On Two Conifers from the Jurassic of South-Eastern Australia

ON TWO CONIFERS FROM THE JURASSIC OF SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA

RUDOLF FLORIN Hortus Bergian llS, Stockholm

N 1940 I published the results of an Jurassic floras of Antarctica, New Zealand, investigation into the Eocene fossil Eastern Australia, and Peninsular India I conifers of south Chile and their may include others. phytogeographical significance ( FLORIN, The results obtained contradicted the wide 1940, pp. 1-107, PL. 1-6). The assemblage spread opinion that all conifers originated was found to be of distinctly southern in the north temperate zone or in the Arctic character, judged by the standard of recent regions, and spread from thence to southern conifer distribution, and to be quite void of lands, including the Antarctic. They point northern elements. This raised the point ed instead to the conclusion that the world's whether other fossil conifers of the Southern conifer vegetation had, from the Permian Hemisphere - hitherto considered to belong onwards, become steadily differentiated into to northern genera that had migrated south two large separate phytogeographical domi in Mesozoic and Tertiary times - had been nions. wrongly determined, and actually repre It has long been my in ten tion to deal sented floral elements belonging to, or at in greater detail with the history of the least most closely related to, recent southern southern conifer floras, but for various genera. The Mesozoic and Tertiary conifers reasons I will probably not be able to do so. of the Southern Hemisphere and Peninsular My time for research work has in recen t India were, therefore, preliminarily reviewed years been curtailed to such an extent that, in that paper, with special attention to the at least for the time being, I must content occurrence and distribution of members of myself to making only a few small contri the family Podocarpaceae. It was found butions to our knowledge of certain genera. that the Mesozoic and Tertiary strata of The present paper is such a contribution. southern lands are rich in podocarpaceous It has been made possible by Dr. Isabel remains - in contradistinction to the corres Cookson of the University of Melbourne, ponding stages in Europe, Asia and North who, when visiting Stockholm in 1948, America. brought some specimens of Victorian coni In respect of the various genera I arrived, fers, of Jurassic age, from the National inter alia, at the following conclusions. Museum of Victoria, Melbourne. I am Podocarpus is a southern genus, probably much indebted to Dr. Cookson for having originating in early Mesozoic time. Dacry placed this interesting material at my dis dium presumably developed in the Upper posal for study. The specimens are types Mesozoic from some centre in the East of Victorian fossil plants published long Australian-Antarctic region. Acmopyle ap ago by McCoy (1874, pp. 31-36, PL. 8). pears to have spread from an original centre One of the species described by him, viz. of distribution in the Indo-Australian region "Zamites (Podoza1m:tes) " eUipticus McCoy, to Antarctica and South America. PhyUo has been excluded from the present inquiry, cladus may also be looked upon as a genuine however, since from the point of view of southern genus. The remaining genera, external morphology it appears uncertain Saxegothaea, Pherosphaera and j1;ficrocachl'ys, whether the shoot belongs to any conifer at are hardly known at all in the fossil state, all, and its state of preservation precludes but there is no reason to doubt their southern the possibility of examining the epidermal origin. structure of the leaves. I also stateu lhat there was little evidence McCoy's material, of Jurassic age, came of the existence~inearlier periods of any from one of the shafts sunk in search of coal considerable numbel' of now extinct podo by the Geological Survey of Victoria at Bella carpaceous genera, although Coronelia Florin rine (Gippsland ), situated between Queens of the south Chilean Eocene is one, and the cliff and Geelong, south-west of Melbourne. 178 THE PALAEOBOTANIST

