Parasites and Parasitic Diseases of Domestic in the Hawaiian Islands!

JOSEPH E. ALICATA2

PARASITES OF ANIMALS have gained entrance troduced from continental United States, to the Hawaiian Islands for a century or some of the important ones affecting the . more largelywith the importation of infected blood, such as. anaplasmosis and piroplas­ animals from various parts of the world. mosis of cattle and dourine of horses, either Because of the mild climatic environment have not been introduced or have failed to and other favorable factors, these parasites become established. have become established and now constitute The present paper represents a resume of an agricultural problem of considerable eco­ internal and external parasites, and of their nomic importance. To what extent the peo­ intermediate hosts, if any, which have been ple of these islands will be successful in reported up to the present time from domes­ keeping other parasites and vectors tic animals in the Hawaiian Islands. Special from entering, especially with the expansion reference is given to certain species which are of air and sea transportation, remains to be of economic importance. Whereas consider­ determined. Much is being done, however, able data are available on parasites of chick­ through .quarantine, inspection, and other ens, cattle, horses, and swine, information on Territorial and Federal regulatory measures those of other animals is up to the present to prevent the introduction of additional time inadequate or entirely lacking. The disease-producing organisms and vectors of chief sources of information on the external disease. parasites reported in this paper have been The parasites now present in domestic the scattered reports published by various animals in the Hawaiian Islands are to a large entomologists in the Islands. Data dealing extent the same as are found in continental with internal parasites (protozoa, round­ United States. This is true because most of , tapeworms, and flukes) and any of the animals found in the Islands have come their intermediate hosts have been secured from that area. There are a few parasitic largely, except as indicated; from the various forms, however, which have undoubtedly reports and observations made by the writer been introduced from the Orient. These during the past several years. include, at least, Cobbold, the common of cattle, and Hy­ PARASITES OF POULTRY menolepis exigua Yoshida, a tapeworm fre­ quently found in chickens. In spite of the PROTOZOA many parasitic diseases which have been in- Coccidial organisms, tenella Rail­ liet and Lucet, are the most important pro­ 1 Publ ished with the approval of the Director of the University of Hawaii Agricultural Experi­ tozoa affecting chickens. Infection with these ment Station as Technical Paper 150. Manuscript parasites is as troublesome in Hawaii as it is . received November 25, 1946. anywhere else. 2 Parasitologist, University of Hawaii Agricul ­ tural Experiment Station, Honolulu, Hawaii. Pigeons in Hawaii are commonly infected

69 70 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. 1, April, 1947

with the malarial organism believed to assist in spreading the infection columbae Celli and Sanfelice (Alicata, in nature. The parasites are located in the 1939c). This protozoan lives in the red blood inner corner of the eyeball and in the nictat­ cells and may be responsible for the produc­ ing membrane. In heavy there tion of anemia and low vitality. It is spread is a puffin ess around the eye, and inflamma­ among pigeons through the bite of the pigeon tion frequently results in blindness. Infested fly, Pseudolynchia canariensis (Macquart), birds often wink their eyes continually, and which is generally distributed (Bryan, 1934). the irritation causes the bird to scratch the H istomonas meleagridis (Smith) , the causa­ eye with the claws for relief. The process of tive organism of "blackhead" in turke ys, is scratching frequently causes mechan ical in­ responsible for sporadic outbreaks of this jury to the eyeball and development of disease in various parts of the .Islands. secondary bacterial infection. Eyeworm in­ fection is most prevalent in dry areas with ROUNDWORMS loose sandy soil in which roaches thrive. As a means of controlling this disease, the writer Up to a few years ago gizzard-worms, has advocated the maintenance of giant toads, Cheilospirura bamulosa (Diesing), were Eu f o marinas (Linn.), in poultry yards. widespread among chickens and turke ys in These toads are insectivorous and devour the Territory and were responsible for roaches readily. anemia, emaciation, and deaths, especially The poultry ascarid, A sc aridia ga lli among chickens. The infection was checked (Schrank), and two species of cecal worms, after the discovery and control of the follow­ H eterakis gallinae (Gmelin ) and Subtdura ing arthropods, which were found serving as brum pti (Lopez Neyra) , are common among intermedi ate hosts (Alicata, 1936; 1938b ; chickens. S. brumpti is the most prevalent, . 1939c): ( COLEOPTE RA ) Cerpopbilus dimi­ and unlike H. gallinae requires an interme­ diatus Fabricius, Dactylosternum abdominale diate , which may be any one .of the (Fabricius), D ermestes vulpinus Fabricius, following (Alicata, 1939a; Cuckler and Ali­ Bpitragtls dire mptus Karsch, Eux estus sp., cata, 1944): (COLEOPTERA) Alphitobius Gonocephalus seriatum (Boisd.), Litargus diaperinus (Panz.) , Ammopborus insularis balteatus Lec., Oxydema fusiform e Woll., Boh., Dermestes oulpin«: Fabricius, Gono­ Palorus ratzeburgi (W issm.), Sitopbilus cephalus seriatum (Boisd.), and T ribolium oryzae (Linn.) , T eneb roides nana Melsh., castaneum .(Herbst ); (ORT HOPTE RA ) Cono­ T ribolium castaneum (Herbst), and T yphaea cephaltlS saltator (Sauss.L Oxya chinensis stercorea Linn.; · ( ORTHO PT ERA) Atracto­ (Thun.); (DERMAPTERA) Buborellia ann u­ morpba am bigua Bolivar, Conocephalus sal­ lip es (Lucas). The intestinal roundworm, tator (Sauss.), and Oxya chinensis (Thun.) ; Ornitho strongylus quadriradiatus (Steven­ (AMPHIPO DA ) O rchestia platensis Kroyer. son) , has·been found common in pigeons in The eyeworm, Oxyspirura mansoni (Cob­ the Islands and is believed responsible for bold) , which utilizes the burrowing roach, unthriftiness and losses among pigeons (Ali­ Pycnoscelus surinam ensis (Linn.), is com- cata, 1939c). .mon in chickens in the Islands (Alicata, Other roundworms of chickens which re­ 1936). This eyeworm has also been found quire an intermediate host include the crop in the English sparrow ( Passer dom esticus , ingluviettla Ransom, [Linn.]) (Illingworth, 1931) , the mynah and the proventricular worms, T etram eres bird (A cridotheris tristis [Linn.]) , and the am ericana Cram and Dispharynx spiralis Chinese dove (Streptopelia cbinensis [Sco­ (Molin ) . In continental United States G. in­ poli] ). On this account, these wild birds are glttv icula has been found to utilize the beetle Parasites of Domestic Animals in Hawaii - A U CATA 71

