Annual Report Annual Report 2013 2013 Africa Innovations Institute Africa Innovations Institute Plot 1544, Koire Close, Bukoto Old Kira Road, Plot 1544, Koire Close, Bukoto Old Kira Road, P.O. Box 34981, Kampala, Uganda, P.O. Box 34981, Kampala, Uganda, www.afrii.org www.afrii.org Table of Contents
Acronyms...... iii Acknowledgments...... iv From the Chairman...... v
1. About Africa Innovations Institute...... 2
1.1. Who We Are...... 2 1.2. Where We Work...... 2 1.3. Our Vision, Mission and Objectives...... 2 1.4. How We Work...... 2 1.5. Key areas of work...... 3 1.6. Our Programmes...... 3 1.6.1 Commodity Value Chains Programme...... 3 1.6.2 Climate Change Programme...... 3 1.6.3 Infectious Diseases Management Programme...... 3 1.6.4 Capacity and Institutional Development Programme...... 4 1.6.5 Agriculture, Environment and Human Welfare...... 4 1.7. Cross-cutting issues...... 4 1.7.1 Collaboration, Partnerships and Linkages...... 4 1.7.2 Gender and equity concerns:...... 4 1.7.3 Natural Resources Management...... 4 1.7.4 HIV/AIDS...... 4 1.75 Funding...... 4
2. Commodity Value Chains Programme...... 6 2.1 Introduction...... 6 2.2 Cassava: Adding Value for Africa (C: AVA)...... 6 2.2.1 Introduction...... 6 2.2.2 Key beneficiaries:...... 7 2.2.3 Main activities carried out in 2013...... 8 2.2.4 Key Outputs and Achievements...... 8 2.3 Cassava Growth Markets Project...... 13 2.3.1 Introduction...... 13 2.3.2 Key Outputs and Achievements...... 13 2.4. Improving Sesame Productivity in Northern Uganda...... 19 2.4.1 Introduction...... 19 2.4.2 Key Findings and Achievements...... 21 2.4.3 Conclusions and Recommendations...... 26 3. Climate Change Programme...... 28 3.1 Introduction...... 28 3.2 Adaptation to the Impact of Climate Variability on Food and Health Security in the . Cattle Corridor of Uganda...... 28 3.2.1 Methodology used in the study...... 28 3.2.2 Results and discussions...... 31 3.3 Securing Livelihoods in the Cattle Corridor of Uganda...... 43
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 i 3.3.1 Introduction...... 43 3.3.1 Inception Workshop...... 44 3.3.2 Livelihood Profiling...... 45 3.4 Cassava and Sweet Potato in Enhancing Resilience to Climate Change...... 53 3.4.1Introduction...... 53 3.4.2 Targets and Achievements...... 53 3.4.3 Lessons learnt and the way forward...... 53 3.5. School and Community Wood Lot Programme in Kole District, Northern...... Uganda ...... 55 3.5.1. Introduction...... 55 3.5.2. Project Goal and objectives...... 56 3.5.3. Progress and Achievement of Project Objective...... 56 4. Capacity Building Programme...... 61 4.1 Introduction...... 61 4.2. Science and technology for enhancing the contribution of tropical roots to ...... development in ACP countries ...... 61 4.2.1 Introduction...... 61 4.2.2. Outputs and Achievements...... 61 4.3 Impact Evaluation of ASARECA Operational Plan 1 and Development...... Objectives and Documentation of Lessons Learned...... 66 4.3.1 Introduction...... 66 4.3.2 Key Findings and Recommendations...... 66 4.3.3 South Sudan Agriculture Sector Situation Analysis (Stocktaking Report)...... 67 4.3.4 Development of Agriculture Sector Investment Plan for the Government of South . Sudan...... 68 4.3.5 Assessment of the National Agricultural Research System of Swaziland...... 70 4.3.6 Road Map and Strategy for a Renewed National Agricultural Research System, ..... Swaziland...... 71 5. Publications 2013...... 74 6. Financial Report 2013...... 76 6.1. Income and expenditure...... 76 6.2. Growth in income and expenditure: 2008-2013...... 76 6.3. Internal and External audits...... 76 6.3 Audit report and financial statements...... 77 7. Administration...... 80 7.1 Organogram of the Africa Innovations Institute...... 80 7.2. Current Members of AfrII Governing Council...... 80 7.3. Current Staff...... 81
ii Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 Acronyms
AfrII Africa Innovations Institute ASARECA Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa. BDA Business Development Advisor C:AVA Cassava: Adding Value for Africa CM Country Manager CPG Community Processing Group CBSD Cassava Brown Streak Disease COHAD Children of Hope and Dignity EAC East African Community FGD Focus Group Discussion FUNAAB Federal University of Nigeria in Abeokuta GPS Global Positioning System HH Household HFIAS Household Food Insecurity Access Scale HQCF High Quality Cassava Flour HQCG High Quality Cassava Grits IDRC International Development Research Center MAAIF Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries MoU Memorandum of Understanding MT Metric Tonnes NAADS National Agricultural Advisory Services NRI Natural Resources Institute NARO National Agricultural Research Organization PATA Pallisa Agricultural Training Association P’KWI Popular Knowledge (Women Initiative SME Small and Medium Enterprise USA United States of America UNBS Uganda National Bureau of Standards UK United Kingdom WHO World Health Organization WB World Bank
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 iii Acknowledgments
frica Innovations Institute (AfrII) • The Caribbean; Department of Aappreciates the individuals, organizations, Agriculture, UNITECH institutions, societies, donors and • The University of South Pacific development partners that made our work • International Society for Tropical Root possible in 2013. Particularly, we appreciate Crops • The Federal University of Agriculture, the following for the financial support to AfrII: Abeokuta, (FUNAAB), Nigeria • The Government of Uganda • Tanzanian Food and Nutrition Research • The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, USA Center (TFNC), Tanzania; and Naliendelle Agricultural Research Institute, Tanzania • Department for International • Chancellor College, University of Malawi Development (DFID), UK • Uganda Ministry of Agriculture, Animal • The International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) • Uganda Ministry of Finance, Planning and • Rockefeller Foundation, USA Economic Development (MFPED) • European Union • National Agricultural Advisory Services • Austrian Development Agency, Austria • National Institute for Scientific and • The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Industrial Research, Zambia (NISIR) • National Agricultural Research • The Alan & Babette Sainsbury Charitable Fund, UK Organization (NARO) • National Semiarid Resources Research • The JJ Charitable Trust, UK Institute, Serere • Ashden Trust-UK • Zonal Agricultural Research and • START Secretariat, The Global Change Systems for Analysis, Research and Development Institute, Ngetta • Makerere University, Kampala Training, USA • Gulu University; among others. Special thanks also go to our partners Lastly, we would like to appreciate the with whom we either jointly implemented tireless and unwavering efforts of the or provided technical backstopping in Board, management and entire staff implementation of these projects.They are: of AfrII in unleashing their collective • the Natural Resources Institute • University of Greenwich, UK intellects, dedication and innovativeness in • Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria implementing the different activities ofthe • Michigan State University, USA programmes reported in this document. We • International Crops Research Institute for believe that by doing this, God who created the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Nairobi, them for this purpose, will reward them Kenya abundantly for helping His people survive • The Roots and Tuber Crops Research better in a world full of challenges and Institute, Trivandrum, India frustration. • Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Trinidad and Tobago (CARDI)
iv Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 From the Chairman
t gives me pleasure to present the Annual vision, and the need to exploit Uganda’s vast IReport of the Africa Innovations Institute agricultural potential to feed its populace for the year 2013. The Annual Report gives and contribute to economic development. a synopsis of the activities, achievements Through these interventions, farmers were and challenges of the Institute for the year supported in various ways, to develop their 2013. It is, in a way, an accountability to agricultural potential and business acumen our investors and other stakeholders for along the various value chains promoted the resources and support they provided by the Institute. This greatly contributed to to AfrII for implementing its activities. In increasing the farmers’ competitive edge implementing its activities, the Institute was towards becoming sustainable producers for guided in its operations by continental and existing and budding markets. One notable national agricultural development policies. achievement is the focus of the institute In Uganda, this has been the National on the private sector companies and SMEs Development Plan (NDP), and the Agriculture and linking them to producers in inclusive Sector Development Strategy and Investment business approaches. This has proven exciting Plan (DSIP), among others. to farmers as they are able to produce and sell with confidence. Food security. To address the challenges of poverty and inadequate food security, Certification. One of the key drawbacks to AfrII prioritized projects directed towards successful business practice in Uganda is improving the livelihoods of smallholder the lack of standards and certification by the farmers in Uganda, particularly in Eastern, national body, Uganda National Bureau of Northern, and Central regions. This initiative Standards. With imminent failure to meet was in line with the Institute’s mission and appropriate standards for certification by
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 v the bodies, farmers and processors were resilience. This has yielded immense insights continually lagging behind in the development on climate change and how communities of successful and sustainable branding of adapt and build resilience to it for a secured their products for markets. AfrII therefore livelihood. addressed this challenge by developing standards and facilitating certification of Capacity development. Capacity, the ability farmers and processors products for crops to identify problems, set realistic objectives such as cassava, with great success. Farmers and execute programmes to the satisfaction and SMEs processing cassava in eastern and of stakeholders, is a key challenge among early northern Uganda, where the Cassava Adding career scientists. To contribute to meeting Value for Africa (CAVA) Project was focusing this challenge, AfrII undertook innovative have greatly benefitted from this intervention. approaches to build capacity of this category of researchers. Remarkable achievements Promoting agricultural trade. Markets for were made in this area. staple crop commodities have been a great challenge in Uganda. Through its different In a nutshell, this 2013 report brings you a programmes, AfrII, working closely with the wealth of new knowledge and innovations private sector end users companies, has critical for agricultural development and developed sizeable markets for new products economic growth. I therefore commit to you such as high quality cassava flour HQCF from this 2013 report and the subsequent ones cassava. From breweries, to biscuit and to come. I urge you to read and make the baking industries among others, the market best use of the knowledge and innovations for products from cassava was found to be described therein so that we can accelerate rich and full of untapped potential, as will be the pace of agricultural transformation in the outlined in the report. continent.
Climate change. With the negative impacts We welcome your feedback on any aspects of of climate change affecting communities in our work and look forward to opportunities the cattle corridor, AfrII focused most of its for mutually benefitial collabration. research in 2013 on identifying health and livelihood issues affecting both children and adults as a result of the climate change and variability. The research, which was mainly Professor Otim-Nape, G.W. directed at Nakasongola and Nakaseke Chairman/CEO districts undertook climate change analysis Africa Innovations Institute and community adaptation capacities and
vi Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 Africa Innovations 1 Institute
1.1 Who We Are technology innovations; natural resource management and agricultural The Africa Innovations Institute (AfrII) sustainability; climate change analysis, is an indigenous, not-for-profit, non- mitigation and adaptation, agro governmental center of excellence based processing and value addition; markets in Kampala, Uganda. Established in 2005, and enterprise development; and AfrII undertakes research and innovations management of crops and animal value development on agriculture and food chains development. It also mobilizes systems for sustainable income, and food global science and best bet innovations and nutrition security of smallholder for accelerated agricultural development farmers in Eastern Africa. It brings in Eastern Africa. It networks and is together leading experts in agricultural in partnership with many African, and food systems innovations in Africa European and American institutions and mobilizes global science and best bet for implementation of research and innovations for accelerated agricultural development projects. It has vast development in Eastern Africa. experience and key strengths in The Institute brings to the agricultural agricultural development; agricultural community the vast experience research for development; participatory and expertise of its members in approaches, action research and agricultural research for development; experiential learning with communities.
Figure 1: AfrII management and staff at the AfrII Secretariat in Kampala
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 1 1.2. Where We Work 1.3.4 To promote and participate in capacity development in agriculture, research, science, The Africa Innovations Institute has a Secretariat and innovations for sustainability of the located in Kampala, through which national agricultural sector. and international level activities are conducted and field level operations are coordinated. 1.3.5 To undertake any other actions that will Current operations cover Uganda, South enhance the achievement of our objectives, Sudan, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, mission and vision. Ethiopia, Tanzania and Kenya. In Uganda, the institute operates throughout the country 1.4. How We Work and has field offices in Kumi town in Eastern The Africa Innovations Institute realizes that for Uganda, Luwero town in Central Uganda and agriculture to contribute to the achievement Lira town in Northern Uganda. A field office is of the MDG and CAADP goals of accelerated being opened in Arua in North Western Uganda agricultural growth, poverty reduction and and in Kabale in South Western Uganda. food security, innovative approaches are needed. Such approaches would call for transforming the research results or inventions into innovations which ensure that farmers and The Africa Innovations Institute brings businessmen use and turn new knowledge and together leading ex-perts in the areas of technologies into goods and services, which agricultural and food systems innovations in result into food on their plates or income into Africa and mobilizes global science and best their pockets. This is the area AfrII aims to bet innovations for accelerated agri-cultural address and to bridge the gap. development in Eastern Africa. To do this, AfrII undertakes innovative research and provides technical backstopping to farmers and other actors along the agricultural value chain. It also works with the end users to develop markets; connects producers/processors to 1.3. Our Vision, Mission and markets and sources of funds/services; and Objectives forms institutional arrangements that unite groups of enterprising farmers, processors and Vision: “Smallholder farmers enjoying other entrepreneurs and helps link them with increased incomes and are sure of food and potential partners and other services. It also nutrition security” undertakes applied and adaptive research on agricultural and environment sustainability, Mission: “Undertake innovative research that integrating nutrition into agricultural projects transforms the lives and income of smallholder and build capacity of early career scientists farmers while ensuring food and nutrition through training, mentorship and student security and environmental sustainability” thesis supervision.
Objectives 1.3.1 To generate and accelerate utilization of knowledge and innovations for sustainable agricultural development and advancement of science and technology in Africa. 1.3.2 To facilitate learning, and bridge information gaps through managing our knowledge base, publishing our research findings, sharing of lessons learnt and holding of conferences, seminars and camps. 1.3.3 To promote entrepreneurship and accelerate transformation of knowledge and innovations into agri-business ventures through Figure 2: AfrII technicians analyzing samples from partnerships and linkages with the private the field, on livestock parasites, Ngoma, Nakasekke sector players in agriculture and industry. district, May 2013.
2 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 In doing this, AfrII forges SMART partnerships smallholder farmers to utilize knowledge and with a wider community of actors including innovation to boost production capacity and public, private, civil society, philanthropic unblock agricultural system challenges. and funding organizations who can help in addressing the challenges of translating 1.5.3 Capacity and Institutional research results into goods and services. Development The capacity building component of our work 1.5. Key areas of work is conducted at individual, community and institution level. Our aim is to enhance the 1.5.1 Applied research and innovation ability of national and regional stakeholders development to effectively respond to their mandates; and The institute focuses on generating and perhaps more importantly, to enable local transforming knowledge, practices and actors sustain the momentum of our efforts approaches into innovations for sustainable even outside the framework of our project income, food and nutrition security of farming interventions. AfrII’s role in building and communities. strengthening capacity has included:
1.5.2 Facilitating access to and l Developing research capacity- AfrII utilization of knowledge and engages in training and mentoring of BSC, MSc and Post- doctorate early career innovations scientists in research approaches, and This is an important strategic priority area for scientific communications, and research the institute. Our work in this area is geared resource mobilization. towards enhancing stakeholder capacity to l Undertaking capacity development for collectively innovate for increased efficiency organizations in the region. and profitability of their commodities. l Providing technical assistance on strengthening institutional structures, Innovation in this context entails putting systems and monitoring, evaluation and information and knowledge into use, whether it learning. is new, accumulated or simply used in creative ways. To this end, the Africa Innovations Institute works on two fronts by facilitating 1.6. Our Programmes access to, as well as building capacity of 1.6.1 Commodity Value Chains Programme Through this programme component, AfrII works with key actors across prioritized commodities to address key constraints at both the supply and demand side of the value chain; support value addition; and enhance participation by smallholder farmers and SMEs and commercial firms in the value chains; and in commercialization of commodities.
1.6.2 Climate Change Programme This programme seeks to develop and enhance community-based climate change adaptation initiatives and supportive policy measures that improve food security and health among rural communities in the arid and semi-arid regions of East Africa. Figure 3: Professor Keith Tomlins from NRI, University of Greenwithch Uk, awards a certificate to one of the participants at 2nd training course 1.6.3 Infectious Diseases for early career scientist held at Imperial Golf View Management Programme Hotel, Entebbe as a part of the EU/ACP Root Crops This covers both crops and animal diseases Project surviallance and management. A serious aspect
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 3 of animal diseases is their impact on food security, household income and human health. Zoonatic animal diseases can also cause illness Working in partnership and even death of humans. These burdens The concept of partnership is fundamental to can produce a spiral of social, economic what we do the development of new institutional and environmental decline. Consequently, arrangements and improved partnerships among this programme centers on early detection, stakeholders remains central to innovations identification, monitoring and response, which in agricultural production systems and the development of the sector as a whole. are vital in developing cost-effective strategies to minimize their impacts. The programme uses a one health approach.1
1.6.4 Capacity and Institutional 1.7.2 Gender Youth and Equity Development Programme Our work is continually guided towards This Programme supports national and regional promoting gender equity and women’s organizations, programmes and institutions empowerment. Within our framework we to develop their individual, organizational integrate specific key concerns of women in and societal capacities for implementation our sectoral response and mainstream gender and sustainable management of selected as a cross-cutting issue in all our programmes. development programmes, commodities, pests This component is manned by experienced and and disease situations committed staff with an earnest passion for gender issues. 1.6.5 Agriculture, Environment and 1.7.3 Natural Resources Management Human Welfare Environmental degradation is a serious threat The programme aims at using agriculture to to the developing world. The rural poor are achieve improved human welfare, particularly especially dependent on natural resources for food and nutrition security, household well- their livehoods, and poor people are also most being and sustainability of farming and the vulnerable to the effects of environmental environment. It also addresses sustainability of disasters and pollution. AfrII thus integrates the ecosystem and the natural resource-base. natural resource management as a key element in the implementation of its projects in order to ensure the achievement of lasting poverty 1.7. Cross-cutting issues reduction and sustainable development.
1.7.1 Partnerships and Linkages: 1.7.4 HIV/AIDS The concept of partnership is fundamental AfrII recognizes that HIV/AIDS affects all people to what we do – the development of new of all ages, race, religions and social status, institutional arrangements and improved causing far reaching consequences for the partnerships among stakeholders and remains social, economic and political life. Due to the central to innovations in agricultural production fact that the socio economic implications of HIV/ systems and the development of the sector as AIDS are more greatly felt at family, household a whole. To achieve this, AfrII forges SMART and community levels and the impact of the partnerships with public, private, civil society, epidemic at the microlevel is eventually felt philanthropic and funding organizations at the macrolevel, affecting key indicators of that can help in addressing the challenges of national development, AfrII’s programmes translating research results into goods and conduct activities directed towards reducing services. the population’s vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and mitigating its impact. Our development work is planned and implemented in close collaboration with 1.7.5 Funding numerous international and national partners, AfrII’s work is financed through own funds; institutions and individuals; local community private donations; enterprises; foundations, based structures, farmer organizations, the and; through general fundraising efforts. media and academia. Additionally, AfrII has benefitted from partnerships with sub-sector associations;
4 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 saving and credit cooperatives; micro finance institutions, and; private sector actors in various industries.
Institutions that have provided funds for the activities:
• The Government of Uganda • Austrian Development Agency, through ICRISAT
• The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation through the • The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Natural Resources Institute, UK Nations (FAO)
• Department of International Development • United Nations Development Programme
(DFID-UK), through NRI, UK. • The Asden Trust – UK
• The International Development Research Center • The Sainsbury Family Charitable Trusts (IDRC), Canada • The Foresight Programme of the Department for • The Rockefeller Foundation Universities and Innovations-UK.
• The European Union through the EU/ACP Science and Technology Programme.
Partners and Collaborators:
• Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Development (MFPED), Uganda Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA) • Ministry of Water and Environment, Uganda • Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Trinidad and Tobago (CARDI), the Caribbean; • Naliendelle Agricultural Research Institute, Tanzania;
• Chancellor College, University of Malawi; • National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), Uganda; • Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSIR), Ghana, • National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Zambia (NISIR); • Department of Agriculture, UNITECH, the University of South Pacific; • National Semiarid Resources Research Institute, Serere, Uganda; • Gulu University, Uganda; • Tanzanian Food and Nutrition Research Center (TFNC), • Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria; Tanzania;
• International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- • The Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Arid Tropics (ICRISAT); Programme (CAADP), AU/NPCA
• International Society for Tropical Root Crops • The Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, (FUNAAB), Nigeria; • Makerere University, Kampala; • The Natural Resources Institute, University of • Michigan State University, USA; Greenwich, UK;
• Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries • The Roots and Tuber Crops Research Institute, (MAAIF), Uganda Trivandrum, India;
• Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Cooperatives, • Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS), Uganda. Swaziland Agricultural Development Programme (SADP) • Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Ngetta., Uganda. • Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food, the Government of South Sudan,
• Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 5 Commodity Value 2 Chains Programme
2.1 Introduction The Cassava: Adding Value for Africa (C: Recent studies have revealed that food staples AVA) project supports adding value and commercialization of cassava in Africa. The command the largest market share in the crop is the most important staple and the region. Anecdotal evidence suggests that, back bone of food security in Uganda. It is following liberalization, this market potential important for its high yielding ability, drought is a growing and unfulfilled demand for most resilience, high carbohydrate content and long African food crops in local, regional and storability of roots in the ground with minimum international markets. Despite this potential, deterioration. In Uganda, it is seen as a pro- commercialization of staple commodities poor vehicle for economic development; has and responding to market opportunities an industrial potential as a raw materials for remains a key challenge to commercialization bakery, biscuits, starch, beverages, livestock of agriculture in Africa. Yet smallholder feed, packaging, breweries and pharmaceutical farmers in Eastern Africa have not been able industries. to respond effectively to market signals and The C: AVA project aims at developing value exploit opportunities because of a number of chains for High Quality Cassava flour (HQCF) structural and institutional constraints that in Uganda so as to improve the livelihoods and limit market participation. incomes of at least 8,000 smallholder farmers as direct beneficiaries including women and Table 1: Food Staples: Largest Market Potential disadvantaged groups. (COMESA, 2009) Market value COMESA Region US $ billions Percent Traditional exports 8.6 13 Nontraditional exports 7.9 12 Food staples 50 75 Total 66.5 100 Through this programme, AfrII works with key actors along the value chains of prioritized commodities to address key constraints at both supply and demand side of the value chain. It supports value addition; enhances participation by smallholder farmers and SMEs and commercial firms in the value chains; and in commercialization of commodities. The projects under this programme are described. Fig 4: some of the staff on CAVA project in group photo with DrQrin Hasson from the BMGF, at AFrII’s Kumi Office 2.2 Cassava: Adding Value for The project is funded by the Bill and Melinda Africa (C: AVA) Gates Foundation (BMGF) through the Natural Resources Institute (NRI) of the University of 2.2.1 Introduction Greenwich, UK.
6 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 The project is implemented in other African organizations include: Kilimo Trust, NARO, countries namely Nigeria; Ghana; Tanzania NAADS, Post Bank, PELUM, World Vision, VECO and Malawi. The C: AVA project successfully EA, and Uganda Investment Authority.