The two species re-examined here were the family represented in the living floras. erroneously regarded by their author as Considering the so far instituted genera of belonging to the Cycadaceae. "Zamites fossil conifers, Podocarpites Andrae is based ( Podozamites )" Barklyi McCoy was des on detached linear leaves from the Liassic cribed by him as having pinnate leaves with of Steierdod ( Banat ), which certainly have distichous, very slightly alternate or oppo nothing to do with the Podocarpaceae (AN site leaflets obliquely inserted in two rows. DRAE, 1855, p. 45, PL. 10, FIG. 5). Later, Se From McCoy's illustrations alone it is possible ward (1919, p. 405) proposed that, " in accord to say that this is a conifer with spirally ance with the practice usually adopted in disposed leaves arranged in approximately the case of fossil species", this generic name two ranks. The second species, " Zamites" be applied to fossil leaves as well as to longifolius McCoy, is based on a foliage sterile and fertile shoots reminiscent of those shoot of similar type, but with much nar of living species of Podocarpus. Podocarpites rower and more spreading leaves. In my would thus be an artificial genus comprising above-mentioned paper of 1940 (p. 51) I fossil remains, except wood, which cannot be made a mistake in suggesting that the leaves referred with confidence to any better of these conifers were bilateral. McCoy's defined taxonomic unit. In practice this illustrations gave that impression and, as generic name seems to have been applied a matter of fact, it is not easy to judge from exclusively to northern forms, some of which the external appearance of the specimens are not at all related to the Podocarpaceae, alone whether their leaves are bilateral or but represent, or at least resemble, the recent bifacial. In respect of "Zamites (Podo Taxaceous genus Amentotaxus Pilger. The zamites)" Barklyi, however, the distribu same applies to Podocarpites mentoukouensis tion of the stomata here examined for the (STOCKMANS& MATHIEU, 1941, p. 53, PL. 7, first time indicates the bifacial nature of its FIGS. 5, 6) from the Jurassic of north China, leaves. The leaf cuticle is not preserved in which strongly resembles Storgaardia specta " Zamites" longifolius, but in this case, too, bilis Harris (HARRIS, 1935, pp. 58-60, PL. 11, I am now inclined to think that the leaves FIG. 17; PL. 12, FIGS. 7, 8, and PL. 16, were bifacial, and not bilateral as previously FIGS. 1, 2), a conifer of Liassic age from east suggested. There may of course be other Greenland. It is significant that the epidermal mistakes of a similar kind in my preliminary structure of the leaves of Storgaardia appears review of the conifers of southern lands to be fairly close to that of Amentotaxus (FLORIN, 1940, loco cit.), since, for lack of ( d. FLORIN, 1931, p. 304, PL. 33, FIGS. 6, 7 ). material, this was necessarily largely based For various reasons the generic name of on the more or less imperfect illustrations Podocarpites seems accordingly inapplicable in previous papers. I ven ture to think, in the present case. This is so even if it is however, that it served its purpose, viz. accepted in Seward's sense, since the genus to draw attention to the importance to our will then be too artificial to do justice to knowledge of the history of the Coniferae our knowledge of McCoy's conifer. as a whole, and to Phytogeography of a Podocarpium Unger is a generic name thorough revision of the southern fossil used at one time to designate fossil foliage conifer floras. shoots of probable podocarpaceous affinities (d. VON ETTINGSHAUSEN,1887, pp. 37, 38, PL. 7, FIGS. 8-10, lOa, 11-15). It was, BELLARINEA gen. noy. however, founded by Unger ( 1865, p. 13, "Zamites (Podozamites) " Barklyi IVlcCoy PL. 5, FIGS. 1a-c) on a fossil coniferous is in my opinion a podocarpaceous conifer. wood, and is, therefore, ineligible here. Its foliage shoots of ultimate order resemble Weigelt (1928, pp. 485-553) instituted those of certain living species of Podocarpus, the genus Archaeopodocarpus for coniferous and particularly those of the arboreal P. fer remains from the Upper Permian of central rugineus D. Don (Sect. Stachyca1'puS Endl. Germany, but this is obviously a synonym emend. ·BUCHHOLZ et GRAY, 1948, p. 58), for Ullmannia Goeppert (FLORIN, ]940, a species widely distributed in the New pp. 71-72), and its application here conse Zealand forests. Owing to differences in epi quently altogether inadrr '~sible.Further, dermal characteristics McCoy's conifer can it should be mentioned that Soda (]936 ) not be assigned to the genus Podocarpus