Copris minutus Drury as an intermediate PODA) Orchestia platensis Kroyer; R. cesti­ host. In Hawaii, the related beetle C. inc er­ cillus: ( COLE OPT ERA ) D ermestes vulpinus tus (Say) may be found to serveas a suitable and G onocephalus seriatum; R . tetragona: host. T. am ericana is known to utilize any . probably various species of ants, especially of the following as intermediate hosts in the those of the genera Pbeidole and T etra­ Islands (Alicata, 1938c): ( COLEOPT ERA ) moriitm . Members of this group of ants Dendropbilus sp. (p robably D. punctatus (P. vinelandica and T. caespitum ) are known Herbst) , D erm estes vulpinus Fabricius, Ep i­ intermediate hosts of R. tetragona in conti­ tragllS diremptus Karsch, and Gonocephalus nental United States (Jones and Horsefall, seriatum (Boisd. ) ; (ORTHOPTERA ) Blattella 1935) . germanica (Linn.}; and Conocephalus salta ­ tor (Sauss.); ( DERMA PT ERA) Euborellia an­ ARTHROPODS nuli pes (Lucas); .(AMPH IPODA ) Orchestia Various species of lice are known to in­ platensis Kroyer. The sow bug, ( ISOPODA ) fest poultry in the Islands. These include Porcellio laevis Latr., serves as intermediate the following (Illingworth, 1928a) : chick­ hosts for D. spiralis (Alicata, 1938c) , which en body , Eom enacanthus stramineus often produces deep ulcerations of the pro­ (Nitzsch); chicken head .louse, Lip eurus ventricular wall. . heterograpbus Nitzsch. common hen louse, Menopon gallinae (Linn.), also found on FLUKES turkeys and guinea hens; fluff louse of The cecal fluke, Postbarm ostom um galli­ chickens and turkeys, Goniocotes hologaster num (Witenberg), commonly infects adult Nitzsch; large chicken louse, Goniocotes chickens raised on the ground. Extensive gigas Taschenberg; large turkey louse, Goni- . cecal hemorrhages have been found asso­ odes styliier Nitzs ch; peafowl and guinea hen ciated with infection by this parasite. Recent louse, M enopon ' phaeostomum (Nitzsch); studies have shown that two common land turkey louse, Lipettrus gallipavonis Geoffroy; snails, Eulota similaris (Fer.) and Subulina and the chicken wing louse, Lipeur»: caponis octona (Brug.), serve as intermediate hosts (Linn.). (Alicata, 1940) . Mites found on chickens include the red mite, D ermanyssus gallin ae (De Geer) ; the TAPEWORMS wing mite, Pterolicbus obtusus Robin; and the body mite, Me,gninia cubitalis (Megnis) Tapeworms are of common occurrence in (Alicata et al., 1946). Included likewise is chickens. Those known in Hawaii include the tropical fowl mite, Lyponysstts bursa the following : Choanotaenia infundi bulum (Berlese); this mite has also been reported (Bloch ) , H ymenole pis carioca (Magalhaes), common in nests of English sparrows and H ymenolepis exigua Yoshida, Raillietina ces- . mynah birds. It is known to invade houses, ticillus (Molin ), and R. tetragona (Molin) where it bites human beings and causes skin (Alicata, 1938c ). irritation (Zimmerman, 1944 ) . Various arthropods in Hawaii are known Other arth ropods of poultry include to serve as intermediate hosts for the above­ the sticktight , Echidnophaga gallinacea mentioned' tapeworms, as follows (Alicata, (Westwood) (Illingworth, 1916) ; the 1938c; Hall, 1929) : C. in fundibulum : pigeon fly, Pseudolyncbia canariensis (Mac­ (COLEOPTE RA ) D erm estes vulpinus Fabri­ quart) (= Lynchia maura Bigot), generally cius, Epitragus di rem ptus K arsch, Gono­ widespread among pigeons (Bryan, 1934); cephalus seriatum (Boisd.) , and ( DIPT ERA ) and the biting louse of pigeons, Colum bicola MlISca do mestica Linn.; H. exigua: (AMPHI- columbae (Linn.) (Zimmerman, 1944). 72 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. 1, April, 1947