Figure 5: Members of a CPG peeling cassava in readiness for processing at PIKWI CAVA Processing Centre, Bukedia district, Eastern Uganda April 2013 piloted development of value chains for HQCF, Table2 Project’s Targets for 2013/14 by supporting farmer processors to establish • At least 4,016 farmers selling fresh cassava roots and HQCF processing sites and to process HQCF in benefitting by an average of $102 per year by end of Eastern, Northern and Central Uganda. Further, March 2014. it facilitated processors to supply on contract • At least 3,730 farmer processors benefitting by an arrangements HQCF to end-user industries average of $125 per year by end of March 2014. such as rural bakeries, beer breweries and biscuit manufacturers who use it to make • At least 2,016 tons of HQCG/HQCF produced with composite flour, beer and biscuits respectively. consistent quality by March 31st 2014. The smallholder farmers supply own cassava • At least 2,016 tons of HQCG/HQCF purchased by roots from their gardens and process them into end-user industries by March 31st 2014. HQCF. The project is being implemented in the districts of Kibuku, Pallisa, Budaka, Bukedea, 2.2.2 Key beneficiaries: Kumi, Soroti, Serere, Ngora, Oyam, Kole and The key beneficiaries are farmers, members of Lira. The specific objectives are: community processing groups (CPGs), SMEs, • To develop sun-drying processing capacity other traders, end-user industries and financial of Community Processing Groups (CPGs) institutions. The project specifically targets and SMEs to meet the demand for HQCF smallholder farmers who grow cassava and sell for various baking and industrial uses cassava fresh roots to Community Processing • To ensure that the HQCF produced by CPGs Groups (CPGs) and process the balance and SMEs are of high quality and meets traditionally for home consumption and sale end user demands in the traditional markets. Farmer processors • To develop a sustainable HQCF value chains are members of CPGs who process cassava for the biscuit manufacturers, agri-foods fresh roots into HQCF and High Quality Cassava industry, paperboard industry and small Chips (HQCC). The farmers and community bakeries in urban centers, March 2014. processors belong to either farmer associations In implementing the above C: AVA has or co-operatives namely PATA, P’KWI, SOSPPA, partnered with like-minded organizations EAPPA, AFAMCOS, OKODE, and Alito Farmers promoting cassava commercialization through Group, among others. The main end-user value addition and market linkages. Such industries include biscuit manufacturers,
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 7 paperboard manufacturers, bakeries, quality assurance of both cassava and sweet composite flour millers, breweries and animal potato planting materials. Presentations were feed millers. A significant portion is used by the made on the following projects 5CP, CASSAVA rural bakers based in rural growth centers who DIAGNOSTICS, Commercially-Sustainable, sell in markets, schools and shops. Quality-Assured Cassava Seed Distribution System in Tanzania: Pilot Innovation Project (MEDA), Community Phytosanitation, Net 2.2.3 Main activities carried out in Tunnel, commercial seed potato (NRI), 2013. SASHA, HarvestPlus, Cambridge/Rothamsted The Main activities carried out during the Epidemiological Modeling, Infectious Clones/ period under review were: Cassava Diagnostics connections (NRI), CBSD • Facilitating linkage between farmers and Biotechnology, VIRCA and Next Generation CPGs to ensure optimal supplies of cassava Cassava. The priority issues were provision of fresh roots for processing • Strengthening capacity of 11 community processing groups and ensuring consistent quantity and quality and sustainability of sun dried HQCF production for end user industries. • Technically backstopping other agencies namely World Vision, Nakasongola District Local Government, Nakasongola District Farmers Association PELUM, AFAMCOS in processing HQCF. • Developing business plans for potential private sector investors in artificial drying of HQCF using flash dryers Figure 6: Francis Alacho (CM) presenting at the • Supporting the development of linkages ISTRC-AB symposium at FUNAAB, Nigeria between identified end-user markets (biscuit manufacturers, agri-foods industry, the initial disease-free seed-stock, profitability paperboard industry and urban and rural of improved seed production and assurance bakeries) and village processing groups of quality planting material as an incentive for • Carried out cassava investment studies in paying for it. Uganda Processors knowledge and skills developed: 2.2.4 Key Outputs and Achievements A planning workshop was organized in Kumi. It was attended by representatives of the farmer 2.2.4.1 Capacity of Stakeholders Developed: associations. Activities during the workshop Capacity of AfrII staff developed: The Country included developing of work plans, budgets Manager (CM) was sponsored by the project and strategies for increasing processing and to attend the ISTRC-African Branch symposium marketing of HQCF. in Accra, Ghana to participate in the seeds system session for cassava, sweet potato and yams. The BMGF also organized a Workshop on Sustainable Approaches to cassava and Sweet potato development in East Africa held at Entebbe, Uganda July 22-24, 2013. The purpose of the meeting was to increase shared understanding of needs and opportunities to address the threats farmers face from cassava and sweet potato viruses, identify what resources are already available, where there are gaps, and how to work together more effectively to support current and future efforts of delivering virus-free planting material to farmers. The group also Figure 6: Michael Kirya (BDS) training farmers in Kumi provided feedback on standard protocols for on HDCF Processing January, 2012
8 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 Capacity of processing equipment fabricators AVA field staff 3 times on the cassava products strengthened: C:VA, Uganda facilitated a specifications and standards. They also took training workshop of Ugandan fabricators
Figure 8: A cassava press fabricated by IRVIN Figure 9: Flash drier prototype fabricated by Global Ltd IRVIN Global International at Soroti. in malawi. Tonnet Engineering in Kampala, product samples for laboratory analysis. They fabricated and supplied 26 cassava graters and did a Cassava Value Chain Analysis in Uganda 26 presses. While IRVIN Global Ltd in Soroti has related to standards, presented the EAC fabricated 8 graters and 8 presses. There is now standards for cassava and their requirements local capacity to fabricate and supply HQCF and documented experiences, opportunities processing equipment as well as carry out after and challenges from cassava farmers, sales service, regular repairs and servicing. transporters, processors and millers. Strengthening capacity of processors Two C:AVA staff and 5 CPG members were in meeting health, food industry and trained as quality regulators and inspectors environmental standards: In partnership with who received certificates on “Quality Assurance the Uganda National Bureau of Standards Techniques for Cassava Flour Production” from (UNBS), the team implemented a project UNBS. Their recommendations are recognized named “enhancing adoption of harmonized by UNBS. The Food technologist was trained cassava and potato standards in eastern and in USA for 2 months and got a certificate in Central Africa”. The project sites were the C: AVA Food Safety. She is now a recognized Hazard processing areas of P’KWI, EAPPA, PATA SOSPPA Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) trainer. and AFAMCOS. They trained processors and C: So C:AVA is very well capacitated in terms of quality control and safety.
Figure 10: A six cyclone flash dryer from Norbex Figure 11: A cross section of farmer processors Engineering Ltd in Nigeria West Africa identified to during the EAC standards workshop in Entebbe in be promoted in Uganda CAVA sites. November 2013.
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 9 2.2.4.2 Flash drying investments promoted improved cassava chips. The potential for use of cassava in animal feeds has not yet been fully C: AVA made several presentations to recognized in Uganda yet potential opportunity private sector players such as TCIP U, Katon exists for the use of large-scale volumes of Manufacturers Ltd, Britannia Ltd, Riham cassava in animal feed production. However Ltd and Balaji Group East Africa Ltd on the significant challenges exist from both technical opportunities in investing in flash drying. One and economic standpoints. of the companies was able to sign an MoU with AfrII for the procurement and installation of a Industry 4: Breweries. HQCF can be used for six cyclone flash driers from Nigeria. the manufacturing of beer. The beer market is growing rapidly and all the breweries are 2.2.4.3 Markets for HQCF identified increasing the amount of local materials used A study was carried out by a Team from NRI, in production. Beer lagers brewed from local AfrII and FarmGain in June 2013 to undertake materials like sorghum and maize have lower a technical and financial pre-feasibility study excise duties and are cheaper, more affordable for dried cassava products to be used in and now account for most of the beer sold and the following end-use industries: bakeries consumed in rural areas. (including for biscuits, rural bakeries, and composite flour production), paperboard Table 3: Potential markets for HQCF and improved production, animal feed production, and beer cassava chips production as shown in Table 3. The markets Market opportunities are summarized below. (MT/Yr) Medium- Cassava Short time End use sector long term Industry 1: Rural bakeries, composite flour, product (1 -2 years) and biscuits. Uganda imports approximately (3-5 years) 400,000 MT of wheat from countries such HQCF Composite flour 700 2,000 as the USA, Russia, France, and Australia. A HQCF Rural bakeries 1,000 14,000 mixture of HQCF and wheat flour is already Biscuit HQCF 300 4,000 used in rural bakeries, composite flours and manufacturers biscuits. Substituting wheat with HQCF at the HQCF Paper board 500 1,400 ratio of 1:10 has the potential to reduce cost of Improved Animal feed 1,500 6,000 raw materials by 25%. chips Chips/ Industry 2: Paperboard industry. HQCF has Breweries 2,000 3,750 grits already been successfully used in production of glue for paperboard in Uganda. A paperboard Total 6,000 31,150 manufacturer conducted trials using HQCF which were positive. 2.2.4.4 HQCF produced and sold Industry 3: Animal feed industry from During the reporting period, 1,795 tons of HQCF were produced and sold. The main market outlets were composite flours, agri- food industries, local markets in rural growth centers, rural bakeries and paperboard industries. There were supplies to breweries and paperboard manufacturers for testing purposes. There were many small orders from Kampala, Mbale and Lira that went to individuals interested in using HQCF in baking. Due to the significant amount of HQCF used in baking in the rural growth centers, a deliberate strategy was developed to tap into this market. An inventory was carried out among 50 bakers in Kumi and Ngora towns, of whom 24% were women, to ascertain how to improve use of HQCF through training, providing recipes, Figure 12: Farmer processors demonstrating business tips and food safety and hygiene. the operation of a chipper
10 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 2.2.4.5 Marketing strategy linking HQCF period the price of the fresh cassava roots processors & end-users functional. A meeting was relatively stable at Shs 100-120 per kg. between Family Diet Ltd, Kameke Area Co- This could be attributed to significant increase operative Enterprise, EAPPA and Post Bank in cassava production spurred by the relative (U) Ltd was organized by AfrII. Post Bank (U) resistance of NASE 3 to CBSD and new release Ltd agreed to provide a loan to Family Diet of popular high yeilding varieties like NASE 14 Ltd to provide working capital to pay the and availability of food in the country. farmer processors. This was on condition that there was a legally binding contract between As table 4a shows, 3,100 farmers representing family diet and EAPPA. It was perceived in the 119.6 % , 59.8 % female of the target benefitted sense that Family Diet provides its 2 major through sale of fresh roots for processing. products (super cassava and Super Kalo) to Another 2,650 farmer processors (representing supermarkets who would pay after selling the an achievement of 110.5 % of the target) product. Sometimes there were delays to pay benefitted from directly processing their own fresh roots and those bought from other farmers. 53 % of these were female.
Table 4a: Targets achieved for farmers and CPGs processing cassava during 2012/2013 Beneficiary Target Achievements Achievements by category Gender (Nos) Actual % Female Male (%) (Nos) (%) Farmers 2,592 3,100 119.6 59.8 40.2 selling roots Farmer 2,398 2,650 110.5 53.0 47.0 processors
Figure 13: Super Cassava Flour produced by Source: CAVA, Annual Report 2012/13 Family Diet millers using HQCF supplied by CAVA CPGs 2.2.4.7 Opportunities and benefits to small rural and urban bakers provided Family Diet resulting to subsequent delays in paying the processors. C:AVA trained Children of Hope and Dignity (COHAD) bakery to develop cakes, mandazi, 2.2.4.6 Pricing of HQCF and fresh cassava doughnuts and bread loaves using HQCF and roots wheat flour. The bakery is an income generating The prices for HQCF offered remained at 1,500 venture for an orphanage setup by an investor to 1,700 Uganda shillings per kg. The un-milled from Australia. The bakery serves Kumi and the HQCC was sold at 1,300 per kg. During the surrounding local markets with plans to expand
Figure 14: Left, HQCF cakes and bread from COHAD bakery, Kumi district. Right, farmers learning how to bake using HQCF, June 2013
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 11 Table 4b: Key Issues and Priority Interventions (FIP) Key Issues and Priority Interventions (FIP) PROCESSING – PRIORITY RANKING2 MARKETING – PRIORITY RANKING 3 Constraints Opportunities Interventions Constraints Opportunities Interventions 1 Processing of Appropriate Introduce, promote and 1 Lack of access There is huge market Capacity building in Cassava limited processing out-scale simple processing to markets demand for cassava bulking, collective to traditional technologies are technologies i.e chippers and Markets are an incentive marketing for enhancing methods available graters, de-watering and drying to increased production access to markets equipments to cassava famers. and productivity Cassava processing Develop and support PPP for 2 Poor market Up to date information Development of market can lead to high value addition and transfer information markets helps in information systems incomes for through technology business system identification of and facilitate linkages farmers incubation. opportunities and good of stakeholders to these 2 Low levels of Good quality Enforce quality assurance business decision making. systems adherence cassava products systems for processors 3 High High productivity resulting Remove bottlenecks to quality have a huge market transaction in low production in processing and assurance demand; standards costs: costs and good market market transactions and when are available; prices will offset impact promote competition processing marketing and processing among actors cassava cost on margins 3 Low levels Cassava is versatile Develop and support PPP for 4 Poor quality Improvement in product Sensitize actors on the of product in its range value addition and technology products quality will increase benefits of trading in development of processed transfer through technology margins and demand high quality products products. business incubators. for cassava products, standards are available to Mbale and Soroti. Consumer sensory tests control and market linkages. Leverage was showed that cakes baked with 30 % HQCF were realized with several public and non-public preferred by consumers. COHAD plans to set up organizations executing projects with a strong a confectionery shop in Kumi town to promote leaning on cassava processing and market these products. linkages. 2.2.4.8 MAAIF’s Framework Implementation 2.2.4.10 Promoting Private Sector Plan for cassava developed Investments in Flash Drying of HQCF AfrII successfully promoted a buy-in and The BMGF Access and Markets Program Officer, mainstreaming of development of HQCF and Orin Hasson visited C: AVA Uganda activities in other cassava products value chains in the March 2013 and was able to witness the various strategy and investment plan of MAAIF as activities supported by the Foundation. He met part of a wider commercialization strategy for AfrII staff, the Minister for Agriculture, Animal cassava. Included in the strategy is development Industry and Fisheries, Hon Tress Bucyanayandi of a cassava seed system for production and received booklets of the strategic plans and distribution of high quality disease-free of the ministry showing cassava as one of the planting materials. priority commodities in the country. 2.2.4.9 Backstopping development He also visited Family Diet Agri-foods Ltd, Katon organizations and NGOs in HQCF processing paperboard manufacturer, Britannia biscuit manufacturer, 7 cluster processing sites directly It is now widely recognized by key stakeholders supported by C:AVA; a processing site owned in the cassava industry that AfrII through its by Arapai Farmers’ Multipurpose Co-operative C:AVA project is a champion in the HQCF value Society, COHAD bakery, the AfrII Regional Field chain especially in the key areas of quality Office, an amateur flash drier fabricator and a
Figure 15: The Minister of Agriculture, Animal Industry and fisheries Hon Tress. Bucyanayandi Figure 16: Members of Staff and CPGs demostrates hands Dr. Orin (BMGF) a copy of the Ministry’s Cassava products at the Uganda Domestic DSIP Framework Implentation Plan. Manufacturers EXPO 2013 at Hotel Africana
12 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 workshop for fabricating graters and presses scientists in beneficiary countries, users and in Soroti. He also had one-on-one discussions consumers of cassava flour and related products. with CM and BDA on costing and profit analysis In 2013 the project made interventions and of flash drying in Uganda which showed it was progress in seven intervention objectives profitable. This was the basis for engaging summarized in Table 1. possible private sector investors in flash drying. 2.2.4.11 Uganda Domestic Manufacturers Expo 2013 AfrII was one of the few Non-Governmental Research and Development Organizations that were invited to show-case what technologies and innovations they had for investment by the local industries in a one-day Uganda Domestic Manufacturers Expo 2013 Fig. 17. The case of cassava value addition gained popularity and led to links with Post Bank Uganda, NAADS and Uganda Investment Authority. C:AVA supported PATA, SOSPPA, COHAD and Family Diet to exhibit Fig 17 (Below): His Excellency the Vice President during the expo. of Uganda, Hon Edward Sekandi, signing the AfrII visitors Book at the AfrII stall, flanked by 2.3 Cassava Growth Markets the Minister of Finance Planning and Economic Project Development, Hon Maria Kiwanuka, in green dress during the Expo. Looking on is AfrII’s 2.3.1 Introduction Chairman, Professor G.W. Otim-Nape. The project is looking at improving the 2.3.2 Key Outputs and Achievements livelihoods of smallholder cassava farmers through better access to growth markets 2.3.2.1 Climate variability via interventions structured along seven The climate parameters at the CAVA and objectives. Gmarkets project sites were documented. Results provided a good entry point for Textbox 1: Objectives of the 2013 Cassava GMarkets Activities understanding and responding to the effects To assess the impact of climate change on cassava flour of climate change on cassava processing. value chains The Mean annual temperature (1970-99), To understand the impact of cassava brown streak for Uganda, Tanzania and Malawi remained disease in producing HQCF and related products at around 22°C, about 4°C lower than for the To develop specific technologies to improve the efficiency West African countries. The mean annual of individual, community and SME processors temperature increased in all three countries between 1960 -2006, with the increase greatest To ensure the safety and quality of processed cassava in Uganda (1.3°C) and smallest in Malawi (0.9 products in market-oriented production To expand the range of uses of HQCF and related products °C). There was an increase in the number of hot to meet identified market demands days and hot nights in all three countries during To maximize the gender and livelihood impacts of cassava the same period. value chain development To establish, document and disseminate best practices For all five countries Generalized Climate The project is led and coordinated by the Models (GCM) projections agree on further Natural Resources Institute of the University of future temperature increases. The extent of Greenwich in UK and implemented by (AfrII) in increase varies widely according to the models Uganda, (FUNAAB) in Nigeria, CSIR in Ghana, and the scenarios applied. Mean annual TFNC and NARI in Tanzania, Chancellor College, rainfall varies quite significantly between the University of Malawi and Roots and Tuber Crops project areas within and between countries research Institute Trivandrum, India. from around 1,000 to 2,000 mm. For the CAVA sites (Jinja and Soroti) there was also The key beneficiaries and targets of the project significant variation between sites (Figure 16). are smallholder cassava farmers, processors, Pronounced differences in seasonality with the employees of SMEs in cassava processing, Ghana and Uganda sites which have bi-modal
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 13 change (in Africa) than other major staple crops Figure 18: Mean annual rainfall (mm) for Soroti and Jinja, Uganda (1960-2006) due to ability to grow at high temperatures, drought tolerance, ability to tolerate erratic rains and positive yield response to increased CO2 in the atmosphere. Jarvis et al., (2012) concluded that by 2030 (1) major decreases in cassava climatic suitability are not expected for the majority of cassava production areas in Africa, and (2) increases in suitability could occur, although this depends on the GCM ensemble used. Their results generally agree with other published estimates of the response of cassava to changes in climates amongst the C:AVA countries. They (Jarvis et al., rainfall patterns, were also observed while 2013) suggested that the ratio of the amount southern Tanzania (particularly Mtwara) and of positively impacted areas to negatively Malawi which have more distinct unimodal impacted areas is significantly greater than rains had more prolonged dry season. 1 for Tanzania 5.1 (±1), Uganda 4.6 (±0.9), Overall precipitation declined in both Ghana and slightly above one for Nigeria 1.2 (±0.6), and Nigeria between 1960 and 2006. Uganda and less than one for Ghana 0.1 (±0). Malawi was Tanzania too showed a statistically significant not examined. On balance, cassava appears decrease in monthly rainfall between 1960 and set to become of increasing importance as a 2006 at an average rate of 3.4mm per month, crop for climate adaptation option in Africa. or 3.5% and 3.3% per decade in Uganda and This has implications in terms of the need to Tanzania respectively. Year‐to‐year variability in strengthen capacity in production and post- rainfall was too high to predict long term trends harvest systems for cassava. in Malawi. There was no evidence of a trend in The potential influence of general increase the proportion of rain falling in ‘heavy’ events in temperature on cassava value chains was since 1960 in any of the countries. For Uganda assessed with emphasis on post- harvest and Tanzania, projections of mean rainfall are systems. Preliminary results showed points broadly consistent in indicating increases in towards earlier maturity of the crop, in areas annual rainfall. Malawi projections of mean where temperatures become or remain rainfall did not indicate substantial changes within the optimum growth range of 25-29 C. in annual rainfall. The range of projections Expansion of cassava crop to new areas which from different models is large and straddles become climatically more suitable for cassava, both negative and positive changes. In all five or climatically less suitable for other crops are countries the proportion of total annual rainfall likely. There shall be increased fire risk of mature that falls in ‘heavy’ events tends towards crop due to frequent drought and heat stress of increases. humans, livestock & vehicles while harvesting 2.3.2.2 Cassava and Climate Change and/or transporting crops, leading to higher Cassava appeared more resilient to climate transport costs. Further there shall be reduced
Figure 19: A healthy cassava plant. Cassava may benefit from increased CO2 in the atmosphere
14 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 shelf-life of fresh roots, slower peeling due to depending on balance between higher losses drier roots and insufficient water for washing to insect pests due to increased microbial may lead to less clean roots and products. activity, rotting and mycotoxin contamination. However, reduced moisture content may limit 2.3.2.3 Climate Variability and Cassava Post microbial activity and insect pest attack, thus Harvest Management minimizing post-harvest losses. In the traditional post-harvest segment, more rapid fermentation is expected leading A climate smart cassava systems to respond to less time for fermentation which may to climate change was designed. This looks lead to changes in metabolic activities at food security, development goals and of microorganisms. These changes may strategies, low carbon development, climate particularly be through changes in the activities resilient development, climate compatible of lactic acid bacteria and may lead to changes development, mitigation strategies, co benefits in flavor of the product or the end product and adaptation strategies as guiding principles. itself. These changes may also cause a shift in The climate smart cassava system aims to the microbial ecology towards more thermos- guide actors in the cassava subsector on how tolerant species. As water becomes scarce or to design and manage cassava development ponds may dry up due to frequent prolonged interventions. drought, there may be increased need for dry Table 5: Incidence of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) fermentation or soaking cassava roots in pots and brown streak (CBSD) on Cassava varieties in to ferment. Human heat stress during manual Tanzania pressing, grating and sieving will increase. Variety CMD incidence CBSD incidence KBH2002/066 0% 0% Increased temperature and radiation shall Pwani 0% 100% lead to more rapid sun-drying and less need Mkumba 0% 47% to cut root pieces so small in preparation for Kizimbani 0% 23% drying. Dried grass, leaves, debris and dust KBH2002/26 4.7% 85% may increase level of contamination of drying Mkombozi 0% 0% product. There shall be higher insect pest incidence and carry-over between seasons; Source: NARO, 2007 pest and disease territories shall expand (e.g. 2.3.2.4 Understanding the impact of cassava to higher altitude or previously cooler areas) brown streak disease on HQCF producing and faster reproduction of insect pests and diseases (shorter life cycles due to higher Six cassava varieties from Tanzania were scored temperatures) may lead to more rapid build- for CMD and CBSD diseases (Figs 18 and 19 up of insects and fungi in stored products, until respectively) and tested for virus infection by critical temperature thresholds are exceeded. visual inspection of symptoms as well as by Further, warmer temperature and drier polymerase chain reaction. Uganda would environment may lead to changes in length probably benefit from these findings to enhance of viable storage period –shorter or longer,
Figure 20: Symptoms of CBSD on cassava roots (Fig:21) cassava roots extremely affected by CBSD; (left) Symptoms of CMD on young cassava plants
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 15 its technologies. All the varieties assessed Design and Evaluation of a Solar Dryer: The (Table 3) had no or very low infection by cassava project sourced information on existing solar mosaic disease. However, only KBH2002/066 drying systems in Nigeria, Ghana, Uganda, and Mkombozi showed no symptoms of CBSD Tanzania, and Malawi. Findings from the while Mkumba and Kizimbani were moderately survey assisted in the design and fabrication infected. Varieties Pwani and KBH2002/26 were highly susceptible and showed very high incidence of infection. 2.3.3.5 Technologies for Improving Efficiency of Cassava Processing Review of drying technologies: A review of the drying technologies was carried out in Uganda, Malawi, Tanzania, Ghana and Nigeria. In Uganda and Tanzania, the results showed that at the time of the study, HQCF was produced by small scale processing groups and entrepreneurs using sun drying operations only. However, the available solar dryers in the project locations were less functional and inefficient in drying with low drying capacity. It was still felt that solar dryers were appropriate for SMEs who had Figure 23: Drying racks at SOSSPA, a processing site little capital to invest in sophisticated dryers. in Abuket in Serere district in eastern Uganda The Nigerian SMEs requested for improvement to their flash drying systems while the Ghana of a hybrid solar drying system at FUNAAB. processors look forward to improved bin drying The dryer, made use of solar energy during the and introduction of solar dryers especially at the day while in the evening, heat was supplied from outside the chamber to continue drying. The project successfully recruited a PhD student on optimization study. Findings will assist in establishment of low cost dryers in Tanzania, Uganda and Malawi. Further work will be undertaken in year 2. The design, a combination of solar and indirect heating of the drying chamber, consists of a building roofed with white plastics while the inside contains drying trays on raised platforms. The dryer makes use of solar energy during the day while in the evening, heat was supplied from outside the chamber to continue drying. The heating chamber was made of hollow drum inserted from outside of the building.
Figure 22: Solar dryer at Adyeka Mixed farm ltd, Evaluating HQCF drying technologies in Apac district for HQCF. Uganda: In Uganda, three HQCF drying rural level. In Malawi, the processors preferred technology options have been identified for solar dryers as compared to rotary or flash testing. These are: sun drying, solar drying dryers to which they had never been exposed. and flash drying. Three sites will be upgraded The need for pilot testing mechanized drying each with a capacity to sundry one ton of HQCF system using flash dryer and solar dryers was on 400 square metres of sun drying racks. agreed in Uganda and Tanzania. It was therefore Prototype solar driers will be constructed to recommended that the project should develop complement sun drying in the 3 sites. A pilot programs which are aimed at improving the 6-cyclone flash drier with 3.3 t per 8 hours efficiency of the available solar dryers, bin capacity will be procured from Nobex Ltd in dryer, and flash dryers to different categories Nigeria as part of the south to south technology of small to medium cassava processors (SMES) transfer to be owned by the private sector in Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda. under an agreed funding arrangement.
