be added and will extend the measurements Space Flight Center. The automated geophysical ob- of the dynamics and temperature structure to 100 servatory (AGO) lidar is an ongoing, National Aero- kilometers altitude. Additionally, an airglow imaging nautics and Space Administration (NASA) funded camera will be used to study the horizontal structure. project to develop and demonstrate a compact, low- When used in conjunction with the normal balloon- power, and autonomous atmospheric lidar for op- borne radio sondes, which are flown regularly from eration in the U.S. Antarctic Program’s AGOs de- South Pole, the final complement of instruments will ployed to various locations in Antarctica. The pri- provide extensive data on mary science mission of AGO lidar is detecting, • the temperature structure from the surface to 100 monitoring, and profiling polar stratospheric clouds kilometers altitude; (PSCs). These clouds form in the extremely cold po- • lar stratosphere during the austral winter, and a par- the nature of the polar stratospheric clouds, which are important to ozone chemistry; ticular type of PSC (type 1) has been implicated in the annual springtime destruction of stratospheric • the variability and frequency of occurrence of

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 47 metallic layers in the mesosphere, which play a The antarctic muon and neutrino detector array role in communications as well as chemistry; (AMANDA) project: The antarctic ice sheet as a • atmospheric gravity waves; and high-energy detector. Robert M. Morse, University of • many other phenomena, some of which are Wisconsin at Madison. The primary objective of unique to the South Pole. (S-127) AMANDA is to discover sources of very-high-energy neutrinos from galactic and extragalactic sources. High-latitude electromagnetic wave studies us- These neutrinos could be of diffuse origin coming ing antarctic automatic geophysical observatories. from the contributions of many active galactic nuclei James LaBelle, Dartmouth College. At radio frequencies or point sources coming from super-nova remnants, between 0.05 and 5.0 megahertz (MHz), three types rapidly rotating pulsars, neutron stars, and individ- of radio phenomena related auroral origin can be ual blazars or other extragalactic point sources. detected: narrowband near 2.8 and 4.2 MHz, broad- AMANDA consists of photomultiplier tubes imbed- band noise bursts in the frequency range of 1.4+4.0 ded at depths between 1 and 2 kilometers in glacial MHz, and broadband noise at frequencies below 1 ice near the South Pole. This array uses natural ice as MHz. An accepted physical theory explains the third a Cherenkov detector for high-energy neutrinos of type, called “auroral hiss,” but the origin of the other astrophysical origin that have passed through Earth. two types is unknown. Although these radio emis- Recently, new sources of high-energy gamma rays sions constitute a small fraction of the total energy of have been discovered, such as the source Mrk-421 the aurora, they may provide important clues to the discovered by the CGRO and the Mount Hopkins more energetic processes, analogous to the way in Observatory. These sources, also believed to be copi- which solar radio emissions are used to infer the pro- ous emitters of high-energy neutrinos, are the type of cesses taking place in the solar corona. Using objects that AMANDA has been designed to study. LF/MF/HF receivers, we hope to collect further clues about these emissions from antarctic auroral To date, neutrino astronomy has been limited to zone and polar cap sites, taking advantage of radio- the detection of solar neutrinos and one brief burst quiet antarctic conditions. The receivers will be in- from the supernova that appeared in the Large Mag- stalled at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, in ellanic cloud in February 1987 (SN-1987a). Only now three U.S. automatic geophysical observatories, and is building large neutrino telescopes becoming tech- in two British automatic geophysical observato- nically feasible, and as one of the first generation de- ries.(S-128) tectors, AMANDA promises to be a large contributor to this new branch of neutrino astronomy. The Spectroscopic and interferometric studies of AMANDA project includes plans to install seven ad- middle atmosphere dynamics and particle precipi- ditional detector strings to complement the four tation patterns over the South Pole. Gulamabas strings that are already in place at depths of 1,500– Sivjee, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. An infra- 1,900 meters. These strings, installed during the red spectrophotometer, an eight-channel photon- 1996–1997 season, will be positioned at a depth of counting photometer, and an infrared Michelson in- 2,000 meters in the ice, and will each contain 36 pho- terferometer are maintained by this project at the tomultiplier tubes modules. The 2-kilometer-deep South Pole to study the dynamics and chemistry of holes in the ice will be drilled by the Polar Ice Coring the upper atmosphere. By measuring the variations Office. (S-130) in the brightness and temperature of airglow band emissions, researchers can detect planetary, gravity, Center for Astrophysical Research in Antarc- and tidal waves. Studying the horizontal wave tica. Doyal A. Harper, University of Chicago. Infrared structures by looking in several directions while and submillimeter astronomy has the potential for making these measurements at several wavelengths, answering major questions about the formation of which come from different heights in the atmos- the Universe: phere, provides information on the vertical extent of • What are the processes by which stars form from the wave activity. Additionally, viewing the different interstellar gas? altitude auroral emissions with the spectrophotome- • How did the planets form? ter provides insight into the nature of the sources of • the auroral precipitating electrons and how these dif- What was the nature of primeval galaxies? ferent sources vary as a function of time. (S-129) • How was matter and energy distributed in the early Universe?

