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ISFAHAN (1636-1650, 1686-1693) Sebouh David Aslanian

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ISFAHAN (1636-1650, 1686-1693) Sebouh David Aslanian THE EARLY ARRIVAL OF PRINT IN SAFAVID IRAN: NEW LIGHT ON THE FIRST ARMENIAN PRINTING PRESS IN NEW JULFA, ISFAHAN (1636-1650, 1686-1693) Sebouh David Aslanian In the summer of 1628, a caravan traption was so cumbersome and heavy with Carmelite missionaries Fathers to carry, remarked Father Dominic in a Dominic of Christ and Matthew of the letter from Baghdad, “that one camel Cross slowly traversed the perilous could hardly bring it.”2 When the print- long stretch of desert extending from Aleppo to Baghdad and gradually Floor, Dickran Kouymjian, and Marc Mami- wound its way to the Safavid capital of gonian for reading an earlier draft of this es- say and offering helpful comments and to Isfahan. Among the pilgrims, missio- Thierry O’harera for helping to ensure the ac- naries, merchants, and the variety of curacy of my translations from seventeenth- commodities that no doubt accom- century French. I thank Albert S. Khocha- phum for drawing the map. My greatest debt, panied the camels was an unusual ob- as usual, goes to Dr. Houri Berberian for ject: a wooden printing press with “349 commenting on an earlier draft and for help- Arabic letter sorts as well as two in- ing me think through my initial ideas and test their soundness. All shortcomings in this pa- 1 struments to set up the type.” The con- per are, of course, my own. 1 Jonathan Bloom, Paper Before Print: The * I would like to express my deep gratitude to History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic Nile Green for deepening my appreciation of World (New Haven: Yale University Press, print history and especially for encouraging 2001), 221. me first to think more historically about the 2 This fleeting episode is captured in a corre- larger question of the divergence of Armenian spondence belonging to Carmelite missionar- and Perso-Arabic histories of print. The extent ies in Iran. See H. Chick. Ed. A Chronicle of of my debt to his work will be apparent in the the Carmelites in Persia, volume 1 (London: footnotes that follow. Afshin Matin Asgari, Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1939), 305. The idea Nile Green, Rahim Shahegan, and James of importing a printing press with Arabic- Russell patiently responded to lexical queries script movable type into Iran appears to and helped with some technical vocabulary in have been the brainchild of Carmelite mis- Persian and Turkish relating to the printing sionary Father John Thaddeus who “ac- press. I am also grateful to Meliné Pehlivani- quainted” Shah ‘Abbas I with the art of an for sharing with me her unpublished essay printing during a visit to the court in Qazvin on Julfa print. Meroujan Karapetyan was in 1618. Father Thaddeus records in one of generous in first bringing to my attention the his letters how he “presented to the king an letters of Stepanos Vardapet discussed in de- alphabet in Arabic, and acquainted him with tail and translated for the first time in the printing of Arabic and Persian letters, about last section of this essay; though I had long which he showed much interest and ex- discovered the collection of papers from the pressed a wish to introduce it into his own Archivio di Stato di Firenze (ASFi) from country.” After describing this incident, fa- which these letters hailed, I first became ther Thaddeus adds the following note to his aware of the print-related contents of the doc- superiors in Rome: “If we could have one [set uments in question thanks to Dr. Karapetyan, of type] and introduce it here, it would be of and for that, as well as for useful suggestions great advantage to our Religion and the on this essay, I am deeply grateful to him. My spreading of it: The Shah has even charged thanks also go to Edmund Herzig, Willem me to procure it; so that my visit to his Maj- 383 SEBOUH DAVID ASLANIAN 384 ing machine safely arrived in Isfahan introducers of the printing of oriental in December of 1628 or January of script – or any kind of script – into 1629, it marked the first appearance of Iran.”4 Gutenberg’s revolutionary technology of This essay explores the little-known printing in Iran. history of another printing press during The fate of this first printing press the Safavid era that unlike the Carme- with Arabic characters remains un- lite one actually is known to have pub- known. No books appear to have been lished at least eight separate titles at printed on it, or if there were any they different intervals during the seven- have not survived in any known collec- teenth century. The press in question tion. As Nile Green has pointed out, it was a Gutenberg-era wooden handpress would not be until the post-Gutenberg, for the printing of books in Armenian industrial era of the early nineteenth characters, built