16 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 The three technologies will be evaluated show that much research has been undertaken for efficiency, cost-benefit analysis, quality on cassava cyanogenesis but less on other parameters as per East African Community quality and safety parameters such as particle specifications and standards and management size, color, odor and mycotoxins. The review requirements and appropriateness of the highlighted that despite existing knowledge on technology. Ease of replication and adoption HCN detoxification amongst researchers, there will also be evaluated. This experiment will was knowledge gap between processors and be undertaken when the flash drier has been industrial end users of cassava products which set up. An added value will be the use of local limited the usage of such products. Sometimes fabricators in both Uganda and Tanzania as it lowered the price offered for cassava part of capacity building. These fabricators will products. The review further highlighted that work side by side with Engineers from Nobex countries had insufficient capacity (equipment, and NRI-UoG in UK to learn the basic repair, personnel) to monitor quality and safety of maintenance and fabrication of simple spare cassava products. Technical support is required parts for the flash drier. in order to establish sustainable linkages with end users. There was insufficient/inadequate 2.3.3.6 Safety and quality of processed knowledge on quality and safety of traditionally cassava products processed products made through sun-drying. This results into rejection of local products by Desktop review on cyanide in cassava and industrial end users. cassava products was completed and results Table 6: Properties of HQCF moisture swelling swelling water bulk oil foaming content% power volume absorption density absorption capacity capacity capacity Mean 7.04 10.36 9.96 3.30 0.71 3.13 0.44 Standard Error 0.10 0.15 0.12 0.078 0.003 0.063 0.06 Median 7.13 10.24 10.00 3.5 0.71 3 0 Mode 6.39 8.71 10.00 3.5 0.71 3 0 Sd Deviation 0.86 1.31 1.04 0.66 0.03 0.54 0.52 Sample Variance 0.74 1.72 1.08 0.44 0.0008 0.288 0.26 Range 3.69 5.20 4.5 2.5 0.11 2.5 1.6 Minimum 5 8.36 7.5 2 0.658 2 0 Maximum 8.69 13.56 12 4.5 0.769 4.5 1.6
The report also established that Uganda and guide/ questionnaire was designed that is Tanzania have EAC standards for cassava used to assess practices and levels of current products and there was need to promote their quality and safety of the processing plant, adoption. Other issues were on insufficient environment, personnel and procedures. knowledge on: 2.3.3.7 Product development from cassava • The effect of processing technologies on quality of cassava products Desktop review was done on various products • Use of graters versus chippers/slicers that have been developed previously across • Use of stainless steel equipment versus the globe with a view to adopting or adapting mild steel some of those technologies for use in Uganda • Use of small presses versus commercial and the other project countries. In Uganda the hydraulic presses property requirements of different markets • Use of small jacks for pressing versus 32- from HQCF and other cassava products were 50kg jacks documented and are briefly enumerated • Small sieve sizes (250mm) versus large below: sieve sizes. Based on demand, the project provided HQCF For quality control samples of HQCF from and HQCC from 2 varieties from Abuket and different varieties and processing locations Arapai processing sites in Uganda for the gluing were collected for laboratory analysis at NRI. properties in paper board and its brewing The results showed good quality samples from ability in beer industry. A sensory evaluation sun drying in Uganda. The project identified a experiment of blended cassava flour (75 %) and field moisture meter that operates on batteries finger millet flour (25 %) for the preparation of that can be used by farmers to measure the atap was designed. moisture of the HQCF. A quality inspection
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 17 Text box2: Physical and chemical characteristics of 2.3.3.8 Maximizing the gender and livelihood HQCF required by Industries impacts of cassava value chain development
• Paperboard: constant viscosity, no lumps, A review of literature to contextualize cassava high starch binding properties, storage of value chains was done in Nigeria, Malawi and mixed glue, up to four days required, small Uganda. This activity will continue throughout particle size, gel temperature 640C for starch (processing temperature). the project in order to include the most up to date information and includes. • Biscuit manufacturers: Low acceptable • Review of literature on value chain cyanide levels, low fibre content, high starch content mapping, with a focus on mapping staple crop value chains. • Composite flour: Low acceptable cyanide • Review of C:AVA documents, such as the levels, high starch content, high dry-matter value chain, scoping, gender and diversity content but low fibre content. studies. • Bakeries: Not too much starch content, • Review of C:AVA country progress reports aroma, shelf-life of bread and other products to identify the change in different links in should not be affected by HQCF, low the value chain. acceptable cyanide levels, high dry-matter content but low fibre content.
• Animal feed industry: high in energy, low acceptable cyanide levels, good floating properties for fish feed, a higher protein content cassava is most desirable.
• Breweries: Low acceptable cyanide levels, high starch content.
• Starch for textiles: starch sticking and viscosity and ease of washing off.
• Paper industry: Bonding properties, amylopectin removed to achieve better bonding properties.
• Liquid glucose: Cassava based glucose should have same properties as maize based glucose.
Figure 25: Female farmers sorting cassava roots for sale to HQCF processors, PATA, Palisa district.
2.3.3.9 Establish best practices for dissemination of project outcomes The list of success factors for a crop based value chain were identified based on a review of experiences of previous attempts to link farmers to markets. However, linking farmers to markets cannot be done according to a formula; one has to work on the opportunities and constraints which are unique for each situation. Some of the factors identified include:
Figure 24: Mr. Alacho Francis (CM) and Mr. Michael Kirya (BDS) at NUVITA industry to discuss HQCF potential to make animal feed
18 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 Text box 3: Sucess factors for value chain development by smallholder farmers and SMEs
• Upgrading of smallholder production, organization and marketing is essential to enable smallholders to meet demands (in terms of quality, quantity and consistency) of dynamic markets, which usually requires external support for prolonged periods of time
• Collective action amongst smallholders in the form of producer groups (formal or informal) is important to lower transaction costs, enable economies of scale, increase the effectiveness of capacity building activities and increase the bargaining power of smallholders Figure 26: Farmers attend a knowlegde sharing • Enhancing technological and marketing skills workshop in Kumi, May 2013 organized by CAVA. through capacity building, education and training 2.4. Improving Sesame • Access to credit (financial services) for smallholders, processors, wholesalers and Productivity in Northern Uganda retailers
• Improvement of the market information flow 2.4.1 Introduction leads to better spatial integration between Valued for its small nutritious seeds, sesame markets and a reduction of transaction costs (Sesamum indicum L.), locally known as simsim, through the marketing chain, particularly to the benefit of farmers is an ancient and very important oil seed crop for poverty alleviation, food and nutrition • Involvement of the private sector (e.g. public- security, and income generation. The crop is private partnerships) is important to draw upon their business management skills. The valued in the international market not only private sector can bring along economic as an additive for bread and confectionary benefits for smallholders plus technical industry but, as a major source of valuable capacity-building, although generally it does and high quality oil (44- 52%) which is rich not result in a lasting empowerment of in vitamin E and has significant amounts of smallholders beyond the trade relationship. linoleic acid that control blood cholesterol • Protection of intellectual property rights is levels and antioxidants sesamin, sesamolin and crucial to the private sector sesamol, useful in detoxification during body • Trust between smallholders and buyers is metabolism. In addition, the protein content essential, and can be promoted by exchanging of the seed is about 26.25% and the sulphur information and involving smallholders in containing amino acid methionine is present at contract negotiations. A high level of trust allows the trade partners to communicate a concentration of about 3.4%. Further, the oil efficiently, and develop and implement a has medicinal and pharmaceutical value and is shared vision being used as active ingredients in antiseptics,
• Government support is needed to ‘regovern’ agricultural markets with pro-poor and pro- market policies, correct market failures without protecting the chain itself and create an enabling environment. Local authorities can also assist in improving market facilities (e.g. sanitation, road infrastructure) to reduce marketing costs
• Partnership facilitation by a third party to enhance the participation and coordination of different agents in the market value chain, including collaborative arrangements between trained and organized farmers, information sharing, a receptive business sector, and conducive public policies and programs A good crop of Sesame: Sesame is regarded as a white gold in northen uganda
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 19 bactericides, viricides and disinfectants. These farmers to growth markets will contribute qualities make sesame a prime commodity significantly to enhancing food and nutrition for the global market (ICRISAT, 2008). It has a security and reduction of poverty, particularly ready and unlimited demand both in the local among women who are the main producers and international markets, such as China, the of sesame. To pursue this goal, the Africa Middle East, Turkey, Japan and the European Innovations Institute and its partners embarked Union. on a long term programme on improving productivity, developing efficient value chains Production statistics indicate that about 250,000 and marketing systems for sesame. smallholder farmers are engaged in sesame production in Uganda, farming about 467,000 Accordingly, a number of field trials on plots averaging 0.38 ha and most of it (68.1%) agronomic and pest management of sesame under pure stand compared to mixed stands in order to improve yields and productivity (31.9%) (UBOS, 2010). National production of in Uganda were conducted to (i) assess simsim during 2008/2009 season was 101,000 population dynamics of webworm (Antigastra Mt from an area of 176,000 ha, with Northern catalaunalis) and gall midges (Asphondylia region being the leading producer followed by sesame) on difference sesame varieties in Eastern region while Central Region had the Northern and Eastern Uganda and their effects least production (UBOS, 2010). on sesame yield, (ii) assess the effect of polytrin (systemic insecticide) application on the incidence of web worm and gall midge pests, Despite its value, sesame has received less and (iii) assess weed control methods and development attention in the country and planting techniques for sesame, in relation to yields of 300-500kg/ha compared to world their effects on the yield and cost effectiveness average of over 1000kg/ha are among the in sesame production. lowest in the world and farmers earn very little income despite their huge efforts. Production Trials were conducted in Soroti and Lira constraints include low productivity, insect districts at the National Semi Arid Resources pests such as webworm and gall midge, weed Research Institute (NaSARRI) and Ngetta infestation, poor post-harvest management, Zonal Agricultural Research and Development long and disorganized market chains, unstable Institute (NgaZARDI) respectively between prices and lack of enabling environment for 2009 and 2012. The sites were chosen mainly efficient sesame production and trade. because they fall within the sesame growing
Figure 28: Mr. Ciprian Okello, AfrII technician collecting data from a Sesema seed rate and planting method experiment, Ngetta October 2013
Therefore, improving sesame productivity, areas of Uganda where the majority of farmers development of sesame value chain, and linking in the area grow the crop for food and income
20 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 generation. Sesame varieties used during the Serere are shown in the figure 31,32 below. In trials were Adong, Ajimo, Exotic-1, Extic-2, both Ngetta and Serere, average number of gall Local-158, Sesim-1 and Sesim-2. midge was low at WAP1 for all varieties with
Figure 29: Population dynamics of webworms in Figure 31: Population dynamics of webworms in Serere, 2009/2011 Ngetta, 2009/2011
the exception of Exotic-2. Average gall midge number however peak at around WAP5 and 2.4.2 Key Findings and Achievements WAP6 for almost all the varieties. Towards WAP10, the average number of gall midge on the different sesame varieties declined. These 2.4.2.1 Population dynamics of webworm on findings seem to imply that the best timeto sesame varieties effectively control webworm and gall midge on Trends in the average number of webworms the different sesame varieties is before WAP 5 on the different sesame varieties in both (peak pest infestation). research locations were similar. With the exception of Exotic-1 and Exotic-2 sesame 2.4.2.2 Effects of insecticide application on varieties, the average number of webworms pests of sesame on other varieties was low at one week after No significant planting (WAP1) at all stations but peak at Effects on pest population. differences were observed in the number of WAP5 for most sesame varieties (Figure webworms in both sprayed and unsprayed plots 24). However peak webworm occurrence at Ngetta. In Serere however, the application of for Ajimo, Exotic-1 and Exotic-2 was the insecticide significantly reduced the number earliest, before WAP4. The average number of of webworms on most varieties particularly webworms for all sesame varieties declined Exotic-2, Sesim-2, Sesim-1 and Local-158 (Table towards WAP10. 7). Percentage increase in the number of webworms as a result of not spraying ranged Population from 38.2-80.4% (Table 7). As for gall midge, no Seasonal dynamics of the gall midge on all the significant differences were observed among different sesame varieties in both Ngetta and sprayed and unsprayed plots at both locations.
Figure 30: Population dynamics of gall midge in Figure 32: Population dynamics of gall midge in Ngetta, 2009/2011 Serere, 2009/2011
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 21 Table7: Effect of Polytrin Insecticide Application on Webworms in Serere Research Station Sites/Variety Webworms Webworms Percentage increase in number of when sprayed when unsprayed webworm in unsprayed plot Ngetta Adong 3.20 3.90 21.9 Ajimo 2.20 2.10 -4.5 Exotic-1 3.80 3.80 0.0 Exotic-2 3.70 3.70 0.0 Local-158 2.30 4.10 78.3 Sesim-1 2.95 3.55 20.3 Sesim-2 3.45 3.90 13.0 Average 3.09(p=0.387) 3.58(p=0.396) 15.9 Serere Adong 3.45 3.85 11.6 Ajimo 2.40 2.50 4.2 Exotic-1 4.65 4.85 4.3 Exotic-2 4.45 6.15 38.2 Local-158 2.80 5.05 80.4 Sesim-1 2.95 4.40 49.2 Sesim-2 3.50 5.45 55.7 Average 3.46(p=0.058) 4.61(p=0.010) 33.2
Effects on yield. Generally in all experimental than unsprayed while at Serere the yields were stations, the average yields of sesame varieties about 26% higher when sprayed compared to were found to be higher among those that were the unsprayed plot. However, yields of sesame sprayed than when not sprayed (Table 8). At varieties; Local-158 and Exotic-2 in Serere were Ngetta, the average yield of the different sesame lower in the sprayed plots as compared to the varieties when sprayed were over 10% higher unsprayed plots.
Table 8: Yield of Different Sesame Varieties Under Pesticide Treatment, 2009/2011 Site Variety Average Yield when Average Yield when Percentage yield loss for sprayed (Kg/ plot) unsprayed (Kg/plot) not spraying Ngetta Adong 26.85 25.05 6.70 Ajimo 27.35 26.10 4.57 Exotic-1 30.60 24.05 21.41 Exotic-2 28.15 24.40 13.32 Local-158 28.55 23.75 16.81 Sesim-1 28.50 25.95 7.49 Sesim-2 26.50 26.30 0.75 Average 25.09 28.01 (p=0.000) (p=0.000) 10.42 Serere Adong 131.12 59.45 54.66 Ajimo 84.51 39.97 52.70 Exotic-1 37.55 38.18 -1.68 Exotic-2 51.68 62.80 -21.52 Local-158 46.84 82.13 -75.34 Sesim-1 110.40 100.16 9.28 Sesim-2 132.45 57.18 56.83 Average 84.93 (p=0.000) 62.84(p=0.000) 26.01
22 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 2.4.2.3 Effect of planting dates and varieties were observed. No insecticide insecticide application timing application and spraying once at flowering The effect of planting dates and insecticide had the highest number of webworms on application timing on gall midge and webworm both varieties. Applying insecticide on sesame infestation on Sesim-1 and Local-158 is shown variety two weeks after planting reduced in Table9. At both Serere and Ngetta sites, both webworms and gall midge infestations significant differences between timing of to the lowest numbers at both sites for both insecticide application on the population of webworm and gall midge in all varieties. webworm and gall midge on both sesame
Table 9: Effect of Planting Date and Insecticide Application Timing on Gall Midge and Webworm Infestation on Sesame Varieties, 2009/2011 Sesim-1 Local-158 Site Planting Time Webworms Gall Midge Webworms Gall Midge Ngetta Onset of rains 3.89 4.77 2.66 4.66 Two weeks after rains 3.26 4.91 4.11 4.86 Four weeks after rains 3.46 6.00 4.46 7.66 Average 3.53 (p=0.652) 5.23 (p=0.392) 3.74 (p=0.18) 5.72 (p=0.003) Serere Onset of rains 4.17 4.51 3.09 4.43 Two weeks after rains 4.34 5.49 4.09 4.23 Four weeks after rains 4.23 6.74 5.20 7.69 Average 4.25 (p=0.973) 5.58 (p=0.146) 4.12 (p=0.012) 5.45 (p=0.000)
Application of the insecticide one week after implication of these findings could be that planting also lowered the population of spraying sesame with insecticide two weeks webworm on sesame but this was not so on after emergence is the most promising control gall midge. Differences in the infestation of for both webworm and gall midge but this sesame by the two pests in Serere and Ngetta needs further investigation to validate these were not significantly different (Table 10). The findings.
Table 10: Average Number of Webworms and Gall Midge on Different Sesame Varieties as Influenced by Spraying Time, 2011 Site Timing of Spraying Webworms Gall midge Sesim-1 Local-158 Sesim-1 Local-158 Ngetta No spray 4.43 5.33 4.33 4.33 Spayed on germination (0WAE) 3.86 2.86 6.76 7.81 1 WAE 2.86 2.90 6.24 7.24 2 WAE 1.96 3.29 3.67 3.38 At Flowering 4.57 4.33 5.14 5.86 Average 3.53 (p=0.012) 3.74 (p=0.016) 5.23 (0.077) 5.72 (p=0.002) Serere No spray 4.24 5.33 3.86 4.29 Spayed on germination (0WAE) 4.14 4.10 8.48 8.57 1 WAE 4.14 3.29 8.05 6.48 2 WAE 3.48 2.95 2.62 3.05 At Flowering 5.24 4.95 4.90 4.86 Average 4.25 4.12 5.58 (p=0.000) 5.45 (p=0.489) (0.040) (p=0.000)
The effect of planting time on the yield of sesame by two weeks reduced yields by 30-40% sesame is shown in table 11. At both Serere at both Ngetta and Serere, whereas further and Ngetta, significant differences in yield due delay by another two weeks (i.e. 4 weeks from to differences in time of planting sesame were onset of rains) reduced yields by 65-70% at observed. Sesame planted at the onset of rains Ngetta and 36-48% at Serere. These results significantly out yielded those planted 2 or4 emphasize the significance of planting sesame weeks after onset of rains. Delaying planting at the onset of rains in order to maximize yields.
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 23 Table 11: Effects of planting time on yield of sesame, 2011 Site Planting Time Average yield (kg/ha) Simsim-1 Local-158 Ngetta Onset of rains 847.60 783.14 Two weeks after 494.40 515.40 Four weeks after 238.80 274.89 Average 526.60 (p=0.000) 524.48 (p=0.000) Serere Onset of rains 139.09 157.66 Two weeks after 104.14 115.85 Four weeks after 71.98 100.76 Average 105.07(p=0.000) 124.75(p=0.000)
2.4.2.4 Effect of insecticide application time of spray application on yield of sesame were on yield of sesame observed at both sites. Sesame plots sprayed The effect of timing of insecticide application with insecticide two weeks after emergence on the yield of sesame is shown in Table 12. yield 35% and 50% more than the control Highly significant differences between timing (unsprayed) at Serere and Ngetta respectively.
Table 12: Yield of different sesame varieties under different spraying time
Site Spraying Time Average Yield (Kg/ha) Simsim-1 Local-158 Ngetta None 369.33 410.33 Zero WAE 501.33 502.33 One WAE 541.67 621.05 Two WAE 774.67 642.67 After Flowering 446.00 446.00 Average 526.60 (p=0.002) 524.48 (p=0.014) Serere None 115.81 113.05 Zero WAE 69.13 137.38 One WAE 118.02 137.52 Two WAE 148.78 156.26 After Flowering 73.62 79.56 Average 105.07 (p=0.000) 124.75 (p=0.000)
2.4.2.5 Effect of webworm damage on yield The results in figure 31 indicate significant of sesame reduction in sesame yields with the increase
Figure 28: Relationship between webworm infestation and yield of sesame, Ngetta 2010
24 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 in webworm infestations. Overall, these weed control methods and, broadcasting and preliminary results show significant benefits row planting methods indicated that the use in planting sesame at the onset of rains and of pre-emergence, post-emergence and pre- applying insecticide two weeks after emergence emergence + post-emergence herbicides and for maximum yields. However these results are hand hoeing of sesame did not significantly preliminary and require further verification in a affect plant growth and number of leaves per number of field trials. plant. However row planting and broadcasting significantly affected leaf size. Row planted 2.4.2.6 Effects of weed control and planting plants tended to have larger leaves compared methods on growth of sesame to those broadcasted. Similar trends were Results of use of herbicides and hand hoeing as noticed in plant growth and number of leaves.
Table 13: Effects of weed control and planting methods on growth of sesame at Ngetta, 2011 Leaf length (cm) Leaf width (cm) Plant height (cm) No of leaves (cm) Methods of weed control Pre emergence herbicide 6.57 4.03 8.87 6.33 Pre emergence herbicide 6.30 4.03 9.30 6.20 Pre and post emergence 6.73 4.00 9.50 6.27 Hand hoeing 6.53 3.80 8.80 6.07 Mean 6.53ns 3.97ns 9.12ns 6.22ns Methods of Planting Row Planting 7.07 4.30 9.80 6.40 Broadcasting 6.00 3.63 8.43 6.03 Mean 6.53* 3.97* 9.12 ns 6.22 ns 2.4.2.7 Effect of herbicides on germination, herbicides tended to be smaller (shorter and growth and yield of sesame narrower) than those in plots weeded by hand hoe or treated with post emergence, although Application of neither pre, post or a mixture of plants in plots weeded by hand tended to have pre and post emergence herbicide or hand hoe larger leaves. Similar results were observed in weeding did significantly affect germination and plant height and number of branches, number flowering of sesame. However all plots treated of capsules and yields (Table 14) implying with the pre-emergence herbicide Atrazine that hand hoeing was still much better than germinated well but all plants withered and herbicides in weed control of sesame as the dried out within four weeks after emergence herbicides used tended to have phyto-toxic due to its phytotoxicity. effects on the plants. Although Atrazine kept the plots weed free, it killed all the plants. This Significant differences were noticed in leaf phenomenon could be due to the dose of the size throughout the experiment. Leaves of chemical used and the limited time allowed for plants in plots treated with post-emergence the chemical to degenerate.
Table 14: Effect of herbicides on germination, growth and yield of sesame at Ngetta, 2011 Pre+ Post Hand Hoe Pre-Emergence Post - Emergence Emergence Weeding Plant Height (Cm) 0.0 59.50 15.06 64.50 Leaf size-length (cm) 0.0 8.04 8.87 9.48 Leaf size-width (cm) 0.0 4.26 4.67 4.70 Yield per plant (g) 0.0 639.58 656.00 718.91
2.4.2.8 Effect of planting methods and (Table 15). Leaves of plants in rows were larger supplemental weeding on growth and yield (longer and wider) than those in broadcast of sesame plots. However higher yields were obtained from broadcast plots than from plots planted Methods of planting sesame did not in row. Similarly supplemental weeding did not significantly affect plant height but it affect plant height and leaf size but it however significantly influenced leaf size (length and significantly influenced number of branches width), number of branches and yield per plot and yield.
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 25 Table 15: Effect of planting methods and supplemental weeding on growth and yield of sesame at Ngetta, 2011 Planting method Supplemental weeding Plant Parameters Broadcast Row planting Weeding No weeding 1. Plant Height (cm) 63.33 62.76ns 64.23 61.94ns 2. Leaf length (cm) 8.56 9.29*** 9.04 8.82ns 3. Leaf width (cm) 4.38 4.78*** 4.62 4.53ns 6. Yield per plot (g) 677.22 655.78* 797.21 531.00*
2.4.2.9 Effects of planting methods and seed at high seed rates tended to give lower yields rates on yields of Sesame compared to broadcasts. Row planted crops at un-recommended seeds rates mixed with sand The results show that method of planting tended to give lower yields but the differences (broadcast vs row planting) and seed rate had were not significant, suggesting that although significant influence on yields of sesame (Fig. there might be interactions between these 32). Plants shown in rows had a significantly three factors, the effects were minimal. higher yield compared to those broadcasted (Fig.33). Additionally, plots planted with recommended seed rates (2kg/ha) gave The impact of planting methods and seed rates significantly higher yield compared with those were best described by the regression equation planted with non-recommended seed rates in Table 16 below. The results emphasize that (any amount to finish the plot). Interactions planting method and the interaction between between planting methods and seed rates method of planting and seed rate are crucial were also highly significant. Row planted plots determinants of yield of sesame.