48 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 Because of the cold temperatures and the near extend the observations now being made with absence of water vapor in the atmosphere above the the 0.75-meter Python telescope to structures in polar plateau, the infrared skies are consistently the cosmic microwave background having clearer and darker in Antarctica than anywhere else smaller angular scales (S-132F). on Earth. These conditions enable researchers to Besides making measurements of “seeing” qual- make measurements that would be extremely diffi- ity using the SPIREX telescope, the Advanced Tele- cult or impossible from other sites. To capitalize on scopes Project also supports a number of other efforts these advantages, the University of Chicago and sev- including wide-field cameras, a near-infrared sky eral collaborating institutions have established the brightness monitor (in collaboration with the Univer- Center for Astrophysical Research in Antarctica sity of New South Wales), and an instrument for (CARA), which is one of 24 Science and Technology monitoring mid-infrared sky brightness and trans- Centers funded by the National Science Foundation. mission (in collaboration with the National Aeronau- To support its scientific mission, CARA is working to tic and Space Administration’s Goddard Space Flight establish an observatory at the South Pole and to in- Center). (S-132) vestigate the conditions for astronomy at the South Pole and other sites on the polar plateau. Currently, Cosmology from Dome C in Antarctica. Lucio CARA supports research using three major telescope Piccirillo, Bartol Research Institute, University of Dela- facilities. ware. The thermal cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR), left over from the Big Bang, car- • The Astronomical Submillimeter Telescope/ ries the only available information about the distri- Remote Observatory (AST/RO) project uses a bution of matter in the very early universe. Gener- 1.7-meter-diameter telescope to conduct surveys ally, scientists believe that galaxies and other of atomic and molecular line emission from structures arose from the gravitational amplification interstellar gas in the galactic plane, the galactic of tiny density fluctuations. Detecting high energy center, and the Magellanic Clouds. cosmic neutrinos represents a unique opportunity to • The South Pole Infrared Explorer (SPIREX) probe the distant universe. While the trajectories of project uses a 0.6-meter-diameter telescope to protons, because they are charged particles, are likely investigate the potential of the site for near- to bend in galactic and intergalactic magnetic fields, infrared astronomy and to conduct observations neutrinos point directly back to their source. Using of distant galaxies, cool stars, and heavily an array of radio receivers buried in the ice at the obscured star-forming regions. South Pole, we hope to detect high energy cosmic • The Cosmic Background Radiation Anisotropy neutrinos in order to measure the cosmic neutrino (COBRA) project uses a 0.75-meter-diameter flux at high energies and to determine sources of telescope (Python) to map the anisotropy in such a flux. During our first field season we will de- cosmic microwave background radiation at ploy a small number of dipole receivers and trans- sufficient sensitivity to test current theories of the mitters to measure ice properties and develop the origin of the Universe. technology needed for the efforts to follow. When completed our array will be complementary to the In addition to projects using these three tele- Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array scopes, the Center has undertaken the Advanced (AMANDA). Both use antarctic ice to reconstruct the Telescopes Project to collect data on the quality of incident direction and energy of a cosmic neutrino, polar plateau sites for astronomical observations and but AMANDA relies on phototube technology to to plan for future telescopes and facilities. probe the optical frequency range while our array Projects included as part of CARA are will be tuned to radio frequencies. (S-140) • CARA-wide operations and activities (S-132A), Long-duration ballooning—Launch and te- lemetry support. Steven Peterzen, National Scientific • the AST/RO project (S-132B) Balloon Facility. Wholly funded by the National Aero- • the SPIREX project (S-132C) nautic and Space Administration, the National Scien- • the Advanced Telescopes Project (S-132E) tific Balloon Facility (NSBF) is operated under con- • activities of the COBRA project related to tract by New Mexico States’ Physical Science Labo- preparation for deployment of the Viper ratory. The effort in Antarctica, known as the Long- telescope, a new, 2-meter class telescope that will Duration Balloon Program, launches high-altitude