PARASITES OF CATTLE States (Alicata, 1935). Of insects reported as hosts, Aphodius lividus (Oliv.), Dermes­ PROTOZOA tes vulpinus Fabricius, and Blattella german­ Four species of , Eimeria cylin­ ica (Linn.) occur in Hawaii. drica Wilson, E. bovis Zublin, E. zurnii Rivolta, and E. bukidnonensis Tubangui, FLUKES have been recovered from the feces of young Two species of flukes have been recorded calves (Cuckler and Alicata, 1943). Al­ from cattle in the Islands. One species con­ though no severe cases of bovine coccidiosis sists of an unidentified rumen fluke reported have been recorded in the Islands, reports by Hall (1936), and the other species is the elsewhere indicate that infection may pro­ liver fluke, Fasciola gigantica Cobbold. duce bloody diarrhea and emaciation. Liver-flukeinfection is the most important of beef,and dairy cattle. In­ ROUNDWORMS fection with this parasite was first reported In a recent survey involving the examina­ by Dr. A. Lutz (1892) as being common on tion of about 375 cattle raised on various four of the larger islands. Although at that islands and slaughtered in Honolulu, the time the parasites were reported as Fasciola following percentages of roundworm infec­ hepatica Linn., more recent study has shown tions were found (Cuckler and Alicata, them to be F. gigantica (Alicata and Swan­ 1943): gullet worms, Gongylonema pul­ son, 1937). The importation of this fluke chrum Molin, '54.3 per cent; stomach worms, into Hawaii is not clearly understood, but it . Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi), 0.9 per is believed to have come from the Orient cent; intestinal roundworms, Bunostomum with the introduction of water buffaloes. It pblebotomum (Railliet), 6.7 per cent; Coop­ is of interest to note that the limnaeid snail, erie punctata (v. Linstow), 4.0 per cent; Fossaria ollula (Gould), which serves as the C. pectinata Ransom, 0.3 per cent; and the intermediate host, has Japan and China as its skin filarid, Stephanofilaria stilesi Chitwood, geographic range (Alicata, 1938a) . This 89.8 per cent. of Trichuris ovis (Abild­ snail is widely distributed in Hawaii and is gaard) and Strongyloides sp. (probably common in streams and swampy lowlands. S. papillosus) have at times been found in The maintenance of fluke infection in Ha­ the feces of cattle in Hawaii. waii, as elsewhere, is dependent on various The intestinal roundworm, Oesophago­ factors of which topography, climatic condi­ stomum radiatum (Rudolphi), and the lung­ tions, and agricultural practices are very im­ worm, Dictyocaulus viviparus (Bloch), have portant. The Hawaiian Islands represent the also been noted by the writer. Lungworm summits of a 2,000-mile range of volcanic infection is believed to be of considerable mountains which vary from coastal to centric importance, especiallyamong calves, in some or eccentric in position. The mountains de­ sections of the Islands, and deaths resulting scend to the ocean abruptly, in steep walls from this parasite have been recorded (Wil­ or by gradual transition over relatively flat lers, 1945). land with very little drainage. These poorly Of the aboveroundworms, Stephanofilaria drained lowlands and valleys, especially on stilesi and require the windward side, often present rather ex­ an intermediate host in their development. tensive swamps. Rainfall is most prevalent The intermediate host for S. stilesi is un­ in winter months, but showers during other known. G. pulchrum is known to utilize one seasons of the year are sufficient to maintain of various coprophagous beetles and roaches swampy conditions. These wet areas andthe as intermediate host in continental United mild Hawaiian climate encourage snail prop- Parasites of Domestic Animals in Hawaii - AUCATA 73

agation the year round as well as the de­ first reported in the Islands in 1906 (Bryan, velopment and hatching of fluke and other 1934). This parasite is recognized as very parasite eggs. Moreover, agricultural prac­ injurious to cattle, causing loss of flesh and tices in the Islands have encouraged rather decreasing the value of the skin for leather. than hindered the maintenance of fluke in­ Some years ago, Mr. O. A. Pickerill of the fection. With ample supplies of vegetation, Hawaii Meat Company in a personal corn­ cattle have been allowed to graze continu­ munication reported that during the year ously. Many dairymen have long been in 1934, of' 15,099 hides examined, 4,252, or the habit of feeding cut forage from wet or 28.16 per cent, were grubby. swampy areas to cattle. These practices have In recent years a report was made of at­ been largely responsible for the widespread tacks or "fly strike" of blowflies on young fluke infection. This disease is gradually be­ calves on ·the island of Kauai (Holdaway, .ing brought under control largely through 1943; 1945). Observations indicated that ( 1) use of copper sulfate for the control three species of flies were involved, Chry­ of the snail vector in swamps or streams, somia megacephala (Fabricius), C. rufifacies (2) use of forage grass cut from dry areas, (Macquart), and Lucilia sericata (Meigen}." and (3) treatment of infected animals with These flies ordinarily breed in carcasses and hexachloroethane. This synthetic compound, other animal matter. However, they may de­ although firstused in fluke control in Europe posit eggs in a number of different places on in 1926 (Thienel, 1926), was first utilized recently born calves. The eggs hatch and the on a large scale in the United States by the larvae or maggots feed on the surface layer University of Hawaii Agricultural Experi­ and cause an inflamed, malodorous wound. ment Station (Alicata, 1941a). Infested calves become spiritless and, unless suitably treated, die in a few days. TAPEWORMS Auricular myiasis of cattle caused by the The infective larval stage "bladderworrn" larvae of C. megacephala, C. rUfifacies, and Fannia sp. have been reported by Zimmer­ of Goeze has occasionally man (1944). Species of adult flies which been found present in the musculature of are pestiferous on cattle in the Islands in­ cattle in the Islands, according to a personal clude the horn fly, Siphona irritans (Linn.) communication received from Dr. A. H. (= Lyperosia/ irritans [Linn.]), and the Julien, Federal meat inspector. The larvae stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Linn.) (Bry­ reach maturity in the intestine of man, fol­ an,1934) . lowing ingestion of improperly cooked beef. Lice, Haematopinus eurysternus '(N itzsch ) Cattle acquire the infection as a result of eating vegetation contaminated with human (Cuckler and Alicata, 1943) and Bovicola bovis (Linn.) (Zimmerman, 1944), have feces containing eggs of this parasite. It is occasionally been found on cattle. General generally believed that most cases of human emaciation or unthriftiness is usually asso­ infection occur among immigrants from the ciated with . Orient, especially the Philippines. The spinose ear tick, Otobius megnini (Duges}, which was first noted in recent ARTHROPODS years (Alicata, 1941b; Cuckler and Alicata, Several dipterous larvae are known to be 1943; Zimmerman, 1944), is widespread on parasitic on cattle. In a recent examination beef cattle. Of 357 cattle examined from of 303 animals (Cuckler and Alicata, 1943), 26.1 per cent showed evidence of the cattle 3 According to a personal communication from F. G. Holdaway, the identification of Lucilia is grub, Hypoderma lineata (De Villers), a fly tentative. . 74 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. 1, April, 1947