introduced the generic name of Palaeopodo itself, however, nor to any other genus of carpites, but I have not had access to his FLORIN - CONIFERS FROM THE JURASSIC OF SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA 179 paper, and his diagnosis is, accordingly, un ratus haplocheilic.. perigene subsidiary cells known to me. Von Ettingshausen (1887, 4 to 6 in number; guard-cells only slightly pp. 38, 39, PL. 7, FIGS. 17.18 and 18a) used sunk. A nticlinal walls of epidermal cells the generic name Dacrydinium for Dacry straight in the stomatiferous bands, but often dium-like foliage shoots of Cretaceous age slightly sinuous in the non-stomatiferous from New Zealand. Seward ( 1919, p. 410) areas on both s7.trfaces. subsequently remarked that there is no evidence as to the nature of the reproductive organs, and that the form of the foliage BELLARINEA BARKLYI (McCoy) Florin comb. noy. shoots might with equal probability be in terpreted as evidence of other conifers PI. 1, Figs. 1, 4-6 ; PI. 2, Figs. 11-15 or of some Iycopodiaceous plant. I hope Zamites (Podozamites) Barklyi McCoy 1874, pp. 33-34, to have an opportunity of discussing the PI. 8, Fig. 1 (non Stirling 1900, p. 5, PL. 5, FIGS. 4-5) question of the use of this generic name on some other occasion. Evidently, it does not Type - The specimen illustrated in this suit McCoy's conifer. The differences in paper in PI. I, Fig. 1, and the microscopic external morphology of the foliage shoots slides made from it (PL. 2, FIGS. 12, 13 and are too great, and the epidermal structure IS) (Nat. Mus. Victoria, No. 12220). of the leaves of Dacrydinium is quite un Diagnosis - Woody plants. Branchlets known. resembling those of certain recent podocarps Finally, Halle (1913, p. 82) instituted of the Stachycarpus section, straight or the genus Elatocladus to comprise sterile slightly curved, up to 10 em. long or longer. conifer branches or branchlets of the radial Leaves of sterile branchlets bifacial, spirally or the dorsiventral type that do not show disposed but expanded by the twisting of the any distinctive characters. Although all leaf bases in approximately the same plane, the species from the Southern Hemisphere turning the morphological upper surface referred by Halle himself to Elatocladus upwards, spreading to divaricate (40° to show a habit indicating affinity with the 90°), linear-lanceolate, 14 to 32 mm. long, Podocarpaceae, this generic name was meant 1'8 to 3 mm. broad, subacute or obtuse at to have a much wider application and has the apex, only slightly contracted at the accordingly of late been used to designate base, distinctly decurrent on the axis, and all kinds of fossil conifer remains from the provided with a median vein running from Southern as well as from the Northern base to apex. Hemispheres. It, too, should obviously be Leaves of sterile branch lets hypostomatic, avoided in this particular case. with two about O'S mm. broad stomatiferous For the above reasons I have found it bands borderd by non-stomatiferous zones appropriate to institute a new generic name, at the margins and separated from each viz. Bellarinea, derived from the name of other by a similar median zone. Non the locality, for the conifer described by stomatiferous zones of about the same McCoy as " Zamites (Podozamites ) .. Barklyi, breadth as the stomatiferous bands. Sto and to designate this the type of the genus. matal apparatus somewhat irregularly ar BELLARINEA, gen. nov. - Woody plants. ranged in longitudinal rows and more or Leaves on branchlets of moderate length, less separated in each row, mostly orientated bifacial. spirally disposed but expanded ap obliquely to the long axis of the leaf. Epi proximately ~'none plane, turning the mor dermal cells of the stomatal bands outside phological uppe7' surface upwards, spreading the stomatal apparatus non-papillate, vary to divaricate, cor'iacwus, entire, flat, linear ing in shape, but frequently rectangular, lanceolate, straight or more or less strongly cutinized to about the same extent as the falcate, subacute or obtuse at the apex, only cells in the adjacent non-stomatiferous slightly contracted at the base, decurrent on the areas. Epidermal cells of the latter fre axis, and u.ninerved. quently broader and longer than the cells Leaves on bl'anchlets hypostomalic, showing of the stomatiferous bands, but conforming two narrow bands wdh irregularly, mostly to them in general shape. Epidermal cells obliquely orientated stomata on the under on the upper surface of the leaf resembling. swjace. Stomatal apparatus in the bands those in the non-stomatiferous zones of the somewhat irregularly arranged in longitudinal under surface, but broader and more strong rows. Leaf margins e7ttire. Stomatal appa- ly cutinized. Leaf margins entire. 180 THE PALAEOBOTANIST