Figure 32: Effects of planting method and seed rate Figure 33: Average yield of sesame per plot under on yield at Ngetta, Uganda different planting methods
Table 16: Predictive equation for yield, planting methods and seed rates interaction Plot yield Coefficient Std. Error. z value P>|z| Confidence Interval (95%) Constant 2 5 0 . 5 1 7 . 0 1 4 . 7 2 0 . 0 0 0 217.1-283.9 Planting method 3 5 . 4 1 4 . 8 2 . 3 9 0 . 0 1 7 6.3-64.5 Planting method, seed rate - 1 4 . 2 6 . 8 - 2 . 0 9 0 . 0 3 7 -27.6--0.9 interaction
2.4.3 Conclusions and Recommendations the stage of growth of sesame with peak Results of these studies indicate that web pest infestation at WAP 5. Planting sesame worms and gall midge occurrence varies with at the onset of rains has significant benefits
26 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 in reducing the population of gall midge method and seed rates are highly significant hence yield benefits of sesame. Timing of factors in obtaining high yields from sesame. insecticide application significantly reduces the population of webworm and gall midge It can therefore be recommended that, the on sesame. Additionally, applying insecticide best time to effectively control webworms and on sesame two weeks after planting reduced gall midge on sesame is before WAP 5 (peak both webworms and gall midge infestations pest infestation), planting sesame should be to the lowest numbers. Furthermore, there done at the onset of rains to off-set web worm are significant benefits in planting sesame and gall midge infestation and spraying sesame at the onset of rains and applying insecticide with insecticide two weeks after emergence two weeks after emergence for maximum is the most promising control time for both yields. Planting sesame in rows significantly webworm and gall midge however, this needs gives a higher yield compared to broadcasting. further investigation to validate these findings. Planting sesame at recommended seed rates is Furthermore, it is recommended that sesame significantly essential in obtaining higher yield be planted in rows using the right seed rate if compared to planting with un-recommended farmers are to reap high yields from the crop. seed rates. Therefore, use of correct planting
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 27 Climate Change 3 Programme
3.1 Introduction (3) strengthen community-based livelihoods resilience and adaptation capacities and Climate Change is a big challenge to Uganda’s support institutionalized socio-economic and agricultural development. The weather policy measures. In 2013, the main activities is variable, unpredictable with frequent carried out are reported here. episodes of unusual weather events such as floods, droughts and hailstones which have 3.2.1 Methodology used in the study. had negative socio-economic impacts on agricultural production and the well-being of 3.2.1.1 Community perceptions of climate the people. It is postulated that the country change and impacts on livelihoods will experience a pronounced negative impact Socio-economic household survey were of global climate variability and Uganda will conducted to understand the communities’ be among the countries hardest hit by the perceptions of climate change/variability and immediate impacts of climate variability, how it affects their livelihoods. A structured especially in fragile ecosystems such as the questionnaire was administered to different cattle corridor, a region currently experiencing socio-economic groups of the communities unusually severe droughts, frequent dry spells in order to understand their past and current resulting into reduced water and pasture livelihoods characteristics and how these availability. have been affected by climate variability and The situation has been exacerbated by other external systemic pressures. It also increasing population pressure and changes in investigated their resilient livelihood strategies land use patterns, which has resulted into food and adaptation capacities; the socio-economic, insecurity and heightened competition and policy-related frameworks and other factors conflicts over resources. that influence these livelihoods resilience and adaptation capacities, and how they cope with 3.2 Adaptation to the Impact of these challenges. The questionnaire was administered, by Climate Variability in the Cattle trained enumerators, to 3009 geo-referenced Corridor of Uganda households from the pastoralist, agro- pastoralists and crop farming systems in the Funded by the, International Development project area. Research assistants, MSc. and Research Center (IDRC), Canada, the climate PhD students supported by senior researchers change adaptation project aims to develop supervised the study; while the project steering and enhance community-based climate committee provided overall stewardship of the change adaptation initiatives and supportive survey. Additional information was derived policy measures that improve food security from Focus Group Discussions and checklist and health among rural communities in the questions in socio-economics and gender cattle corridor of Uganda. The project aimed analysis. A total of 18 FGDs were conducted. at achieving this through three objectives to: Empirical data was collected to support the (1) characterize the resilience of agriculture- findings of the socio economic survey. based livelihoods, (2) determine the past and current trends of climate variability and their 3.2.1.2 Livestock and crop production in the likely impacts on food and health security, and pastoral and agro-pastoral systems
28 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 The 3009 geo-referenced households (HH) conducted in 8 sub-counties and 19 parishes involved in the preliminary survey were used in 83 households in the three farming systems. as a sampling frame. A proportionate stratified, At least 37%, 28% and 35% of the households computerized random sampling was used to were from pure cropping, agro-pastoral and select the desired number of households in the pastoralist system systems respectively. A pastoral and agro-pastoral areas per district. questionnaire was used to capture information This number of households was based on the on children less than five years, pregnant need to assess tick-borne diseases, in 4-12 women, fever cases, use of mosquito nets and months calve. Assuming a prevalence infection the animal species kept by households. The of 10%, and an absolute precision of 5% at the mosquitoes were collected by pyrethrum spray 95% confidence level, one hundred and fourty catches method (PSC). The primary objectives households were sampled (Thrusfield, 1997) in of this survey were to collect baseline each of the two districts to give a total of 280 information on malaria vectors; establish the HH. The same HH were involved for sampling commonest malaria vectors; determine their of ticks, mosquitos, collection of human blood distribution; find the sibling species in the samples and production of maize. Anopheles gambie; determine the sporozoites rate; and find out the commonest source of blood for the malaria vectors. Malaria. The prevalence of malaria in human was assessed in children under 5 years old, by collecting whole blood in EDTA tubes. Thin and thick blood smears were made and examined for malaria parasites.
Figure 33: Afrii technicians assessing tick challenge and body condition of a cow in Nakaseke Sub County- Nakaseke district.
An open-ended questionnaire was administered to capture information about common cattle diseases, their signs and symptoms, seasonal occurrence and outbreaks (especially of ticks and tick-borne diseases), indigenous and modern management and control practices Figure: 34: AfrII technicians sampling the water in and their effectiveness among others. the cattle corridor for mosquito larva in Nakasongola district The tick challenge and spectrum of species 3.2.1.4 The effects of climate variability on on cattle was assessed in situ on one side of food and health security animal body (Fig. 3). The prevalent tick species The effects of past, current and predicted climate were collected, preserved in 70% alcohol and variability on food and health security were identified in the laboratory. Information was determined using different methodological collected on treatment methods and their approaches for each critical research agenda. efficiency. The prevalence of tick-borne diseases These activities contributed to our deepening in cattle was assessed by collecting whole understanding of the impacts of various factors blood in EDTA tubes following vein puncture. on livelihoods. The study was conducted over a Thin and thick blood smears were made to period of two years (2011-2013), covering six assess the parasitaemia of haemoparasites e.g (6) cycles of sample collection, at intervals of (Theileria, Anaplasma, Babasia etc). four months. 3.2.1.3 Human diseases and their vectors Food security. Questionnaires were used to Malaria vectors. A mosquito survey was document and get information on the various
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 29 aspects of food security. This included i) Food parallel climate science study. Climate intake and vulnerability e.g. the meals, types and models, indicating the possible changes sources of food consumed, including indigenous in temperature and rainfall amounts and plant-based food species; ii) determination distribution and the number of expected of intensity, causes, characteristics and days with extreme events. distribution of vulnerability; iii) determination of Household Food Insecurity Access Scale • The sensitivity to the effects of climate (HFIAS), using standard measurement tool, and variability: the degree to which livelihoods or iv) status of child and adult nutrition. productive activities are likely to be affected. Kelly and Adger, (2000) described sensitivity Maize production. An open-ended as ‘the degree to which a system will respond questionnaire was developed to capture data to a change in climatic conditions”. (in the current and previous seasons) on the (i) occurrence of extreme weather events; (ii) • The adaptive capacity of the communities: maize crop acreage; (iii) crop variety grown; That is “the ability of the community to adjust (iv) fertilizer application; (v) labor used; (vi) to climate variability, to moderate potential planting and harvesting months; (vii) total damages, to take advantage of opportunities, maize produced as well as crops inter-cropped or to cope with the consequences” (IPCC, with maize. The data was then coded and 2001). analyzed using SPSS 16.0 version. Nutritional status of children below 5 years. Indigenous plant-based food species. The An assessment of under-5 nutritional status indigenous plant-based food species were was done using anthropometry as described by collected, identified in the herbarium and dried Gibson (2005), which involved measurement at room temperatures. The choice of traditional of height, weight and Mid Upper Arm plant parts collected depended on what people Circumference (Fig 3). Information on age, sex use as food in the cattle corridor. The dried and height of child helped in the calculation plant parts were ground to powder using a of Height-for-age index (stunted growth). pestle and mortar in preparation for nutritional Children whose height-for-age Z-score was analysis as described by AOAC (1990). below minus two standard deviations (-2 SD) were considered short for their age (stunted) For the case of Tamarindus indica, the fruits and are chronically malnourished. On the other were collected and washed in water and then hand, children who are below minus three dried at room temperature. The dried plants standard deviations (-3 SD) are considered were chopped into small pieces dipped into severely stunted. 5 liter ethanol (EtOH) for three days. The ethanolic extract was filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure at below 40°C using rotary evaporator which yielded dark green thick residue. The extract was then partitioned with Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and water, and this procedure was repeated 3 times. The EtOAc extract was evaporated under pressure which yielded thick greenish residue. This residue was used for analysis of different nutrients as described by AOAC (1990).
Vulnerability of livelihoods. To establish the food security situation and how it is affected by climate variability, a longitudinal study to determine vulnerability of livelihoods including food security resulting from climate variability was looked at in three aspects: Figure 35: A Sub County medical assistant takes weight and Mid Upper Arm Circumference of a child in Semuto Sub County, Nakaseke district. • The exposure to climate variability: how much the climate is expected to vary and in Data entry was done in EpiData software and what aspects. In this study this information thereafter exported to SPSS. Three levels of was accessed as secondary data from a
30 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 analysis were performed. Univariate analysis as water (for livestock and domestic use), involved use of frequency distribution tables, papyrus, sand, pasture, bricks. Some of them graphs and pie-charts, histograms and grow fast growing crops or vegetables such as various measures of central tendency like the maize, yams, cabbages, tomatoes in wetlands mean and median for easy interpretation. during dry season. They also obtain firewood, Bivariate analysis was done by performing timber, some wild foods, game meat, herbs, cross tabulations and Pearson chi square ( and pastures from forests, woodlands and ) test to establish the relationship between grazing lands. the dependent and independent variables. Multivariate analysis involved fitting a logistic In terms of ecosystem regulatory services regression model on the factors that influence they benefitted from trees acting as wind the nutritional status of under-5 children. brakes, especially against strong winds locally known as ‘ekikongoota’; trees also bring rain and control soil erosion. They admitted that 3.2.2 Results and discussions wetlands have ‘cool winds’ wherever they exist; they store water whenever it rains and make it 3.2.2.1 Communities’ perception of climate available when there is no rain; and that they change and its effects on livelihoods filter water and make it cleaner for household consumption. 3.2.2.1.1 Natural resources and land use Natural resources. The communities in the There were also cultural benefits that were three categories could identify the natural reported in some of the FGDs. For example, the resources they were endowed with. Forests, crop farmers from Luteete Parish in Nakaseke land, streams and rivers, ponds, wells and District talked about a venerated well called planted trees and stone quarries are very Namalimbe. They said: important for crop farmers and agro pastoralists ‘Namalimbe well never dries up, even in the while the pastoralists emphasized pastures as dry season. We used to have cultural taboos very important natural resources. around this well although they are no longer The crop agriculturists who also keep some respected… For example, you cannot fetch livestock regretted that livestock production water from it before washing your feet after and food production was on the decrease gardening; a woman in her periods cannot in the last 5-10 years because of prolonged collect water from it; you scoop water from it drought and a decrease in land size available using a traditional ladle or calabash; you do for agriculture. They argued that most of the not say the water is dirty while on the well land is now private and not accessible since otherwise it becomes dirtier; people were not it is fenced off. The mixed farmers noted an allowed to fish eels from it; someone cannot improvement in their economic status as a say he/she is lost while at the well or else they result of diversification of economic activities get lost completely…….’ due to sensitization by NGOs and Government. To supplement their income, they are involved in off farm trade. They are mostly engaged in cultivation of rice. This has also contributed to environmental degradation since they clear forests and swamps to grow rice. Over the last 5-10 years, the pastoral communities have changed; they are no longer nomadic, but sedentary and do engage in some kind of crop agriculture in addition to their traditional livestock rearing. The pastoralists also noted a reduction in livestock and crop production due to prolonged drought, crop and animal diseases and pests. Figure 36: Mrs. Beatrice Mukasa, Gender Specialist The farmers mentioned provisioning and engaging farmers in a discussion during an FGD in regulation services as some of the benefits they Nakasongola district got from natural resources. For provisioning, the farmers said they obtain products such All the farmers complained that the good
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 31 benefits they obtain from all their natural Subsistence farming is mainly practiced in resources had reduced over the past 5-10 southern parts of Nakaseke district and eastern years. Mrs Mary Kabalika, a female participant parts of Nakasongola district which are mainly in a crop farmers’ FGD in Kyabutaika Parish in dominated by crop and mixed farmers. Swamps Nakasongola District lamented: are dominant in northern parts of both districts, especially in areas dominated by pastoralists ‘Our Lugazi swamp used to flood about ten and also along the shores of Lake Kyoga. years ago and we could get water and papyrus from it at any time. These days it has become Farming Systems. The different types of seasonal...It dries up during the dry season farming systems in the two districts are shown and we have to look for alternative sources of in Fig. 39. Three distinct types of farming water...... ’ system are apparent in the two districts. These are mixed crop and livestock farming systems, Asked to explain why the benefits from their settled crop farming system and pastoralism. natural resources had dwindled, the farmers Among the three, mixed farming system is the mostly cited the long dry seasons characterized most dominant in all the sub-counties by low or no rainfall and scarcity of water, over- population, increase in livestock numbers, soil exhaustion, crop pests and diseases, and 3.2.2.2 Perceived evidence of climate poor land management practices such as variability deforestation or the rampant cutting of trees, The preliminary findings show that about 97% bush burning and no application of organic of respondents in the two districts claimed to manure such as green or farm yard manure in have noticed changes in weather patterns over their crop farms. the last 5 – 10 years, and 86% of them observed that the current weather is less predictable. The When asked to explain how the environment most notable changes in weather parameters, they live in is sustained naturally, the farmers reported by various respondents are sunshine said that rainfall and sunshine were crucial in hours (74%), rainfall patterns (68%) and keeping the environment undisturbed and they temperature (38%) (Fig. 40). also opined that a reduction in destructive land use practices such as bush burning and Changes in seasonal rainfall patterns. During cutting of trees would help in conserving their FGDs, all the four categories of farmers noted environment. that they now receive less rainfall that is not well distributed in the villages within their parishes Land use. Based on the land use and land cover and are extremely unpredictable, especially map generated, Nakaseke and Nakasongola during the second rainy season. Most of them districts are dominated by woodland and bush admitted that they now receive the first rains land (Fig. 37 and Fig 38 respectively), which is between Mid-March to May/early June and the a general characteristic of rangelands globally. second rains from August/mid-September to
Figure 37 and 38: Left, Dominant vegetation types in Nakaseke district. Right (Fig. 38), Dominant vegetation types in Nakasongola district
32 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 October/early November, yet in the past 5-10 that farmers have to contend with a number years the rains would come as early as February of predicaments such as long periods without and go up to early June and the second season adequate water and pasture, persistent crop from August till the end of November. failures, food shortages, reduced incomes and crop and animal diseases.
Figure 39: Map showing the location of different farming systems in Nakasongola and Nakaseke districts
Frequency of extreme weather events. All The farmers recall the years or periods when the farmers said that they have noticed that they were hit by severe droughts, floods, and the periods of no rain had become longer even lightning (Table 17). They added that they compared to what it was 5-10 years. The crop, have experienced more long droughts in the mixed and pastoral farmers said that in the past two years (2011-2012) and that lightning past, the first dry season would commence in is a recent phenomenon. Generally, the crop mid-December to early March at most, while and mixed farmers reported more severe or the second season would come around June- long droughts (sometimes accompanied by July. In recent years, the farmers have been famine as was the case in 1997) compared to experiencing longer dry months, with the first the other farming systems since 1980. dry season rather unpredictable and stretching from mid-November to March and sometimes Table 17. Occurrence of extreme weather events in early April, and the second dry season Nakasongola and Nakasekke districts 1997-2011. beginning at the end of June to August. This Extreme Years of occurrences means that the dry months have increased, and Weather Events 2012 2011 2010 2009 2000 1997 Lightening
Thun- derous & windy storms Hailstones
Drought
Severe drought – almost Figure 40: Community perception of climate whole year parameters that have changed in the last 5-10 years
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 33 3.2.2.3 Empirical evidence on climate change and as a result they have tuned their farming and variability in the Cattle Corridor activities to match the realities of weather.
Rainfall patterns. Like the rest of the country, Annual and seasonal rainfall variations. there are two rainy seasons in the cattle Annual rainfall over the project area showed corridor of Uganda (Fig 41). The first season a fairly decreasing trend since 1960s. Similar begins from about March to mid-June, while non- significant trends were observed for the second rainy season begins from mid-July to the March to May (MAM) rainfall season and
Figure 41. Average monthly rainfall distribution in the Cattle Corridor of Uganda
early November. These patterns determine the the September to December (SOND) season farming activities. The communities remember (Numisima et al, 2013). MAM seasonal rainfall that ten years ago they used to receive rains has been variable and therefore less predictable in March-May and August-December but these compared to SOND seasonal rainfall as days they receive insufficient, badly distributed observed in the coefficient of variation values and unpredictable rains in April-May and Aug- calculated per decade from 1961/1970 to November as shown in (Fig 41). This pattern 2001/2010 (Numisima et al, 2013). of rainfall has affected their planting pattern
Figure 42: Annual rainfall variation for the study area of Soroti
34 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 Figure 43&44: Variation in March to May seasonal rainfall Table 18: Summary of seasonal rainfall per decade from 1961 to 2010 Mean Total MAM Seasonal Rainfall Mean Total SON Seasonal Rainfall Standard Coefficient of Rainfall Standard Coefficient of Period Rainfall (mm) Deviation Variation (mm) Deviation Variation 1961-1970 483.2 137.3 28.4 389.8 94.4 24.2 1971-1980 449.8 172 38.2 339.7 72 21.2 1981-1990 474.8 100.7 21.2 335.4 87.5 26.1 1991-2000 448.9 151.1 33.7 398.7 45.1 11.3 2001-2010 420.6 107.2 25.5 397.6 88.8 22.3
Monthly rainfall variations. Decadal monthly early onset is predicted for the second season. rainfall averages 1961/1970 to 2001/2010 show the emergence of the first and the Dry spells in a rainfall season. The number of second rainy seasons and the prolonged dry dry spells within a season has been increasing spell of December to February. The end of the for the period 1961-2010 (Figure 47, 48). The first rainfall season and the start of the second increase is more pronounced in the first season rainy season is not clear and farmers would get than the second season (Numisima et al, confused as to when to plant second rain crops 2013). This means crop failures are on the rise (Numisima et al, 2013). and hence food insecurity as reported by the community in the household surveys and focus
Figure 45 Figure 46 Rainfall seasonal length and onset of rains. group discussions (Numisima et al, 2013). There is a negative relationship between length of the growing season and the start of Dry season length. Observations show that the rains. The relationship is stronger in the the first dry season (June to Early August) second season than the first season(Figure 45, is shortening while the second dry season 46). This means early rainfall onset especially in (December to February) is intensifying. This the second season prolongs the length of the also is in agreement with people’s perceptions growing season and therefore farmers should who reported that the dry season has been take advantage of planting most crops when an changing most compared to the wet season.
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 35 Temperature trends. measure used during this period was buying The available reliable temperature records food. Analysis of secondary climate data from the Uganda Department of Meteorology reported variability in the length of the dry were for a period of 1993 to 2010 (Fig. 50). seasons especially the second dry season of This data was used for analyzing temperature December to February which is increasing in trends in the study area. There is a significant both length and intensity and therefore leading temperature increase in the study area to increased frequency of drought events in the study area as reported by community residents.
Figure 47 Figure 48 especially in the minimum temperatures and 3.2.2.4. Crops productionand Livestock the mean annual temperatures over a period of In the two districts, Maize production 17 years, from 1993 to 2010 (Figure 49, 50). The constituted more than 50% of the total income maximum temperatures show a non-significant of 52% and 41% of farmers in Nakasongola decreasing trend. However, the minimum and Nakaseke districts, respectively. However, temperature and the mean temperature a majority of them (73% and 58% of farmers (Figure 49, 50) over the study region showed a in Nakasongola and Nakaseke, respectively) significantly increasing trend (Numisima et al, grew local maize seeds, while only one third 2013). This increase in minimum temperatures (28%) used improved seed varieties (Longe has many implications including outbreak of 5). The maize produced was significantly pests and diseases for human, animals and related to area planted. The total harvested crops. maize was significantly related to crop variety,
Figure 49 Figure 59 Conclusion. The community in general fertilizer application, labour type used and perceives climate to have changed in the last inter-cropping. Most of the farmers (92%) kept 5-10 years in the study area with sunshine their maize in sacks in the house, due to lack and rainfall perceived to be the most changed of storage facilities. Surprisingly, some farmers climatic parameters in the area. Observations sprayed their maize with a “Herbicide” to from secondary data show that on average induce drying during the heavy rainfalls. Most annual rainfall has not changed significantly but of this maize was marketed despite the health there are variations in seasonal rainfall, rainfall implications posed. distribution and increasing dry spells within a rainy season. Drought is the most significant Up to 74.6% of farmers had maize gardens of impact of climate variability as reported by the less than one acre, and only 8.5% had gardens community, and the most popular adaptation of more than 5 acres (Fig 51). This is because
36 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 the majority of farmers grow maize on a The production of all crops was reduced by subsistence level with very few commercial droughts to <50%. Crop farmers diversified maize farms. A majority of the farmers (81%) their food security base by keeping a few used family members and hired workers as livestock species e.g. chicken, goats, pigs and their sources of labour. About 17% used both cattle. Crops provide over 60% of the monthly human and machines in their operations, food intake and about 20% - 45% of income. and only 2% used machines and these were In response to the impact of drought on commercial farmers. crop production, the communities in general resorted to distress migration, charcoal burning About 57% of farmers planted local maize and sale of labour to the rich. varieties compared to 43% who used improved varieties. Longe 5 variety was the commonest
Fig 51 Fig 52
Indigenous plant-based food species as a improved variety used by farmers because of famine coping strategy its availability in local seed shops and its high yield potential. Those who used local seeds Table 19. Indigenous plant species used as food were willing to use improved seeds, but were and their percentage frequency constrained by financial resources, while Scientific name Local name Frequency (%) others did not even know that some improved Dioscorea Kyetumula 402 21.2 and high yielding maize seeds existed in the bulbifera local shops. Only 4% of farmers used fertilizers Colocasia in their maize gardens. The 96% who did Bukopa 695 36.6 esculenta not use fertilizers did not see its importance because their land was fairly fertile and others D. rotundata Nandigoya 189 9.9 Tamarindus did not have the financial resources to buy Enkoge 28 1.5 such fertilizers. In addition, there are very few indica shops that sell fertilizers and most farmers D. versicolor Namukulu 58 3.1 Mukulu do not know their availability. Maize is inter D. deltoidea 25 1.3 cropped with other crops. About 55% of the Juni farmers inter-cropped maize with other crops; D.alata Kisebe 31 1.6 24% inter-cropped maize with cassava and D. esculanta Kaama 14 0.7 16% inter-cropped it with beans (Fig. 17). The T anguistifolium Matungulu 42 2.2 analysis of maize production is presented in D. triphylla koobe 47 2.5 Appendix C. The maize produced at the end Punica Nkenene 118 6.2 of the last season was found to be significantly granatum related to area planted, implying that those Psidium guajava Mapeera 26 1.4 who planted more harvested more and the Others 225 11.8 reverse was true. The total harvested maize Total 1900 100 was also significantly related to crop variety, fertilizer application, labour type used and The indigenous food plant species used as food inter-cropping. Surprisingly some farmers took and their percentage frequencies are shown in courage to spray their maize with a “Herbicide”, Table 8. The results for analysis for nutritional so as to induce drying during the heavy rainfalls and chemical composition are shown in last year. Most of this maize was marketed Appendix E; Tables 9 - 11). The dry matter despite the health implications posed.
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 37 ranged from 33.52 - 81.9% on a fresh weight variegatum. Other tick species at the time basis. The ranges of crude protein, ash, crude of the study were not observed. Among the fat, crude fibre and nitrogen-free extract NFE tick-borne diseases, East Coast Fever was the contents were 5.16 - 31.08, 1.23 - 9.93, 2.51 - most prevalent disease among all the tick- 25.8, 1.6 - 18.12, 30.47 - 81.57%, respectively. borne diseases. Most of the farmers relied on acaricides for tick control and veterinary drugs The ranges of minerals in ppm fresh weight for treatment of sick animals. were K (7.16 - 39.14), Na (10.9 - 67.89), P (20.4 - 131.67), Ca (14.05- 32.68), Mg (20.51- 60.1), Cu Prevalence of tick-borne diseases in Nakaseke (0.76 - 113.68), respectively. Phenols, tannins, district ascorbic acid and terpenes are the most common chemical compounds in the plants In pastoral farming system in Nakaseke district, analyzed. These plants could be introduced in the number of R.appendiculatus ticks per the farming system as an adaptation strategy animal ranged between 0 and 15. No ticks were to the impact of climate variability on food found on calves below 6 months. This could security. The main reasons for resorting to be due to the predominant calf management the indigenous plants were their drought practices whereby young calves are kept in tolerance, resistance to pests and diseases, and calf pens. The serological tests show that the easy availability. prevalence of T. parva was below the cut-off This study highlights the potentials of point of 20 within the age groups of calves indigenous plants as a source of nutrients that below 4 months only. However, after 5 months, could be utilized to improve human nutrition in the prevalence shot up to 65% and drastically a predominantly low income population, faced dropped at the age of 6 months to below cut- with climate variability. The research findings off point of 20 and this was maintained up to should also stimulate further research into food the age of 9 months (Fig PPP) safety aspects, as well as commercial viability of the species with promise as crops for enhanced 53: cultivation. Based on the nutritive evaluation studies, indigenous plants were found to be good sources of protein, lipid, crude fibre, and minerals. The presence of anti-nutritional factors such as total free phenols, tannins and hydrogen cyanide in the tubers studied can be eliminated by adequate processing.