Hawaii, Oahu, and Maui, 160, or 44.8 per hog lots. According to a personal commu­ cent, showed infestation (Cuckler and Ali­ nication received from Dr. R. N. Beddow, cata, 1943). In several instances the ticks Veterinarian, Territorial Board of Health, of were found in large numbers filling the en­ 25,234 hogs slaughtered in Honolulu dur­ tire ear canal. These ectoparasites are known ing 1945 and 1946, 2.8 per cent showed to puncture the tender skin of the ear and adult kidney worms in the kidney fat. This suck blood. The wounds thus caused often undoubtedly represents a partial incidence of ulcerate and a condition known as ear canker infection in swine, since no observation was results. .apparently made on the .presence of young migrating worms, which are frequently PARASITES OF SWINE found in the liver and other parts of the body. PROTOZOA . Of the above roundworms, lungworms There are two types of protozoa infecting are known to require as an in­ swine in the Islands. They are frequently the termediate host. At least two species of un­ cause of dysentery, especially among young identified earthworms recovered from hog animals. Included are the coccidia, Eimeria lots around Honolulu have been found by debliecki Douwes, E. scabra Henry, and the writer to harbor infective lungworm E. spinosa Henry, and the , Balanti­ larvae. It is reported that in Hawaii there dium coli (Malmsten). Various forms of are about a dozen species of earthworms of unidentified amoebae and flagellates of un­ the genus Pberetima (Williams, 1931). The known . pathogenicity are also frequently stomach worm, A. strongylina, utilizes one noted in the feces of swine. of various coprophagous beetles as interme­ diate host in continental United States (Ali­ ROUNDWORMS cata,1935); in Hawaii, beetles of the genus Aphodius possibly serve in this capacity. In 1938 an examination of the feces of Because of the occurrence of the first 103 grown from the islands of Oahu laboratory-proved case of human and Kauai (Alicata, 1939b) revealed the in Hawaii in 1936 (Alicata, 1938e), the following incidence of parasite eggs: Ascaris writer, under the auspices of the Territorial suum Goeze, 21 per cent; Oesophagostomum Board of Health, conducted a survey to de­ dentatum (Rudolphi), 32 per cent; Strongy­ termine the source and prevalence of trichina loides sp., 43 per cent; Tricburis suum infection in nature. This survey revealed the (Schrank), 7 per cent. following informati~n: of 61 domestic and Adult roundworms which have been re­ 41 wild hogs examined from the island of covered at necropsy from swine include Hawaii, 1 and 6, respectively, were found the following (Alicata, 1938d): stomach infected; of 2,130 and 70 mongooses worms, Ascarops strongylina (Rudolphi) examined, 57 and 17, respectively, showed and Hyostrongylus rubidus (Hassall and infection. No trichinae were found in 92, Stiles); kidney worms, Stephanurus denta­ 130, and 30 domestic hogs examined from tus Diesing; lungworms, Choerostrongylus the islands of Maui, Oahu, and Kauai, re­ pudendotectus Vostokov and spectively. Of 1,904 rats and 22 mongooses elongatus (Dujardin). Larvae of Trichinella examined on Maui, 1 and 2, respectively, spiralis (Owen) have also been found en­ were found infected. Of 352 and 601 rats cysted in the musculature of a domestic . examined from Oahu and Kauai, respec­ Kidney worms and lungworms are most tively, none showed infection. frequently found among hogs raised in open It is of interest to point out that from Parasites of Domestic Animals in Hawaii - ALICATA 75