U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 49 balloons carrying scientific payloads into the strato- sphere. These large helium-filled balloons (804,199 cubic meters) circumnavigate the continent between 3 and 4 millibars for up to 24 days. For each circum- polar flight, NSBF performs the launch operations, designs and manages the telemetry links, and then terminates and recovers the flight system. (S-145)

Infrared measurements in the Antarctic. Frank J. Murcray, Ronald Blatherwick, and Aaron Goldman, Uni- versity of Denver. For this project, we will use an infra- red (IR) interferometer to monitor selected trace con- stituents in the atmosphere above Amundsen–Scott South Pole and McMurdo Stations. The measure- ments will be made in two modes: absorption and emission. The absorption mode uses the Sun, shining through the atmosphere, as an infrared source of IR radiation and allows us to measure a number of trace constituents, especially during the local springtime when the antarctic ozone hole is forming. The emis- sion mode, using radiation emitted by the atmos- pheric gases themselves, is less sensitive than the ab- sorption mode but does allow critical measurements during the long, dark polar night, when the chemis- try that sets the stage for the springtime ozone deple- tion is taking place. The compounds we will measure include hydrogen chloride, nitric acid, chlorofluoro- carbon-11 and -12, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone, and chlorine nitrate. Each of these gases plays a role in ozone depletion, and several are also important greenhouse gases. This project is a precursor to the establishment of an antarctic Network for the Detec- tion of Stratospheric Change (NDSC) station. When the NDSC station is established (presumably at Dome C), we will extend our project to this site and begin making similar measurements there. This proj- ect is jointly funded by the National Science Founda- tion’s Office of Polar Programs and Division of At- mospheric Sciences and also by the National Aeronautic and Space Administration’s Office of Earth Sciences and Applications. (S-148)

50 U.S. Antarctic Program, 1997 - 1998 ,QIRUPDWLRQ ([FKDQJH 8QGHU 8QLWHG 6WDWHV $QWDUFWLF $FWLYLWLHV $UWLFOHV ,,, DQG 9,,+8, RI WKH $FWLYLWLHV 3ODQQHG IRU 4<<:0<; $17$5&7,& 75($7< $WWDFKPHQW $

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TRANSMITTERS RECEIVERS REMARKS

TYPE FREQUENCY TYPES OF FREQUENCY TYPE FREQUENCY TYPES OF FREQUENCY BANDS TRANSMISSION SELECTION BANDS RECEPTION SELECTION AND POWER (CRYSTAL AVAILABLE (CRYSTAL VFO, etc.) VFO, etc.)

AN/FRT-83 2-30 MHz 1K08F1B, 3K00J3E SYNTHESIZED 1K24F1B, 100H0A1A 1KW

AN/FRT-84 2-30 MHz 1K24F1B, 100H0A1A SYNTHESIZED 3K00J3E, 4K00F3C 6K00A3E, 6K00B9W 10KW

AN/GRT-21 116-149.95 MHz 6K00A3E, 10W SYNTHESIZED AN/GRR-23 116-149.95 MHz 6K00A3E CRYSTAL AN/GRT-22 225-399.95 MHz 6K00A3E, 10W SYNTHESIZED AN/GRR-24 255-399.95 MHz 6K00A3E CRYSTAL

AN/URC-110 225-399.995 MHz 30K0F3E/20W SYNTHESIZED AN/URC-110 225-399.995 MHz 30K0F3E SYNTHESIZED

AN/GRC-211 116-149.95 MHz 25W SYNTHESIZED AN/GRC-211 116-149.95 MHz 6K00A3E SYNTHESIZED AN/GRC-171 225-399.95 MHz 20W SYNTHESIZED AN/GRC-171 225-399.95 MHz 6K00A3E SYNTHESIZED

