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President’s Letter =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K 5 ^ãÉêáÅ~å=^áê=~åÇ=t~íÉê =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K12 th 6 UV World Congress - Call for Papers =K=K=K=K=K 6 `~êçääç=båÖáåÉÉêë =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K30

UV Industry News =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K 8 aÉÖêÉãçåí=qÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉë= =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K21

Hot UV News =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K 10 bí~=éäìë=ÉäÉÅíêçåáÅ=ÖãÄÜ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K9 eÉê~Éìë=kçÄäÉäáÖÜí=dãÄe =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K28 RTICLES ec=pÅáÉåíáÑáÅ =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K5 A fqq=tÉÇÉÅç =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K2 UV Disinfection of Water in Horticultural iáÖÜíJpçìêÅÉë =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K11 Applications K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= 14 j~äÅçäã=máêåáÉI=fåÅK =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K26 káÅç=båíÜçîÉå kÉçíÉÅrs=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K13 Ultraviolet Disinfection Effectively Controls mÜáäáéë=iáÖÜíáåÖ=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=KBC Oilfield Sulfate Reducing Bacteria K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= 17 läáîÉê=i~ï~äI=hÉîáå=pÜ~ååçåI=iáåÇëÉó=däçÉI=h~êÉå=háåÖI=tÉëäÉó oÉ~ä=qÉÅÜ=fåÅK=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K26 t~êêÉåI=qÜçã~ë=e~êÖó=~åÇ=cäçêÉåÅÉ=cçåÖ qêçà~å=qÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉë =K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K31 Development of a Protocol for the Determination of the Ultraviolet Sensitivity of ON THE COVER: Visit the IUVA at WEFTEC & WQTC! Microorganisms Suspended in Air K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= 22 náåÖ=pÜÉåÖ=hÉI=píÉéÜÉå=^K=`ê~áâ=~åÇ=g~ãÉë=oK=_çäíçå Editor in Chief: Happy Hippos – Mr. Paul Overbeck UV in Aquatic Life Support K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= 27 frs^=kÉïë=Eéêáåí=îÉêëáçåF=Efppk=NROUJOMNTF=áë éìÄäáëÜÉÇ=èì~êíÉêäó=Äó=íÜÉ=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=räíê~îáçäÉí World’s Largest Backwash Water Reuse ^ëëçÅá~íáçåI=fåÅK=Efrs^F=^å=ÉäÉÅíêçåáÅ=îÉêëáçå=áë=éêçîáÇÉÇ ÑêÉÉ=íç=~ää=frs^=jÉãÄÉêëK Installation K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K=K= 29 Head Office: Paul Overbeck ([email protected]) Diana Mitchell ([email protected]) International Ultraviolet Association EDITORIAL BOARD PO Box 28154, Scottsdale, AZ 85255 Tel: (480) 544-0105 Fax: (480) 473-9068 mÜKaKI= mêçÑÉëëçê=g~ãÉë=_çäíçåI _çäíçå=mÜçíçëÅáÉåÅÉë=fåÅK www.iuva.org `ÜêáëíáåÉ=`çííçåI mKbKI=j~äÅçäã=máêåáÉ IUVA Editorial [email protected] ^åÇêÉ~ë=hçäÅÜI mÜKaKI eóíÉÅçå=dãÄe IUVA Advertising [email protected] mêçÑÉëëçê=h~êä=dK=iáåÇÉåI mÜKaKI=råáîK=çÑ=`çäçê~Çç=~í=_çìäÇÉêI=`l IUVA Membership visit www.iuva.org or _êìÅÉ=^K=j~ÅäÉêI mÜKaKI=rKpK=bm^ [email protected] (480-544-0105) mêçÑÉëëçê=g~ãÉë=mK=j~ääÉóI=gêKI mÜKaKI=råáîK=çÑ=kÉï=e~ãéëÜáêÉ IUVA Executive Operating Committee p~ãìÉä=pK=gÉó~å~ó~Ö~ãI mÜKaKI=mKbKI=_`bbI=`eOj=eáää== - President Bertrand Dussert, PhD dK=bääáçíí=tÜáíÄóI mÜKaKI=`~äÖçå=`~êÄçå=`çêéçê~íáçå - President-Elect Paul Swaim, PE e~êçäÇ=têáÖÜíI `~êçääç=båÖáåÉÉêë - Secretary Guus IJpelaar, PhD oçåÖàáåÖ=uáÉI mÜKaKI=`ÉåíÉê=Ñçê=^Çî~åÅÉÇ=t~íÉê=qÉÅÜåçäçÖáÉë - Treasurer Christopher Schulz, PE aÉëáÖåÉÇ=Äó=^ä~j~êá=jÉÇá~W ESMOF=QVOJUOQV=çê=ïïïK~ä~ã~êáãÉÇá~KÅçã mêáåíÉÇ=Äó=mêáÇÉ=mêáåíáåÖW EUUUF=VSPJONRO=çê=ïïïKéêáÇÉéêáåíáåÖKÅçã - Past Pres. Linda Gowman, PhD, PEng

SEPTEMBER 2010 | 3 toilets around the capital. Six months ago the number was just DITORIAL nearing 1,000. The long term solution will include centralized water and wastewater treatment operations for the ever more Paul Overbeck urban Haitian public. Editor-in-Chief Developed Countries E In North America we continue to see environmental concerns In my last editorial I had just returned driving public discussion and opportunity. from Singapore International Water On July 9th, Professor Ernest (Chip) Blatchley, IUVA member and Week and pointed out different leader of the Aquatics Strategic Initiative team, was interviewed countries’ focus on drinking water and on National Public Radio regarding swimming pool chemistry sanitation goals. concerns. Here is a brief excerpt: Since then, I have been reminded Host - “With a heat wave scorching the Northeast, a dip in the frequently that the global, regional, pool may sound like just what the doctor ordered. But before national and local issues and concerns diving in, consider the chemistry. Engineer Ernest Blatchley drive opportunities for our industry. reveals many things you didn't want to know about swimming m~ìä=lîÉêÄÉÅâ pools and the chemical reactions occurring in them… Is there something, a sickness that we might not suspect we have but, Developing Economies you know, can affect us if we're in a swimming pool?” Public concern may drive the pendulum toward disinfection Chip responded: “Well, there are - there have been - first of all, byproducts (DBPs) and chemical contaminant control sooner the CDC has developed a division that looks into what they refer than later. to as recreational water illnesses. They - so they developed that Just a last year, China reached a milestone when the giant term, recreational water illness, to describe these things. And reservoir behind Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River reached these are conditions that are attributable to exposure to its maximum height. Beijing had long touted the dam — the microorganisms or chemicals in pools or sometimes combinations biggest hydroelectric plant in the world — as a way to stop of these things. And they range from, you know, skin rashes to flooding, increase river shipping and generate clean power. eye and skin irritation, to respiratory problems. And there have been suggestions, although they haven't necessarily been proven, But surprisingly, officials publicly admitted that the project could that there is possibly a link between some of these chemicals and lead to environmental disasters, prompting speculation that the promotion of asthma in some people”. China's leaders wanted to distance themselves from the project. For the full interview visit: Residents worry about pollution even though the government www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128410569. insists that pollution in the reservoir is under control. They point to newly built sewage treatment plants and sanitation workers This new level of awareness is in part tied to the United States who skim thousands of tons of floating rubbish off the reservoir Centers for Disease Control recommendation of UV as a best each year. available treatment technology for commercial pools is driving opportunity. But problems remain. Residents on the Jialing River, a tributary of the Yangtze River near the city of Chongqing, have been Please keep presenting UV’s benefits. People are and will campaigning for years against a local chemical plant that they say be listening! is illegally polluting. Residents say they have watched many co- workers die of cancer in the last 30 years they have worked at and lived near the plant. They point to a spot where they say the factory dumps polluted water at night, which flows into the Three Gorges Reservoir. IUVA & IOA South American economies appear to be holding their ground or growing under the current global economic conditions. Brazil in particular, with near energy self sufficiency and a prime location for manufacturing outsourcing will be investing in infrastructure to support the demands of a growing economy. Add the need to support an influx of global tourism spawned by their selection to host the 2014 FIFI World Cup and one can imagine the strong opportunities in water and wastewater treatment. Call For Papers Now Online! Recovering from Disaster NORTH AMERICAN CONFERENCE In Haiti, availability of food and water are no longer the primary THE FAIRMONT ROYAL YORK concerns. Supplies have become fairly reliable. So, the TORONTO, ONTARIO, CANADA government and aid agencies have now shifted focus to another big concern - the risk of epidemics that could sweep through SEPTEMBER 19-21, 2011 densely populated tent camps. A key measure in avoiding that is to improved sanitation. The UN says it is installing 25,000 pit