Livestock production Cattle and goats are the important livestock species in the cattle corridor. Some chicken and pigs are also kept but they are relatively 54: less important. The main factors undermining livestock production in the area are diseases, lack of suitable pastures and seasonal changes in water availability. The diseases include: Ephemeral fever, East Coast Fever, Trypanosomiasis, Anaplasmosis, CBPP, Brucellosis, worms, mange, mastitis, lumpy skin disease, in cattle and swine fever in pigs. Many of the farmers were quite familiar with the symptoms of the diseases and some do attempt to treat the animal when affected.
Ticks and tick-borne diseases. The results In the mixed crop-livestock farming system, the showed that Rhipicephallus appendiculatus mean number of ticks per animal varied greatly tick species was the most abundant, followed ranging from about 2 to 24. All the age groups by Rhipicephalus evertsi, and Amblyomma of calves were exposed to tick challenge. The
38 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 prevalence of T. parva is a mirror image of the level of 30%, thereafter it increased gradually tick population at different age groups. The for some months up to the age of 6 months, prevalence increased from 1month old calf and reaching a peak of 63%. reached a peak in calves of 2-3 months old, but drastically dropped in calves 4 months old. Results of the serological tests indicated a high Thereafter, it gradually built up to the age of 7 prevalence of antibodies to Theileria parva months reaching a peak of 70%. which was expressed as percentage positivity, taking 20% value as a cut-off point. This was not Prevalence of tick-borne diseases in surprising as the challenge of Rhipicephallus Nakasongola district ticks was high in nearly both farming systems in the two districts. In Nakasongola district, in pastoral farming system, the mean tick number per animal also In Nakaseke district, farmers practice regular varied greatly at different calves age groups tick control on their animals in both pastoral ranging from 0 to 15. Similarly the prevalence and mixed crop-livestock farming systems. This of T. parva is a mirror image of the tick is evidenced by ticks not being found on calves challenge. The prevalence decreased steadily up to the age of 6 months. In addition the from newly born calves, up to three months old low prevalence of T. parva below the cutting calves. Thereafter, the prevalence increased point up to the age of 4months old calves is steadily reaching a peak in calves six months an evidence that the calves have low maternal old. Subsequently, it fluctuated up to the age of protective antibodies against T. parva. nine months(Fig. 55). In addition, ticks Amblyomma variegatum which transmit Cowdriosis were found on 56: calves. Since Boophilus ticks which transmit the pathogen for Anaplasmosis were not found on calves, it could be that the farmers mistook Cowdriosis to be Anaplasmosis. This needs to be further investigated. It was evident from discussions that although most of the farmers applied acaricides on livestock on a regular basis, the tick load on most of the animals in both farming systems were high. This was so even in instances where farmers had indicated that they applied 55: acaricides on the animals a few days prior to the visit. It was clear that the farmers applied understrength concentration of acaricides either due to inability to follow instructions or due to financial difficulties. This improper application of acaricides, especially the use of understrength concentrations could have resulted into ticks developing widespread resistance to the acaricides in the districts. This again needs to be investigated as mentioned above. The high tick prevalence on calves even after repeated applications of the acaricides In mixed crop-livestock farming system (Fig. a few days before the visit, further confirms 56), the mean number of ticks per animal the possibility of ticks developing resistance to ranged from 14 to 28 and no ticks were found acaricides. on calves up to 1month old. The prevalence of 3.2.2.5. Human diseases and their vectors T. parva sharply decreased from newly born calves to calves two months old, reaching a Mosquitoes, the vector of malaria parasites.
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 39 Anopheles gambiae, was the most predominant Malaria (almost 100%) mosquito species in Nakaseke About 83% of households had cases of fever a district, irrespective of the farming system week prior to the day of visit and data collection (Fig. 57). Over 20% of those caught in the and received treatment for malaria. However, mosquito catch were fully gravid. However, in the prevalence of malaria varied greatly in Nakasongola district, the predominant species different farming systems. It ranged from 13% (62.9%) was Anopheles funestus, followed to 25%. The prevalence was lowest in mixed by A. gambiae (29.8%) (Fig. 58). The other crop-livestock farming systems, and was highest Anopheles spp. species occurred in either very in the pastoralist system. The low incidence of low populations or were absent. Only about confirmed malaria cases compared to those 50% of A. funestus caught were half gravid. On reported with fever, suggests the difficulty average, 21 and 10 mosquitoes were caught in diagnosing the diseases in the rural areas. per house in Nakaseke and Nakasongola Consequently illnesses which are not due to district respectively where the average persons malaria were being treated by antimalarial per household for each district was 5 people. drugs, resulting into wastage of the drugs. Suggesting that mosquitoes are more abundant in Nakasekke than in Nakasongola districts. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene About 43.87% of population in the two districts Fig.57 depended on un-protected springs, rivers, lakes, open pond among others, for their water supply (Fig. 59). These sources were prone to contamination from the surrounding environment. Access to water in the study area was limited. The main source of water dried up during dry seasons, which never occurred before in the past 5-10 years. Only a few households (0.66%) depended on rain water harvesting, mostly using small containers which were infested with mosquito larvae (Refer to Fig 34). In addition, 77% of households had traditional pit latrines, which were also prone to flooding and providing breeding ground for Mosquito larval habitats were also diverse, mosquitoes. A great proportion (45.02%) of ranging from water tank, ponds, discarded the households disposed of their solid waste containers, puddles, hoof print, polythene bags, vehicle parts etc. Housing structures Fig. 59 had significant influences on the population density of mosquitoes; the grass-thatched structures had the highest mosquito catch when compared to the permanent structures (roofed with iron sheets or tiles).
Fig.58
indiscriminately. Over 12% of the population had no traditional pit latrines and practiced open defecation, which would increase the risk of contamination to water sources and thus put the entire community at risk of water- borne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, diarrhea, hepatitis E and other viral diseases. Those who had latrines, the structures were vulnerable to destruction by floods and the risk of contaminating ground water.
40 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 3.2.2.6. The effects of climate variability such as antelopes, wild pigs and baboons that and systemic pressures on food, nutrition destroy crops in the gardens. The residents’ security and health of communities attempt to control these wild animals is restricted to the perimeter of the fenced land. Threats to food security Level of food insecurity Crop pests and diseases. As a result of climate change and climate variability, the Asked to describe how food secure households communities identified crop pests and diseases looked like in their parishes, all the 4 categories of cassava, sweet potatoes, groundnuts, beans of farmers referred to availability of food and millet as a major threat to food security in gardens and the ability to purchase or sell some the area. The emergence of mosaic virus and food. For example, the crop farmers referred to brown streak virus in cassava has led to loss a food secure household as one that has 2-3 of local varieties that were more compatible meals a day, 1-2 acre gardens of food crops with the farming system, particularly during such as cassava, maize, sweet potatoes and unpredictable weather conditions. Most of matooke and that it can buy foodstuffs such the new crop varieties that were introduced as maize flour or ‘posho’. On the other hand, are not well suited to the local conditions the mixed farmers mentioned 3 meals a day, and easily succumbed to other pests and gardens of cassava and other crops and the diseases. Some of them necessitated new fact that a household does not buy food; while management practices which were either not the pastoralists talked of ability to buy food communicated, poorly understood, or were and at least an acre of crops such as cassava simply incompatible. If not managed properly, and potatoes. The fishing communities’ ability crop pests and diseases will result in total to sell food and gardens of food crops is an crop loss. Since crop sales are a main source indicator of food security. of income for rural communities, crop losses caused by pests and diseases have severe Common to both the crop and mixed farmers consequences on the ability of the households were aspects such as children looking healthy to meet basic requirements exposing them to or unsickly, happy household members, and food insecurity and poverty. ability to store some food in a granary; while both the mixed and pastoral farmers mentioned Animal diseases. Animal diseases such as foot ownership of livestock as an indicator of food and mouth disease were reported by pastoral security. The crop farmers interestingly noted communities. They identified the source of that a food secure household can have food the diseases as wild animals that shared the left-overs that are given to domestic animals limited resources such as water and pastures. such as dogs and pigs. This is common during the dry season that is experienced between January-March of each year. Fig. 60 Land tenure systems. The communities, especially those in the mixed crop and pastoral farming system, identified the practice of fencing off land by new landlords as a threat to food security. The community previously had open access to these pieces of land; they relied on this land to gather fuel wood to prepare meals. This means that there is less energy to prepare adequate food for household members. They now rely on crop residue such as maize stalks and combs to prepare meals. In their opinion, this source of energy is not enough to prepare dry beans that require time and energy to prepare. In those homes that can afford fuel wood to prepare meals, the It was noted that the perception of food security practice of fencing off land is fast contributing in relation to ability to buy food varied among to food insecurity. The fenced off land has the crop/pastoral and mixed farmers. Whereas dense vegetation that is harboring wild animals the crop and pastoral farmers thought that
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 41 buying food was an indicator of food security, This was registered to have resulted into crop the mixed farmers argued that it was a sign of destruction, increased crop pests and diseases food insecurity. Household surveys showed as well as human diseases. that from1980s -1990s, the communities were food secure. They started to experience food Meal taking and the types of meals taken insecurity from mid 1090s, and this increased Of those who ate breakfast, lunch and supper a progressively up to date, with about 30% and majority were adults within the family. Children 70% experiencing food security and insecurity and adult visitors constituted only about 2-3%. respectively. (Table 20). This results show family structure where majority members are adults, children At the time of the study (just after harvest make up a very small proportion and visitors season), the perspective of the community was are less common. that there was no serious food insecurity. This view was largely supported by the results of Table 20: Category of people (%) who ate meals both the Consumption Coping Strategy Index during the day of the household survey (CSI) score and Household Food Insecurity People who ate Breakfast Lunch Supper Access Scale (HFIAS). The households that can meals be described as food secure were 82.4%; with n % n % n % 14.7% having a CSI score of 0 and 67.7% having Adult members 99 97 101 96.2 100 6.2 a very low CSI score of less than 50 (maximum being over 100). Further, based on assessment Adult visitors 19 1.0 1 0.9 2 1.9 Children 5-12 of financially-based food insecurity and hunger 2 2.0 3 2.9 2 2.0 using the HFIAS, 88.2% of the households were years food secure. Of the about 33% households that Sample 102 100 105 100 104 100 showed food insecurity, 42% of them were food insecure without hunger, whereas 58% were food insecure with hunger. Results from The food is predominantly carbohydrate in 279 households showed that 12.5% of them nature and mostly made of cassava and sweet cut the size of meals or skipped meals because potatoes supplemented occasionally with there wasn’t enough money for food during maize and bananas. Less than 20% of the the previous 30 days, and of these 32% did so respondents take milk in their diets, and these every week. are mostly pastoralist families (Table 21 ). Most of the food is from own gardens or livestock. The perception of the communities on food Very few (6%) respondents indicated that insecurity varied greatly between agro-pastoral they received food from shops in vicinity, local and pastoral communities. However, there was markets as well as those who received food as no significant relationship between farming gift. About 18% of people interviewed were system and level of food insecurity, but there worried that their household would not have was a significant, positive correlation between enough food in the month, while 23% had to the household size and total expenditure on eat a limited number of variety of food due to food in previous seven day period. There were lack of resources. On the other hand, 22% of variations in CSI score and adaptive capacity people had to eat smaller meal quantity than was different among households as shown by they felt they needed because there was not differences in land and other asset possession. enough food to eat. Intensity, causes, characteristics and Table 21: Types of best food items taken by distribution of vulnerability communities Vulnerability was caused mainly by crop failure Breakfast food items Frequency (%) due to drought and unpredictable rains; Bananas 8 7.8 weak or diseased livestock animals; human Cassava 29 28.2 Sweet potatoes 29 28.2 diseases and large family size. Crop failure due Beans /Peas 1 1.0 to drought and unpredictable rains ranked Maize -grains 8 7.8 highest among the causes of vulnerability. Irish Potatoes 2 1.9 This was followed by factors such as weak/ Maize -Posho 3 2.9 diseased livestock/animals, large family and Milk 18 17.5 Pork 5 4.9 human diseases. Climate variability in the area Total 103 100 was marred by floods, hailstones and drought.
42 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 Indeed, over one third of the respondents than 3% of the population had BMI exceeding were very worried that they would not be able 36, normally considered as overweight or to raise food for the family during that time. obese. About 97% of children had adequate At least 35.7% of the respondents got worried nutritional status but about 3% were at a risk about food three to ten times in the past of malnutrition, while 0.59% had severe acute three weeks while 33.9% respondents were malnutrition. also worried at least once or twice in the past four weeks. In the same vein, fifty percent of Table 22. Level of malnourishment among the under the respondents reported that at least one of five year old children in Nakasongola and Nakaseke their household members was not able to eat districts, 2012 the kinds of foods that they preferred because Age intervals Percentage Mean p of lack of resources. For the households who in months below -2SD Z-Score χ 2 did not have enough food for consumption, (SD) majority of them walk or cycle bicycles over a <6 16.9 -0.5 1.9932 0.737 6-8 13.0 -3.6 distance of three kilometers or more to access 9-11 28.8 -2.2 food from the markets. This was quite common 12-17 37.0 -1.5 especially among sparsely populated the 18-23 45.4 -1.7 pastoral communities. 24-35 47.6 -1.8 36-47 41.8 -2.8 Nutritional status of adults 48-59 40.5 -1.7 The nutritional status of adults significantly differed in different farming or land tenure Stunting and therefore malnutrition (Table 4) systems. The structure of the BMI for the was very severe among the children between sampled population is shown in Fig. 22. six to twelve and thirty six and fourty seven The largest population of the communities months of age, but this affected about 10-30% had very low BMI (15–17). This suggests of the children population except in over thirty undernourishment, as already reported. The six months old children where the incidence was undernourished population are from families high (47%). This reflects failure by the parents who were food insecure. Less than 3% of the to provide adequate nutrition to the children population had BMI exceeding 36, normally over a long period of time and inabilities of the considered as overweight or obese. parents to address any recurrent and chronic illness. Hardly any evidence of malnutrition Malnourishment among the children was observed among children under six months of age. This is expected as children of this age depend entirely on breast milk of their mothers. Stunting and therefore malnutrition among children of the age of 12-35 months olds were not as severe.
3.3 Securing Livelihoods in the Cattle Corridor of Uganda 3.3.1 Introduction The impacts of stress factors (including climate change) on food security and livelihoods are of increasing concern especially in regions like the Uganda cattle corridor, with pre- Assessment of child nutrition showed no existing systemic risks such as arid climate, significant difference between a child’s sex, age, poverty and environmental degradation. The birth order, maternal age, marital status and communities are vulnerable and are unable stunted growth (P>0.05). However, there was to cope effectively with the adverse effects a significant effect of a women’s occupation of stress factors, including climate change. To on child stunted growth (P>0.05). About 48% enhance community resilience to these shocks of the population had very low BMI of 15–17, and secure their livelihoods, AfrII received which reflected under-nourishment. Only less funding from the Rockefeller Foundation to
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 43 address these challenges, especially in the farming systems of the area, health and food districts of Nakasongola and Nakaseke districts security strategies of the communities, past in the cattle corridor. The Securing Livelihoods and current and future trends of climate change in the Cattle Corridor of Uganda, is a three and variability, its impact on their livelihoods, year project which sets out to contribute to food and health security and the mechanisms enhancing local adaptive capacity (resilience) by which communities cope with the climate and secure the livelihoods of communities in change risks. the cattle corridor of Uganda. Specific objectives are: 1) improving ecosystem management; They were also briefed on the societal, 2) improving and securing livelihoods of organizational and institutional capacity the communities in the project area and 3) within the project area which could enable supporting the establishment of innovation them understand and manage the impacts platforms for promotion of knowledge sharing of climate change on their livelihoods. The to sustainably manage ecosystems and secure social, economic and policy- context of climate improved livelihoods in the communities. change and impacts on communities’ livelihood resilience and adaptive capacities were also This report which covers the period October shared with them. The communities were also 2012 – September 2013 has focused on key briefed on the pathways on how climate change project technical deliverables for year one impacts on health and food security, water and which are: (1) inception workshop launch pasture availability and increased occurrence the project (2) a comprehensive profiling of of plant and animal diseases. livelihoods of the communities; (3) determining livelihood–specific strategies and priorities of 3.3.1.3 Launching the project the communities against the risks of climate change and (4) identification of eighteen The stakeholders attending the workshop were innovations platforms. introduced to the new project, which was designed to enhance livelihoods of communities in the districts of Nakaseke and Nakasongola. 3.3.1 Inception Workshop The key features of the project were highlighted; 3.3.1.1 Purpose of the workshop and these include establishing 18 innovation platforms as avenues for information sharing The inception phase of the“Securing Livelihoods on climate smart agriculture and implementing in the Cattle Corridor of Uganda” involved a interventions that would enhance their series of stakeholder’s workshops which was resilience. For each district, the participants held from 29th April to 01st May 2013 in Kapeeka were informed that nine (9) platforms would be and Semuto Sub Counties of Nakaseke District; created; 3 platforms for each farming system. and in Lwampanga and Nabiswera Sub Counties of Nakasongola District. The workshops were The participants welcomed the project and intended to share with the stakeholders the the concept of innovation platforms. They key research findings from previous studies on understood why it was necessary to study the climate change adaptation in the area and to situation on the ground before introducing introduce and launch the new project “Securing innovations. They pointed out that they already Livelihoods in the Cattle Corridor of Uganda”– had progressive farmers in mind and these funded by the Rockefeller Foundation. The should be hosts to the platforms. The procedure securing livelihoods project is intended to for the selection of the platform locations was align and to leverage and build on the climate discussed and the participants requested to change adaptation project which has been be given more time to consult amongst each implemented in Nakasongola and Nakaseke other, and to extend the consultations to all the districts since 2010 with considerable success parishes in the districts, to ensure ownership and has generated a lot of new knowledge on and inclusive and participation. the subject. 3.3.1.4 Conclusion 3.3.1.2 Workshop content In conclusion, the inception workshops conducted at these lower levels brought more A summary of the research findings in years one visibility and ownership of the climate change and two of the climate adaptation project was project. New community members got to know shared with the stakeholders. These included about the project and those who already knew a description and changes in the livelihoods, became more confident, trusting and open
44 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 about the project. It also brought in greater on wealth groups. This started with wealth appreciation of the research process and the breakdown of the communities and ended innovation platforms. with outcome analysis. A wealth group was considered a group of households that share In the course of the discussions in the similar capacities to exploit the different food workshop, the participants had identified that cultural and social values had tremendously changed and in most cases eroded with time. The establishment of the innovation platforms will therefore be another avenue to cultivate new social networks and to strengthen those that had been weakened or eroded over time in the farming communities. It was clear from the communities that persistent droughts were a great concern to them. The communities and other stakeholders welcomed the project and pledged all their support. The prayed that the coming in of the project will reverse their suffering. They offered to set up Village Platform Committees to be in charge of the Fig 63 An FGD interviews at Kapeeka sub county, platform activities, while the existing Parish Nakaseke district, 2012. Development Committees will monitor or supervise the activates and the Sub County and income options within a particular farming Platform Committee to give technical system. Both secondary and primary data was supervision and overall direction. collected by trained research assistants under the supervision of senior researchers. Ten 3.3.1.5 Workshop Recommendations persons in a wealth group participated in the The workshop recommended that Climate FGDs and provided data on wealth breakdown, Smart Agricultural Practices; credit for livelihoods resources and assets. One adult accessing agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, from each of ten households randomly selected postharvest handling practices including from each wealth group participated in the storage facilities (silos) should be explored Household (HH) interviews. Four females in and introduced in the area. Policies, laws each wealth group were interviewed in the HH and regulations governing the use of natural interviews to collect data relating to outcome resources and on climate change be shared analysis (livelihood strategies = sources of food, with the communities; effective mobilization income and patterns of expenditure; seasonal and communication using existing structures calendar; problem specification and coping at village level, popular local radio stations be mechanisms). utilized; markets for some agricultural produce and innovative technologies be found for the A rapid version of the Household Economy communities. They offered to set up Village Approach (HEA) by Regional Hunger and Platform Committees to be in charge of the Vulnerability Programme (2000) was used to platform activities; the Parish Development provide quantitative information on how much Committees to supervises them and the Sub food or cash households gain from a particular County Platform Committee to give technical source, and on how much they spend, in order support and overall direction. to allow a new situation – say drought – to be judged in terms of its likely effect on livelihoods.
3.3.2 Livelihood Profiling 3.3.2.2 Livelihood Profiles of the 3.3.2.1 Purpose and methodology Communities. Understanding and profiling the livelihoods of Livelihood Assets. The poor constitute the the communities was seen as a key strategic majority (50-60%) in all the farming system in step in delivering interventions that would the two districts. Those considered rich, the secure the livelihoods of the communities middle class, constitute about 10-15%, and form the impact of climate change. The 30-40% respectively of the population. Those livelihoods of communities in crops, mixed and below the age of 40 make up about 80%. Natural pastoral farming system was profiled based capital, especially land, is the most important
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 45 asset. The size of land owned varies with wealth In the livestock sector, cattle, goats and local groups. The poor and the middle class rely chicken are the most important species. Other heavily on land. On average the poor, middle species are pigs, and sheep. The poor and the class and the rich own approximately 1-5, 3-10 middle class keep few goats, chicken, cattle and
Figure 64 Sources of food in households by wealth groups in the (top) crop and (bottom) pastoral farming systems, Nakaseke District. and over 4-15 acres of land respectively. Most pigs. A majority of the rich, especially in the of the poor do not own land, they are either pastoral communities, keep a lot of cattle and squatters (live on bibanja), or rent land and few of them keep goats, sheep and chicken. so have no power over the land they occupy. Milk, constitutes the biggest component Of the human capital, skilled labour and among the livestock products consumed in all pension are important for the middle class households. and former civil servants respectively. Trade Food purchases is minimum and done only in particular, shop keeping is very important by the middle and the rich. These results are among the middle class. In Nakasekke district, interesting because it shows that the poor pastoralists from the rich, the middle class and depends heavily for food on the crops and the poor wealth groups own large chunks of livestock they keep and rarely purchases any land - varying from 1-2 square miles; 100-300 food. acres and 20-99 acres of land respectively. While in Nakasongola District, the pastoralists, Sources of income and expenditure. The particularly from the rich wealth group, own poor, the middle class and the rich derive most fish nets and boats. of their income from crop and livestock sales (Figure 65). Maize, coffee, sweet potatoes, Livelihood strategy. Most of the members of cassava; and cattle, chicken, pigs and goat the community derive their livelihoods mainly are important for income. Pigs and goats are from crop farming. These are supplemented important to the poor, and so are cattle to the by some livestock keeping. In Nakasongola and Nakasekke districts, bananas, sweet potatoes, coffee, cassava, maize and beans are most important food and cash crops. Rice is grown in some places in the crop and mixed farming systems, especially in lowlands.
They depend on these crops almost entirely for food which occasionally supplemented by livestock products. About 80%, 75% and 90% of the monthly food intake of the poor, the middle and rich respectively come from crop products (Figure 64). In addition, 48%, 70% and 45% respectively of the poor, middle class and wealthy farmers also get their food from livestock products, milk being the major items. Figure 65. Sources of income in households by wealth groups in the crop farming system, Nakaseke District.
46 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 Figure 66. Percentage contribution of livestock to household income among: (bottom) farmers in crop farming system in Nakasongola district; (up) pastoralists in pastoral farming system in Nakaseke District. rich. Other sources of income are provision of and continues into the dry seasons from end casual labour, formal employment, charcoal of May to beginning of July and from end of sales, and trade and asset sales. Fishing is most November to January. The rich however, begin important source of income for the poor and planting some of their crops during the dry the middle class in Nakasongola district. Most seasons of January - February and in July. These of the income earned is spent on payments of are dry season vegetables such as tomatoes, school fees for children, purchasing of food and cabbages and others. The vegetables mature clothing and medical services for the family. when there is scarcity of supply and fetch high prices. Similarly, the poor begin harvesting in Pastoral communities earn most of their income January, some of the early season crops they from livestock sales irrespective of wealth planted in October the previous year. These status. Livestock is the sole source of income harvests pushes them through the beginning for the rich and the most important source of the rainy season when food scarcity is high of income for the poor and the middle class as previous food reserves have been depleted to whom it contributes about 98% and 80% by then. respectively (Figure 55). This is supplemented from other unspecified sources, such as petty trade etc.