RT-100 2-30 MHz 100H0A1A, 3K00J3E SYNTHESIZED RT-100 2-30 MHz 100H0A1A, 3K00J3E SYNTHESIZED 100W RT-7000 2-30 MHz 100H0A1A, 3K00J3E SYNTHESIZED RT-7000 2-30 MHz 100H0A1A,3K00J3E SYNTHESIZED

AN/PRC-1099 2-30 MHz 100H0A1A, 3K00J3E, SYNTHESIZED AN/PRC-1099 2-30 MHz 100H0A1A, 3K00J3E SYNTHESIZED 20W

AN/LST-5B 225-399.95 MHz 30K0F3E/20W SYNTHESIZED AN/LST-5B 225-399.995 MHz 30K0F3E SYNTHESIZED

SR-210 1.6-30 MHz 100H0A1A, 3K00J3E CRYSTAL SR-210 1.6-30 MHz 100H0A1A, 3K00J3E CRYSTAL 150W

DRAKE TR-7 2-30 MHz 100H0A1A, 3K00J3E VFO DRAKE TR-7 2-30 MHz 100H0A1A, 3K00J3E VFO NSF FORM 1172B (4-82) INFORMATION ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT AND SCHEDULES FOR THE YEAR 1998-96 COUNRY United States of America ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE ON THIS INFORMATION: OFFICE OF POLAR PROGRAMS NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION STATION McMurdo ARLINGTON, VA 22230 CALL SIGN NGD LATITUDE 77°55'S LONGITUDE 166°39'E

ANTENNA FACSIMILE TELEPRINTER REMARKS

TYPE AZIMUTH (IN INDEX OF DRUM SPEED TYPE SPEED LIST OF DEGREES OR COOPERATION (bauds) AVAILABLE OMNI) FREQUENCIES

RHOMBIC 088T T 9165L/AE 120/240 (scans KPDT-3 (MOD-40) 75 "ANTARCTIC 11.004, 8.090, RHOMBIC 088T T I of C N/A per minute vice BROADCAST" 6.397, 4.872, 2.650, RHOMBIC 146T T rpm) 5.810

RHOMBIC 220T T KPDT-3 (MOD-40) 50-75 AA-2"INTERNATIONAL 12.225, 13.590, ANTARCTIC 16.225, 5.8675, COMMON" 7.6695, 9.830, 10.865 2.525, 2.831., 3.210, CONICAL MONOPOLE OMNI T 9271D/H/AE 120/240 RPM KPDT-3 75 HF COMMUNICATIONS 4.0125, 4.1474, 4.242, I of C N/A (MOD-40) 4.755, 4.7715, 5.030, ROSETTE ARRAY DIRECTIONAL R 5.386, 6.012, 6.767, 7.469, 7.875, 7.9965, 8.2954, END-FIRE ARRAY 088T T 8.2984, 8.420, 8.678, 9.0075, 9.073, 9.110, CONICAL MONOPOLE OMNI T/R KPDT-3 75 HF COMMUNICATIONS 9.215, 10.235, 10.516, (MOD-40) 11.156, 11.1925, 11.508, 11.5545, 12.029, 12.0985, RHOMBIC 088T/146T/220T 75 12.3544, 12.3574, 12.457, 12.630, 13.490, 13.5515, 13.874, 14.777, 14.805, 15.564, 15.889, 16.152, 16.2235, 17.4545, 17.494 NSF FORM 1172C (4-82) INFORMATION ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT AND SCHEDULES FOR THE YEAR 1998-99 COUNRY United States of America ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE ON THIS INFORMATION: OFFICE OF POLAR PROGRAMS NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION STATION McMurdo ARLINGTON, VA 22230 CALL SIGN NGD LATITUDE 77°55'S LONGITUDE 166°39'E

GMT FREQUENCIES USED CIRCUIT CONDUCT REMARKS

STATION OPEN CLOSE TRANSMITTING RECEIVING TYPE OF TYPE OF SX OR SIDE WORKED EMISSION TRAFFIC DX BAND (See ccir 432) (X)

