Karbonat- Und Lignitzyklen Im Ptolemais-Becken: Orbitale

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Karbonat- Und Lignitzyklen Im Ptolemais-Becken: Orbitale Karbonat‐ und Lignitzyklen im Ptolemais‐Becken: Orbitale Steuerung und suborbitale Variabilität (Spätneogen, NW‐Griechenland) Sedimentologische Fallstudie unter Berücksichtigung gesteinsmagnetischer Eigenschaften I n a u g u r a l ‐ D i s s e r t a t i o n zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch‐Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln vorgelegt von Nikolaos Tougiannidis aus Gütersloh 2009 Dissertation an der Mathematisch‐Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Werner Ricken PD Dr. Michael E. Weber Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 28.4.2009 „Das Klima der Erde wurde in den letzten zwei Millionen Jahre von einem Wechsel zwischen Kalt‐ und Warmzeiten bestimmt. Diese periodischen Schwankungen werden von einem 100000‐jahres Zyklus verursacht, der auf die Variation der Erdbahnparameter zurückgeführt wird“ (Milankovitch, 1930). NIKOLAOS TOUGIANNIDIS ABSTRACT The Miocene‐Pliocene sediment of the NNW – SSE striking Monastir‐Florina‐Ptolemais‐Kozani/Servia‐Basin comprises the largest Lignite deposits in the Balkan area. The basin extends from Monastir (F.Y.R.O.M) in the North to the Elassona region (Makedonia/GR) in the South and covers a total area of 120 km². Today 71 % of the electrical power demand of capital Athens are provided through energy production in the MFPK/S‐B. Besides their economical value the rhythmically bedded lignites potentially contain a detailed palaeoclimatic record of the Northeastern Mediterranean realm. The Neogene is characterized by frequent alternations of cold and warm periods, with sometimes significantly higher temperatures than present (Bradley, 1999). Changes of orbital frequencies and concomitant insolation fluctuations which control the atmospheric‐oceanic system may cause these temperature‐rises. Time series analyses indicated such variations in marine (Hays et al., 1976; Imbrie & Imbrie, 1980) and continental deposits (Santarelli et al., 1988, van Vugt et al., 1998) already more than three decades ago. Controlling mechanisms of these orbital parameters were extensively discussed by Milankovitch (1920, 1930, 1941). He considered insolation to be most relevant to long‐term fluctuations. Accordingly, orbital parameters, particularly eccentricity (123 – 98 kyr cycle), obliquity (50 – 41 kyr cycle) and precession (23 – 19 kyr cycle) should be correlative with distinct seasonal variations. Spectral analyses of climatic data confirm the influence of obliquity and precession on the seasonal‐regional distribution of insolation. The former mainly controls the duration of seasons and has the greatest effect within boreal latitudes. Hence, insolation increases on the sun facing side of the earth during perihelion, while the length of summer decreases. In contrast, the other hemisphere experiences a different insolation contrast. The aim of the present PhD‐Project is to analyse the rhythmically bedded Neogene lignite‐sequences (Miocene‐ Pliocene Komnina and Ptolemais formations) from the Ptolemais‐Basin and to proof the existence of suspected periodical and quasi‐periodical climatic cycles. Palaeomagnetic results from most of the samples reveal characteristic remanent magnetization directions with either steeply reverse or flat to steeply normal inclinations. Magnetostratigraphically meaningful results were used for the correlation of the polarity pattern to the astronomical polarity time scale (APTS) (Shackleton et al., 1990, 1995, Hilgen et al., 1995). Generally the Late Neogene samples (except for the Lava‐section) have relatively low magnetic intensities. This suggests a low concentration of ferrimagnetic components. Rock magnetic results indicate a inhomogenous magnetomineralogy, composed of iron oxides (magnetite, hematite, goethite) and iron sulfides (greigite, pyrrhotite). The variation pattern of the cycles ‐ the astronomical series expansion and sub‐Milankovitch spectra of which yield periods of 128.2 – 95, 53.6 – 39.7, and 23.7 – 18.9 ka ‐ has been verified by time series of various, high resolution spectrophotometrical (L*,a*,b*,ΔE*ab,C*,h) and geophysical scalars (γ‐ray‐Log and magnetic susceptibility). Furthermore, these high resolution proxy data have been analyzed by numerical time series analyses. The resultant filtering of the data reveals a cycle hierarchy, which starts with low‐frequency Milankovitch cycles and develops into higher‐frequency sub‐orbital climate variability. Accordingly, an interpretation of these visually recognizable light‐ /dark‐layers (Zebraschichtung) can be considered in a, predominantly, climatic context. Multiple, further proxy data (ore microscopy, XRD) provide additional palaeoclimatic and paleoenviromental evidence. The present results