4 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 3 MESSAGE from the IUVA President Bertrand Dussert A Titled "Ozone and UV: Leading-edge Science and Technologies", the 2011 Dear Fellow IUVA Members - Joint World Congress & Exhibition (and 6th IUVA World Congress) will provide an international forum of experts to discuss the latest advances in Today, it is with great pleasure that I am writing the sciences, engineering & applications of ultraviolet and/or ozone to you about our next World Congress that will technologies used to enhance the quality of human life & protect the take place in Paris, France, 23-27 May 2011. environment. I am sure some of you will comment that I am In addition to five concurrent scientific and technical sessions, our globally biased, and... you are right. diverse exhibitors will display the industry's best and most innovative As your President, I could not dream of a better products and services. Our program will also include tours of a unique venue for our World Congress. Having spent 5 cross-section of France’s finest water and wastewater plants, all (of course) using UV and/or ozone technologies. mêÉëáÇÉåí=_Éêíê~åÇ years in Paris as a cash-strapped Ph.D. student, tK=aìëëÉêíI=mÜKaK to this day I still find myself returning annually Finally, no trip to Paris is complete without some well-deserved relaxation for long walks along the Seine River; this city time. We look forward to offering a number of social and cultural events to never ceases to amaze me with its romantic, fashionable, elegant, and help you & your guests take advantage of the best Paris has to offer, Our historical charm. As a host city, Paris offers the IUVA unparalleled cuisine, event venue, the CAP 15 International Center of Businesses and Congress, cultural and shopping opportunities, all of international acclaim. is next to the Seine and only a short walk from the Eiffel Tower, perhaps you More importantly, there is so much to be excited about within the World will join me for a stroll. Congress itself. Building on our enormous success in 2007 (Los Angeles, I am looking forward to seeing you all in the City of Light. CA), the 2011 World Congress will be a Joint event with the International Ozone Association (IOA).

SEPTEMBER 2010 | 5 The International Ozone Association and The International Ultraviolet Association are pleased to invite you to take part in their

2011 Joint World Congress & Exhibition 20th IOA World Congress - 6th IUVA World Congress Ozone and UV: Leading-Edge Science & Technologies 23-27 May 2011 - Paris, France

This event is the next in our long tradition of SCOPE successful congresses organized worldwide This upcoming Congress will host experts from to provide an international forum for all those around the world to present and discuss the latest concerned with fundamental, engineering and advances in understanding and technology for applied aspects oxidation techniques involving development and application of processes based ozone and related oxidants and/or UV techniques. on UV, ozone or any derived or comparable oxidants for:

OUR HISTORY - WORLDWIDE SUCCESS • Environmental and human health protection Prior IOA World Congresses are listed in blue. Prior (water, gas, soil and waste purification) IUVA World Congresses are listed in violet. Our 1st Joint IOA / IUVA World Congress is listed in black. • Industrial manufacture and conditioning (pulp and paper, food, electronics, chemicals, …) 1973 Washington. 1975 Montréal. 1977 Paris. 1979 Houston. 1981 Berlin. 1983 Washington. 1985 Kyoto. 1987 Zurich. 1989 • Medical therapy New York. 1991 Monte Carlo. 1993 San Francisco. 1995 Lille. 1997 Kyoto. 1999 Dearborn. 2001 London. 2001 Washington. OBJECTIVES 2003 Las Vegas. 2003 Vienna. 2005 Strasbourg. 2005 Whistler. 2007 Los Angeles. 2009 Tokyo. 2009 Amsterdam. The IOA and IUVA wish to continue to offer the world the unique opportunity:

• To interface with scientists, researchers, students, engineers, users, technical experts, representatives of leading organizations from various disciplines

• To share the latest information on research topics, current issues, technologies under development, new applications, full-scale experiences and equipments and products

• To consider and discuss directions able to deliver innovative, competitive and sustainable solutions which address current and next challenges.

FIRST ANNOUNCEMENT CALL FOR PAPERS AND EXHIBITORS INFORMATION English will be the official Congress language. The Congress venue will be the CAP 15 International Center of Businesses and Congress, located close to the Eiffel Tower in the prestigious French capital city of Paris.

PROGRAM • Four concurrent scientific and technical sessions including keynote lectures, oral communications, short oral presentations with connected poster sessions and discussions (23-25 May) • Exhibition of technologies, products & services (23-25 May) • Technical visits of full-scale application plants (26-27 May) • Social and cultural events for delegates and their guests

SUBMISSION OF PAPERS Authors are kindly invited to submit an extended abstract in English of two pages (with title, authors’ names and addresses, keywords, tables and figures) by e-mail to the IOA / IUVA at the following addresses... TOPICS For Ozone Related Abstracts : [email protected] Please submit Abstracts on topics which For UV Related Abstracts : [email protected] include but are not limited to: Each submitted abstract should be accompanied by the official Congress Submission Form and Agreement for • Chemical and Biochemical Reactions • Photochemical and Photobiological Reactions Publication, available for download at www.ioa-ea3g.org. • Reaction Mechanisms • Reaction Kinetics and Modeling SCHEDULE • Advanced Oxidation Processes October 10, 2010 Deadline for submission of • Ozone and UV Synergies NOVEMBER 10 abstracts for acceptance • Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer by the Technical Committees • Reactor Design / Modeling / Validation • By-Products Formation and Control November 15, 2010 Notification of acceptance • Process Optimization and Control Tools TBD of papers and guidelines for • Ozone Generation manuscript layout • UV Source Technologies • Multiphase Reactors February 15, 2011 Deadline submission of print • Gas Diffusion Devices ready papers by e-mail • Regulatory Requirements • Gas Treatment and Odor Control March 15, 2011 Final program • Soil Remediation • Biosolids Treatment • Water Disinfection PUBLICATIONS • Emerging Contaminants, Occurrence and Treatment All accepted papers will be published in the Congress • Pollutants Removal proceedings, distributed to participants at registration and fur- • Wastewater Treatment for Reuse or Discharge ther available from IOA and IUVA. • Application in Agricultural and Industrial Processes Following the Congress, the editors of the IOA’s Ozone: • Decontamination/Modification of Materials and Science & Engineering and the IUVA’s IUVA News will make Surfaces their final selections from the best full papers for additional • Measurement and On-Line Monitoring • Operation Studies distribution in each publication, respecitvely. • Competitiveness of Technologies • Medical Applications EXHIBITION,SPONSORING & MORE INFORMATION • Air Treatment Organizations and companies are invited to support the • Industrial Process Water Treatment Congress and display their technologies, products and • Marine Ballast Water Treatment services related to the Congress theme. For general • UV/Ozone Carbon Footprint Minimization Strategies information, exhibition or sponsoring options, please • Developing COuntry Applications contact the Congress Offices. • Point of Use / Small System Applications • … IOA: [email protected] IUVA: [email protected] INDUSTRY UVNEWS The following are some items of note from IUVA Ringier Technology Innovation Award goes to Hanovia Member Announcements: http://halmapr.com/news/hanovia

Siemens Water Technologies Appoints New The Ringier Technology Innovation Award for the Food and Beverage Industry is held annually in China and gives recognition to www.siemens.com/press/en/pressrelease/?press=/en/pressrel those who have made the most significant contributions to the ease/2010/industry_solutions/IIS201009689.htm industry though increased productivity, economic efficiency, Dr. Lukas Loeffler, will head Siemens Water Technologies, production processes, and the creation of market opportunities. This headquartered in Warrendale, Pennsylvania effective October 1, year’s award in the Disinfection Technology category was presented 2010. As the CEO of the Siemens Industry Solutions (IS) Business to Hanovia for its medium pressure UV disinfection technology at a Unit, he is taking over the helm from Chuck Gordon, who is leaving ceremony held recently in Shanghai, China. The award judges were the company at his own request. Dr. Loeffler has been a member of composed of an independent panel of key food. Siemens management since 2005 as the head of the Business Unit Infrastructure Logistics, based in Arlington, Texas, and part of the LIT UV introduces NEW UV Lamp Technology Mobility Division. www.lit-uv.eu