1936 to 1945, 58 cases of human trichinosis present (Illingworth, 1928b). Infestation have been reported in the Islands by the with these ectoparasites is very often asso­ Territorial Board of Health. Most of the in­ ciated with malnutrition and unhygienic sur­ fected persons had eaten, or were suspected roundings. of having eaten, improperly cooked wild pork or products made from wild pork (Ali­ PARASITES OF HORSES cata, 1938e). According to records of the PROTOZOA Territorial Board of Agriculture and Fores­ try, during the 8-year period from 1933 No reports are available on protozoan through 1940 inclusive (Tinker, 1941), parasites of horses in the Islands. 32,724 wild hogs, or an average of 4,090 a year, were killed on five of the larger islands. ROUNDWORMS Because of the moderately high incidence of According to a recent survey (Foster and trichinosis in wild hogs, meat from these Alicata, 1939), horses in Hawaii harbor at animals is believed to constitute a health least 25 species of roundworms, as follows: menace unless proper precautions in cook­ Strongylus equinus Mueller, S. edentatus ing, preserving, and refrigerating are taken. (Looss), S. vulgaris (Looss), Triodon­ Mention may also be made that of 133 tophorus serratus (Looss), T. brevicauda human diaphragms examined at random at (Boulenger),.Gyalocephalus capitatus Looss, autopsy in Honolulu, 7.4 per cent harbored Poteriostomum imparidentatum Quiel, Cya­ trichinae larvae (Alicata, 1942) . thostomum coronatum (Looss), Cyllcocercus catinatus (Looss), C. goldi (Boulenger), FLUKES C. pateratus (Yorke and Macfie), Cylicoste­ No flukes are known to be present in phanus calicatus (Looss), C. longibursatus domestic hogs in Hawaii. However, the liver (Yorke and Macfie), C. minutus (Yorke fluke of cattle, presumably Fasciola gigan­ and Macfie), C. asymetricus (G. Theiler), tica, has been reported from wild pigs (Ship­ Cylicocyclus nassatus (Looss), C. lepto­ ley, 1913). Wild hogs are descended from stomus (Kotlan), Cylicodontophorus bicoro­ domestic forms which have escaped and now natus (Looss), C. euproctus (Boulenger), roam wild in the mountains, swamps, and axei (Cobbold}, Parascaris waste lands of the Islands. equorum (Goeze}, Oxyuris equi (Schrank), Probstmayria vivipara (Probstmayr) , H a­ TAPEWORMS bronema muscae (Carter), and H. micro­ stoma (Schneider). Of the above parasites, No adult tapeworms are found in swine, S. vulgaris has been found to be somewhat but the infective larval stage''bladder worm" common, a fact suggesting that verminous of Pallas has been found arthritis and aneurism, caused by the larval attached to the liver and omentum of swine stage of this roundworm, are not infrequent (Alicata, 1938d). These larvae are known among horses in the Islands. . to reach maturity in the intestinal tract of The roundworms of the genus Habronema dogs. listed above are known to utilize elsewhere various species of flies as intermediate hosts ARTHROPODS (Hall, 1929) . In Hawaii, . the house fly, The hog mange mite, Sarcoptes scabiei Musca domestica Linn., may transmit H. mus­ suis Linn., is prevalent on swine in the cae and H. microstoma, and the stable fly, Islands. The louse, Haematopinus adventi­ Stomoxys .calcitrans Geoffroy, may transmit cius (Neum.) (= H . suis [Linn.) ), is also H. microstoma. 76 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. 1, April, 1947

FLUKES ROUNDWORMS According to a report by Hall (1936), A recent examination (Cuckler, 1943) of liver flukes collected in 1894 from a horse in a group of sheep from the island of Kahoo­ Honolulu were sent to the U, S. Bureau of lawe revealed the following incidence of Animal Industry. These flukes were orig­ roundworms: stomach worms, Haemonchus inally diagnosed as Linn., contortus (Rudolphi), in 6 of 15 examined, but a recent re-examination by Mr. A. Me­ and Tri chostrongylus instabilis Railliet in 3 Intosh of that Bureau revealed that they are of 10 examined; intestinal worms, Cooperia F. gigantica (Cobbold). Moreover, veteri­ punctata (V. Linstow) , in 3 of 10 examined, narians on the island of Kauai have verbally and Nematodirus spathiger (Railliet) in 1 reported to the writer the finding of fas­ of 10 examined. ciolid flukes in livers of horses. Thus far the writer has not confirmed these observations. FLUKES In recent years the examination of the livers Specimens of liver flukes collected from of five horses pastured in known fluke­ sheep in Honolulu were submitted to the infested areas failed to reveal liver fluke in­ U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry in 1892 fection. In addition, a horse and a mule fed (Hall, 1936). These specimens, which were experimentally 650 and 2,300 infective liver originally identified as Fasciola hepatica fluke cysts, respectively, failed to show evi­ Linn., are doubtlessly F. gigantica, since the dence of flukes or fluke lesions when autop­ former is not known to have occurred in the sied a few months later (Alicata and Swan­ Islands. son, 1938). It appears that equines only rarely become infected with liver flukes. TAPEWORMS Unidentified larval tapeworms or "bladder TAPEWORMS · worms," probably those of Taenia hydati­ Two species of tapeworms, Anoplocephala gena Pallas, attached to the liver and peri­ perfoliata (Goeze) (Foster and Alicata, toneum of sheep have been noted by Dr. A. 1939) and A. magna (Abildgaard) (Swan­ H. Julien, Federal meat inspector (personal son, 1939), have been reported from horses communication). The larvae of T. hydati­ in the Islands. The intermediate host for gena are known to reach maturity in the each of these parasites is unknown. intestinal tract of dogs.