Patterns of expenditure. Main sources of expenditure for the farming communities is shown in Fig 67 for mixed farmers in Nakaseke district. Payment of school fees for children is a major source of expenditure for all wealth groups and accounts for 30 – 40% of their total income. Other major sources of expenditures are purchasing of food (staple and non-staple) and clothing and paying for medical services for their family members and veterinary costs for Figure 67. Relative expenditure by households livestock (Figure 56). The rich and the middle by wealth groups in the mixed farming system in class also spend some money on hired labour. Nakaseke District. Farming calendar. The calendar of farm activities is shown for farmers in Nakaseke Livestock sales by the poor takes place almost district (Fig 68). All farmers, irrespective of throughout the year except in May and wealth groups, carry out land preparation September. They sell no milk at all throughout during the two dry spells of January-February the year. The livestock sales are normally small and June - July. Planting and weeding is done animals like goats, pigs and chicken. The middle during the two rainy periods of April - May and and the rich however sell some animals in April August – November, while harvesting crops mostly to buy food for the food scarce period. happens towards the end of the rainy seasons Their main animal sales are from October – December. They however sell milk throughout
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 47 Fig 68: Farm operations calendar for the farmers in Nakaseke districts, cattle corridor Uganda, 2013 Activities Wealth Group Months of the year Jan Feb Mar Apri May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Crop production Land preparation Poor Middle Rich Planting Poor Middle Rich Weeding Poor Middle Rich Harvesting Poor Middle Rich Livestock production Animals sales Poor Middle Rich Milk sales Poor Middle Rich
the year and this is one of their main sources for land preparation, planting and weeding of income. They are also engaged in vegetable, and harvesting of crops. Scarcity of food occurs charcoal sales and providing labour during during the dry spells (Dec. -Feb and June –July) the dry seasons, and at the beginning of the when drought and pasture depletion are at rainy seasons. Others are engaged in formal their peaks. employment throughout the year. The rich neither sells animals nor milk during the year. 3.3.2.3 Livelihoods outcome analysis They have other sources of income, other than Problem specification. The impact of drought from farming. on crop production is shown for pastoral Seasons also affect prices of the commodities. farming system in Nakasongola district (Figure Crop prices rise during the dry seasons (January- 69). Drought had a serious impact on yield and February, and December –January) and fall production of all crops (maize, coffee, sweet during the wet season (March –August) when potatoes, beans, cassava, banana, groundnuts, commodity supply is high. Peak labour demand millet, rice and tomatoes). Yields of maize, is experienced staring February up to August coffee, beans and millet were reduced to below 15% (Figure 69), and to 38% and 27%
Figure 69.Impact of drought on crop production Figure 70. Impact of drought on livestock production by wealth groups during drought in the pastoral by wealth groups during drought in the pastoral farming system in Nakasongola district. farming system in Nakasongola District.
48 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 for sweet potatoes for the poor and cassava for reduced to about 50%. No sales were recorded the rich respectively. Total loss in yields were for pigs and sheep. The reduction in sales also recorded for groundnuts, bananas, tomatoes varied with wealth status of farmers. Sale of and rice. Similar losses were recorded for crops live cattle and goats by the rich and middle in both crops and mixed farming systems. The class were much lower than those by the poor. losses have serious impact on food security Further, the poor did not sell any milk at all and household income of the communities. while his colleagues the rich and the middle Further, great variation was noticed in response class were. These results are interesting. of these crops to drought. Crops especially They show that in times of drought, different sweet potatoes and cassava and to a lesser wealth groups suffer differently from impacts extent maize, beans and coffee produced some of drought - the rich suffering most compared yields; the rest didn’t, suggesting the need for to the poor or the middle class. These findings careful selection of crops to cultivate in the call for different strategies for addressing the area. Variation in wealth status also seems to impacts of drought on different categories of affect the response of crops to drought. Maize, farmers. coffee and sweet potatoes by the poor did much better that those for the rich and the Communities’ response and coping reverse is true for beans, cassava and millet. mechanisms. The poor provide labour to the This great variations is probably due to the rich for charcoal burning, while the middle risk averseness by the poor compared to their class takes part in brick making. Further both better counterparts. the poor and middle wealth groups respond by selling off livestock and agricultural tools while Livestock production was also negatively the rich get involved in charcoal trade to raise affected. Cattle, milk and goat sales were money to offset the shortfalls due to drought.
Table 23: Climate change common coping strategies by farmers in the Nakasongola and Nakasekke districts, 2013. Type of response or coping mechanism Low cost Medium cost High cost Change in cropping & planting practices Sale of large livestock Distress migration Sale of small stock Sale of agricultural tools Prostitution Reduction in food meals Sale/mortgaging land Stealing food Reduction in number of food types Credit from money lenders Thieving in general Focusing on poor quality food Further reduction in quantity of food consumed Scavenging for food Collecting of wild foods Use of inter house transfer of foods Migration in search of employment Children feeding at neighbours Feeding wherever there are festivities
As the poor sells off their tools and animals, 3.3.3.4.1 Procedure for the synthesis. they lose their productive assets and are less equipped for the next season. Any subsequent Representatives of the three (3) wealth groups hit by another episode of drought or flood will (the poor, middle and rich) were invited to make them highly vulnerable and less able to a focus group discussions (FGD)/ feedback cope. They therefore find themselves trapped workshops (Fig. 71). The discussions entailed in a vicious cycle of food insecurity and poverty. (i) assessing the veracity of the results of the Further, while the rich engages in charcoal profiling exercise; (ii) reviewing constraints burning, they destroy the trees and cause faced in pursuing the livelihood strategies, (iii) deforestation which results into greenhouse selection of preferred enterprises by the wealth gases emission into the atmosphere groups, and (iv) identifying roles to be played by and reduced carbon sequestration, thus the communities and AfrII researchers during contributing further to global warming and the setting up and operationalizing of the climate change with its associated impacts innovation centers. The farmers in each wealth such as droughts, erratic seasons and unusual group were, therefore, requested to form a rainfall, etc. group of between 25 to 30 members and then choose among themselves the farmer to host 3.3.3.4 Synthesis of Livelihood-Specific the innovation center. The choice of the farmer Strategies and interventions had to be based on; (i) having the required land
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 49 size and willingness to offer the land to host serve as a demonstration and training center the innovation center (ii) easy accessibility of for every wealth group in the farming system. the site to all the members of the group and (iii) a trustworthy and dependable individual. 3.3.3.4.2 Priority enterprises for each The respective roles of the community and farming systems and wealth groups. AfrII were also identified. The centers were to Table 24 summarizes the commodities and their constraints. In the crop farming system, maize, vegetables and bananas (Matooke) were selected by the poor, middle class and the rich respectively. The constraints affecting these commodities are listed in the Table 24. Although drought was not singled out as a major challenge in the production of these commodities, it nevertheless kept emerging throughout the discussions, implying that any interventions at these commodities must address the challenge posed by drought in crop production. In the mixed cropping system, pigs and tomatoes were singled out as priority for interventions while cassava and cattle were for the pastoral system; and their constraints are shown in (Table 24). Fig. 71: Feedback workshop for mixed farmers at Kisalizi, Nakasongola district, June 2013. Table 24: Constraints affecting commodities selected by wealth groups in the farming systems in Nakasekke district, September 2013. Farming system Wealth group Poor Middle Rich Crop farming Maize Vegetables Cooking bananas (Matooke) system • Cob rot • Unstable market • Wilt • Northern leaf blight • Limited capital • Banana weevil • Stem borers • Soil exhaustion • Poor postharvest management Mixed crop and Pigs Pigs Tomatoes pastoral • Swine fever • Swine fever • Wilt and blight • Poor housing and • Poor housing and • Unpredictable weather feeding feeding • Poor crop husbandry practice • Inadequate knowledge Pastoral system Cassava Cattle Cattle • Diseases (brown streak) • Cattle theft • Cattle theft • Poor varieties • Tick borne diseases • Tick borne diseases and Makebe) • Animal damage Expensive labor • Expensive labor ((livestock and vermin) • Water and pasture • Water and pasture scarcity (during scarcity (during drought) drought) • Milk and cattle markets are • Milk and cattle markets seasonal are seasonal • Bad feeder roads • Bad feeder roads • Less land In Nakasongola district (Table 25), priority pastoral system. Constraints related to these enterprises are pigs and maize for the poor, commodities are summarized in Table 25. The middle and rich wealth groups in the crop above constraints imply that any interventions farming system respectively; while for the should address the constraints in a holistic mixed farming system, the priorities were pigs and integrated manner and must be based and cassava for the poor and middle class on the principles of climate smart agricultural and the rich respectively. Chicken, pigs and practices. The interventions to address these cassava were respectively the high priorities constraints and challenges are listed in Table 26 for the poor, middle class and the rich in the against each platforms.
50 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 3.3.3.5 Establishment of 18 Innovation constitution, an executive, and was registered Platforms at their respective Sub-counties. After the first Selection and establishment of Innovation meeting to select the host farmers, a second Platforms. The innovation platforms were meeting was held between the farmer groups formed in one Sub county per farming system and the project staff at the host farmer’s home. in each district. One platform was formed The purpose of the meeting was to determine per wealth group per farming system in each the suitability of the site and further explain selected Subcounty in each district making the concept of platforms and how they would a total of 18 platforms. Each platform had a be used to secure their livelihoods. Table 25: Constraints affecting commodities selected by wealth groups in the farming systems in Nakasongola district, September 2013. Farming system Wealth group
Poor Middle Rich Maize Stem borer Pigs Pigs • • Stalk borer • Worm infestation • Swine fever Crop farming system • Smut • Poor housing • Theft • Unreliable market • Swine fever • Worm infestation • Postharvest handling • Animal damage (monkeys) Pigs Cassava Cassava Swine fever Brown streak Brown streak Mixed farming • • • Poor housing Cassava mosaic Cassava mosaic system • • • • Insufficient feeds • Lack of disease resistant varieties • Lack of disease resistant varieties • Theft • Poor market • Poor market Chicken Cassava Diseases Cassava mosaic • Pigs • • Poor disease • Brown streak Pastoral system • Swine fever management • Animal damage (wild and domestic) • Insufficient food • Poor housing • Bitter varieties • Predation • Low prices
Functions of the Innovations Platforms. Management of Innovations platforms. Details of the Innovations Platforms, their The management of the platform was a joint locations, hosts farmers, wealth groups they responsibility between the community and the serve, priority enterprise to be addressed and project. The daily operations pertinent to the the interventions are shown in Table 26. The survival of the demonstrations are going to be Platforms shall serve as (1) demonstration sites that of the executive while the project provides for innovations, (2) knowledge center where technical back stopping. The platform managers exhibits and information materials on relevant will regularly monitor activities at the platforms technologies and practices shall be displayed and report progress to Africa Innovations for use by farmers, (3) Farmers Listening Institute. The safety of the technologies and any Club where prerecorded tapes and videos on other items at the platform is the concern of the improved practices shall be played regularly host farmer, the executive and community as a to members of farmers groups who will listen, whole. Any other management issues arising discuss and internalize the messages. They will will be handled as stipulated in the constitution be expected to practice what they have learnt governing respective farmer groups. on return to their farms; (4) a training center where farmers gather and are trained on The roles of the Community, AfrII and Local agriculture and CSA practices and commercial Government in managing the platforms were farming and; (5) as a platform where farmers discussed. The communities defined their and other stakeholders meet and interact on roles on the project as summarized in Table 27. issues to do with farming and markets. Each The Local Government roles are to mobilize Platform has a Management Committee (MC) and sensitize farmers and to provide enabling elected by members drawn from Farmers environment and source additional funding to Groups in the parish. The duties of the MCs outscale the innovations. are to successfully manage the affairs and programme of the Platform.
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 51 Table 26: Details of the 18 innovation platforms established at village level in Nakaseke and Nakasekke districts, 2013. Sub-county Parish Host of platform Wealth Enterprise Interventions at platform Group Nakasekke District Semuto Crop farming system Kirema Muwanga C. Poor Maize 1. Maize value chain development Kirema Lwanyaga C. Middle Vegetables 2. Vegetables value chain development Kirema Kayongo A. Rich Banana 3. Banana value chain development (matooke) Kapeeka Mixed farming system Kapeeka Nalumansi H. Poor Pigs 4. Improved pig husbandry and marketing Kapeeka Kayongo W. Middle Pigs 5. Improved pig husbandry and marketing Kapeeka Nalukwago R. Rich Tomatoes 6. Tomato value chain development Ngoma Pastoral farming system Kyalushebeka Mugisha Y. Poor Cassava 7. Cassava value chain development Kigweri Mwebaze R. Middle Cattle 8. Innovations in pastures and fodder bank management Kyalushebeka Kalema F. Rich Cattle 9.Innovations in pastures and fodder bank management 2.Nakasongola District Kakooge Crop farming system Kyabutaika Ssembatya L. Poor Pigs 10. Innovations in pig husbandry and marketing Kyabutaika Kimuli D. Middle Pigs 11. Innovations in pig husbandry and marketing Kyabutaika Gawera G.W. Rich Maize 12. Maize value chains development Lwampanga Mixed farming system Lwampanga Mande R. Poor Pigs 13. Innovations in pig husbandry and marketing Kiwembi Luyinda S. Middle Cassava 14. Cassava value chain development Kiwembi Bogere R. Rich Cassava 15. Cassava value chain development Nabiswera Pastoral farming system Kyangogolo Sserunjoji S. Poor Chicken 16 Poultry husbandry Kyangogolo Mbazira S. Middle Pigs 17. Innovations in pig husbandry and marketing Kyangogolo Ntalo S. Rich Cassava 18. Cassava value chain development
Table 27: Roles of the Communities, AfrII and Local Government in managing the platforms Communities and Local Leaders Africa Innovations Institute (AfrII) 1. Cost-sharing 50%of costs of interventions 1. Cost-sharing 50%of costs of interventions 2. Formation and registration of groups 2. Provision of technical backstopping and advice 3. Management of the center 3. Contribution to management
4. Provision of labor 4. Provision of knowledge and information 5. Provision of security 5. Introduction of appropriate innovations.
6. Mobilization of group members
7. Provision of land, hosting innovation center
52 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 3.4 Cassava and Sweet Potato production in Nakaseke and Nakasongola districts of the Uganda cattle corridor. in Enhancing Resilience to The project assessed the importance and role Climate Change. of cassava and sweet potatoes in the farming communities of Nakaseke and Nakasongola 3.4.1 Introduction district; it then sought to understand how the Cassava and sweet potatoes are important importance and role have changed over the staple crops in the Cattle Corridor of Uganda. last decade including the underlying factors They are drought and heat tolerant, rich in responsible for the change; and finally, it carbohydrate content and sustain communities determined the impact of climate variability throughout the year as the main source of and change on cassava and sweet potatoes calories. Despite their importance, little is production and recommend best strategies understood about the roles of these crops in to enhance resilience and adaptation to the enhancing resilience of communities to the changes. impacts of climate change and variability on This was achieved through collecting and food security. The project aimed at bridging analyzing data using a variety of methods these gaps. It helped the livestock and pastoral including stakeholder analysis, focus group communities in the area to make the best discussions and interviewing key informants, use of the crops to enhance their resilience household surveys, and crop-modeling. to the impacts of climate variability on their The implementing partners for the project were food security and livelihoods. The uniqueness Africa Innovations Institute, Uganda (George and value addition to overall research of this William Otim-Nape as PI), Makerere University, project is that no similar studies combining Uganda (Sengendo May, Christine Ddumba, cassava and sweet potatoes were conducted. Saul, Daniel) and Michigan State University, Rural communities are vulnerable to the impact USA (Olson Jennifer, Andresen, Jeffrey, Allan) of global environmental change especially climate change since they solely depend on rain-fed agriculture as the main source of the 3.4.2 Targets and Achievements food they consume. The level of vulnerability 3.4.2.1 Participatory Planning workshop of these communities becomes even much Participatory planning workshop was held on more complex when considering the nature February 21 and February 22, 2013 at Kabira of livelihoods issues related to gender, level Country Club in Kampala. The workshop of wealth, the ecosystem characteristics was attended by the Principal Investigator, e.g. presence of better resources, and the the four Co-investigators, and invited guests spatial and temporal variation of rainfall and who included graduate students, district temperature. extension officers and community members The overall objective of this study was therefore from Nakaseke and Nakasongola districts and to examine the impacts of climate change scientists from Makerere University and Africa and variability on cassava and sweet potato Innovations Institute.
Fig.72:(a) (left)Fresh Cassava roots, (right) Fig.22 (b) Sweet potato, displayed from a market stall. Cassava and swwet potato are becoming important because of their abilities to tolerate drought and to climate change.
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 53 The first day of the workshop was used to brief tested, and used to guide the meetings. the participants about the research project; The research themes covered in the check review the research agenda and questions; list included; environmental and climate review the study design; identify the sources variability, the imp acts of climate change and of data to be used; identify priority constraints, variability on yields of cassava and sweet needs of communities and risks in management potatoes, mitigation measures undertaken, of the project; and design a questionnaire and a and recommendations for best strategies
Figure 73: Secretary of Production Nakaseke District addressing a stakeholder meeting on climate change. In attendance Dr. Sengendo May Makerere University, Dr. Olson Jennifer and Dr. Jeffrey Andresen Michigan State University, United States of America; May 2013.
check list for the stakeholder analysis workshop to enhance resilience and adaptation to the which was to take p lace the following day changes. A total of 8 FGDS were conducted on February 22, 2013. The second day of the in Nakaseke and Nakasongola districts in workshop was a participatory planning workshop June, 2013.The FGDs were coordinated by a held to evaluate the stakeholder analysis facilitator who was assisted by a note taker workshops, to revise the project work plan, and a technician. The FGDs were composed and to assign roles and responsibilities to the of ten to twelve males and females selected research team for subsequent project activities. based on whether they had similar interests in growing cassava and sweet potato. The 3.4.2.2 Stakeholder analysis workshop respondents were farmers from three Two stakeholders’ analysis workshops were farming systems namely : farming systems conducted in Nakaseke and Nakasongola predominantly growing sweet potatoes districts at the district headquarters on February and cassava (Lwabiyata-Kiterede, Kapeeka); 23, 2013. The workshops were structured in a mixed farming communities rearing animals way that enabled the participants to contribute and growing cassava and sweet potatoes and respond to questions freely in order to (Wakyato); and pastoral farming systems get as much information as possible from predominantly rearing cattle and growing crop s participants. The purpose of the stakeholder on a small basis (Ngo ma and Nabiswera) analysis workshop s was to identify the most essential stakeholders, their interests and 3.4.2.4 Household surveys threats, way they are addressing the challenges A questionnaire was developed, tested and they face, and identify opportunities where used to collect data during the household the research project could be useful to the survey s. A total of 320 household surveys communities. The workshops were attended by were conducted in the study area in July community members, district extension officers 2013. The questionnaire covered household and political leaders from local governments. characteristics, views on climate change, water availability, labor dynamics, activities and 3.4.2.3 Focus group discussions roles by season for cassava and sweet potato A checklist for focus group discussions (FGDs) production and utilization, source of livelihood was developed by the project research team, for households, importance and roles of cassava
54 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 and sweet potatoes in households, pre- and 3.5. School and Community post-harvest problems, and crop productivity changes in cassava and sweet potatoes. The WoodLot Programme, data collected from the survey s is undergoing Northern Uganda data entry process and later will be ready for analysis.
Fig 74. Mr Simon Ogwal conducts an FGD in Lwampanga, Fig 75. Mr Vincent Lutwama an AfrII research assistant Nakasongola district, 2013 conducts household survey interview to Mrs Jane Namakula Nakasekke district 3.4.3 Lessons learnt and the way forward There were some problems encountered 3.5.1. Introduction during the focus group discussions (FGDs). Northern Uganda has had over twenty years There were disagreements on the difficulties of war and insurgency due to the Lord’s that farmer’s face in cases where there were Resistance Army (LRA) insurgency. Most of pastoralists who had shifted or added crop the population were displaced into internally production (cassava and sweet potato) on displaced people’s camps (IDPs) in order to their activities. guarantee their safety by the Government. Like in many areas in northern Uganda, the people Pastoral farmers had conflicts with farmers in the IDP camps would move distances from who predominantly practice cassava and sweet their camps in search of firewood for cooking. potato farming, since they could not transfer This has had devastating effects on the tree to next plots as fast as the pastoral farmers. population and vegetation in the region and Mobilising and getting participants ready was a the district in particular. Fuelwood and poles challenge in some cases and therefore led to for building and local use are in great shortage, delay s in starting the meetings. This was due sometimes forcing households to use reeds to long distances which participants had to and cassava or maize or sorghum stems for walk. cooking. More questions were asked by farmers about With the advent of peace as a result of the the scientific, pest and disease related aspects defeat of the LRA, many people have returned of cassava and sweet potato. The questions to their homes. The challenge however has were sometimes beyond the scope of the been the lack of fuelwood for cooking, poles climate variability related challenges to for home construction, and trees for soil cassava and sweet potato. The Research team conservation since agricultural production is has p l a n n e d to compile a list of frequently in earnest. The people also lack technical skills asked questions on climate change variability, in raising tree seedlings, an essential tool for cassava and sweet potato pests and diseases agroforestry. To address the above challenges, and what can be done. and increase the availability of fuel wood, poles and other agro forestry products, to AfrII Finally, there was a challenge of poor to non- received funding from Ashden Trust, UK train existent records of cassava and sweet potato and primary school children, their teachers data. We used field experiment reports from and parents in woodlot planting in Kole district, NaCRRI to address this problem. northern Uganda. The objectives of the project
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 55 were to (1) train school teachers and pupils hybrid woodlot and Candlenut plantation in in selected primary schools in Kole district primary schools, churches and communities on agro forestry best practices, tree nursery in the five sub-counties of Kole district. and woodlot management; (2) establish and manage tree seedling nurseries and woodlots 3.5.3.1.1 Stakeholder workshops in a number of schools in Kole district; (3) train and support parents of beneficiary pupils to As was done in year 1, stakeholders’ workshops establish and manage woodlots, (4) establish were conducted this year (Table 28). One school agro-forestry clubs and tree planting workshop was conducted in each school. The association to further the intentions of the workshops were conducted between 4th and project on a sustainable basis. 22nd February 2013, at the beginning of term one of the school academic calendar. They 3.5.2. Project Goal and objectives. were attended by student representatives, head teachers, patrons of school environment 3.5.2.1 Goal: Increased availability of fuel clubs, representatives of school management wood, poles and other agro forestry products committees, Sub County project coordinators, in schools and homesteads in five sub-counties Sub County leaders and officials from the in Kole district, northern Uganda. District Education Office (DEO). 3.5.2.2 Objectives The objectives of the project were to: The objectives of these workshops were: • Communicate rationale and activities of • Establish Eucalyptus hybrid woodlot and the project. agroforestry plantation establishment in • Communicate school selection criteria. primary schools, churches and communities • Introduce the strategy of school in the five sub-counties of Kole district. agroforestry clubs. • Establish and manage central nurseries for • Form a partnership with each school. production of Candlenut trees (Aleurites • Assign roles and responsibilities of each moluccana) seedlings and Eucalyptus partner. hybrid clones in Kole district. • Draw a joint implementation work plan. • Identify farmer groups to receive Aleurites Train community in vegetative propagation • moluccana seedlings. of Eucalyptus hybrid clones using macro cuttings. During the workshops, stakeholder’s assigned roles and responsibilities as outlined in Table29 3.5.3. Progress and Achievement of Project Objective 3.5.3.1 Demonstrate and establish Eucalyptus
Table 28: Roles and responsibilities assigned to stakeholder group for managing community woodlots School management School administrations. District Education Office. Africa Innovations committees. Institute.
• Identify school • Supervise • Participate in joint • Provide overall supervision, land to host the implementation of Monitoring and monitoring and evaluation. woodlots. routine woodlot Evaluation exercises. • Provide planting material and • Mobilize parents management • Play advocacy role with technical advice. and community procedures. the district leadership. • Meet financial obligations to provide labour • Protect woodlots of implementing project whenever the need from stray animals activities. arose. and report any • Supervise the malicious damage. management of the • Supervise activities of woodlots. school agroforestry clubs. • Participate in joint monitoring and evaluation of the woodlots.
56 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 Three hundred and forty five (345), sixty (60) conducted. The project staff conducted the and thirty (30) pupils, teachers and school third one at the end of the term since the management committee members respectively schools were engaged in preparation of end of attended the workshops. In addition 1,500 term examinations. Thirty joint monitoring and community members were trained during the evaluation exercises were conducted this year, workshop, making total participation of 2,280 while another separate fifteen M&E exercises (Table 29). For purposes of monitoring and were conducted by project staff. The schools evaluation, it was agreed that two joint visits have been instructed to prepare five acres each per term would suffice. One at the beginning to receive Eucalyptus hybrid clones to establish of the term and the other in the middle were woodlots in March 2014.
