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On Two Conifers from the Jurassic of South-Eastern Australia

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On Two Conifers from the Jurassic of South-Eastern Australia ON TWO CONIFERS FROM THE JURASSIC OF SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA RUDOLF FLORIN Hortus Bergian llS, Stockholm N 1940 I published the results of an Jurassic floras of Antarctica, New Zealand, investigation into the Eocene fossil Eastern Australia, and Peninsular India I conifers of south Chile and their may include others. phytogeographical significance ( FLORIN, The results obtained contradicted the wide­ 1940, pp. 1-107, PL. 1-6). The assemblage spread opinion that all conifers originated was found to be of distinctly southern in the north temperate zone or in the Arctic character, judged by the standard of recent regions, and spread from thence to southern conifer distribution, and to be quite void of lands, including the Antarctic. They point­ northern elements. This raised the point ed instead to the conclusion that the world's whether other fossil conifers of the Southern conifer vegetation had, from the Permian Hemisphere - hitherto considered to belong onwards, become steadily differentiated into to northern genera that had migrated south two large separate phytogeographical domi­ in Mesozoic and Tertiary times - had been nions. wrongly determined, and actually repre­ It has long been my in ten tion to deal sented floral elements belonging to, or at in greater detail with the history of the least most closely related to, recent southern southern conifer floras, but for various genera. The Mesozoic and Tertiary conifers reasons I will probably not be able to do so. of the Southern Hemisphere and Peninsular My time for research work has in recen t India were, therefore, preliminarily reviewed years been curtailed to such an extent that, in that paper, with special attention to the at least for the time being, I must content occurrence and distribution of members of myself to making only a few small contri­ the family Podocarpaceae. It was found butions to our knowledge of certain genera. that the Mesozoic and Tertiary strata of The present paper is such a contribution. southern lands are rich in podocarpaceous It has been made possible by Dr. Isabel remains - in contradistinction to the corres­ Cookson of the University of Melbourne, ponding stages in Europe, Asia and North who, when visiting Stockholm in 1948, America. brought some specimens of Victorian coni­ In respect of the various genera I arrived, fers, of Jurassic age, from the National inter alia, at the following conclusions. Museum of Victoria, Melbourne. I am Podocarpus is a southern genus, probably much indebted to Dr. Cookson for having originating in early Mesozoic time. Dacry­ placed this interesting material at my dis­ dium presumably developed in the Upper posal for study. The specimens are types Mesozoic from some centre in the East of Victorian fossil plants published long Australian-Antarctic region. Acmopyle ap­ ago by McCoy (1874, pp. 31-36, PL. 8). pears to have spread from an original centre One of the species described by him, viz. of distribution in the Indo-Australian region "Zamites (Podoza1m:tes) " eUipticus McCoy, to Antarctica and South America. PhyUo­ has been excluded from the present inquiry, cladus may also be looked upon as a genuine however, since from the point of view of southern genus. The remaining genera, external morphology it appears uncertain Saxegothaea, Pherosphaera and j1;ficrocachl'ys, whether the shoot belongs to any conifer at are hardly known at all in the fossil state, all, and its state of preservation precludes but there is no reason to doubt their southern the possibility of examining the epidermal origin. structure of the leaves. I also stateu lhat there was little evidence McCoy's material, of Jurassic age, came of the existence~in earlier periods of any from one of the shafts sunk in search of coal considerable numbel' of now extinct podo­ by the Geological Survey of Victoria at Bella­ carpaceous genera, although Coronelia Florin rine (Gippsland ), situated between Queens­ of the south Chilean Eocene is one, and the cliff and Geelong, south-west of Melbourne. 178 THE PALAEOBOTANIST The two species re-examined here were the family represented in the living floras. erroneously regarded by their author as Considering the so far instituted genera of belonging to the Cycadaceae. "Zamites fossil conifers, Podocarpites Andrae is based ( Podozamites )" Barklyi McCoy was des­ on detached linear leaves from the Liassic cribed by him as having pinnate leaves with of Steierdod ( Banat ), which certainly have distichous, very slightly alternate or oppo­ nothing to do with the Podocarpaceae (AN­ site leaflets obliquely inserted in two rows. DRAE, 1855, p. 45, PL. 10, FIG. 5). Later, Se­ From McCoy's illustrations alone it is possible ward (1919, p. 405) proposed that, " in accord­ to say that this is a conifer with spirally ance