SOUTH POLE OCT-- --NOV 2650 7340 - P&SP 1.24F1 ALL SYNOPS HOURLIES DX ON CALL 5810 7750 - P&SP (AS REQUIRED) MAR-- --OCT 6397 9073 - P&SP TERMINAL 2000-- --2130 8090 13551.5 - P&SP DAILY LESS 11004 SUN- DAY 4872

11554.5 11554.5 3A3J VOICE SX 8998.5 8998.5 3A3J VOICE SX 13252.5 13252.5

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INMARSAT COASTAL TIME OPEN 18 HR. 1.636.-1.654 GHz 1.535-1.543 GHz VOICE/DATA/ EARTH STATION PER DAY. START AND FACSIMILE SANTA PAULA, CA STOP CHANGES WITH PERCESSION OF SATELLITE. NSF FORM 1172A (4-82) INFORMATION ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT AND SCHEDULES FOR THE YEAR 1998-99 COUNTRY United States of America ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE ON THIS INFORMATION: STATION Palmer OFFICE OF POLAR PROGRAMS NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION CALL SIGN NHG LATITUDE 64°46'S LONGITUDE 64°05'W ARLINGTON, VA 22230

TRANSMITTERS RECEIVERS REMARKS

TYPE FREQUENCY TYPES OF FREQUENCY TYPE FREQUENCY TYPES OF FREQUENCY BANDS TRANSMISSION SELECTION BANDS RECEPTION SELECTION AND POWER (CRYSTAL AVAILABLE (CRYSTAL VFO, etc.) VFO, etc.)

GX23205 STANDARD 156-162 MHz 16K0F3E/25W SYNTHESIZED STANDARD MARINE 156-162 MHz 16K0F3E SYNTHESIZED MONITOR Ch16 & 27 MARINE 55 CHANNEL 55 CHANNEL

NDB (NOT OPERATIONAL)

SUNAIR LINEAR AMP 1.6-30 MHz 3K00J3E/1 KW SUNAIR 1.6-3.0 MHz 3K00J3E SYNTHESIZED AX.25 GSL-1900A GSB-900DX 3K00J1D TRANSCEIVER

SUNAIR GSB-900DX 1.6-30 MHz 3K00J3E, 3K00J1D SYNTHESIZED ICOM R 70 0.1-30 MHz 3K00J3E SYNTHESIZED TRANSCEIVER 100W

MOTOROLA MSR- 161.950 MHz 16F3/112W CRYSTAL MOTOROLA 157.350 MHz 16F3 CRYSTAL CARRIER ACCESS 2000 MSR-2000 REPEATER

MOTOROLA MICOR 149.195 MHz CH 2 16F3/375W CRYSTAL MOTOROLA MICOR 135.575 MHz CH 2 16F3 CRYSTAL ATS-3 149.163 MHz CH 6A 135.543 MHz CH 6A 149.283 MHz CH 6B 135.663 MHz CH 6B 149.245 MHz CH 4 135.625 MHz CH 4

NERA Saturn Bm 1636.5 MHz F9 SYNTHESIZED NERA Saturn Bm 1535.0 MHz to F9 SYNTHESIZED INMARSAT 1645.0 MHz 1543.5 MHz TERMINAL

Univ. of Miami 303.4625 MHZ ???/20W SYNTHESIZED Univ. of Miami 249.5625 MHZ ??? SYNTHESIZED LES-9

LES-9 Transceiver LES-9 Transceiver

Kenwood TS450S 2-30 MHZ 100H0A1A, 3K00J3E SYNTHESIZED Kenwood TS450S 2-30 MHZ 100H0A1A, 3K00J3E SYNTHESIZED Amateur Radio Transceiver 100W

Kenwood TS922A 2-30 MHZ 100H0A1A, 3K00J3E SYNTHESIZED

Linear Amplifier 1KW NSF FORM 1172B (4-82) INFORMATION ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT AND SCHEDULES FOR THE YEAR 1998-99 COUNRY United States of America ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE ON THIS INFORMATION: OFFICE OF POLAR PROGRAMS NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION STATION Palmer ARLINGTON, VA 22230 CALL SIG NHG LATITUDE 64°46'S LONGITUDE 64°05'W