Table 29: Participating schools that attended stakeholders workshops
Sub County Name of schools Pupils Teachers Parents Community Total (SMCs) members Boys Girls Total Alin Leper P/S 11 12 23 4 2 100 152 Alito Okwer-Odot P/S 11 12 23 4 2 100 152 Alik P/S 11 12 23 4 2 100 152 Dam-Atira P/S 11 12 23 4 2 100 152 Bala Alem P/S 11 12 23 4 2 100 152 Angic P/S 11 12 23 4 2 100 152 Acul-Banya P/S 11 12 23 4 2 100 152 Aboke Wigua P/S 11 12 23 4 2 100 152 Alyat P/S 11 12 23 4 2 100 152 Tik-Oling P/S 11 12 23 4 2 100 152 Akalo Bar-Dwo P/S 11 12 23 4 2 100 152 Akalo P/S 11 12 23 4 2 100 152 Abur P/S 11 12 23 4 2 100 152 Ayer Abilo-Nino P/S 11 12 23 4 2 100 152 Tekidi P/S 11 12 23 4 2 100 152 Total 165 180 345 60 30 1,500 2 , 2 8 0
3.5.3.2: Establish and manage central sudden occurrence of drought that disrupted nurseries for production of Candlenuts agricultural activities in the country. The ready (Aleurites moluccana) seedlings and seedlings and another 20,000 that germinated Eucalyptus hybrid clones in Kole district. during this drought were instead distributed during the second rains of August-November 3.5.3.2.1 Production and distribution of 2013. The seedlings were distributed to eight seedlings of Candlenuts trees, Aleurites farmer groups. Two groups from each of the moluccana following Sub Counties; Bala, Aboke, Alito and Akalo. Each farmer group comprised of This year, the project purchased four hundred fifty members. Each member received 100 (400) kilograms of Aleurites moluccana seeds seedlings to plant 2 acres. In total, 400 farmers from different sources in Central Buganda. received seedlings to plant eight hundred One hundred kilograms of seeds each acres this year (Table 30). Meanwhile, Africa were given to Bala and Aboke community Innovations Institute is maintaining good nurseries. The balance 200kg was used at the relations between the farmers and Cenergy nursery for germination. Seeds were sown (U) Limited, a biodiesel processing company in the first quarter (December 2012) of the who will purchase seeds from the farmers once year and distributed to farmer groups in the the trees reach maturity, four years later. An second quarter (March-April 2013). Out of orientation exercise was conducted to remind an anticipated 45, 000 seedlings, only 20,000 members of the farmer groups about the seedlings were ready at the onset of rains in proper planting procedures and how to care for March. Planting did not occur because of the the crop while in the garden.
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 57 Table 30: Farmer groups that received Aleurites moluccana seedlings.
Sub County Name of Farmer group Number of members Number of seedlings Aboke 1. Acan Kwo women’s group 50 5,000 2. Onote Ipit farmers group 50 5,000 Akalo 1. Note Ber youth group 50 5,000 2. Ter mot savings group 50 5,000 Alito 1. Kony Pacu farmers group 50 5,000 2. Can Okanyo youth group 50 5,000 Bala 1. Wek Nen farmers group 50 5,000 2. Acan Pe Nino farmers group 50 5,000 Total 40,000
N.B. Farmer groups from Ayer Sub County were not ready at the time of planting. 3.5.3.2.2 Inspection and evaluation of 3.5.3.2.3 Establishment of school agroforestry readiness of project beneficiaries to receive clubs, nurseries and distribution of seedlings. seedlings Unlike the previous year, the site inspection exercise was conducted by a team comprised of the respective Sub County project coordinators, executive members of the farmer groups, Local council 1 chairpersons and farmers. There was a slight change in the approach because of the germination pattern exhibited by the seeds. A few seeds germinate at a time, usually twenty to fifty per week, so an inspection was always carried for those farmers that could receive seedlings that had germinated. It was difficult to synchronize the inspection exercise because of the cost implications. A follow up visit by the Figure 77: Jo Temple from Sainsbury Charitable project manager confirmed that the farmers Trust speaking to members of Aberdyangoto P/S were conversant with the planting procedures agroforestry club in June 2013 and that there were no major conflicts among After demonstrating the ability to look after members of the households. On a happy the initial Eucalyptus hybrid clone woodlots, note, farmers from Alito Sub County which the project management decided to establish was the epicenter of activities of the Lord’s a central school agroforestry nursery to Resistance Army (LRA) managed to plant. They raise Grevillea robusta and Maesopsis emnii have expressed interest in receiving more tree seedlings. Twelve and twenty kilograms of species. Grevillea robusta and Maesopsis emnii were sown respectively. The nursery was established
Figure 76: Members of Aberdyangoto Primary School Agroforestry Club show Ms Jo Temple an Figure 78: Members of Te-Obia Primary School area where seeds of Maesopsis emnii were sown. Agroforestry club using music and drama to inform Left in the back ground is the school nursery. Jo Temple about their club activities.
58 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 at Aberdyangoto primary school, Bala Sub agroforestry using school gardens where they County. All standard nursery operations were plant cover crops such as groundnuts and implemented by the school agroforestry beans in the young woodlots. They also use club with technical guidance of the project music, dance and drama to convey messages coordinator and club patron. Prior to locating on environment and environment protection. the nursery, a two day teaching and practical exercise was conducted to inform members of the agroforestry club about the principles and practices of nursery establishment and management. This exercise was conducted in February 2013. The themes taught were: definition of a nursery; types of nurseries, factors to consider when citing a nursery; dimensions of nursery beds and impacts of aspect and alignment on seed germination once in the germination bed; soil mixture ratios; daily care and hardening of seedlings: water and nutrient regimes. The project had hoped that seedlings would be distributed for planting during April-May rains. This did not happen as a result of a Figure 79: Impressive one year old woodlot at Te- sudden occurrence of a drought. Seedlings Obia Primary School, Balla Sub-county, Kole district were instead planted in August. It is this February 2013. central nursery that Jo Temple visited when The clubs also conduct literary sessions where she came to Uganda. Each school received students improve their reading by reading 1,312 and 910 seedlings of Grevillea robusta and spelling to one another. AfrII collected and Maesopsis emnii respectively. Agroforestry newspaper articles and contributed them to clubs were established in ten schools in two the clubs for use members of these clubs. sub counties; Bala and Aboke. These schools are; Aweingwec, Imato, Omuge, Bala, Adyang, Te-Obia, Aberdyangoto, Igel, Okwor, and Okole 3.5.3.2.4 Demonstration of the superiority of primary. clonal eucalyptus hybrids The one acre demonstration plot established These clubs have executives comprised of in April 2011 is impressive. The trees have a president, vice president, treasurer and a uniform girth with excellent health. There secretary. The club membership is made up of a are no visible signs of disease infestations patron and students from primary five to seven and termite destruction. As was expected, classes. They manage the nurseries, practice GC 796/2 hybrid clone has out-performed
Figure 80: Prof. Otim-Nape inspects the borehole water pump as one of the community members demonstrates how it is working effectively. The borehole water pump was drilled by AfrII at its clonal Eucalyptus nursery at Amula Liira N. uganda
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 59 the other three clones; GC 578 and GC 796. along hedges. The daily water requirements of The demo has begun to serve its usefulness the hedges will be met by delivering water using of demonstrating the unique growth traits watering cans. There are plans to install drip exhibited by clones compared to the current irrigation using proceeds from sale of plantlets local eucalyptus trees. There is overwhelming to the community. The mother garden was demand from the District Education Office to weeded regularly using hand hoes. Its nutrient bring secondary schools on board. and moisture status should be monitored frequently using leaf color and fingers 3.5.3.3 Production of Eucalyptus respectively. Of particular interest are the NPK hybrid clones at central nursery. levels. All values will be kept above critical. Nitrogen based macro fertilizer especially 3.5.3.3.1. Drilling of a borehole water pump Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) was applied to provide water to the nursery at the time of cutting back to encourage the Water is the lifeline of a clonal nursery growth of coppices. A fertigation schedule that production facility. The water is needed right will involve quarterly application of UREA, DAP, from the time of establishing clonal hedges in and NPK is currently being developed. the mother garden, in the production process The fertilizer will be applied at a specific of and hardening off of plantlets in the grow out. 200kgs/ha. The nursery therefore must be located close to a reliable water source such as a stream.
In the absence of a stream, the project drilled a deep well borehole with a yield of 1.8m3 per hour to meet the daily needs of the nursery. As part of its strategy to ensure un-interrupted water supply, the project plans to acquire a 10m3 water tank to act as a reservoir to which water from the borehole will be pumped and stored for nursery use. 3.5.3.3.2 Establishment of clonal Eucalyptus Fig 82: Workers attend to ramets of clonal Eucalyptus mother garden to feed the clonal nursery at the mother garden in Amuca Central Nursery, October 2013 To realize the target of establishing at least one woodlot per primary school in Kole district, the 3.5.3.4. Monitoring and Evaluation project established a mother garden containing (M&E) fifteen thousand (15,000) ramets of three hybrid Eucalyptus clone types, GC 578, GC 796 Nine joint monitoring exercises were conducted and GC 796/2 (Fig 81, Fig 82). Each clone was this year for woodlots established in the first established in blocks of 25m X 25m. The project year of the project. There were two visits per established six (6) blocks each having 2,500 term. These exercises were mostly to check on plants. The clones were planted in double how regularly the woodlots were being weeded hedges, 0.5m between hedges and 0.75m and reminding them to do so whenever the need arose. It was noticed during these visits that termites were still a challenge. A few of the already established and impressive trees have been destroyed by termites especially during the dry season. Earlier attempts to use eco-friendly methods such as digging trenches to control termites has not been as effective as expected before. During subsequent funding, chemicals will be used to protect those schools that will establish new woodlots. Monitoring and evaluation exercises were also conducted by sub county project coordinators and Fig 81: Clonal hedges of clonal Eucalyptus at the respective head teachers and members of mother garden at Amuca Central Nursery, October farmer groups. 2013
60 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 Capacity Building 4 Programme
4.1 Introduction crops for food security, nutrition, income and climate change resilience; and to alert them Capacity, the ability of individuals, organizations on the importance of intellectual property, and and societies to perform functions, solve ensuring that policy makers were aware of the problems and set and achieve goals to the role they could play in supporting this sector. satisfaction of stakeholders is critical in national For many scientists, issues of policy and aspects and regional developments. Several studies of their work relating to intellectual property have identified this element as a critical limiting rights had not previously been considered. factor in African agricultural development. Consequently, sustainable creation, utilization The project was implemented in 7 countries in and retention of national and regional capacity to the ACP regions i.e. Uganda, Nigeria, Zambia, effectively implement agricultural development Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Fiji and Papua programmes in order to improve people’s New Guinea; with the Natural Resources livelihoods become fundamentally important. Institute, University of Greenwich - (UoG-NRI), This programme supports national and regional United Kingdom being the lead institution organizations, programmes and institutions and key beneficiary of the grant contract. to develop their individual, organizational Other consortium institutions are Africa and societal capacities for implementation Innovations Institute (AfrII), Uganda; Federal and sustainable management of selected University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB), development programmes, commodities, pests Nigeria; Caribbean; Agricultural Research and and disease situations. The specific projects in the Development Institute, Trinidad and Tobago programme included; (CARDI), Caribbean and National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Zambia (NISIR). The target groups in this project were 4.2. Science and technology in scientists and technologists working on RTCs in tropical roots for development the public and private sectors, specifically early career scientists and policy makers. in ACP countries The key beneficiaries of the project are those 4.2.1 Introduction who benefited from advances in pre- and post- harvest research activities including the root Despite the importance of tropical root and crop farmers, traders, processors, small and tuber crops to development in many ACP medium scale enterprises and consumers. countries, insufficient investments attention has been accorded to the development of the commodities compared to cereal commodities. 4.2.2. Outputs and Achievements Consequently scientists working on these crops are few and less represented among research 4.2.2.1 Project Management Committee grant applicants and funded proposals. The (PMC) planned and manages project activities. key objective of the project was to build capacity of early career root crops scientists PMC members from AfrII Uganda, FUNAAB in various aspects of root crops research and Nigeria, CARDI, Caribbean, NISIR, Zambia, UoG- development. The specific aim was to impart NRI UK and the Councilor, South Pacific/ISTRC ideas, provide support and feedback, and raise participated in the meetings organized in all awareness of the importance of tropical root the 7 countries. The PMC members met in each
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 61 case for two days and finalized the timetable, 4.2.2.4 Possible research needs in ACP harmonized the modules to get country countries established. relevant examples, and agreed on field work Distribution of respondent by age and sites and checklist. The manuals were modified qualifications. A study was conducted to assess to suit each country and region. Tasks were the available capacities for root and tuber crops shared for each member of the PMC. Policy research in the ACP regions. The methodology briefs were approved by PMC and updated on involved online registration of different experts the websites of the ISTRC and EUACP-NRI. and scientists in all aspects of RTCs research for development. The majority of the registered 4.2.2.2 Concept of an International Community experts were aged between 20 and 50 years of Practice (ICP) launched. with PhD, Master’s and Bachelor’s degrees in different aspects of root and tuber research There was an increase in ISTRC membership (Fig.83 , 84). from 300 in October 2011 to 518 from 45 Research areas included plant breeding, countries by 2013 as a result of concerted general agriculture, biotechnology and tissue efforts by the PMC using social networks culture and less than 3% of the experts were (websites, Facebook, twitter, regional meetings postharvest or food scientists, which may & ISTRC symposia). The project website (http:// necessitate the need to strengthen capacity in www.nri.org/projects/tropicalroots/) which this aspect of root and tuber research (Fig. 83). was developed to inform root and tuber Over 80% of the registered scientists were scientists about the project enabled a large based in Africa, indicating the need for greater number of scientists to register their interest. involvement of scientists from other ACP regions. 4.2.2.3 Satellite meetings to ISTRC symposia undertaken. Research needs: With the overall goal of making Two special sessions on the EU-ACP project were root crops spur industrial development and organized by the PMC in Kinshasa, DR Congo and raise incomes for farmers, processors, investors, Abeokuta, Nigeria during ISTRC-African Branch marketers, and other end users in African, symposium. AfrII PMC member Francis Alacho Caribbean and Pacific countries, the following was part of the panel that made presentations. research needs in the production segment of Others were Professor Keith Tomlins, Professor the value chain (Table TT) are suggested based Satish Chandra, Claire Coote, Dr Gregory Robin, on various expert consultations within the last Chitaku Muchelen’anga, Professor Lateef two years. Needs in the post-harvest and value Sanni, Associate Professor Umar from USP and addition segment of the value chain is outlined Professor Halim from UNITECH. Participants in Table 31 included mentors and mentees from African countries, the Caribbean, the South Pacific and other symposium participants world-wide.
Figure 83: Percentage distribution of respondent Figure 84: Educational qualifications of RTC scientists by age under the EU-ACP project; in ACP countries registered under the project
62 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 Figure 85: Areas of expertise of RTC scientists registered under the project. 4.2.2.5 Training materials to support regional which incorporated the PowerPoint material training programmes developed. and additional material, such as sources of research grant funding. These were developed The training materials were centered on during the first Uganda training and was research proposal writing, research methods improved and IPR. These included a training manual,
Fig 86. Reading materials in CD forms provided to each participant
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 63 Table 31. Research needs in the processing and value Table 32. Research needs in the production segment addition segment of the value chain of the value chain 1. Research efforts focused on applications of 1. Development of high and stable yielding RTC modern/emerging food processing technologies varieties with high industrial traits and resistance that is capable of evolving more uses for RTC, and to major pests and diseases (e.g. CMD and explore zero-waste post-harvest and processing CBSD resistance genes) and meting end user system requirements. 2. Assess the impact of climate change on RTC 2. Development of sustainable systems for clean products value chains specifically focusing on the planting material for farmers. impact on post-harvest issues including drying and 3. Development of rapid, easy and cheap privately storage. owned tissue culture tools for root crops in the 3. Development of improved and novel products regions. using integrated raw material utilization approach. 4. Develop production technologies that maintain 4. Development of high premium industrial products or increase soil fertility levels in agricultural based using waxy root crops farming systems in target zones. 5. Crop husbandry including organic production 5. Development of nutritionally (high protein and systems micronutrient contents) balanced root crops and products. 6. Impact of increased incidence of extreme weather events (flooding and drought) due to climate 6. Develop tools for product standardization, quality change on diseases and pests of root crops and assurance and consistent consumer acceptability food production. schemes for improved and novel products. 7. Managing priority pests and diseases and 7. Understanding and improving the marketing and beneficial microbial communities. handling systems of tropical root crops. 8. Exploiting GMOs in bio-fortification, pest and 8. Development of improved storage systems for disease resistance and other desirable traits. RTC. 9. Environmentally focused research to reduce soil erosion, production/processing pollution, and 9. Developing feeds and feeding systems from root prevent ecosystem destruction from shifting crops for different livestock. cultivation or deforestation. and upgraded at each subsequent training. research proposals, research methodology All these materials were supplied to the and intellectual property rights. Of these participants in PDF format on a CD (Fig 87). 76 were Uganda trainees (Fig 87). Thirty Exercise handouts were provided to support (30) Master Classes were also conducted of individual or group assignments. The training which 6 were Ugandans. The Uganda trainees programmes stressed an experiential, learning- were from 3 Public Universities, 4 Private by-doing approach with participants involved in Universities; 2 National Research Institutes, 8 multidisciplinary team work and peer learning. Zonal Agricultural Research and Development A fieldwork exercise was integral to the training Institutes, the private sector and African Forum course. These were done Kalerwe Market, for Agricultural Advisory Services (AFAAS). Nakumatt supermarket, Uchumi supermarket, Further, AfrII produced a two and half hour Kame market in Mukono Municipality. documentary on aspects of the EU-ACP training courses held in Uganda. 4.2.2.6 Training of Early Career Scientists A total of 493 early career scientists from In Lot 1 training, NARO dominated the the 7 countries were trained in writing participants. Other trainees were from
87: 88:
64 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 Makerere, Busitema and Gulu Universities, the Course participants provided feedback on CGIAR Centers and AfrII (Fig 87). They are from the course content, delivery, logistics and diverse disciplinary mix (Fig 88) ranging from their intentions regarding their own research food technologists to agricultural engineers, activities (Fig 90). The figure presents the suggesting the broad interests the courses had scoring of the content of the Lot 1 course in generated. Uganda where a score of 1 indicated excellence
Fig. 89: Course participants and trainers, Makerere University campus in Kampala April (left) and Central Inn, Entebbe Uganda in June (right). In Lot 2 training (Fig.91), the institutions were and a score of 5 indicated very poor. Based on diverse but NARO still dominated the training the results, all the course contents were rated followed by Makerere University. Other new excellent to very good, implying the suitability comers were other universities and the private of its content and excellence in delivery of all sector. Notable in the training were Busoga, the modules. Gulu and Mountain of the Moon Universities. The participants’ professional background were the most diverse (Fig.92). It included a mix of research, field or teaching assistants and technicians, students, scientists, directors and consultants. The broad disciplinary mix is a reflection of the nature and interests the courses had generated among potential participants. Gender was a key considerations in the two trainings. Although male participants dominated both trainings, female participation was 36% - 44% of total participants, which is very good by national standards. Figure 90: Participants’ scoring of course content, 4.2.2.7 Post-course evaluation and feedback Uganda (n=35). Score: 1- excellent, 5= very poor.
91: 92:
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 65 4.2.2.8 Accreditation of the courses to a 4.3 Impact Evaluation of ASARECA post- graduate qualification Operational Plan Gulu University in Uganda, FUNAAB in Nigeria and Nigerian Institute of Food Science and 4.3.1 Introduction Technology are examining the possibility of adopting the training modules as part of post graduate academic qualifications and The Africa Innovations Institute and the Natural certificate programmes as well for promotional Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, avenues. At the Department of Agriculture, UK implemented an Impact Evaluation of the UNITECH, South Pacific, parts of all the 3 First Operational Plan (OP-1) 2008-2013 of training modules are being incorporated into ASARECA. The main objectives of the evaluation the academic courses for the postgraduate were to: (1) assess the quality of the OP-I diploma, MPhil and MSc degrees. design and implementation arrangements; (2) analyse effectiveness of OP-I in addressing the 4.2.2.9 Outcome on final beneficiaries and agricultural challenges of the sub-region and target groups. present lessons learned; (3) critically undertake There is improved awareness, readiness and economic analysis and assess achievements of significant contributions to the development the implemented projects; (4) critically assess of acceptable concept notes and proposals the performance of ASARECA in meeting its on root and tuber crops. Several Universities Development Objective as stipulated in the sent their new graduates, early career staff OP-1 and Results Framework; (5) obtain an and students undertaking Master of Science objective evaluation of how proponents of and Doctor of Philosophy to participate in the projects are complying with environmental course. This helped some prepare their thesis and social safeguards (ESS) requirements and proposals. Several early career scientists from enforcing policy and or legislative requirements; National and Zonal Research Institutes of (6) examine the strategic positioning of NARO participated and improved their skills ASARECA as a knowledge hub in agricultural and attitude towards RTCs research. Some research and development in ECA; (7) generate have benefitted greatly by using the knowledge key lessons learned that may be helpful in the and skills gained to access grants for projects implementation of the ASARECA OP-II. and others have improved their status for admission to higher degrees as shown in the To achieve the above objectives, the evaluation case highlighted in text box 1 below. assessed the relevance, efficiency, effectiveness, achievements and sustainability of selected projects and the extent of performance towards fulfilling the Development Objectives of ASARECA. The methodology included qualitative and quantitative methods: desk review; key informant interviews of around 50 project stakeholders (with visits to 7 countries); focus group discussions with beneficiaries and stakeholders; household survey of project beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries, including 1,072 farmers in four representative countries (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Rwanda). Twenty 4.2.2.10 Publications produced during the five percent (25%) of the respondent were project: female-headed households). The project produced 3 training manuals on Research Proposal Writing, Research 4.3.2 Key Findings and Recommendations Methodology and Intellectual Property Rights. In brief the study found that the change in value Four policy briefs were also produced on: of agricultural output for the ECA sub-region [a] Food security and global food crises, [b] over the programme period has been positive, Impact of climate change and variability, with four countries exceeding CAADP targets. [c] Opportunities provided by bio-fuels and Changes in national average yields (from FAO exports, [d] Enterprise development and Figures) of key crops between 2008 and 2012 income generation. for ASARECA countries show more variability: some (maize, rice, sweet potatoes and beans)
66 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 were positive while others (cassava and green those for non-beneficiaries. Spill over effects beans) had declined. However, increases in were highly positive for the projects surveyed, yields of key crops have been achieved by and the contribution of ASARECA to policy beneficiaries of most projects surveyed, and reform and capacity development of research stakeholders who accessed new technologies, processes in member countries at various levels and management practices far exceeded the were significant. Overall, economic returns to target, while cash incomes and food security of the $90 million investment in ASARECA OP-1 beneficiaries increased significantly for most of were calculated to break-even by mid-2013. the projects surveyed. Assuming 60 percent of projects in ASARECA’s portfolio achieved a similar performance to the In addition, total value of net agricultural projects surveyed, the investment as a whole is output (crops and livestock) increased in real expected to be highly positive. More details and terms 2008-2012 for beneficiary households recommendations can be found in the report surveyed from $ 940 to $1047 far exceeding (Kate et al 2014) available with ASARECA.
Table 33: Project selection for Household Impact Survey Programme Countries Projects KMUS Uganda, Tanzania Dissemination and Transfer of new agricultural technologies in Quality Protein Maize (DONATA QPM*) Uganda, Kenya, Dissemination and Transfer of new agricultural technologies in Orange Fleshed Tanzania Sweet potato (DONATA OFSP*) Kenya Scaling up Farmer Led Seed Enterprises for Sustained Productivity and Livelihoods in ECA (FSLE) HVNSC Uganda, Rwanda Utilization of Bean Innovations for Food Security and Improved Livelihoods in ECA Staples Uganda, Rwanda Up scaling innovations for quality seed potato production in ECA Tanzania Sustainable intensification of sorghum-legume system to improve livelihood and adaptation to climate change in ECA LFP Uganda, Tanzania Harnessing crop-livestock integration to enhance food security and livelihoods resilience to effects of climate variability and change NRM Kenya, Rwanda Integrated management of water for productivity and livelihood security under variable and changing climatic conditions in ECA
4.3.3 South Sudan Agriculture Sector The report provides a synthesis on the status Situation Analysis (Stocktaking Report) of agriculture sector in the country, its progress over the last years and an assessment of the 4.3.3.1 Introduction country’s agriculture potential, opportunities and constraints/challenges as well as possible In response to the effort by the Government investment areas for accelerated growth. of South Sudan to align its agricultural development strategy and Investment plan to the CAADP Framework, Principles and Targets (CAADP 2003), the AU/ NPCA decided to fast track the CAADP process by supporting a team of consultants including staff members from AfrII to prepare the Agriculture Sector Stocktaking Report for the Government. The study involved in-depth review of agricultural sector literature, key informants interviews, field visits and stakeholders consultations on all aspects of the study. Validation workshops were held at the state and national levels and with development partners before finalization of the report.