Fusion UV Systems and DVUV Holdings, LLC announce LIT UV, a global producer of UV-disinfection equipment and UV- strategic alliance disinfection lamps introduced its next generation of UV-lamps, the LIT UV DB500 at the IFAT 2010 Exhibition in Munich, Germany. To offer joint promotion of UV curable powder coating LIT’s Lamp researchers and engineers indicate that the DB500 lamp chemistry, applications and curing technology is able to compress more power at higher efficiency into a compact www.dvud.com www.fusionuv.com lamp structure for reduced power consumption and longer lamp Fusion UV Systems, Inc. and DVUV HOLDINGS, LLC, leaders in the life. This results in a lower carbon footprint at less than ⅓ in ultraviolet (UV) curable coatings industry, announce an alliance to comparison to conventional Medium Pressure lamp technologies. jointly market UV-curable powder coating systems for heat sensitive The new LIT UV lamp is available for the specific process substrates. As a result, customers now have a ‘complete system’ for requirements in potable water, wastewater, aquaculture and combined UV-curable powder chemistries and process industrial applications but its advantages are beneficial for all kinds technologies. Both firms will market and promote UV-curable of applications and capacities. powder coating application systems using Fusion’s UV-curing lamp technology and DVUV HOLDINGS’s solvent-free UV-cured powder Berson Launches Open Channel UV Wastewater coating chemistry and application technology. This alliance is Disinfection Systems further strengthened by Fusion’s global network of sales and service www.bersonuv.com and DVUV’s subsidiary, Keyland Polymer, Ltd., a chemical company Berson announced a new “OpenLine” series of open channel UV that develops, formulates, manufactures and sells UV-cured powder wastewater treatment systems. They are pre-engineered for coatings. wastewater applications, and specifically designed to treat Inquiries should be made to Gina Gonzalez, Fusion UV Systems, secondary wastewater flows up to 95,000 m3/day (25 MGD) over a ([email protected], and 301-990-8700 ext. 8331) or wide range of UV transmittances. It utilizes a new type of low Rebecca Rutherford, DVUV HOLDINGS, LLC ([email protected] pressure, high output (LPHO) amalgam lamp that offers stable UV and 216-741-5511 ext. 106). For more information visit, output over its entire operating life of up to 14,000 hours. www.dvuv.com and www.fusionuv.com Berson UV is capable of providing a complete range of UV systems with capacities between 10 – 10,000 m3/hour, certified to the New Single Fiber Assemblies Allows use in Damaging newest German DVGW* norm, W294, Parts 1, 2 & 3 – the highest Environments standard currently possible in the world. The company’s UV systems www.fiberguide.com are also validated to the UVDGM** and NWRI*** (for reuse Fiberguide Industries announced a new standard line of single fiber applications) in the USA and Canada. assemblies designed for extreme environments. These assemblies have proven effective in a number of scientific and industrial Philips demonstrates first mains-powered white-light applications ranging from light measurement, process monitoring OLED Module and control, to UV-VIS spectroscopy, chromatography and www.newscenter.philips.com/main/standard/news/press/20 fluorescence. 10/20100908_oled.wpd Single fiber assemblies are available with two choices of chemical Scientists from Philips Research have developed the first-ever resistant and non-magnetic sheathing to fit customers’ needs. These organic light emitting diode (OLED) module that can be powered included its Furcation tubing is comprised of a Kevlar® reinforced directly from a mains electricity supply. The prototype opens the PVC sleeve over a polypropylene tube for general use and a stainless door to OLED systems that can be directly plugged into standard steel Monocoil sheathing for more specialized applications. Both power outlets without the need for bulky power management standard cable designs are rated for use at ambient temperatures. circuitry. This will reduce the bill of materials and simplify luminaire

8 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 3 design for future OLED-based systems aimed at mass-market October of 2008. The Hyde GUARDIAN® system is chemical free, general illumination applications. using filtration and ultraviolet disinfection to treat ships’ ballast water to prevent the spread of invasive species from port to port. OLEDs offer a completely new vision of lighting. Like LEDs, OLEDs are solid-state lighting devices that are extremely efficient light Metro Vancouver UV System Grand Opening emitters – thus helping reduce the financial and environmental costs of lighting. Next to LEDs offering very high brightness in a compact www.wateronline.com/ecommcenters/ittindustries.html shape, OLEDs emit light over an extended area. The illumination Metro Vancouver’s Seymour-Capilano Filtration Plant with a capacity they produce is “calm”, glowing and diffuse, and non-glaring. The to treat up to 1.8 billion liters per day of drinking water celebrated thin, flat nature of OLEDs makes it possible to create light sources of its grand opening on May 7. The state-of-the-art plant is currently a wide variety of shapes and sizes. the largest UV disinfection facility for drinking treatment actually became fully operational in January, but the celebration was put off Calgon Carbon Awarded $19.8-Million Ballast Water due to preparations for the 2010 Winter Olympics held in the Management Contract Vancouver area in February. www.calgoncarbon.com/news/index.cfmm Located in the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) of British Calgon Carbon Corporation announced that its wholly owned Columbia, it draws its water from the Seymour and Capilano subsidiary, Hyde Marine, Inc., has been awarded a contract by a reservoirs. Along with the Coquitlam Reservoir – all fed by namesake leading South Korean shipyard to supply Hyde GUARDIAN® Ballast mountain watersheds north of Vancouver – they supply water for 2 Water Treatment (BWT) Systems for several tankers being built for a million residents in the region. About 70 percent of the area's major Greek ship owner. The contract is valued at approximately drinking water needs are met by the Seymour and Capilano $19.8-million with delivery for 10 Suez-Max Crude Oil Tankers watersheds. beginning in 2011 through 2013. The 24 WEDECO low pressure, high intensity lamp UV reactors are Hyde Marine, a recent addition to Calgon Carbon’s UV Technologies configured with one reactor after one filter. Each reactor has a Division, is a global market leader in the growing BWT market capacity of about 20 million gallons per day (MGD). Every reactor having sold more than 70 Type Approved systems to date. The has 48 lamps in four rows of 12, with additional space for a fifth row Hyde GUARDIAN® unit received International Maritime for future expansion. UV reactors are validated according to U.S. Organization (IMO) Type Approval in April 2009 and was the first Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. BWT System accepted into the U.S. Coast Guard STEP program in Calgon Carbon awarded Cincinnati UV Disinfection System www.calgoncarbon.com/uv/index.html Calgon Carbon Corp. announced that it has secured a $2.4 million contract to provide an ultraviolet (UV) disinfection system to the city of Cincinnati’s Richard Miller Water Treatment Plant UV Disinfection Facility. Eight Sentinel 48" Chevron reactors (Chevron 48) are scheduled to be delivered in late 2011 and will treat up to 240 million gallons of drinking water per day. Two additional Sentinel Chevron 48 reactors will also be included in the contract to allow for future growth. The Chevron 48, which is Calgon Carbon’s highest flow unit in its Sentinel product line, can disinfect up to 50 million gallons of drinking water per day.

Light Sources’ New Website Combines All Affiliated Lighting Companies www.light-sources.com Light Sources proudly announced the launch of their new global website, http://www.light-sources.com. This is the first time in their 27-year history, Light Sources, LCD-Lighting and Voltarc in North America, LightTech and Cerlux in Hungary and Light Sources in China are representing a new and unified corporate family image to their industries.

Hanovia UV Disinfection System Wins Food and Beverage Industry Award http://halmapr.com/news/hanovia Hanovia has won the Ringier Technology Innovation Award for the Food and Beverage Industry (Disinfection Technology category) at a ceremony held recently in Shanghai, China. The Award was given for Hanovia’s medium pressure UV disinfection technology which Continued to page 10