ANTENNA FACSIMILE TELEPRINTER REMARKS

TYPE AZIMUTH (IN INDEX OF DRUM SPEED TYPE SPEED LIST OF DEGREES OR COOPERATION (bauds) AVAILABLE OMNI) FREQUENCIES

SLOPING "V" 3400 HF (long distance) 2-30 MHz

CONICAL MONOPOLE OMNI HF (local ops.) 2-30 MHz

J-POLE (2) OMNI VHF (local ops.) 155-163 Mhz

CROSS POLARIZATION ATS-3 SATELLITE 3150 DUAL ARRAY 149 MHz YAGI VOICE TRANSMIT

CROSS POLARIZATION ATS-3 SATELLITE 3150 DUAL ARRAY 135MHz YAGI VOICE RECEIVE

CROSS POLARIZATION LES-9 SATELLITE 3140 DUAL ARRAY 303MHz YAGI DATA TRANSMIT

CROSS POLARIZATION LES-9 SATELLITE 3140 DUAL ARRAY 249MHz YAGI DATA RECEIVE

HF YAGI (TRI-BAND) ROTATABLE AMATEUR/MARS/HAM 14, 21, 28 MHz

PARABOLIC DISH IMMARSAT SATAELLITE MARISAT, VOICE, DATA, 1.5-1.6 GHz TELEX

860' RHOMBIC 1950 HF primary, MCMURDO + 2-30 MHz POLE, VOICE + RATT design center = 11,553 kHz

COAXIAL OMNI VHF LOCAL 116-135 MHz AIR-GROUND

VHF MARINE WHIP OMNI VHF Marine Repeater 155-163 MHz Primary & Secondary for local boating ops.

5 ELEMENT COAXIAL OMNI VHF MARINE BASE 155-163 MHz NSF FORM 1172B (4-82) INFORMATION ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT AND SCHEDULES FOR THE YEAR 1998-99 COUNRY United States of America ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE ON THIS INFORMATION: OFFICE OF POLAR PROGRAMS NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION STATION Palmer ARLINGTON, VA 22230 CALL SIG NHG LATITUDE 64°46'S LONGITUDE 64°05'W

ANTENNA FACSIMILE TELEPRINTER REMARKS

TYPE AZIMUTH (IN INDEX OF DRUM SPEED TYPE SPEED LIST OF DEGREES OR COOPERATION (bauds) AVAILABLE OMNI) FREQUENCIES

ENCLOSED MONOPOLE OMNI NOAA ARGOS relay for 401.650 MHz J-275

ENCLOSED 1.2M STEERABLE TERA SCAN WEATHER 1707 + 2240 MHz STEERABLE DISH DATA RX FOR T-312 NSF FORM 1172C (4-82) INFORMATION ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT AND SCHEDULES FOR THE YEAR 1998-99 COUNRY United States of America ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE ON THIS INFORMATION: OFFICE OF POLAR PROGRAMS NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION STATION Palmer ARLINGTON, VA 22230 CALL SIGN NHG LATITUDE 64°46'S LONGITUDE 64°05'W

GMT FREQUENCIES USED CIRCUIT CONDUCT REMARKS

STATION OPEN CLOSE TRANSMITTING RECEIVING TYPE OF TYPE OF SX OR SIDE WORKED EMISSION TRAFFIC DX BAND (See ccir 432) (X)

MCMURDO DEC-- -MAR 2831.5 2831.5 3A3J VOICE - INTER-STATION USB SOUTH POLE 1100 0000 4771.5 4771.5 SUPPRES Dai- ly 7996.5 (Primary) 7996.5 -SED MAR-- --OCT 8975.5 CARRIER 1100 0000 11554.5 (Primary) 11554.5 Daily less local 26101.5 26101.5 Satur- day

MCMURDO AS REQUIRED 8998.5 (Primary) 8998.5 3A3J VOICE - AIRCRAFT USB SOUTH POLE 13252.5 (Second.) 13252.5 SUPPRES 11256.5 (Tertiary) 11256.5 -SED 4719.5 (Alt. 4719.5 CARRIER 5727.5 on 5727.5 6709.5 call) 6709.5