indicate, that lignite sequences can be considered loaded climatic archives ‐ comparable to marine sections ‐ which potentially record climatic systems down to Submilankovitch frequency bands. Accordingly, the variability of the relatively small‐scaled area studied, allows for an evaluation of climate trends on a supra‐regional scale. ‐I‐ KARBONAT‐ UND LIGNITZYKLEN IM PTOLEMAIS‐BECKEN KURZFASSUNG Die mio‐pliozänen Ablagerungen im NNW – SSE streichenden Monastir‐Florina‐Ptolemais‐Kozani/Servia‐Graben beherbergen das größte zusammenhängende Braunkohlevorkommen in Bereich des Balkans. Das Becken erstreckt sich von Monastir (F.Y.R.O.M.) im Norden bis hin zur Region von Elassona im Süden (Makedonien/GR). Es umfasst eine Gesamtfläche von ca. 120 km². Mittlerweile werden ca. 71 % des elektrischen Energiebedarfs der Hauptstadt Athen durch die Energiegewinnung aus dem MFPK/S‐G gedeckt. Diese rhythmisch entwickelten Lignitvorkommen zeigen, neben den bedeutenden wirtschaftlichen Aspekten, ein großes Potential für eine Paläoklima‐Analyse des nordöstlichen mediterranen Raums. Das Neogen zeigt einen multiplen Wechsel von Kalt‐ und Warmzeiten mit vereinzelt deutlich höheren Temperaturen als heute an (Bradley, 1999). Die Ursachen hierfür können u.a. auf Variationen der Erdbahnparameter zurückgeführt werden, welche Schwankungen in der Insolation verursachen und somit das atmosphärisch‐ozeanische System steuern. Zeitreihenanalysen belegten bereits in den 70er bis späten 90er Jahren des letzten Jahrhunderts diese Variationen innerhalb mariner (Hays et al., 1976; Imbrie & Imbrie, 1980) und kontinentaler Ablagerungen (Santarelli et al., 1988, van Vugt et al., 1998). Die Ursachen und Steuerungsprozesse dieser Variationen sind von Milankovitch (1920, 1930, 1941) eingehenst diskutiert worden. Er nahm an, dass die Sonneneinstrahlung, die maßgebliche Ursache für längerfristige Schwankungen ist. Folgernd müssten diese orbitalen Parameter mit signifikanten Veränderungen der saisonalen Variationen einhergehen. Hierbei handelt es sich insbesondere um die Exzentrizität der Erdumlaufbahn (123 – 98 ka Zyklus), die Schiefe der Ekliptik (50 – 41 ka Zyklus) und die Präzession der Erdachse (23 – 19 ka Zyklus). Spektralanalysen von Klimadaten belegen, dass die Schiefe der Ekliptik und die Präzession die saisonal‐räumliche Verteilung der Insolation beeinflussen (Berger, 1988). Erstere kontrolliert vor allem die Länge der Jahreszeiten und zeigt ihren größten Effekt innerhalb borealer Breiten. Letztere hat zur Folge, dass die im Perihel sonnenzugewandte Hemisphäre im Sommer eine höhere Insolation erreicht, aber aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Erdumlaufbahngeschwindigkeiten auch einen kürzeren Sommer aufweist. Dem entgegengesetzt zeigt die übrige Hemisphäre einen stärkeren Insolationskontrast. Zielsetzung der Dissertation ist die Untersuchung der rhythmisch entwickelten neogenen (mio‐pliozänen/Komnina und Ptolemais Formation) Lignit‐Abfolgen des Ptolemais‐Grabens und der Nachweis der bereits erwähnten periodischen und evtl. vorhandenen, quasi periodischen Klimazyklen. Die paläomagnetischen Resultate ergeben für den größten Teil der untersuchten Proben eine stabile Richtung mit steiler inverser und flacher bis steiler normaler Inklination. Hierbei handelt es sich überwiegend um Proben, die eine Ein‐ bzw. Zweikomponentenremanenz aufweisen. Wechselfeldstabilen Remanenzen, welche innerhalb aller Abfolgen zu beobachten sind, werden für die magnetostratigraphische Auswertung und die Konstruktion der Polaritätsskala und deren Korrelation an der astronomischen Polaritätszeitskala (APTS) (Shackleton et al., 1990, 1995, Hilgen et al., 1995) nicht berücksichtigt. Generell zeigen die oberneogenen Proben, mit Ausnahme der Sektion Lava, relativ niedrige Magnetisierungbeträge, welche eine geringe Präsenz ferrimagnetischer Komponenten belegen. Aus den Ergebnissen der Gesteinsmagnetik wird ferner eine relativ inhomogene Magnetominerlogie ersichtlich. Diese ist überwiegend repräsentiert durch die Eisenoxide (Magnetit, Hämatit) und die Eisensulfide (Greigit, Pyrrhotit). Das Variationsmuster dieser Zyklen, welche innerhalb der astronomischen Reihenentwicklung Perioden von 128.2 – 95, 53.6 – 39.7, 23.7 – 18.9 ka und Submilankovitch‐Bänder erfassen, wurde durch Zeitreihen verschiedener hochauflösender spektrophotometrischer (L*,a*,b*,ΔE*ab,C*,h) und geophysikalischer (γ‐Ray‐Log und Suszeptibilität) Skalare nachgewiesen. Diese hochauflösenden Proxydaten werden ferner mit einer numerischen Frequenzanalyse näher untersucht. Die hieraus resultierende Filterung der Datensets belegen eine Hierarchie von Zyklen beginnend mit den niederfrequenten Milankovitchzyklen hin zu einer höherfrequenten suborbitalen Variabilität. Folglich kann eine Interpretation dieser schon visuell erkennbaren Hell‐/Dunkel‐Bankungen (sog. Zebraschichtung)
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