Botany – Ch 5 Seed Plants Notes Name ______

1. Seed Plants • Recall that seedless plants were either nonvascular or vascular… either way they did ______produce seeds • Seeds can be found ______…acorns, dandelion seeds, kernels of corn, even peanuts! • ______are very common and often overlooked. • Seed plants are also vascular plants and are divided into______groups • Gymnosperms – bear their seeds on the surface of a ______(pine trees = pine cones) • Angiosperms – produce ______that protects the seeds (wildflowers or apple tree)

2. Seed plants are not like mosses & ferns they do NOT need water for reproduction • As a result they can live just about ______. • ______that allow seeds to reproduce without water include: flowers or cones, pollination, and embryo protection in seeds

3. Cones and Flowers • The ______(called gametophytes in plants) are the sex cells that grow and mature in cones or in flowers • ______are found in gymnosperms • ______are found in angiosperms

4. Pollen • In seed plants the entire male gamete is contained in a ______grain. • This pollen grain must be ______to the female gamete by wind, insects, birds, and sometimes even bats. • The transfer of pollen to the female is called ______

5. Seeds • A seed is an ______(fetus) of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply that provides nutrients as the embryo grows • A seed ______surrounds the embryo and keeps it from drying out • Seeds may have ______tissues or structures that aid in their dispersal. Some are textured so they stick to fur or feathers of animals. Some seeds are eaten and dispersed after digestion • The embryo can stay in the seed for weeks, months, or even years

6. Gymnosperms • Gymnosperms include ______groups: • Gnetophytes • Cycads • Ginkgoes • Conifers • These plants all reproduce with seeds that are exposed on ______• Gymnosperms means “______”

7. Gnetophytes • There are about ______gnetophyte (nee-toh-fy-tuh) species • They are found in mostly ______forest habitats

8. Cycads • There are about ______species of Cycads (si-kad) • They are beautiful ______plants that reproduce with large cones • They are found in ______places such as Mexico, Florida, Asia, Africa, and even Australia • They typically ______very slowly and live very long • They are sometimes confused with and mistaken for palms or ferns, but are only distantly related

9. Ginkgoes • Ginkgoes (ging-kohs) have only ______species today • It is one of the ______seed plant species today • Ginkgoes are often planted in city settings in the US where their toughness and resistance to air pollution make them popular ______trees

10. Conifers • Conifers are the most common gymnosperms with more than ______species including pines, spruces, firs, cedars, and redwoods • The ______plants over huge areas of land • They are more resistant to freezing and are found in ______habitats • Thrive in a wide ______of habitats such as mountains, sandy soil, cool areas, dry places, warm habitats • Their leaves are long and ______which reduces the surface area and are also covered by a ______layer that limits the amount of water that can be lost by evaporation • Most conifers are ______meaning they retain their leaves all year. Needles can stay on a tree for 2-14 yrs & they are gradually replaced so that the tree is never bare

11. Flowering Plants • Flowering plants are called angiosperms • Flowering plants have quickly became the dominate type of plant life on Earth. The vast majority of living plant species reproduce with flowers • Angiosperms have reproductive organs called ______, which attract animals that transport pollen from flower to flower making pollination more efficient than gymnosperms • Flowers contain ovaries that surround and protect seeds. After pollination the ovary develops into a fruit which protects the seed. • The ______is a thick wall of tissue surrounding the seed. When the fruit is ______by animals seeds can be dispersed many miles away from where they originated

12. Monocots & Dicots • The seed leaves of a plant embryo is called a ______• Angiosperms can be monocotyledons (MONOCOTS) or dicotyledons (DICOTS) o ______- have 1 part to the seed; parallel veins; flowers have petals in multiples of 3; the veins are scattered throughout the stem; and they have fibrous roots; corn, wheat, lilies o ______– have 2 parts to the seed; branched veins; flower petals in multiples of 4 or 5; veins are arranged in a ring around the stem; and has 1 main taproot; clover, tomatoes, oaks, daisies; roses

13. Woody & Herbaceous • Woody and herbaceous plants: grouped according to their ______. • Woody plants are made primarily of cells with ______cell walls. This includes trees, shrubs, vines (grape and ivy), blueberries, and roses. • ______plants have stems that are smooth and nonwoody such as dandelions, sunflowers, and petunias

14. Annuals, Biennials, & Perennials • Annuals – grow, flower, produce seeds & die all in ______growing season (ex: marigolds, pansies, wheat, cucumbers) • ______– complete life cycle in 2 growing seasons. The 1st year they grow roots, stems, and some leaves – 2nd year they grow flowers & seeds (ex: parsley & celery) • Perennials – live through ______years; most have woody stems such as palm trees, maple trees, honey suckle. Herbaceous plants such as grass & asparagus that die in the winter but come back in the spring

Review Questions 1. Where can seeds be found?

2. What are the 2 types of seed plants?

3. How are seed plants different from mosses & ferns?

4. What are some adaptations seed plants have that allow them to reproduce?

5. What is a gamete?

6. What is pollen?

7. When pollen is transferred what is that called?

8. What is a seed?

9. How long can an embryo stay in a seed?

10. What do gymnosperms carry their seeds on?

11. What are the 4 types of gymnosperms?

12. Where do you find gnetophytes?

13. What do cycads look like?

14. How many different types of ginkgoes are there today? Why are they often planted?

15. What is a conifer? And where do you find them?

16. What is special about conifer leaves?

17. Where do you find seeds in a flowering plant?

18. What is another name for a flowering plant?

19. What is the fruit of a flowering plant?

20. What is a monocot?

21. How many flower petals does it have? What do the roots look like?

22. Examples of monocots?

23. What is a dicot?

24. How many flower petals does it have? What do the roots look like?

25. Examples of dicots?

26. How can you tell of a plant is a woody plant or an herbaceous plant?

27. Give an example of woody plants? Of herbaceous plants?

28. What is an annual? & Give an example

29. What is a biennial? & Give an example 30. What is a perennial? & Give an example