ARTHROPODS ARTHROPODS The larvae of the "bot flies," Gastro­ In the examination of 60 sheep from the philus intestinalis (De Geer) and G. nasalis island of Kahoolawe (CiIckler, 1943) , 43 (Linn.) (Foster and Alicata, 1939), are harbored the spinose eartick, Otobius meg­ commonly found attached to the stomach nini (Duges) . Reports also indicate the wall of horses in the Islands. Adult flies, occurrence on sheep of the "sheep tick," Stomoxys calcitrans (Linn.) , are also pesti­ M elophagus ovinus (Linn. ) (Bryan, 1933; ferous on horses. Muir, 1928); the "head maggot," Oestrus

PARASITES OF SHEEP AND GOATS ovis Linn. (Bryan, 1933); and the "Oriental blowfly," Chrysomyia megacephala (Fabri­ PROTOZOA cius) (Bryan, 1934). The sucking louse, No reports are available on the protozoa Linognathus africanus Kdlog and Paine, and of sheep and goats in the Islands. the biting louse, Bovicola caprae (Gurlt), Parasites of Domestic Animals in Hawaii - ALICATA 77

have been reported from goats (Zimmerman, lides felis (Bouche) (Pemberton, 1926) 1944) . and Bchidnophaga gallinacea (Westwood); lice, Trichodectes latus Nitzsch (Swezey, PARASITES OF DOGS 1931); a species of kangaroo lice. , Hetero­ doxus longitarsus Piaget, collected from a PROTOZOA dog in Honolulu (Pemberton, 1934); ticks, Canine coccidiosis (species unknown) IS Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (Van known to be present in dogs in Hawaii. Zwaluwenburg, 1934); and undetermined species of mange mites. ROUNDWORMS The roundworms known from dogs in PARASITES 'OF CATS Hawaii include the following: intestinal PROTOZOA roundworms, '(W erner ) , (V. Linstow), Ancylos­ No reports are available on the protozoan toma caninum Ercolani, Trichuris vulpis parasites of cats in the Islands. (Frohlich) , and the heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy). Heartworrns are believed ROUNDWORMS AND TAPEWORMS to be common in the Islands. Of the three Little information is available on round­ species of mosquitoes in Hawaii, Culex quin­ worms and tapeworms of cats in the Islands. quefasdatus Say, Aedes aegypti (Linn.), and The following were collected by the writer A. albopictus (Skuse), the first two have from a stray cat in Honolulu: (ROUND­ already been Incriminated as intermediate WORMS) stomach worms, Ph ysaloptera hosts for heartworms (Hall, 1929). In a praeptttialis Von Linstow; , An­ check list of parasites of dogs and cats, Dik­ cylostoma caninum Ercolani; lungworms, Ae­ mans (1945) lists the lungworm Filariodes lurostrongylus abstrusus (Railliet); (TAPE­ osleri (Cobbold) from Hawaii. The life WORMS ) Taenia taeniaeformis (Batsch) and cycle of this parasite is unknown. Dipylidium caninum (Linn.). Immatu~e acanthocephalids, determined by Dr. H. J. TAPEWORMS Van Cleave as Arhythmorhynchus sp., have Dipylidium caninum (Linn.) is the only been collected by the writer from 'the small tapeworm noted in dogs in Hawaii. This intestine of a cat. Dr. Van Cleave believes tapeworm is known to utilize and lice as that the cat is not the natural host. Acantho­ intermediate hosts (Hall, 1929). Ctenoce­ cephalids of this genus are predominantly phalides [elis (Bouche) (Pemberton, 1926) parasites of water birds. and Trichodectes latus Nitzsch (Swezey, Among the above parasites, the life cycle 1931), which could serve as hosts, are found of the stomach worm is unknown. The lung­ on dogs in Hawaii. Infective larvae "bladder ' worms are known to require snails or slugs worms" of Taenia hydatigena Pallas have as intermediate' hosts (Hobmaier and Hob­ , been found attached to the liver and omen­ maier, 1935). The land snail Subulina tum of swine (and sheep ?) in the Islands; octona (Brug.) was reported byVanVolken­ from this finding it may be inferred that the berg (1937) as serving as intermediate host adult stage of this parasite is found in dogs. in Puerto Rico; in Hawaii the writer has found that the land snails S. octona and ARTHROPODS Bulota similaris (Fer.) may serve for that Arthropods present on dogs in Hawaii purpose. Cats may also acquire lungworms include the following: fleas, Ctenocepha- from eating infected mice, the latter acquir- 78 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. 1, April, 1947

ing the parasite as a result of eating infected PARASITES OF R ABBITS snails. In mice, the larvae of lungworms Very little is known about parasites of migrate to the musculature, where they be­ rabbits in the Islands. Liver coccidia,Eimeria come encysted (Van Volkenberg, 1937) . stiedae Lindemann, have been noted by the The tapeworm, T. tneniaejormis, is known writer on several occasions. The scab mite, to utilize rats or mice as intermediate hosts; Psoroptes comm unis FUrstenberg (Pember­ the infective larval forms, "bladder worms," ton, 1946), which is commonly found in are commonly found in the liver of these the ears, has been reported from rabbits. in Hawaii. The tapeworm, D. cani­ num; utilizes fleas or lice as an intermediate ACKNOWLEDGMENTS host (see parasites of dogs) . Th e writer wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Drs. E. W. Baker, H . S. Barber, ARTHROPODS E. A. Chapin, H. E. Ewing, W.S. Fisher, The cat flea, Ctenocephalides [elis J. O. Maloney, C. R. Shoemaker, E. W. Staf­ (Bouche) , and the sticktight flea, Echidno­ ford, and F. X. Williams, who from time to phaga gallinacea (Westwood), are common time have assisted in identifying various local on cats in Hawaii; the former is also com­ arthropods reported in this paper. Acknowl­ monly found under houses frequented by edgment is also made to Dr. F. G. Holdaway cats. The biting louse, Felicola subrostrata and Mr. C. E. Pemberton for helpful sugges­ (Nitzsch ), has been collected from cats tions made in connection with some of the (Zimmerman, 1944). entomological aspects of this paper.