SEPTEMBER 2010 | 9 a time when utilities and local governments deal with numerous INDUSTRY pressures including climate change, aging infrastructure, water quality and access to capital. NEWS A key finding of the survey shows that 47 percent of participants Continued from page 9 UV believe funding for their respective stormwater utility only meets the utility’s most urgent needs, and 10 percent stated that funding was has been adopted by many of China’s leading bottled water and not sufficient to meet their most urgent needs. beverage manufacturers in the last 12 months. “Water infrastructure funding is at a critical stage in many U.S. The Ringier Technology Innovation Award for the Food and regions as communities work to rehabilitate aging infrastructure, Beverage Industry is held annually in China and gives recognition to comply with environmental regulations and address seemingly new those who have made the most significant contributions to the weather patterns,” said Dan McCarthy, President and CEO of Black industry though increased productivity, economic efficiency, & Veatch’s global water business. “Stormwater infrastructure alone production processes, and the creation of market opportunities. The accounts for nearly $100 billion in needed infrastructure Award also demonstrates the companies’ continuous commitment investments nationwide.” to deliver quality products and innovative solutions to their customers. A recent study by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) correlates with the survey’s findings. In The 2009 Report Card for Ocean Optics Spectrometer Helps Dentists Use Curing America’s Infrastructure, the ASCE rated wastewater infrastructure in Lights More Effectively the United States with a grade of “D-” based on issues including www.OceanOptics.com aging, under-designed or inadequately maintained systems representing counties and regions. www.asce.org A spectroradiometrically calibrated USB4000 Spectrometer from Ocean Optics is helping dentists to use curing lights more effectively LADWP Awards Design Contract for California’s Largest UV to harden the white resin composites used to fill cavities. The Facility spectrometer is a key component of the Managing Accurate Resin www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5906a1.htm?s_ Curing (MARC) system developed by Dr. Richard Price and cid=ss5906a1_e researchers at Dalhousie University (Halifax, Nova Scotia) and commercialized through BlueLight analytics inc. Malcolm Pirnie, a wholly-owned subsidiary of design, consulting (www.curingresin.com). Dr. Price has used Ocean Optics equipment and engineering firm ARCADIS U.S. Inc., has been awarded a in his laboratory since 2002 to measure the output from dental contract by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power curing lights. The results of his research have been published in 15 (LADWP) to provide preliminary design and procurement services papers internationally. for a 600 million gallon per day (MGD) ultraviolet (UV) disinfection facility at the Los Angeles Aqueduct Filtration Plant, according to a MARC measures the useful energy a simulated resin restoration press release. receives from a dental curing light, a procedure that is affected by the location of the tooth, the type of resin used, the output of the Once constructed the facility will be the largest UV facility in curing light and the accuracy of the practitioner. Too much or too California and one of the largest in the United States. Treatment little exposure of the curing light to the restoration can lessen the system will help the LADWP comply with the US EPA Stage 2 lifetime of the filling and potentially damage the tooth. With the Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (D-DBPR) and Long MARC system, which includes a laboratory-grade NIST-referenced Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR). USB4000 Spectrometer, dental researchers, educators, manufacturers and clinicians can more accurately measure the U.S. EPA Environmental Technology Verification Program irradiance (in mW/cm2) and energy per unit area (in J/cm2) (ETV) delivered by various curing lights in the hands of different dental The Drinking Water Systems (DWS) Center, operated by NSF professionals. International, is soliciting vendors of emerging and innovative drinking water treatment technologies and equipment, and collaborators who may assist in providing resources for technical evaluations. OT UV As funding is available, technologies of interest are those that address the following issues: contaminants regulated under the NEWS Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, particularly membrane separation and ultraviolet or other inactivation H processes; technologies to address the Groundwater Rule and arsenic, radium, uranium, and other existing drinking water rules; The following are interesting media items that may affect contaminants being considered, proposed, reviewed, or evaluated the UV Industry: by EPA for regulation; water conservation and reuse For more information, please contact Jeff Adams, EPA, at (513) 569-7835 or Black & Veatch Survey on Stormwater infrastructure [email protected]. investments Testing of ultraviolet, ozone, and alternative inactivation, www.bv.com/stormwatersurvey disinfection, and oxidation technologies for drinking water The results of Black & Veatch’s eighth Stormwater Utility Survey are treatment at the NSF International laboratory in Ann Arbor, MI, is available. They provide a resource for stormwater utilities that planned for August-October 2010. For more information, contact includes elements of how to address combined sewer overflows at Bruce Bartley, NSF, at (734) 769-5148 or [email protected].

10 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 3 The ETV Program has verified the performance of 424 innovative The bottle utilizes a wind-up UV bulb that takes only 90 seconds to technologies that can be used to monitor, prevent, control, and eliminate clean up pollution. 99.9 percent of bacteria and viruses eliminating the need for ETV verifications at www.epa.gov/etv/verifiedtechnologies.html chlorine and iodine tablets. “Pure provides a practical solution to a real problem — how to get EPA Action on Endocrine Disrupters Launched clean drinking water in the most hostile of conditions,” said competition judge Professor Matthew Harrison. “It has the potential On 18 August, the US EPA released its action plans to address the to make a real difference to people’s lives.” potential health risks of benzidine dyes, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and nonylphenol (NP)/nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) North American Outlook on Industrial, Municipal Water under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). The chemicals are Reuse Markets widely used in both consumer and industrial applications, including www.frost.com dyes, flame retardants and industrial laundry detergents. A new analysis from Frost & Sullivan found that increased concerns The agency has added HBCD and NP/NPE to its new Chemicals of regarding water scarcity and water use restrictions are the main Concern list, issuing significant new use rules for all three chemicals, drivers for growth in the North American industrial and municipal and, for HBCD and benzidine dyes, imposing new reporting water reuse markets, according to a press release. requirements for Toxic Release Inventory reports, and potentially The analysis, titled “North American Industrial and Municipal Water banning or limiting the manufacture or use of the chemicals. Reuse Markets,” found that the market earned revenues of over $1.02 billion in 2009 and estimates this to reach $1.63 billion in UV water bottle wins UK Competition for James Dyson 2016. Award www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-10858815 $80 billion in North American Wastewater Treatment Upgrades Timothy Whitehead, a design and technology graduate student at http://home.mcilvainecompany.com Loughborough University, won the UK portion of the James Dyson Award for a bottle that uses ultraviolet (UV) light to purify drinking McIlvaine & Company estimates that U.S. and Canadian cities and water and will move on to the International competition in October. towns will spend over US$80 billion to upgrade and expand municipal wastewater treatment facilities over the next 5 years. This represents 15 percent of the global spending for this segment. Some of these expenditures are just replacement of outdated facilities. Others are to meet water pollution discharge limits or reduction of odors. Some of the expenditures, particularly in California, Florida and other areas with population growth, are to accommodate increased population. McIlvaine tracks projects on a biweekly basis in the online North American Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities & People report.

Pharmaceuticals contaminate Delaware’s drinking water www.delawareonline.com/article/20100804/NEWS02/8040 343/Drugs-on-tap-in-Delaware-s-water A recent study of Delaware’s drinking water revealed the presence of prescription drugs and personal care products in the supplies of every major water utility tested in the State. The results showed traces of pharmaceuticals including analgesics, antibiotics, anti-convulsives and hormones in water used both by public and private companies, the article stated. Overall, 17 different drugs were found in 101 samples of treated and untreated water from public systems and tests of 95 shallow farm irrigation wells detected 14 compounds, the story reported. The concentrations were far below levels that could cause immediate health effects, but there is concern about the unexamined risks and cumulative effects from such pollutants. Jennifer Sass, a senior scientist in the Washington, D.C., office of the Natural Resources Defense Council was quoted, “I would consider it to be very significant potential impact, especially for things like endocrine disruptors, mood stabilizers, and hormones. These drugs work naturally in the body at very low levels.” Continued to page 12

SEPTEMBER 2010 | 11 Ultraviolet in Water and Wastewater Disinfection Systems OT UV Market NEWS www.environmental.frost.com HContinued from page 11 New analysis from Frost & Sullivan, “Global Ultraviolet Water and Wastewater Disinfection Systems Market”, finds that the market Cost of Waterborne Diseases earned revenues of $388.3 million in 2008, and estimates this to www.waterlink-international.com/news/id1259- reach $629.8 million in 2015. cost_of_waterborne_diseases.html The study sites Drinking Water Directives continuing to greatly Hospitalizations for three common waterborne diseases enhance the implementation of UV systems in the wastewater and (Legionnaires' disease, cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis) cost the water treatment segments. Several leading nations have recently healthcare system as much as $539 million annually according to introduced directives to control the amount of chlorine discharged research presented last International Conference on Emerging from wastewater plants. As a result, additional costs to de-chlorinate Infectious Diseases. the water before discharging are incurred, resulting in a substantial increase in the overall cost of chlorine-based disinfection. This The report estimated that the US hospitalization cost related to process of chlorination and de-chlorination is far more expensive Legionnaires' disease, cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis using data than the UV system, making UV more cost-effective. from a large insurance claims database between 2004 and 2007. For each case of disease, they calculated the cost paid by the insurer, The study author also noted, "Additionally, the rising demand and the out-of-pocket cost to the patient and the total amount paid. simultaneous scarcity of potable water have led to growing interest in water reuse and recycling in many regions across the globe…With Researches commented that modest investments in preventing UV disinfection forming a very essential part of the water reuse and these diseases could lead to reduced disease and significant recycling system, the market is expected to experience increased healthcare cost. Low-cost interventions examples given included investments. include public education campaigns, appropriate maintenance of and improvements to building water systems and regular inspection Century-old water treatment plant receives UV upgrade of pools and other recreational water facilities. www.bv.com Construction is under way on an expansion and upgrade project at the 120-year-old Main Station Water Treatment Plant operated by Illinois American Water in Peoria, Ill., according to a press release. Black & Veatch has provided design engineering and will also provide construction-phase engineering services for the project. The plant will remain in operation during construction of the new facilities, which include a new ultraviolet (UV) disinfection facility and a chlorine contact chamber, the release stated. The UV disinfection facility will be only the second of its kind in UVC TECHNOLOGY FOR A Illinois and is the largest in the state to be permitted by the Illinois HEALTHY INDOOR ENVIRONMENT EPA for disinfection credits using UV. The expansion nearly doubles the plant’s reliable capacity, from 9.7 million gallons per day (MGD) to 17.5 MGD. Representing companies with the benefit of The improvements, along with the addition of chloramines, will over 60 years experience in UVC technology, enhance water quality to meet future regulatory requirements by American Air & Water, Inc. is a UVC air and minimizing disinfection byproduct formation within the distribution water purification industry leader. system.