Stomatal apparatus of the haplocheilic the generic name will have to be changed. type, probably incompletely amphicyclic Unfortunately, the cuticular layers of the ( dicyclic ). Perigene subsidiary cells 4 to leaves are not preserved in the material to 6 in number, mostly 2 polar and the re hand, and their epidermal structure is thus mainder lateral, all slightly papillate and unknown. Until special generic names have probably having the" Florin ring" (BUCH been institu ted for fossil conifer remains HOLZ & GRAY, 1948, p. 52). Neighbouring resembling the various groups of living apparatus in the same row never appearing Podocarpus and Dacrydium species, the name to have a common subsidiary cell. Guard E latocladus proposed by Halle ( 1913, p. 82) cells only slightly sunk. No hairs. Anti as a collective and provisional designation clinal walls of epidermal cells always for sterile coniferous branches or branch smooth, straight in the stomatiferous zones, lets "which do not show any characters but often slightly sinuous in the non-sto that permit them to be included in one of matiferous areas on both surfaces. Those the genera instituted for more peculiar on the upper surface of the leaf thicker and forms", maybe used for "Zamites" longi more distinctly perforated than those on folius. There is, however, one disadvantage its under surface. connected with its relegation to this genus. As already mentioned Bellarinea Barklyi The specific epithet must be changed, since resembles certain recent species of Podocarpus the resulting binary name would otherwise Sect. Stachycarpus (sensu stricto) in external be a later homonym. The combination appearance of its leafy branchlets, and to Elatocladus longifolia having already been some extent in the epidermal structure of published by Carpentier (1927, p. 75) for their leaves ( d. FLORIN, 1931, pp. 263-266). sterile conifer twigs of Lower Cretaceous age It is interesting to note that the recent from Feron, France (Dep. Nord.), which geographical distribution of the section differ very distinctly from those of" Zamites" extends from Central and South America 10ngifolius, the binary name E latocladus M c to New Zealand, Australia and New Cale Coyi is proposed here. donia. On the other hand, this fossil conifer differs not only from the recent Stacltycarpus species, but also from all other living Podo ELATOCLADUS McCOY] Florin sp. nov. carpaceae, in that it combines relatively long, PI. 1, Fig. 7 ; Pl. 2, Figs 8a & 9. linear-lanceolate leaves with mostly obliquely Zamites longifolius 1'l'lcCo)', 1874, pp. 35, 36, Pi. 8, (instead of longitudinally) orientated sto Fig. 3 mata. In the living Podocarpaceae such stomata only occur occasionally, especially Type - The specimen illustrated in this at the bases and apices of short, more or less paper in PI. 2, Figs. 8a and 9 (Nat. Mus. scale-like leaves, and not a single species Victoria, No. 12203). has stomatiferous bands of the same type as Diagnosis - Leafy branchlets resembling Bellarinea Barklyi. The institution of the those of living Podocarpaceae, with a thin new genus is mainly based on this fact. axis carrying numerous spreading (50° to Bellarinea Barklyi differs widely (in ex 75°) leaves spirally disposed but expanded ternal apperance) from the two specimens in approximately the same plane. Leaves described by Stirling (1900, p. 6, PL. 5, bifacial, turning their morphological upper FIGS. 3, 4) from Griffith's Point and Albert surface upwards, coriaceous, entire, flat, river in south Gippsland under the name more or less strongly falcate, uninerved, of Podozamites Barklyi. These have been almost linear, 7 to 11 mm. long, 0'7 to 1 mm. erroneously identified, and are perhaps more broad, often broadest below the middle, like the shoots of Agathis [A. australis acute or almost obtuse at the apex, somewhat (Lamb.) Steud.J and Araucaria (Sect. contracted at the base, but broadly de Colymbea) than anything