in 1636 in situ in the century, 1818 to be more precise, with Armenian mercantile suburb of Isfahan the introduction of lighter and more known as New Julfa. That a printing portable Stanhope printing machines press was established in this spot acting that printing in Arabic script appears as a central hub of a global network of to have set roots in Iran and, soon af- Armenian trade settlements established terwards, elsewhere in the Islamic by the township’s long-distance silk world.3 In light of the late nineteenth- merchants should perhaps come as no century origins of Perso-Arabic print surprise to anyone familiar with the culture in Iran, the earlier episode of remarkable history of this mercantile the Carmelite press has recently at- suburb. Shortly after the township’s tracted the attention of a few scholars. founding in 1605, following a violent act According to H. Chick who first brought of uprooting and displacement, its long- to light the printing press of 1629, “The distance merchants established a vi- fact remains – the Carmelites were the brant network of mercantile communi- ties that extended across and incorpo- esty was not a fruitless one.”(233) For rea- rated many of the world’s leading port sons that remain mysterious, it took almost cities from London, Amsterdam, and ten years for the printing press to arrive in Isfahan. On this little-explored episode in Cádiz on the Atlantic seaboard to Ven- Iranian history, see Willem Floor, “The First ice, Livorno, Marseille, and Genoa in the Printing-Press in Iran,” Zeitschrift der Mediterranean, and Surat, Madras, Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (1980), 361-371. Calcutta, Canton, and Manila in the 3 For the “Stanhope revolution” in printing Indian and Pacific Oceans. As I have and its role in Iran, see the important set of pointed out elsewhere, these “port Ar- publications by Nile Green, especially “Per- menians” were indispensable in shoring sian Print and the Stanhope Revolution: In- dustrialization, Evangelicalism, and the up the nascent craft of printing for the Birth of Print in Early Qajar Iran,” Compar- Armenians during the early modern ative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the period predating the Stanhope revolu- Middle East 30, 3 (2010): 473-490; and “Journeymen, Middlemen: Trans-culture, tion of the nineteenth century when Travel, and Technology in the Ori- gins of Muslim Printing,”International Journal of Middle East Studies 41, 2 (2009): 203-224. 4 Chick, A Chronicle of the Carmelites, 306. 385 THE EARLY ARRIVAL OF PRINT IN SAFAVID IRAN: NEW LIGHT … 386 Arabic script printing first developed.5 plored, I argue that the other two They supported Armenian printers who presses founded in the township in the mostly hailed from the upper echelons of wake of Kesarats‘i were heavily de- the literati of the Armenian Church for pendent on assistance from port Arme- several reasons and through various nians living in port cities. After provid- means that I will summarize below. The ing a critical overview of the establish- synergistic relationship between port ment of the early printing press by cities, port Armenians, and printers, the Khachatur Kesarats‘i in 1636 followed “PPP connection,” as I have called it in by that of his disciple Hovannes another study, was pivotal for the func- Jughayets‘i (also known as Ktrshents) tioning and even existence of early mod- in 1646, the essay will discuss the re- ern Armenian print culture. Given that opening of the press in Julfa in 1686 New Julfa was located in the interior of under the guidance of primate Ste- Safavid Iran and was therefore far from panos Jughayets‘i. In this connection, the port city locations in the Mediterra- after a critical discussion of the 1686 nean, which served as early cradles of press and its closure in 1693, I will in- print technology, the question arises as troduce and analyze several pieces of to whether the larger “PPP” paradigm previously unpublished and largely that holds in almost every other case of unknown epistolary correspondence early modern Armenian printing enter- from a special collection of Armenian prise is also valid for Armenian printing and mostly Julfan mercantile papers in the central hub of the network in stored at the Archivio di Stato di Firen- New Julfa. ze. These “letters of benediction” dating This paper will address the latter from the 1680s and from the pen of question by exploring the place of mer- Stepanos Vardapet are addressed to chant involvement and the pivotal role wealthy Julfan merchants (port Arme- of relations with port city locations and nians) residing in Venice, Livorno, and their mercantile Armenian communi- Genoa, at first, asking them – then or- ties in the establishment of the printing dering them – to purchase technical press in Julfa during the seventeenth equipment, engravings, new fonts, and century.
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