A complete line of UVC Air and Surface Romanian Water and Wastewater Treatment Equipment Sterilization and Water Purification Systems for Market Poised for Growth ANY residential, commercial or industrial www.environmental.frost.com facility, including custom units, designed and New analysis from Frost & Sullivan, Romanian Water and built to meet any specific requirements. Wastewater Treatment Market, finds that the market earned revenues of $173.1 million in 2009 and estimates this to reach approximately $396.5 million in 2015, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.8 percent from 2009 to 2015. The Toll Free: 888-378-4892 markets covered in this research service municipal and industrial water & wastewater treatment. American Air & Water, Inc. The report states three out of the four largest equipment suppliers in Romania are local companies. Most of the notable Romanian www.americanairandwater.com equipment suppliers are distributors of foreign equipment, representing various brands and offering many products for both

12 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 3 industrial and municipal segments. The market is fragmented, with more than half of the market revenues being generated by small companies. However, bureaucratic hurdles present major long-term obstacles for market growth. Sizeable prospects exist in the package wastewater treatment plants segment, which is designed primarily for small communities and rural areas.

The University of Guelph Opens New Groundwater Research Facility The University of Guelph opened the first phase of a new centre to help ensure safe and sustainable groundwater supplies that is intended to become one of the most advanced bedrock aquifer research facilities in North America. “This state-of-the-art facility will allow our researchers to discover new information about bedrock aquifers,” said Kevin Hall, vice-president (research). “It will lead to improved water management practices and generate practical, sustainable solutions for preventing water contamination.”

EPA to revise Total Coliform Rule www.epa.gov/safewater/disinfection/tcr/index.html The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has proposed a revision to the 1989 Total Coliform Rule in order to achieve greater public health protection against waterborne pathogens in public water systems. With the revision, EPA aims to incorporate Open channel & In-Line type UV improvements recommended by a federal advisory committee that included representatives from a broad range of stakeholder groups, The ONLY including public health and public interest groups, environmental Company offering groups, state drinking water agencies and drinking water utilities a ALL Types of UV disinfection systems release stated. The revised rule will better protect people from potential exposure to dangerous microbes because it requires water systems to take action when monitoring results indicate that contamination or a pathway to contamination may be present. Under the proposed rule, when monitoring results are positive, systems must find and fix any pathways leading to microbial risk. The proposal also provides incentives for better system operations. Closed Chamber

SEPTEMBER 2010 | 13 UV Disinfection of Water in Horticultural Applications

Nico Enthoven Priva B.V., Zijlweg 3, Postbus 18, 2678 ZG De Lier, The Netherlands ABSTRACT p~ÑÉ=êÉÅáêÅìä~íáçå=çÑ=ÜçêíáÅìäíìê~ä=ï~íÉê=êÉèìáêÉë=ÇáëáåÑÉÅíáçå=Ñçê=éä~åí=é~íÜçÖÉåëK=rsJ`=äáÖÜí=áë=ëìáí~ÄäÉI=Äìí=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=~ëéÉÅíë=Ü~îÉ íç=ÄÉ=ÅçåëáÇÉêÉÇW=äçï=~åÇ=î~êóáåÖ=rs=íê~åëãáíí~åÅÉI=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ÅìäíìêÉë=~åÇ=é~íÜçÖÉåëK=mêçéÉê=ÇáëáåÑÉÅíáçå=ÅçåÇáíáçåë=Ñçê=~=äçÖ=P êÉÇìÅíáçå=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÉå=Éëí~ÄäáëÜÉÇ=Ñçê=ëÉîÉê~ä=é~íÜçÖÉåëK=bèìáéãÉåí=ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=ÇÉëáÖåÉÇ=ëìÅÜ=íÜ~í=áåíÉåëáíó=çÑ=rsJ`=~åÇ êÉëáÇÉåÅÉ=íáãÉ=~êÉ=î~êáÉÇ=~ìíçã~íáÅ~ääó=Ñçê=çéíáã~ä=Å~é~Åáíó=~åÇ=ÉåÉêÖó=ìëÉI=ÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=ï~íÉê=èì~äáíó=~åÇ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=ÇçëÉK ^ìíçã~íáÅ=ÅäÉ~åáåÖ=áë=éçëëáÄäÉ=ÇìêáåÖ=íÜÉ=ÇáëáåÑÉÅíáçå=éêçÅÉëëK= fåîÉëíáÖ~íáçåë=ïáíÜ=rs=çñáÇ~íáçå=ëÜçï=íÜ~í=äçïÉê=ÇçëÉë=rs=~êÉ=éçëëáÄäÉ=Äó=~ÇÇáåÖ=ÜóÇêçÖÉå=éÉêçñáÇÉ=EeOlOF=àìëí=ÄÉÑçêÉ=íÜÉ=rs ÇáëáåÑÉÅíáçåK=^äëç=ëìÄëí~åíá~ä=äçïÉê=äÉîÉäë=çÑ=êÉëáÇì~ä=éÉëíáÅáÇÉë=~êÉ=~ÅÜáÉî~ÄäÉK hÉó=tçêÇëW=rsI=aáëáåÑÉÅíáçåI=eçêíáÅìäíìêÉI=rsLeOlO

INTRODUCTION Disinfection with MP-UV Horticulture in the Netherlands is characterized by strongly Disinfection by MP-UV is a known method for years, widely 1 intensified cultures which are grown in greenhouses. Many used worldwide for drinking water . The disinfection effect crops are cultivated without soil and use inorganic or has been determined scientifically. UV disinfection is time, organic substrates as growing media. Illumination is used space & energy effective, as a short residence time in a widely for assimilation, especially in the dark season. relatively small unit is sufficient. Alternative methods like heating or ozone give an often undesired effect of Automation for climate, irrigation and fertigation has been temperature rise or residual chemicals. UV systems are implemented widely. closed and safe for operators. High use of water and fertilisers is required and both are Drain water from horticulture has some specific aspects becoming scarce and more expensive. Rain water compared to clean water like tap water. Typically collection is applied widely as surface water varies in quality transmittance T10 (% UV transmitted through 10mm) is and well water is brackish in many cases. But rain water is low and around 20-30% at 254nm. Also T10 may change not sufficient in dry periods. by the UV treatment. See cáÖìêÉ=N. Water disposal is becoming more expensive and is ecologically not acceptable. Disposal of brine from reverse osmosis will be forbidden in some areas within a few years. In horticulture world wide the same trends apply: cultures are intensifying, irrigation is more controlled an environmental legislation becoming stricter, see for example EU directive 2000/60/EU. In many areas there is scarcity of suitable water (arid regions, dry seasons). The quality of the water may vary, especially for (unwanted) sodium and chloride content. Other contaminants may also be present. Also pH can be too high by elevated level of bicarbonate. Loss of water can be limited most easily by reuse of the water returned from the culture. But this drain water may contain plant pathogens like fungi, bacteria, viruses or nematodes. UV disinfection can eliminate these pathogens in an effective and economic way. Figure 1: Example of typical transmittance curve for horticultural water