else. current on the axis. In the appearance of its leafy branch ELATOCLADUS Halle lets Elatocladus McCoyi recalls Podoca1'pus spicatus R. Br. (Sect. Stacltycarpus sensu I have previously (FLORIN, 1940, p. 51 ; stricto) of New Zealand, although the leaves d. above) pointed out that "Zamites" are narrower and shorter, and more crowded longifolius McCoy is a conifer probably of on the axes of the branchlets than in this podocarpaceous affinity. In this case, too, living conifer. Of the Mesozoic conifers FLORIN - CONIFERS FROM THE JURASSIC OF SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA 181 hitherto known from southern lands, none certainty about the systematic position of this appears to show a combination of external fungus, but judging by its general appearance characteristics quite similar to that of it may belong to some group of the Pyreno McCoy's material from the Bellarine beds. mycetes. This is one of the few cases in which a microscopic fungus has been found in ELATOCLADUS sp. Mesozoic strata of the Southern Hemisphere. PI. 2, Figs. 8b & 10 SUMMARY Besides the branchlets of the two conifers dealt with above, one of the slabs (Nat. Bellarinea, a new genus probably of Mus. Victoria, No. 12203) shows the im podocarpaceous affinity and externally re pression of a single twig which probably sembling recent species of the Stacltycarp'lts is not referable to either of these species. section of Podocarpus, is described from The material is not sufficient, however, the Jurassic formation at Bellarine, to be described as of a separate species. situated between Geelong and Queenscliff, This branchlet is only about 2'5 cm. long south-west of Melbourne in Victoria. This and carries a few sparsely and spirally genus is based on the type material of leaves. These are thick, 2'5 to arranged "Zamites (Podozamites) " Barklyi McCoy, 4'5 mm. long and up to 1 mm. broad, which consists of sterile leafy branchlets narrowly triangular in shape, broadly de and permits a study of the cuticular current at the base, and acute or acuminate ( epidermal) structure of the leaves. Bella the slightly upturned apex. The epi at l'inea Barklyi (McCoy). comb. nov., is dermal structure of the leaves is not known. characterized by combining bifacial, rela This branchlet strikingly recalls the semi tively long, linear-lanceolate leaves with juvenile form of Dacl'ydium intennedium T. mostly obliquely orientated stomata arranged Kirk, a living species of the New Zealand somewhat irregularly in longitudinal rows. flora, and might well belong to the same These rows form two narrow bands on the genus. under surface of each leaf. " Zamites" longifolius McCoy from the APPENDIX same beds is transferred to the artificial genus Elatocladus and named E. McCoyi, As seen in the microphotographs on PI. sp. nov. In this case, too, the sterile 2, the leaf cuticles of Bellal'inea Barklyi are branchlets resemble those of living Podo not well preserved. The leaves had decayed carpaceae (Sect. Stachycarpus). A third to a rather considerable extent before type of conifer twigs from Bellarine, named fossilization. They contain the mycelium Elatocladus sp., recalls the semi-juvenile of a probably saprophytic fungus, the dark form of the recent Dacrydium intermedium coloured leathery fruiting bodies ( perithecia ) T. Kirk of New Zealand. The cuticular or pycnidia (?) of which are seen breaking structure of the leaves is unknown in both through the epidermis and forming dark, these cases. circular pustules 0'3 to 0"4 mm. in diameter. A probably pyrenomycetous fungus oc They open by three to five slits radiating curred on the decaying leaves of Bellarinea from the centre. Nothing can be said with Barklyi.

REFERENCES

ANDRAE, K. J. (1855). Beitrage zur Kenntniss der CARPENTIER, A. (1927). La flore wealdienne de fossilen Flora Siebenblirgens und des Banates. Feron-Glageon (Nord). Mbn. Soc. Ceol. Nord. Abhandl. H.I<. Rcichsansl. Wicn. 2, Abth. 3, 10, Mem. 1 1-15l. No.4: 1-49. VON ETTINGSHAUSEN, C. (1887). Beitrage zur BUCHHOLZ, J. T. & GRAY, N. E. (1948). A Taxo Kenntniss der fossilen Flora Neuseelands. nomic Revision of Podocarpu.s. 1. The Sec Dcnkschr. J<.Akad. Wiss. Wi en Math.-Naturw. tions of the Genus and Their Subdivisions with Ct. 53, Abth. I: 143-192. Special Reference to Leaf Anatomy. Journ. FLORIN, R. (1931). Untersuchungen zur Stammes Amold Arboret. 29: 49-63. geschichte der Coni ferales und Cordaitales. I: 182 THE PALAEOBOTANIST