with the practice usually adopted in disposed leaves arranged in approximately the case of fossil species", this generic name two ranks. The second species, " Zamites" be applied to fossil leaves as well as to longifolius McCoy, is based on a foliage sterile and fertile shoots reminiscent of those shoot of similar type, but with much nar­ of living species of Podocarpus. Podocarpites rower and more spreading leaves. In my would thus be an artificial genus comprising above-mentioned paper of 1940 (p. 51) I fossil remains, except wood, which cannot be made a mistake in suggesting that the leaves referred with confidence to any better­ of these conifers were bilateral. McCoy's defined taxonomic unit. In practice this illustrations gave that impression and, as generic name seems to have been applied a matter of fact, it is not easy to judge from exclusively to northern forms, some of which the external appearance of the specimens are not at all related to the Podocarpaceae, alone whether their leaves are bilateral or but represent, or at least resemble, the recent bifacial. In respect of "Zamites (Podo­ Taxaceous genus Amentotaxus Pilger. The zamites)" Barklyi, however, the distribu­ same applies to Podocarpites mentoukouensis tion of the stomata here examined for the (STOCKMANS & MATHIEU, 1941, p. 53, PL. 7, first time indicates the bifacial nature of its FIGS. 5, 6) from the Jurassic of north China, leaves. The leaf cuticle is not preserved in which strongly resembles Storgaardia specta­ " Zamites" longifolius, but in this case, too, bilis Harris (HARRIS, 1935, pp. 58-60, PL. 11, I am now inclined to think that the leaves FIG. 17; PL. 12, FIGS. 7, 8, and PL. 16, were bifacial, and not bilateral as previously FIGS. 1, 2), a conifer of Liassic age from east suggested. There may of course be other Greenland. It is significant that the epidermal mistakes of a similar kind in my preliminary structure of the leaves of Storgaardia appears review of the conifers of southern lands to be fairly close to that of Amentotaxus (FLORIN, 1940, loco cit.), since, for lack of ( d. FLORIN, 1931, p. 304, PL. 33, FIGS. 6, 7 ). material, this was necessarily largely based For various reasons the generic name of on the more or less imperfect illustrations Podocarpites seems accordingly inapplicable in previous papers. I ven ture to think, in the present case. This is so even if it is however, that it served its purpose, viz. accepted in Seward's sense, since the genus to draw attention to the importance to our will then be too artificial to do justice to knowledge of the history of the Coniferae our knowledge of McCoy's conifer. as a whole, and to Phytogeography of a Podocarpium Unger is a generic name thorough revision of the southern fossil used at one time to designate fossil foliage conifer floras. shoots of probable podocarpaceous affinities (d. VON ETTINGSHAUSEN, 1887, pp. 37, 38, PL. 7, FIGS. 8-10, lOa, 11-15). It was, BELLARINEA gen. noy. however, founded by Unger ( 1865, p. 13, "Zamites (Podozamites) " Barklyi IVlcCoy PL. 5, FIGS. 1a-c) on a fossil coniferous is in my opinion a podocarpaceous conifer. wood, and is, therefore, ineligible here. Its foliage shoots of ultimate order resemble Weigelt (1928, pp. 485-553) instituted those of certain living species of Podocarpus, the genus Archaeopodocarpus for coniferous and particularly those of the arboreal P. fer­ remains from the Upper Permian of central rugineus D. Don (Sect. Stachyca1'puS Endl. Germany, but this is obviously a synonym emend. ·BUCHHOLZ et GRAY, 1948, p. 58), for Ullmannia Goeppert (FLORIN, ]940, a species widely distributed in the New pp. 71-72), and its application here conse­ Zealand forests. Owing to differences in epi­ quently altogether inadrr '~sible. Further, dermal characteristics McCoy's conifer can­ it should be mentioned that Soda (]936 ) not be assigned to the genus Podocarpus introduced the generic name of Palaeopodo­ itself, however, nor to any other genus of carpites, but I have not had access to his FLORIN - CONIFERS FROM THE JURASSIC OF SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA 179 paper, and his diagnosis is, accordingly, un­ ratus haplocheilic.. perigene subsidiary cells known to me. Von Ettingshausen (1887, 4 to 6 in number; guard-cells only slightly pp. 38, 39, PL. 7, FIGS. 17.18 and 18a) used sunk. A nticlinal walls of epidermal cells the generic name Dacrydinium for Dacry­ straight in the stomatiferous bands, but often dium-like foliage shoots of Cretaceous age slightly sinuous in the non-stomatiferous from New Zealand. Seward ( 1919, p. 410) areas on both s7.trfaces. subsequently remarked that there is no evidence as to the nature of the reproductive organs, and that the form of the foliage BELLARINEA BARKLYI (McCoy) Florin comb. noy. shoots might with equal probability be in terpreted as evidence of other conifers PI. 1, Figs. 1, 4-6 ; PI. 2, Figs. 11-15 or of some Iycopodiaceous plant. I hope Zamites (Podozamites) Barklyi McCoy 1874, pp.
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