14 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 3 Low transmittance is caused by some fertilizers which Fusarium 80 mJ/cm2 , Pythium / Phythophthora 60 absorb UV (mainly iron and below 250nm nitrate). Some mJ/cm2, TMV virus confirmed 250mJ/cm2. organic growing media leach UV absorbing materials (especially when fresh). Also biotic matter from the root Minimum UV exposure time applied is 1 second (when environment may absorb UV. As a consequence T10 varies virus pathogens have to be inactivated) or 0.7 sec (for during different stages of the culture. bacteria-fungi-nematodes). Accurate dose measurement Drain water may contain a lot of dirt and jelly like particles, and control is ensured by continuous monitoring of UV-C much more than clean water – but less than sewer water. intensity and water flow. These particles have to be removed by proper filtration. Some fertilisers may cause contamination on the quartz It has been proven, that a combination of UV and H2O2 tube surface. Usually main components of these deposits are (advanced oxidation) permits lower dose of UV light for calcium phosphates and thus the solubility of these deposits same reduction level of pathogens. The effect is dependent is pH dependent: they can dissolve again at lower pH. on pathogen, pH (lower pH better). The tests in Germicidal Effectiveness of UV-C and Determination horticultural water with Vialux MP-UV have given following of Required Doses results: The determinations of required disinfection doses have been 2  2 made with “Applied Plant Research Institute”, Naaldwijk 1. TMV virus 250mJ/cm 170mJ/cm ; at pH 4: (NL), which is an independent institute, now part of 100mJ/cm2 is sufficient Wageningen University. 2. Fusarium 80mJ/cm2  60 mJ/cm2 Presumptions used are: 3. Pythium 60mJ/cm2  20mJ/cm2 • Test in actual drain water from horticulture Recent investigations with Vialux MP-UV in horticultural • Test at different and actual UV transmittance (T10) drain water have shown that H O reduces residue levels levels (around 20%) 2 2 of many pesticides significantly more strongly than the • Log 3 reduction target – minimum 99,9% of separate treatments with UV and H2O2. The effect on pathogens eliminated plant growth of combination of UV and H2O2 is being • Lamp at end of life cycle (25% less power) investigated and first indications are very positive. • Take into account only germicidal effective part of Vialux Disinfection Units UV-C light Vialux disinfectors are built around a cylindrical disinfection • Minimum intensity of 5mW/cm2 everywhere in chamber. Two chamber sizes are in use with a water layer thickness of around 18mm (suitable for T10 ≥ 10%) or disinfection chamber 31mm (T10 ≥ 27%) to enable proper and economic • Turbulent flow in chamber (Reynolds number > 4000) disinfection of horticultural water. The MP UV lamp has a power of 6, 9 or 12kW. This power is scalable to lower levels • Pre sand filtration for removal of particles (0.4 mm for energy efficiency. Flow is used also to optimize capacity sand fraction, <= 10 m / hour water speed): at the required dose. A capacity of 2-39m3/hr is thus maximum particle size 25µm and dirt load possible. (suspended solids) maximum 5mg/l Energy consumption of lamp for disinfection varies around 3 In the different tests following doses UV light required for 0.4 – 2 kWh/m , and is strongly dependent on required dose of UV-C, T10, chamber and lamp power. disinfection have been determined: Cleaning is made by Nitric Acid dosing, assisted by a wiper. 2 2 1. 1991 Fungi 100mJ/cm , virus (TMV) 250 mJ/cm This is done at start up, to ensure a clean quartz tube before 2. 1996 Nematodes: no reproduction after exposure to the determination of the actual T10 transmittance, but also during production cleaning is possible. UV dose is calculated 20mJ/cm2, population thus eliminated continuously based on actual flow and UV-C intensity 3. 1998 T10 low limits for guaranteed log 3 reduction: determinations. 10% (fungi) 15% (virus). At T10 between 10 and A Vialux project definition starts with measurement of actual 20%: required dose needs a correction for T10 range, the potential disease(s) which may spread guaranteed log 3 reduction through the water in the actual cultures grown and the required capacity in the top season. 4. 1999 – Pepino mosaic vírus dose 150 mJ/cm2 Capacity curves and a calculation module are available. 5. 2002 – Investigation on modernised equipment: Example curves are shown in cáÖìêÉë=O=~åÇ=P:

SEPTEMBER 2010 | 15 Total installation around a Vialux includes a tank for “dirty” drain water, a filter with back wash set up, a tank for treated water and obviously pipe work. As example cáÖìêÉ=Q shows a typical schedule. And cáÖìêÉ= R shows an ideal total water system in horticulture. The water emission can be reduced to practically zero by proper and safe recirculation.

Figure 2: Capacity curves for Vialux 8-12 Water layer 18mm – Lamp length 1 m – Lamp power 12kW T10 ≥ 10% (fungi, nematodes) T10 ≥ 15% (viruses) White line valid for new lamp, purple line valid for lamp at end of life cycle

Figure 5: Emission free water cycle in horticulture

CONCLUSIONS Priva Vialux MP UV disinfection enables horticulture to meet possible future legal requirements for reuse of drain water. Recirculation of drain water saves costs for water and especially fertilisers, and environmental contamination can be reduced strongly. Spreading of pathogens through the water is prevented effectively and economically. Combination of MP UV with hydrogen peroxide (advanced Figure 3: Capacity of Vialux 11-12 oxidation) is promising for elimination of residues of Water layer 31mm – Lamp length 1 m – Lamp power 12kW pesticides and may improve plant growth. T10 ≥ 28% (fungi, nematodes) T10 ≥ 35% (viruses) White line curves valid for new lamp, purple line curves valid for lamp at end ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS of life cycle Most of the reported work has been set up, planned and supervised by my predecessor at Priva, Drs. Sije Boonstra. Only part of his work has been published. REFERENCES 1 An overview can be found in the document from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ultraviolet Disinfection Guidance Manual Final, EPA 815-R-06-007, November 2006 – obtainable via www.epa.gov/safewater/disinfection/lt2/compliance.html 2 W.T. Runia, S. Boonstra, “UV-Oxidation Technology for Disinfection of Recirculation Water in Protected Cultivation”, Acta Horticulturae 644 (2004) presented 2nd International conference on the alternative control methods against plant pests and diseases, Lille – 4, 5, 6 and 7th March 2002. Figure 4: Vialux HD/UV schematic diagram of water system

16 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 3 Ultraviolet Disinfection Effectively Controls Oilfield Sulfate Reducing Bacteria

Oliver Lawal1, Kevin Shannon1, Lindsey Gloe2, Karen King2, Wesley Warren2, Thomas Hargy3 and Florence Fong3 1Aquionics Inc., 21 Kenton Lands Road, Erlanger, KY 41018