4.3.3.2. Main findings and recommendations
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 67 Further, it highlights baseline issues in key This process started with the situation analysis, performance analysis areas such as ecosystem normally referred to as stock taking study, and services and gender mainstreaming. The report in depth analysis of challenges, constraints and also looks at the institutional and capacity opportunities in the agricultural sector. Wide development issues, investments levels and stakeholders’ consultations at the agricultural financing mechanisms, including a look at sector level, national and states levels, were agricultural sector development programs, undertaken to build consensus on constraints projects and other external assistance efforts. and interventions and investment priorities The current level of private sector participation and other issues. A draft investment plan in agricultural development and the (Otim-Nape et al, 2013) was prepared and government’s strategy to attract more private shared with a wide stakeholder groups to build sector investments is also reviewed. The reports consensus before finalization. gives recommendations on priority investment
4.3.4.2. Key Issues addressed by NAIP areas which should be considered in developing the agricultural sector investment plan. Details The National Agricultural Sector Investment of the report (Otim-Nape et al 2013) are Plan (NAIP) is sector wide and covered issues available with the AU/NPCA Secretariat and the in the crops, livestock, fisheries, forestry, Government of South Sudan. land and water. All the issues are addressed in five programmes: Enhancing community 4.3.4 Development of Agriculture resettlement, rehabilitation and security; Sector Investment Plan for the Enhancing intensification and sustainable agricultural production; strengthening Government of South Sudan institutional capacity for agricultural sector development; strategic investment in 4.3.4.1 Introduction commodity value chains and agribusiness development; sustainable land, water In response to the effort by the Government and natural resources management. Each of South Sudan to align its agricultural programme is structured into sub programmes development strategy and Investment plan to and components as summarized in Table 34. the CAADP Framework, Principles and Targets More information on the NAIP is available with (CAADP 2003), the AU/ NPCA decided to fast NEPAD Secretariat and the Government of track the CAADP process by supporting a South Sudan team of consultants from AfrII to prepare the Agriculture Sector Investment Plan for the Government.
68 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 Table 34: Vision, Mission, Sector Objectives, Programmes, Sub Programmes and Components of the South Sudan Agricultural Investment Plan 2013-18
Vision: Food security for all the people of the Republic of South Sudan, enjoying improved quality of life and environment
Mission: To create an enabling environment for the transformation of agriculture from a subsistence system into a modern, socially and economically sustainable system through science-based, market-oriented, competitive and profitable farming while maintaining the integrity of the natural resource base for the benefit of future generations of South Sudanese people.
Goal: Increased agricultural productivity to improve food security and contribute to economic growth. Sector Objectives: To ensure food security, improved livelihoods and income of the people of South Sudan, through sustainable use of natural resources and land management. Immediate • Accelerate community resettlement, rehabilitation, peace and security as a post-war recovery Objectives process • Enhance intensification and sustainable pro-poor growth in agricultural productivity and production • Strengthen institutional capacity and enabling environment for sustainable agricultural development • Accelerate development and commercialization of strategic commodity value chains • Ensure sustainable utilization and management of land, water and natural resources
Programmes Programme 1 Programme 2 Programme 3 Programme 4 Programme 5 Community Intensification Institutional Development, Sustainable resettlement and sustainable capacity and commercialization utilization and and productivity and enabling of commodity value management rehabilitation production environment chains of natural resources Sub- Post conflict Increasing Adequate Development of Sustainable Programmes resettlement production and provision of strategic commodity land and and productivity agricultural value chains water rehabilitation services management
Addressing Reducing post- Agricultural sector Agro processing, Forestry and cattle rustling harvest losses statistics and agribusiness biodiversity and insecurity information development and management market access Adequate skilled human resources
• Review and assess the scope and • In the context of FARA/SADC regional appropriateness of the existing mandate priorities for agricultural research, review of the Agricultural Research Department, and assess the existing human resource MoA, in relation to regional mandates and capabilities and based on the future focal areas, and development an outline mandate, institutional set up, governance for a research programme required taking and research programmes define the national needs and farmer demands as well human capacities needed for a renewed as regional programmes into consideration. national research system with particular focus on the education, qualifications and • Review and assess funding of the national competencies required by managers and research system over recent years, including staff in the “modern knowledge era”. related criteria, prioritization and resource allocation. Explore options for alternative • Review the need for a national agricultural funding and financing arrangements. research policy, taking into account existing national and regional agricultural sector • Assess potentials/options for competitive policies and the analysis, direction and and performance-based approaches to proposals contained in the assessment of research grant funding within the national the national extension system. system and identify potential themes/ programme areas for initial piloting.
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 69 4.3.5 Assessment of the National performance and contribution to agricultural Agricultural Research System of development of the country. Swaziland Accordingly a team of consultants including 4.3.5.1. Introduction staff from AfrII was commissioned to assess the National Agricultural Research System of Agriculture is the mainstay of the Swazi Swaziland and to recommend best ways to economy. It directly contributes about 11% improve its relevance, efficiency, effectiveness to the GDP, employs about 70% of the total and impact on national development. population and accounts for 80% of total land use. The sector’s contribution to the The general objective is to assess the National economy during the recent decades has been Agricultural Research System of Swaziland steadily going down. Among the factors for this and to recommend best ways to improve its decline have been weak agricultural support performance. institutions such as extension, research and credit services. The specific objectives are:
The major challenge facing the agricultural • Review the overall role and appropriateness sector is how to increase its contribution to of the national research system and GDP, its annual growth rate, and reverse the its research programmes in terms of net importation of basic foods such as maize, its relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, livestock products etc. The agricultural research sustainability and impact (DAC criteria), system has been cited as one of the mechanism as well as responsiveness to smallholder to address these challenges. In order to farmers. exploit the power and potential of agricultural • Undertake institutional and organizational research in addressing the sectors challenges, assessment of the research system and its the Government and its development partners institutions as well as regarding the future such as the European Union, FAO and others, structure and governance of the national decided on a review and assessment of the research system. National Agricultural Research System with the view of reorganizing the system to improve its
70 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 4.3.5.3 Methodology of the Assessment 4.3.6 Road Map and Strategy for To understand the role and appropriateness a Renewed National Agricultural of the National Agricultural Research System, Research System, Swaziland the team (a) reviewed relevant literature (b) identified the institutions making up the 4.3.6.1 Introduction NARS (c) and conducted series of consultative The major challenge facing the agricultural meetings, focus group discussions and expert sector is how to increase its contribution to consultations with the management, key staff GDP, its annual growth rate, and reverse the and stakeholders of the institutions. The review net importation of basic foods such as maize, and consultative meetings and discussions livestock products etc. The agricultural research focused on (a) institutions and organizations system has been cited as one of the mechanism making up NARS; (b) organizational, governance to address these challenges. and management arrangements of each; (c) mandate, programme of activities, outputs and impacts of each, (d) funding - source, amount, adequacy for each; (e) HR capacity - quality and quantity and motivation for each, (f) interactions, linkages and coordination among themselves; (g) appropriateness in contributing to national development objectives and priorities, (h) appropriateness in addressing farmers and other beneficiary needs. All these were done in terms of relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability, and impact.
4.3.5.4. Main Findings and Recommendations Based on the above, the team identified strengths, weakness and challenges that must be addressed or overcome in order to create an effective research system. Also Encouraged by the report on the review identified were characteristics of sustainable and assessment of the National Agricultural organizations which included: (a) the ability to Research System, the Government and its scan the environment, adapt to it, and seize development partners especially the European opportunities it offers, (b) strong leadership and Union, FAO and others, decided on a review management, (c) the ability to attract and retain and reform of the National Agricultural qualified staff, (d) the ability to provide relevant Research System with the view of improving its benefits and services for maximum impact in performance and contribution to agricultural communities, (e) the skills to demonstrate development of the country. Accordingly a and communicate this impact to leverage team of consultants led by Professor G.W. Otim- further resources, (f) community support and Nape of AfrII was commissioned to carry out a involvement, and (g) commitment to building Phase two of the NARS Assessment and review sustainable (not dependent) communities. and to propose a vision, strategy and roadmap for a renewed National Agricultural Research Conclusions and recommendations for System of Swaziland that is relevant, efficient, improving the system were drawn and and effective; and can impact on national proposal on appropriate institutional development. settings and governance systems, processes and structures for the Swaziland National 4.3.6.2 Focus and Objectives of the Review Agricultural Research System were made. and Reform Finally options and alternative road maps were The phase two focused on preparation of the - proposed for a renewed institutional set-up, “Draft report on vision, strategy and roadmap” governance and development of the national including developing: agricultural research system. Full details of the • A clear vision for a renewed institutional report are contained in Otim-Nape et al, 2011 set-up, governance and operations for a available with FAO Mbabane or the Ministry of relevant, effective and efficient national Agriculture, Government of Swaziland. research system, considering contributions
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 71 from the sub-regional and regional systems. extensive stakeholders’ consultations and • A sustainable financial mechanisms and consensus building workshops throughout the resource allocations (including competitive country. A draft report was fully discussed with grants, financial support to the demand FAO, and their inputs were incorporated in side of research), including three financial the revised report. In depth discussions of the scenarios over the coming 5 years with proposed reform were made with the Ministry indicative investment projections across the of Agriculture’s top policy management system. and their views, concerns and issues were • Specific guidelines for demand-led national addressed before a final report was prepared. agricultural research and innovation policy basing on the new vision and the renewed 4.3.6.4. Main Recommendations and Road design of the research system, Map • Based on the option agreed for a renewed The challenge facing the Government is how to system, delineate a framework for create an institutional mechanism that would investment (strategic themes and priorities, link and coordinate all agricultural research output areas, institutional mandates/ institutions in the country; set national programmes, capital and recurrent budgets, agricultural research policy and priorities; and evaluation criteria) in the national research ensure research quality and accountabilities to and innovation system over the next five primary stakeholders. Other challenges are how years. to improve the efficiency, effectiveness and • An implementation strategy and capacity performance of DARSS, provide adequate and development programme on how to sustained funding and financing arrangements introduce and enhance the renewed for the National Agricultural Research System; research system, including the roles and provide an adequate, highly skilled and expected contributions of major public and motivated human resource capacity required private actors in the system. for an effective agricultural research system • An outline of a road map for the that can generate and deliver knowledge and implementing the renewed research innovations for sustained development, and system, its structures, operations, financial competitiveness of the agricultural sector. mechanisms and its linkages and networking Accordingly the team made comprehensive within the innovation system, including proposals to reform the National Agricultural Research System that is effective, efficient, sustainable, demand- and market- driven and 4.3.6.3. Methodology of the Assessment accountable to its stakeholders by creating The work was based on analysis of the report the National Agricultural Research Institute on assessment of the National Agricultural of Swaziland (NARIS) (Fig UU). In setting this Research System of Swaziland (Otim-Nape et direction the agricultural research system al, 2011) and builds on its findings, conclusions is guided by the goal and objectives of and recommendations focusing especially Government’s comprehensive agricultural on the research strategy and investment sector policy (CASP). The Vision, Mission, Super framework for the national agricultural research Goal, Goal, Purpose and strategic objectives system. Additional approaches were analysis and six key result areas were proposed. and brainstorming on alternative options and Key strategies and thrusts are: generation and delivery of knowledge and innovations; effective and efficient governance and institutional arrangements; innovative approaches for implementing agricultural research programmes; Improved research facilities at the network of research and experiment stations; adequate, highly skilled and motivated human resource capacity; adequate and sustained funding to the National Agricultural Research System and effective knowledge management and sharing. Research is organized in to Crops Resources Research, Livestock Resources Research,
72 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 Forestry and Natural Resources Management, system and integrated agricultural research Socioeconomics, Markets and Policy and Food for development are recommended superior and Consumer Science Research themes. research approaches. Each theme is divided into sub themes and key activities and the agricultural innovations
Table 35: Timeframe for implementing the NARS reform in Swaziland Activity Time frame Who Responsible Immediately put in place a Task Team and a champion Immediate MoA PS Prepare and approve research policy Next 6 months MOA PS Review existing laws and prepare draft legislation for Next 6 months MoA PS NARS Study tours for research leaders and managers, and re- Next 3- 6 months MoA/SADP searchers Competency development of existing staff Next 3-12 months MoA/SADP Attorney general prepares and submits Bill to - Parlia 6 – 18 months Ministry of Justice ment for debate Parliament enacts the National Agricultural Research 18- 24 Months Ministry of Justice Act Undertake special studies necessary for NARS reform Next 18 months MoA/SADP Pilot outreach and partnership initiative Next 24 months MoA/SADP Higher degree training of existing staff Next 6-24 months MoA/SADP Appoint the National Agricultural Research Board 24th month Minister MoA Appoint ED and staff of NARIS 24th month Board First National Agricultural Research Summit 24-26th month Board
On-farm Research, Outreach and Partnerships of all agricultural research in the country. has been introduced; the main purpose of Increased budget allocation and flexibility by which is to deliver throughout the country Government to Agricultural Research has been relevant, effective and superior research recommended. A tight and minimum budget services (technologies, knowledge, methods) is provided for NARIS. The proposed reform of that increase farm productivity, enhances the NARS in Swaziland is comprehensive which value chain competitiveness and ensures when implemented should produce substantial diversification. The National Agricultural impact on agricultural development. A plan for Research Institute (NARIS) of Swaziland has the reform process and responsible persons been proposed as an effective and efficient and timeframe for implementing the research governance and institutional arrangements and other programmes was also proposed. Full for NARS. NARIS will be the sole public details of the report are contained in Otim- entity and the national competent authority Nape et al, 2012 available with FAO Mbabane responsible for coordination (public, private, or the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of universities and civil society) and execution Swaziland.
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 73 5 Publications, 2013
Publications in Journals Ogwal Byenek, S. Impact of climate variability on natural resources, food and health security • Nimusiima Alex, Basalirwa C. P. K., Majaliwa in the cattle corridor of Uganda. Presentation J.G.M, Otim-Nape W. , Okello-Onen J., made at the ECOHESA 2014 Symposium, Rubaire-Akiiki C., Konde-Lule J. and Ogwal- Johannesburg, South Africa, 10 – 12 March, Byenek S. (2013). Nature and dynamics 2014. of climate variability in the Uganda cattle corridor. African Journal of Environmental • Mukasa, B., Ssengendo, M., Otim-Nape, Science and Technology, Vol. 7 (8), 770 – 782. W.G., Okello-Onen, J., Rubaire-Akiiki, C., Konde-Lule, J., Basalirwa, P. and Ogwal • Kwesiga, S., Okello-Onen, J., Otim-Nape, Byenek, S. Gender and adaptation to the risks W.G., Rubaire-Akiiki, C., Konde-Lule, J., of climate variability for livelihood security in Basalirwa, P. and Ogwal Byenek, S. Situation the cattle corridor communities of Uganda. analysis of ticks and tick- borne diseases Presentation made at the ECOHESA 2014 in different farming systems of Nakaseke Symposium, Johannesburg, South Africa, 10 and Nakasongola districts. Special Issue of – 12 March, 2014. Ecohealth Journal. • Wellard K., Sengendo M., Sseguya H., Ndagire • Mayanja, M., Rubaire-Akiiki, C., Morton, S., Mugarura S. and Otim-Nape G.W. 2014. J. Diet diversity in pastoral and agro Impact Evaluation of ASARECA Operational pastoral households in Ugandan rangeland Plan 1 and Development Objectives and ecosystems. Ecology of food and nutrition Documentation of Lessons Learned: Final Journal. Report. ASARECA/NRI UoG and AfrII. • Mayanja, M., Rubaire-Akiiki, C., et al. ASARECA, Entebbe, 108pp. April 2014 Characterizing food security in pastoral and Reports agro pastoral communities in the cattle corridor of Uganda. Journal of Pastoralism, • Otim-Nape G.W, Sabwa N., Phiri E. Sentongo policy and practices and Journal of food P. and Omino J 2013. South Sudan Agriculture Security. Stocktaking Report. A Report Submitted to the AU/NPCA, Africa Innovations Institute, • Osinde, C., Okello-Onen., Oryema-Origa, Kampala, Uganda, 18 September 2012, H. and Otim-Nape, G.W. Nutritional 112pp and chemical composition of selected indigenous plant species used as food in the • Otim-Nape G.W, Pangech J., Kayanga L. and cattle corridor of Uganda, a case study of Omino J 2013. South Sudan Agriculture Nakasongola and Nakaseke district. Lambert Sector Investment Plan: Crops Agriculture. academic publishers. A Report Submitted to the AU/NPCA, Africa Innovations Institute, Kampala, Uganda, 28 Presentations made at Conferences/Symposia April 2013, 63pp
• Okello-Onen, J., Otim-Nape, W.G., Rubaire- • Otim-Nape G.W., Dr J. Pali Shikhulu, Blackie Akiiki, C., Konde-Lule, J., Basalirwa, P., Ogwal M. 2011. Assessment of the National Byenek, S. (2012). Epidemiology of important Agricultural Research System, Final Report. vectors and vector-borne diseases in the Food and Agricultural Organization of the rangeland ecosystem of Uganda. Presentation United Nations/Government of Swaziland, made at the Ecohealth 2012 conference, Mbabane, Swaziland. 11th July 201, 1112pp Kunming, China, 15 – 18 October, 2012. • Otim-Nape G.W., J. Pali Shikhulu, and M. • Okello-Onen, J., Otim-Nape, W.G., Rubaire- Blackie 2011. Road Map and Strategy for Akiiki, C., Konde-Lule, J., Basalirwa, P. and
74 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 a Renewed National Agricultural Research • Nimusiima Alex. The Impacts of Climate System, Swaziland. Final Report. Food and Change and Variability on maize production Agricultural Organization of the United in Uganda cattle corridor. PhD Thesis Nations/Government of Swaziland, Mbabane, Submitted to Makerere University. Swaziland. 28th November 2011, 130pp Monographs Theses • Habaasa G., Otim-Nape G.W., J. Okello- a) MSc Theses Onen, and S. Ogwal Byenek. Determinants of nutrition and stunting among under • Kwesiga Stephen. Situation analysis of ticks five children in Nakaseke and Nakasongola and tick- borne diseases in different farming districts. systems of Nakaseke and Nakasongola districts. MSc. Thesis Submitted to Gulu • Kwesiga S., Okello-Onen, J., Otim-Nape, University. W.G., Rubaire-Akiiki, C. and Ogwal Byenek, S. Impacts of climate variability on livestock • Habaasa Gilbert. Determinants of production in the cattle corridor of Uganda. malnutrition among under-five children in Nakaseke and Nakasongola districts, References Uganda. MSc. Thesis Submitted to Makerere University. COMESA, 2009 b) PhD Theses Jarvis et al., 2013 (consult GMarkets people)
• Mayanja Maureen. Food security and Climate Variability in Nakasongola and Nakaseke districts in the cattle corridor of Uganda. PhD Thesis Submitted to Makerere University.
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 75 6 Financial Report 2013
6.1. Income and expenditure • The Alan & Babette Sainsbury Charitable The financial report for the year under review Fund, UK is summarized in annex 1. Total income for • The JJ Charitable Trust, UK the institute during the year was US$ 770,000 • Ashden Trust-UK compared to about USD 600,000 the previous • START Secretariat, The Global Change year, 2012. The organizations who provided Systems for Analysis, Research and Training, funds for the implementation of different USA project activities reported here are: 6.2. Growth in income and • The Government of Uganda expenditure: 2008-2013 • The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, USA • Department for International Development (DFID), UK This is summarized in the Fig. 93 and Fig. 94 • The International Development Research below. Since inception, AfrII has continued to Centre (IDRC), Canada see a rapid growth in funding by development • Rockefeller Foundation, USA partners. This is associated with the growth • European Union in expenditure and the volume of projects it • Austrian Development Agency, Austria implements. • The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
Fig. 93 Fig. 94
76 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 6.3. Audit Report and Financial Statements.
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 77 78 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 79 7 Administration
7.1 Organogram of the Africa Innovations Institute
Annual General meeting (AGM)
Science & Innovation Commitee Founder Members Commitee of International Experts Board of Directors Finance & Human Resource Commitee Audit Chairman / Chief Executive Officer Resource Mobilisation
Research and Innovations Management Finance and Advocacy and Administration Information Management Management
Organizational Chart for Africa Innovations Institute as at December 2009
7.2. Current Members of AfrII Governing Council
1. Mr David O. Oleke Obong, President 5. Dr Fina Opio, Member Permanent Secretary, Executive Director, Minister of Water and Environment, ASARECA, Kampala, Uganda Entebbe, Uganda
2. Mr Laurence Cockcroft, Member 6. Prof. G. William Otim-Nape, (Ex officio) The Gatsby Charitable Foundation, Chairman Management Committee / London, UK. CEO, Africa Innovations Institute, 3. Dr Roger Kirkby, Member, P.O. Box 34981, Former Director, Kampala, Uganda Regional Office for Africa, CIAT Kampala, Uganda 7. Professor Joseph Okello-Onen, (Ex officio) 4. Mr Geral Dominic Abila, Member Africa Innovations Institute, Executive Director, Africa Innovations Institute, BareFoot Law Inc. P.O. Box 34981, Kampala, Uganda Kampala, Uganda
80 Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 7.3. Current Staff Name and Programme Title Location Management Prof. George W. Otim-Nape (BSc Agric., MSc Agric., PhD. Chairman/CEO Secretariat FUNAS) Ms. Prosscovia Amuge (BBA, MBA, ACCA II) Head of Finance and Administration Secretariat Ms. Acola Barbara (BBA, ACCA III) Senior Accountant Secretariat Ms. Ngole Judith (BBA, DBA) Finance Officer Secretariat Ms. Mugyenyi Barbara (BA - Dev. Studies) Executive Administrator Secretariat Ms. Edela Miriam (Dip Secretarial Studies) Assistant Administrator Kumi Office Information and Public Relations Ms. Nancy Nandudu (B. Mass Com.) Secretariat Executive Ms. Lekuru Christine Office Attendant Secretariat Mr. John Oloya Office attendant Luwero Mr. Omoding Jimmy Driver Secretariat Mr David Male Driver Secretariat Mr. John Wanyama Driver Secretariat Mr. Saatya Henry Driver Kumi Office Mr. Ocheger John Michael Security guard Kumi Office Value Chains Development Principal Agronomist/ Programme Mr. Alacho Francis (BSc. Agric, MSc Agric.) Secretariat Manager, Mr Geresom Okecho (BA, MSc. Agric. Ec.), Economist/ME &L Specialist Mrs. Gloria Onika Okello (MSc. Agric. Dev.; BSc Agric, PGD Business Development Specialist Secretariat (Cooperatives and Rural Dev); Zonal Manager, Eastern and Mr Tony Ijala – (BSc. Agric., MSc Agric.) Kumi Office Northern Uganda Ms Audrey Akullu (LLB, MBA, PG. DIP- Forex Trade & Business Development Specialist Secretariat Investments) Mr Awio Thomas (BSc Agric., MSc Agric.) Agronomist Mr. Samuel Baker Ogwang (BSc Agric. Eng) Agricultural Engineer Kumi Office Ms Grace Asere (BA, PgD Gender in Dev.) Gender Officer Secretariat Juliet Nanyonga (BSc Food Technology, PGD Food Sc.) Food Scientist Kumi Office Climate Change Programme Prof. Joseph Okello-Onen (BSc, MSc, PhD) Director, Programme Manager, Secretariat Veterinary Parasitologist/ Livelihoods Prof Chris Rubaire-Akiiki (BVM, MVM, PhD) Secretariat Specialist Ms Beatrice Mukasa (BA, MA - Gender studies) Gender Specialist Secretariat Mr Alex Nimusiima (BA, MA) Climate Scientist (PhD Student) Secretariat Ms Maurine Maynaja BVM, MVM) PhD Student Secretariat Mr Gilbert Habasa (B.Sc, MStat) Climate Scientist Secretariat Mr. Ogwal Simon Byenek (BSc. Forestry) Field Manager Secretariat Agricultural and Environmental Sustainability Dr Julius Okwadi (BSc Agric, MSc Ag. Ec., PhD) Social Economist/ Country Director Secretariat Dr. Peter O. Alele (B.Sc. Forestry, M.Sc. Natural Resources, Senior Ecologist/Biophysical Secretariat Ph.D., Ecology) Technical Manager Tusiime Felly Mugizi (BSc. Hons., MSc. Botany) Senior Botanist Secretariat Atai Bennadette (BA Educ, MSc.Env&NRM, Cert Landscape Biophysical Scientist Secretariat Genomics) Kwesiga Stephen (BSc., MSc, PGD (M&E) Biophysical Scientist Secretariat Kizza Joel (B.DVS) Socioeconomic Technician Secretariat Akodoi Caroline (B.A Tourism), Certificate in GIS), Socio-economic Technician Secretariat Mr Patrick Opio BBA Administrative Assistant Secretariat Agriculture for Improved Nutrition1 Dr Joweria Namboze (B Sc. Nutrition, MSc Agric, PhD - Nutritionist Secretariat Nutrition Ms Catherine Ndagire (BSc. Food Science, MSc. Applied PhD Student (Human Nutrition) Secretariat Nutrition) 1 Other staff drawn from other agricultural programmes
Africa Innovations Institute, Annual Report 2013 81