SUMMARY OF HOST LIST OF ·P ARASIT ES AND INTERMEDIATE HOSTS RECORDED IN HAWAII

N AME OF PARASITE LOCATION IN HOST INTERMEDI ATE HOST*

CAT (Felis domestica) Roundworms : Aelurostrongylus abstrusus Lungs Gastropoda : Subulina octona.' Eulota similaris" Rodentia: Mus musculus' Small intestine Physaloptera praeputialis Stomach (Unknown ) A rhyt hmorhynchus sp. Small intestine (Unknown ) T apeworms: Dip ylidium caninum Small intestine Siphonaptera and Anoplura (see parasites of dog ) Taenia taeniaeformis Small intestine Rodenti a: Mus musculus,' Rattus rattus alexandrinus,' Rattus rattus ·noruegicus? Rattus rattus rattus" Arthropods : Ctenocephalides [elis External Echidnoph aga gallinacea Attached to skin Felicola substrata Extern al

CATTLE (Bos taurus) Protozoa: Eimeria bovis Small intestine Eimeria bukidnon ensis Small intestine * Legend : (l)=infection found in nature; (") =determined experimentally; (") =reported elsewhere for animals similar to those occurring in H awaii. Parasites of D omestic Animals in Hawaii - ALICATA 79

Eimeria cylindrica Small intestine Eimeria zu rnii Small intestine Roundworms : Bunostomum phlebotom um Small intestine Cooperia pectinata • Small int;stine Cooperia punctata Small intestine D icty ocaulu s viviparus Lungs Gongylonema pulchrum Esopha gus Coleoptera: Aphodius lividus,· Dermestes oulpinus" . Orthoptera: Blattella germanica' Haemonchus contortus Fourth stomach or abomasum Oesophagosto mum radiatu m Cecum and colon Stephanofilaria stilesi Skin (Unknown) St rongyloides sp. (p apillo sus? ) Small intestine Trichuris ovis Cecum Flukes: Fasciola gigantica Liver Gastropoda: Fossaria ollula: (Rumen fluke) Rumen (Unknown) Tapeworms: T aenia saginata (cysticercus) Muscles Artiodactyla: Bos taurus' (cattle are inter­ mediate hosts; man is the final host ) Arthropods : Bovicola bovis External Chrysom yia megacephala In wounds and () external Chrysomyia rufijacies (larva) In wounds and external Fannia sp. (larva ) External Ha ematopinus eurysternus External H ypoderma lin eatum Under skin Lucilia sericata? (see text) External (larvae) Otob ius megnini Inside ears

CHICKEN (Gallus gallus) Protozoa: Eim eria tenella Ceca Roundworms: As caridia galli Small intestine Cheilospirura hamulosa Gizzard Coleoptera: Carpophilus dimidiatus,' Dactylosternum abdominale? De rmestes vulpinus; Epitragus diremptus? Euxes tus sp.," Gonocephalus seriatum" Litargus balteatus," Oxydema ju sijorme," Palorus ratzeburgi,"Sitophilus oryzae," Tene­ broides nana? Tribo lium castaneum." T yphaea stercorea' Orthoptera: Atractomorpha ambigua; Co- nocephalus saltator," Oxya cbinensis' Amphipoda : Orchestia platensis" Dispharynx spiralis Proventri culus Isopoda : Porcellio laeuis" Gongylonem a ingluvicula Crop (Unknown ; probably coprophagous beetles ) H eteraki s gallinae Ceca Oxyspirura mansoni Conjunctival sac Orthoptera: Pycnoscelus surinam ensis' Su bulura brumpti Ceca Coleoptera : Alphitobius diaperinus/ Am­ mophirus insularis? D ermestes oulpinus ?

* Legend: (') =infection found in nature; (") =determined experimentally; (") =reported elsewhere for animals similar to those occurring in Hawaii. 80 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. 1, April, 1947

Gono cephalus seria·tum/ Tribolium castaneum" Orthoptera: Conoc ephalus salt ator? Ox ya cbinensis' . Dermaptera: Eub orellia annulipes: Tetrameres americana Proventriculus Coleoptera: Dendropbilus sp.,' D ermestes vulpinus/ Bpitragus diremp tus/ Gono­ cepha lus seriatum: Orthoptera: Blattella germanica? Cono- cephalus ·saltator Dermaptera: Eubo rellia annulipes: Amphipoda: Orcb estia platensis: Flukes: Postba rmostomum gallinum Ceca Gastrop oda: Bul ota sim llaris: Subulina octona: Tapeworms: Choano taenia infundibulum Small intestine Coleoptera: D ermestes vulpinus,' Bpitragus diremptus,' Gonocephalus seriatum' Diptera: M usca domestica' H ym enolepis exigua Small intestine Amphipoda: Orcbestia platensis' Raillietina cesticillus Small intestine Coleopter a: Derm estes cu lpinus? Gono- cephalus seriatum: Railli etina tetragona Small intestine (Probably ants of the genera Pb eidole and T etram orium )" Arthropods: D ermanyssus gallinae External Bchidnophaga gallinacea External Bom enacanthus stram ineus External . Goniocotes gigas .External Goniocotes hologaster External Gon iad es stylifer . External Lipeurus caponis External Lip eurus beterograpbus External Lyponyssus bu rsa External M egninia cubitalis External M enopon gallinae External Pterolicbus obtusus External