2Halliburton, 2600 South Second Street, Duncan, OK 73536

3Clancy Environmental Consultants Inc, 20 Mapleville Depot, St Albans, VT 05478 ABSTRACT _~ÅíÉêá~=Åçåíêçä=Ü~ë=êÉÅÉåíäó=ÄÉÅçãÉ=~å=áãéçêí~åí=íçéáÅ=Ñçê=ÇáëÅìëëáçå=áå=íÜÉ=çáä=~åÇ=Ö~ë=áåÇìëíêó=~ë=~=êÉëìäí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçåëÉèìÉåÅÉë çÑ= áå~ÇÉèì~íÉ= ÄáçÅáÇ~ä= íêÉ~íãÉåíëK= qÜÉ= ÅçåëÉèìÉåÅÉë= Å~å= ê~åÖÉ= Ñêçã= ëçìêáåÖ= íÜÉ= êÉëÉêîçáê= ïáíÜ= ÜóÇêçÖÉå= ëìäÑáÇÉ= Ö~ëI= íç ãáÅêçÄá~äJáåÇìÅÉÇ=ÅçêêçëáçåI=çê=íÜÉ=äçëë=çÑ=ÑäìáÇ=ëí~Äáäáíó=ÇìêáåÖ=ëíáãìä~íáçåK=^ë=êÉÖìä~íáçåë=ÄÉÅçãÉ=ëíêáÅíÉê=çå=ëíáãìä~íáçåJÑäìáÇ ~ÇÇáíáîÉëI=íÜÉêÉ=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=~å=áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=ÉÑÑçêí=íç=êÉÇìÅÉ=çê=Éäáãáå~íÉ=Ü~ò~êÇçìë=ÅÜÉãáÅ~äëI=ëìÅÜ=~ë=ÄáçÅáÇÉë=íÜ~í=~êÉ=éêÉëÉåí=áå íÜÉëÉ=ÑäìáÇëK=qÜáë=ÅÜ~ääÉåÖÉ=Ü~ë=~äëç=ÄÉÉå=ÅçãéäáÅ~íÉÇ=íÜêçìÖÜ=ï~íÉêJìëÉ=êÉëíêáÅíáçåëK=qÜÉ=áåÇìëíêó=áë=ìåÇÉê=áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=éêÉëëìêÉ íç=ãçîÉ=~ï~ó=Ñêçã=ìëáåÖ=ÑêÉëÜ=ï~íÉê=~åÇ=ÄÉÖáå=ìëáåÖ=åçåéêáëíáåÉ=ï~íÉê=ëçìêÅÉëI=ëìÅÜ=~ë=éêçÇìÅÉÇ=çê=ÑäçïÄ~Åâ=ï~íÉêëI=ïÜáÅÜ Å~å=çÑíÉå=Ü~îÉ=ÜáÖÜ=äÉîÉäë=çÑ=Ä~ÅíÉêá~ä=Åçåí~ãáå~íáçåK= qÜÉ=ìëÉ=çÑ=ìäíê~îáçäÉí=ErsF=äáÖÜí=Ñçê=ÇáëáåÑÉÅíáçå=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=Éëí~ÄäáëÜÉÇ=íÜêçìÖÜçìí=î~êáçìë=áåÇìëíêáÉëI=áåÅäìÇáåÖ=ï~íÉêJíêÉ~íãÉåí Ñ~ÅáäáíáÉë= ~åÇ= ãÉÇáÅ~äJÇÉîáÅÉ= ëíÉêáäáò~íáçåK= räíê~îáçäÉí= ÇáëáåÑÉÅíáçå= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= êÉÅÉåíäó= áåíêçÇìÅÉÇ= íç= íÜÉ= çáä= ~åÇ= Ö~ë= áåÇìëíêó= Ñçê êÉÇìÅáåÖ= íÜÉ= Ä~ÅíÉêá~ä= Åçåí~ãáå~íáçå= áå= ÑäìáÇë= ìëÉÇ= ÇìêáåÖ= ëíáãìä~íáçå= çéÉê~íáçåëK= qÜáë= íÉÅÜåçäçÖó= Ü~ë= ÄÉÉå= éêçîÉå= íç= ÄÉ ëìÅÅÉëëÑìä=ïáíÜ=~=éáäçí=ìåáí=íÜ~í=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=çéÉê~íáåÖ=áå=É~ëí=qÉñ~ë=ëáåÅÉ=É~êäó=OMMVK=få=ã~åó=Å~ëÉëI=~=VVKVB=êÉÇìÅíáçå=áå=íÜÉ Ä~ÅíÉêá~ä=Åçåí~ãáå~íáçå=Å~å=ÄÉ=çÄí~áåÉÇ=íÜêçìÖÜ=íÜÉ=ìëÉ=çÑ=rs=ÇáëáåÑÉÅíáçåK=bÑÑçêíë=Ü~îÉ=ÄÉÖìå=íç=áãéêçîÉ=íÜÉ=ÑìåÅíáçå~äáíó=çÑ íÜÉ= ìäíê~îáçäÉí= ÇáëáåÑÉÅíáçå= ëóëíÉã= Ñçê= ÑáÉäÇ= çéÉê~íáçåëK= ^= éäÉíÜçê~= çÑ= Ç~í~= áë= ~î~áä~ÄäÉ= çå= Ä~ÅíÉêá~= ëéÉÅáÉë= íÜ~í= ~êÉ= Üìã~å é~íÜçÖÉåëI=~åÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉåÉëë=çÑ=ìäíê~îáçäÉí=ÇáëáåÑÉÅíáçåK=eçïÉîÉêI=Ñçê=íÜÉ=çáäÑáÉäÇI=ëìäÑ~íÉ=êÉÇìÅáåÖ=Ä~ÅíÉêá~=Epo_F=~êÉ=~ é~êíáÅìä~ê=í~êÖÉí=çÑ=áåíÉêÉëíK=qÜÉêÉ=áë=äáííäÉ=Ç~í~=éìÄäáëÜÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉåÉëë=çÑ=ìäíê~îáçäÉí=ÇáëáåÑÉÅíáçå=çå=po_ëK=`çääáã~íÉÇ=ÄÉ~ã íÉëíë= ïÉêÉ= ÅçåÇìÅíÉÇ= ~í= ~= íÜáêÇJé~êíó= ä~Äçê~íçêó= íç= î~äáÇ~íÉ= íÜÉ= ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉåÉëë= çÑ= ìäíê~îáçäÉí= ÇáëáåÑÉÅíáçå= ~Ö~áåëí= aÉëìäÑçîáÄêáç ÇÉëìäÑìêáÅ~åëI=~=po_=íÜ~í=áë=Åçããçåäó=ÑçìåÇ=áå=ÑäìáÇë=ìëÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=çáä=~åÇ=Ö~ë=áåÇìëíêóK=qÜÉëÉ=ëíìÇáÉë=îÉêáÑáÉÇ=íÜ~í=ìäíê~îáçäÉí ÇáëáåÑÉÅíáçå=Å~å=ÄÉ=~å=ÉÑÑÉÅíáîÉ=íêÉ~íãÉåí=ãÉíÜçÇ=Ñçê=íêÉ~íáåÖ=íÜÉ=í~êÖÉí=po_=ëéÉÅáÉëK=qÜáë=é~éÉê=çìíäáåÉë=ëçãÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=íÉÅÜåáèìÉë ìëÉÇ=áå=íÜÉ=ä~Äçê~íçêó=~åÇ=ÑáÉäÇ=íÉëíáåÖI=~åÇ=ÇÉí~áäë=íÜÉ=çéÉê~íáçå~ä=ÅçåëáÇÉê~íáçåë=ìåáèìÉ=íç=íÜáë=~ééäáÅ~íáçåK

BACKGROUND Well Stimulation Many oil and gas wells require some type of stimulation treatment, such as hydraulic fracturing, to increase the well’s production. In hydraulic fracturing (cáÖK= N), a fluid comprised mostly of water and sand is mixed by a fracturing blender. Additional components of the fluid system are added at the blender to increase the fluid viscosity. The high viscosity allows the fluid to transport the sand particles. The fracturing pump forces this fluid into the reservoir under high pressure, fracturing the rock formation containing the oil or gas. When the treatment is complete, the water flows out of the well while the sand continues to hold the fractures open. This sand-laden fracture provides a porous path for the oil or gas to flow back to the well. Hydraulic fracturing is necessary for many wells to provide economical production. Figure 1: Typical equipment setup for hydraulic fracturing.

SEPTEMBER 2010 | 17 Current Biocide-Treatment Programs used in well stimulation with UV light can greatly reduce or eliminate the need for the heavily regulated chemical Current biocides can broadly be classified as either oxidizing biocides. or nonoxidizing. A major downfall of the oxidizing biocides, such as sodium hypochlorite, is that they not only oxidize UV-Reactor Chambers and Treatment-Trailer Design the cell walls of bacteria, but they can also oxidize the UV light can be generated by a number of different polymer in a fracturing fluid system, which ultimately leads methods; however, the most common is with the use of to higher friction pressures (increasing the horsepower mercury-vapor lamps that apply a voltage across a gas required to pump the fluid) or decreased viscosity (reducing mixture, resulting in the discharge of photons. The specific the effectiveness of the stimulation treatment). Oxidizing wavelengths and amount of the light emitted from the biocides can also have negative effects on metals and photon discharge is dependent on many factors, such as the elastomeric components of the pumping systems. elemental composition of the gas, pressure, voltage and Nonoxidizing biocides can interfere with polymer hydration temperature. A typical UV reactor (cáÖK=O) contains multiple or crosslinkers in the fracturing-fluid system and can be UV lamps that are housed in quartz sleeves. The sleeves inactivated by particular chemical additives that are used in penetrate both end plates of the reactor and are secured fluid systems, such as oxidizers (Boivin 1995; Clark et al. with watertight seals. The quartz sleeves are equipped with 1984). an automatic mechanical (and chemical if required) wiper For effective disinfection results, it is necessary to evaluate system that prevents buildup, or even removes, residue the water before the biocide application; this step is often from the quartz sleeves. Without an automatic wiping overlooked and the water used for hydraulic fracturing is, in system, the intensity of the UV light would decrease over many cases, undertreated. Until recently, the issue of time (Clark et al. 1984). A UV-intensity sensor located on the bacteria control was not addressed until a problem surfaced, top of the treatment chamber monitors the UV light output largely resulting from a lack of microbiological expertise in from the lamps. Each UV reactor requires a power supply the field (Maxwell 2005). Around the world, the majority of and control cabinet. The operator can monitor the UV systems where biocides are applied are only minimally intensity and system status information, such as lamp faults monitored, if monitored at all (Maxwell 2005). This from the display panel on the control cabinet. approach leads to costly remedial treatments to remove iron The UV disinfection equipment described above is generally sulfide, treat wells for hydrogen sulfide, and combat designed to be used in a fixed indoor installation (such as a microbial-induced corrosion (MIC). water-treatment plant). Thus, standard UV disinfection Regulations equipment is not designed for exposure to the elements, or for shock and vibration loads. To provide maximum utility in Stringent regulations are being enacted which limit the the oilfield servicing business, the UV system must be chemicals that can be used in stimulation fluids, and certain mobile for frequent moves between well sites, capable of areas require each chemical component to undergo strict withstanding shock and vibration loads imposed by rough testing to prove the safety of the material. Of all stimulation lease roads, capable of withstanding extreme temperature chemicals, biocides have been subject to the most scrutiny and altitude loads, and capable of generating its own because of the hazards associated with their handling and electrical power. transportation. Service companies are investigating environmentally friendly alternatives that allow for To meet these requirements, the UV system components, continued well stimulation while meeting the requirements along with the support equipment necessary to make the of the ever-increasing regulations. Disinfecting the water disinfection unit self sufficient (diesel generator set, weatherproof enclosure for the UV power and control cabinets, and a lab area where the bacteria levels can be measured), are placed on a trailer for transport (cáÖK=P). The use of medium pressure-lamp technology fits the application requirements well because of its comparatively small footprint, capability to maintain disinfection performance under temperature extremes, and robust power supply. The UV reactor chambers and piping system are mounted on vibration dampeners to protect the UV lamps and quartz sleeves from breakage caused by road vibrations. Vibration testing was performed on the lamp and sleeve assembly to verify breakage would not occur. Covers were also constructed for the UV intensity and temperature sensors mounted on the UV reactor chambers for protection from the elements and water ingress resulting from cleaning Figure 2: Typical UV reactor chamber. with a pressure washer.