MCMURDO AS REQUIRED 2182 2182 3A3J DISTRESS AND USB SOUTH POLE 8364 8364 CALLING/SEARCH 3023.5 3023.5 AND RESCUE

ROTHERA 1130 1135 3186 (Second.) 16F3 WEATHER SYNOPTIC USB 1730 1735 4553 (Primary) 3186 3A3J GROUPS USB 2330 2335 4553 USB DAI LY

COPACABANA, OCT- MAR 4125 (Primary) 4125 3A3J VOICE USB 0000 Z 0030 Z 4131 (Secondary) 4131 SEAL IS., CAPE SHERIFF DAI LY NSF FORM 1172A (4-82) INFORMATION ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT AND SCHEDULES FOR THE YEAR 1998-99 COUNTRY United States of America ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE ON THIS INFORMATION: STATION Amundsen-Scott South Pole OFFICE OF POLAR PROGRAMS NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION CALL SIGN NPX LATITUDE 90° S LONGITUDE ARLINGTON, VA 22230

TRANSMITTERS RECEIVERS REMARKS

TYPE FREQUENCY TYPES OF FREQUENCY TYPE FREQUENCY TYPES OF FREQUENCY BANDS TRANSMISSION SELECTION BANDS RECEPTION SELECTION AND POWER (CRYSTAL AVAILABLE (CRYSTAL VFO, etc.) VFO, etc.)

MACKAY MSR 8000D 1.6-30 MHz 3K00J3E SYNTHESIZED MACKAY MSR 8000 1.6-30 MHz 3K00J3E SYNTHESIZED 10 Channel 6K00A3E 6K00A3E 100HA1A 100HA1A 1KW

ICOM 735 1.6-30 MHz 3K00J3E SYNTHESIZED ICOM R70 0.1-30 MHz 3K00J3E VFO 20 Channel 6K00A3E ICOM IC-735 0.1-30 MHz 6K00A3E VFO 100HA1A 100HA1A 100W

Motorola Maxar 135.5-149.3 MHz 16F3/20W CRYSTAL Motorola Maxar 135.5-149.3 15K00FZD Transceiver 4 Channel Transceiver 4 Channel

REPCO Exciter 149.282 4F3/1W CRYSTAL Hamtronics 135.57 MHz 4F3 CRYSTAL ATS-3

Kenwood TM-721 130-150 MHz F3/300W SYNTHESIZED Kenwood TM-721 130-150 MHz 15K00F2D SYNTHESIZED ATS-3 Transceiver with 430-460 MHz Kenwood R-5000 0.1-30 MHz 3K00J3E VFO Mirage/KLM Amplifier 6K00A3A 100HA1A

Kenwood TH25 140-150 MHz F3 / 3W SYNTHESIZED Kenwood TH25 140-150 MHz F3 SYNTHESIZED

ABA Transmit. 1.5-5.26 Hz 90K00G2W/50W SYNTHESIZED ICOM-735 0-30 MHz 4F4, 6A3B, 6A9B

Kenwood TH45 440-450 MHz F3 / 3W SYNTHESIZED Kenwood TH45 440-450 MHz F3 SYNTHESIZED

RITRON 450 MHz F3 / 7W CRYSTAL RITRON 450 MHz F3 CRYSTAL NSF FORM 1172B (4-82) INFORMATION ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT AND SCHEDULES FOR THE YEAR 1998-99 COUNRY United States of America ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE ON THIS INFORMATION: OFFICE OF POLAR PROGRAMS NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION STATION Amundsen-Scott South Pole ARLINGTON, VA 22230 CALL SIGN NPX LATITUDE 90° S LONGITUDE

ANTENNA FACSIMILE TELEPRINTER REMARKS

TYPE AZIMUTH (IN INDEX OF DRUM SPEED TYPE SPEED LIST OF DEGREES OR COOPERATION (bauds) AVAILABLE OMNI) FREQUENCIES

0-30 MHz RHOMBIC 167 T T/R HF COMMUNICATIONS

RHOMBIC 167 T T/R HF COMMUNICATIONS 0-30 MHz

SLOPING V 64 T T/R HF COMMUNICATIONS 0-30 MHz

CONICAL MONOPOLE OMNI R ANTARCTIC 0-30 MHz BROADCAST

CONICAL MONOPOLE OMNI T/R HF COMMUNICATIONS 0-30 MHz