DOG (Canis [amiliaris) Protozoa: (Coccidia of undetermined species) Intestine Roundworms: Ancylostoma caninum Small intestine D irofilaria immitis Heart and pulmo- Diptera: A edes aegypti,a Cul ex quinquefas­ nar y artery . ciatus" Filariodes asleri (see text) Lungs (Unknown) To xascaris leonina Small intestine To xoca ra canis Small intestine Trichuris vulpis Cecum Tapeworms: Dipylidium caninum Small intestine Siphonaptera: Ctenocephalides f elis; Pul ex irritans" Anoplura: T richodectes latus' Taenia hydatigena ? Small intestine Artiodactyla (see parasites of swine) Arthropods: Ctenocephalides [elis External

* Legend: (l)=infection found in nature; (')=determined experimentally; (')=reported elsewhere for animals similar to those occurring in Hawaii. Parasites of Domestic Animals in Hawaii - AUCATA 81

Echidnophaga gallinacea External H eterodoxus longitarsus External Rhipicephalus sanguinous External Trichodectes latus External (Mites of undetermined species) External

GOAT ( Capra hircus) Arthropods: Bovicola caprae External Linognatbus africanlts External

GUINEA FOWL (Numida meleagris ] Arthropods: M enopon gallinae External Menopon phaeostomum External

HORSE ( Equus caballus) Roundworms: Cyathostom um 'coronatum Large intestine Cylicocercus catinatus Large intestine Cylicocercus goldi Large intestine Cylicocercus pateratus Large intestine Cylicocyclus lepto stomus Large intestine Cylicocyclus nassatus Large intestine Cylicodontophorus bicoronatus Large intestine Cylicodontopho rus euproctus Large intestine Cylicostepbunus calicatus Large intestine Cylicostepbanus longibursatus Large intestine Cylicostephanus minutus Large intestine Cylicosternus asym etricus Large intestine Gyalocephalus capitatus Large intestine Ha bronema microstoma Stomach Di ptera: Musca domestics ." Stomoxys calcitrans' Habronema muscae Stomach D ip tera : M usca domestics' Oxyuris equ] Colon Parascaris equom m Small intestine Pateriostomum im paridentatum Large intestine Probstmayria vivipara Colon Strongylus edentatus Large intestine Strongylus equinus Large intes tine Strongyl us vulgaris Large intestine T richostrongylus axei Stomach T riodontophorus brevicauda Large intestine T riodontophorus serratus Large intestine Flukes: Fasciola gigantica Liver Gastropoda : Fossaria ollula' Tapeworms: Anoplocephala magna Small intestine (Unknown) A noplocephala perfoliata Cecum (U nknown) Arthropods: Gastrophilus intestinalis (larvae) Stomach Gastrophilus nasalis (larvae) Stomach

* Legend : (') = infection found in nature; (')=determined experimentally; (") = reported elsewhere for animals similar to those occurring in Hawaii. 82 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. 1, April, 1947

PEAFOWL (Pavo cristatus) Arthropods: Meno pon phaeostomum External

PIGEON (Columba livia domestica) Protozoa: H aemoproteus columbae Blood Diptera: Pseudolynchia canariensis" Roundworms: Ornitbostrongylus quadriradiatus Small intestine Arthropods: Columbicola columbae External Pseudolynchia canariensis External

RABBIT (Oryctolagus cunicularisJ Protozoa: Eime ria stiedae Liver Arthropods: Psoropt es communis External

SHEEP (O vis aries) Roundworms: Cooperia punctata Small intestine Haemonchus contortus Fourth stomach N ematodirus spathiger Small intestine Flukes: Fasciola sp. (gigantica ?) Liver Gastropoda: Fossaria ollula: Tapeworms: T aenia hyda tigena ? Attached to liver, Artiodactyla (see parasites of swine) (cysticercus) mesentery, and omentum Arthropods: Chrysom yia megacephala In wounds and (larvae) extern al Melophagus ooinus External Oestrus ovis (larvae) Nasal cavities and sinuses of head Otobius megnini Inside ears

SWINE (Sus scrota domestica) Protozoa: coli .Large intestine Eimeria debliecki Large intestine Eimeria scabra Large intestine Eim eria spinose Large intestine Roundworms: Ascaris suum Small intestine

* Legend: e)=infection found in nature; (") =determined experimentally; (") =reported elsewhere for animals similar to those occurring in Ha waii. Parasites of D omestic Animals in Hawaii - ALIcATA 83

A scarops strongylina Stomach (Unknown; probably coprophagous beetles of genus Aphodius) Cboerostrongylus pudendotectus Lungs Macrodrili (ea rthworms, probabl y of the genus Pheretima) Hyostrongylus rubidus Stomach . M etastrongylus elongatus Lungs Macrodrili (earthworms, probably of the genus Pheretima ) Stephanurus dentatus Adults in kidneys . ~nd kidneyfat ; Immature forms in liver and other internal organs Strongylo ides sp. Adults in small intestine, larvae in muscles Trichuris mum Cecum Flukes : Fasciola sp. (gig antica ?) Liver Gastropoda: Fossaria ollula" Tapeworms : T aenia hydatigena Attached to liver, Artiodactyla : Sus scrofa domestica]: Ouis (cysticercus) mesentary, and aries;' Csnis fami/iaris' is the final host omentum Arthropods: Ha ematop inus adventicius External Sarcoptes scabiei suis External

TURKEY (Meleagris gallopavo) Protozoa : Histomonas meleagridis Intestine, liver Roundworms : Cheilospirura hamulosa Gizzard (See parasites of the chicken ) Arthropods: Goniocotes hologaster Extern al Gon iodes stylifer External Lipeurus gallipavonis External M enopon gallinae External

* Legend : (') ~ infection found in nature ; (') =deter mined experimentall y; (") =reported elsewhere for anim als similar to those occurring in Hawaii.

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