Morphologie und Epidermisstruktur der Assi SEWARD, A. C. (1919). Fossil Plants, IV. Gink milationsorgane bei den rezenten Koniferen. goales, Coniferales, Gnetales: 1-543. Cambridge. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. 3 Ser. 10: 1-588. *SODA, K. (1936). A New Triassic Podocarpus Idem (1940). The Tertiary Fossil Conifers of (Palaeopodocarpites). Chikyo.26. South Chile and Their Phytogeographical STIRLING, J. (1900). Notes on the Fossil Flora of Significance, with a Review of the Fossil South Gippsland. VictoJ·ia Dept. j\lines, Conifers of Southern Lands. K. Svenska Reports of the Victorian Coalfields. 7: Vet.-Akad. Handl. 3 Ser. 19 (2): 1-104. 1-6. HALLE, T. G. (1913). The Mesozoic Flora of STOCKMANS, F. & MATHIEU, F. F. (1941). Contri Graham Land. Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Sud bution it l'etude de la flore jurassique de fa polar-Exped. 1901-1903. 3, Lief. 14: 1-123. Chine septentrionale. j\llus. Roy. Hist. Natur. HARRIS, T. M. (1935). The Fossil Flora of Scoresby Belgique: 31-67. Sound, East Greenland. IV: Ginkgoales, UNGER, F. (1865). Fossile Pflanzenreste aus Neu Coniferales, Lycopodiales and Isolated Fructi Seeland. Novara Exped. Ceol. Theil. 1, Abth. 2 fications. Medd.omC"oenland.112 (1): 1-176. (Palaeont.): 1-13. International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature WEIGELT, J. (1928). Die Pflanzenreste des mittel (1947). Brittonia. 6 (1): 1-120. deutschen Kupferschiefers und ihre Einschal MCCoy, F. (1874). Prodromus of the Palaeonto- tung ins Sediment. Fortschr. Ceol. 14•• Palaeont. logy of Victoria, or Figures and Descriptions 6 (19): I-IV, 395-592. of Victorian Organic Remains. Decade I. Ceol. Surv. Victoria: 1-43. • Not seen.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

Coniferous remains of Jurassic age from Bellarine 8b. Elatocladus sp. (Specimen No. 12203). ( situated between Geelong and Queenscliff, south Branchlet photographed after immersion in xylol. west of Melbourne), Victoria, Australia ( National Natural size. Museum of Victoria, Melbourne). 9. Elatocladus j\1cCoyi Florin (Specimen No. 12203). The same branchlet as in Fig. 7, PI. 1, and Fig. 8a, PI. 2, photographed after immersion PLATE 1 in xylol. x 3. 10. Elatocladus sp. The same specimen as in 1. Bellarinea Barklyi (McCoy) Florin (McCoy, Fig. 8b photographed in xylol. X 3. 1874, PL. 8, FIG. 1 ; Specimen No. 12220). Two 11-15. Bellarinea Barklyi (McCoy) Florin. Cuti lateral shoots probably of the same branch system. cular preparations. 11. Portion of a stomatiferous Natural size. band on the under side of a leaf [Specimen 2-3. Bellarinea Barklyi (McCoy) Florin (Speci No. 12221 (cf. PL. 1, FIGS. 4, 5) j, with obliquely men No. 12220). Fragments of leaf cuticles with orientated stomata in longitudinal rows; to the left remains of a probably pyrenomycetous fungus. x 40. portion of one of the non-stomatiferous zones. 4-5. Bellarinea Barklyi ( McCoy) Florin ( McCoY, xl00. 12. Portion of a stomatiferous band on the 1874, PL. 8, FIG. 2 ; Specimen No. 12221 ). Branch under side of a leaf [Specimen No. 12220 (cf. let photographed respecti veIl' before and after PL. 1, FIG. 1) j, with obliquely or transversely immersion in xylol. Natural size. orientated stomata somewhat irregularly arrang 6. Bellarinea Barklyi ( McCoy) Florin (McCoy, ed in longitudinal rows and, to the left, portion 1874, PL. 8, FIG. 5; Specimen No. 12222). Apical of one of the non-stomatiferous zones. x 100. part of a branchlet. Natural size. 13. Stomatal apparatus on the under side of a 7. Elatocladus McCoyi Florin (McCoy, 1874, leaf, focalized on the guard-cells (internal view) PL. 8, FIG. 3; Specimen No. 12203). Portion of a [Specimen No. 12220 (d. PL. 1, FIG. 1)]. x800. branch let. Natural size. 14. Stomatal apparatus, in external view, on the under side of a leaf, showing what appears to be PLATE 2 the" Florin ring ", viz. a furrow giving a trans parent circle in the cuticular layer above subsi 8a. Elatocladus j\fcCoyi Florin (McCoy, 1874, diary cells [Specimen No. 12221 (d. PL. 1, FIGS. PL. 8, FIG. 3; Specimen No. 12203). Portion 4-5)]. x 500. 15. Portion of the epidermis of the of a branch let photographed after immersion in upper (ventral) side of a leaf [Specimen No. xylol. Natural size. 12220 (cf. PL. 1, FIG. 1)]. X 100.