18 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 3 Figure 3: Oilfield UV disinfection trailer.

In addition to equipment design features that ensure application well, an additional research goal was to compare mechanical robustness in the oilfield-servicing business, it is the relative effectiveness of low-pressure (monochromatic important to consider the capability of the power supply UV at 254 nm) versus medium-pressure (polychromatic) UV. and control system to maintain functionality of the The following sections outline the laboratory work treatment process. The extreme environmental conditions undertaken. in which this equipment operates necessitates a number of Propagation of D. Desulfuricans special design features not found in typical indoor UV applications. A key feature is the control of lamp output D. desulfuricans subsp. desulfuricans 29577 was acquired power, not only in the traditional sense of managing the UV from Dr. Ralph S. Tanner at the University of Oklahoma in dose that is applied to the process water, but also in terms Norman, Oklahoma, and was grown in a SRB medium using of managing water temperature. a modified Baar’s medium for sulfate reducers. The culture was incubated in an anaerobic environment (≤1% oxygen) The available water sources in the field are extremely varied at 30°C until a black precipitate formed. Once propagated, with a wide range of quality parameters. UV-transmissivity 1 mL aliquots in cryogenic vials with ~300 µl of glycerol values can vary from below 10% to greater than 90%. were stored in -80°C freezer for long-term storage. Stock D. Similarly, wide variations in total suspended solids, turbidity, desulfuricans was enumerated on modified iron sulphite and mineral content can be seen from location-to-location. agar (mISA) (Mara and Williams 1970). However, the UV equipment must provide adequate treatment under all conditions. Thus, having a clear Preparation of Seeded Suspension for Irradiations understanding of the UV equipment sizing is critical. The For each exposure, a 6-mL suspension was decanted into a following section details the work completed on petri dish, which was immediately placed in an irradiation determining accurate microbial UV dose-response chamber purged of oxygen (see collimated beam characteristics. In addition to this laboratory work, the full- procedures). The petri dish was stirred during irradiation scale system design utilized bioassay and computational with 2.5 × 12 mm stir bars. fluid dynamics (CFD) models of the UV reactor chamber. This combined information, along with the capability to UV Collimated Beam Dose-Response Determination control the UV dose applied to the process water, helps Both low-pressure and medium-pressure irradiations were ensure over- or under-treatment is avoided. made on samples using standard methods accepted in the UV Dose-Response Determination field of UV disinfection (Bolton and Linden 2003). However, because of the anaerobic nature of the target organism, the There is little data published on the effectiveness of petri dish was placed in a 65-mm diameter irradiation ultraviolet disinfection on SRBs; therefore, collimated beam chamber (cáÖK=Q) that was supplied through a side port with tests were conducted to validate UV effectiveness against D. nitrogen gas at a rate of 4 scfh to purge the chamber desulfuricans, a SRB that is commonly found in fluids used environment of oxygen. The irradiation chamber was fitted in the oil and gas industry. As described in the previous with a 70-mm diameter quartz disk cover that was section, although medium-pressure technology fits the transparent to UV light.

SEPTEMBER 2010 | 19 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Low-pressure and medium-pressure dose-response curves are compared in cáÖK= S. The tailing of inactivation at or above 3.5 log is often seen in dose-response studies, and might have been exacerbated by the low UV transmittance noted in the anaerobic bacterial suspensions. In general, medium-pressure UV was more effective at inactivation of D. desulfuricans than was low-pressure UV, achieving higher inactivation levels at any given UV dose.

Figure 4: UV irradiation in quartz-covered nitrogen-flooded chamber.

Radiometer readings were taken with the detector placed within the nitrogen-flooded irradiation chamber to account for any absorbance or reflection by the quartz cover or absorbance by the nitrogen gas. Overall irradiance distribution was then determined relative to the center reading. This value was used in the calculation of average irradiation incident to the water surface. Factors influencing average irradiation to the entire volume include reflection from the water surface, depth of the water, and UV absorption of the inoculated test water. The latter was measured at 254 nm by spectrophotometry (Spectronic Figure 6: Log inactivation versus medium-pressure and low-pressure UV Genesys 10uv™). UV dose was defined as the irradiation dose. multiplied by the exposure time. Sample Enumeration REFERENCES After exposure, samples were serially diluted by injecting 1 Boivin, J. 1995. Oil Industry Biocides. Mater Perorm 34: mL of sample into prereduced, 9-mL dilution blanks until 65–68. the desired dilutions were achieved and then transferred into sterile 1.5-mL microcentrifuge tubes. From each of Bolton, J. R. and Linden, K. G. 2003. Standardization of these, 0.1 mL of sample was inoculated into a mISA Methods for Fluence (UV Dose) Determination in Bench- tempered agar tube for enumeration by pour-plate method. Scale UV Experiments. ASCE: Journal of Environmental At least two, and as many as three, dilutions of each sample Engineering, (129): 3 209–215. were assayed. All dilutions were plated in triplicate and Clark, J., Luppens, J., and Tucker, P. 1984. Using Ultraviolet incubated at 30°C in an anaerobic chamber for five days. Radiation for Controlling Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Colony counts were then made, with each colony-forming Injection Water. Paper SPE 13245 presented for the 59th unit (cáÖK=R) representing one surviving bacterium. Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, TX. 16–19 September. DOI: 10.2118/13245-MS. Mara, D.D. and Williams, D.J.A. 1970. The Evaluation of Media used to Enumerate Sulphate-Reducing bacteria. J. appl. Bact. 33: 543–552. Maxwell, J. 2005. Controlling Corrosive Biofilms by the Application of Biocides. Paper SPE 93172 presented for the International Symposium on Oilfield Corrosion, Aberdeen, UK, 13 May. DOI: 10.2118/93172-MS.

Figure 5: Pour plate with D. desulfuricans colonies.

20 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 3 Proven.

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HEADWORKS | BIOLOGICAL | SEPARATIONS | MEMBRANES | OXIDATION DISINFECTION | BIOSOLIDS | INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS Development of a Protocol for the Determination of the Ultraviolet Sensitivity of Microorganisms Suspended in Air

Qing Sheng Ke, Stephen A. Craik and James R. Bolton Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 3-133 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G8 ABSTRACT oÉÑÉêêáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=ëí~åÇ~êÇáòÉÇ=ãÉíÜçÇ=~ééäáÉÇ=íç=ÄÉåÅÜ=ëÅ~äÉ=ëÉåëáíáîáíó=ëíìÇó=çÑ=ï~íÉêÄçêåÉ=ãáÅêççêÖ~åáëãI=~=Ä~íÅÜ=êÉ~Åíçê ëóëíÉã=ï~ë=ÄìáäíI=ìëáåÖ=~=Åçääáã~íÉÇ=ÄÉ~ã=ëóëíÉã=~åÇ=~=ëã~ääJëÅ~äÉ=ÅóäáåÇêáÅ~ä=îÉëëÉä=íç=ãÉ~ëìêÉ=íÜÉ=rs=ëìëÅÉéíáÄáäáíó=Åçåëí~åíë çÑ=~ÉêçëçäáòÉÇ=_~Åáääìë=ëìÄíáäáë=ëéçêÉëK=qÜÉ=~îÉê~ÖÉ=rs=ÑäìÉåÅÉ=ê~íÉ=áåëáÇÉ=íÜÉ=ÅÉää=ÅçìäÇ=ÄÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ=ìëáåÖ=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=ãÉíÜçÇ=~ë áå=ï~íÉê=ëÉåëáíáîáíó=ëíìÇáÉëK==páåÅÉ=íÜÉêÉ=áë=ÉëëÉåíá~ääó=åç=~Äëçêéíáçå=çÑ=ORQ=åã=rs=äáÖÜí=áå=~áêI=åç=ãÉÇá~=Ñ~Åíçê=áë=êÉèìáêÉÇK==qÜÉ ~ÉêçëçäáòÉÇ=ëéçêÉë=ïÉêÉ=ÉãáííÉÇ=Ñêçã=~=åÉÄìäáòÉê=~åÇ=áåíêçÇìÅÉÇ=áåíç=~åÇ=íê~ééÉÇ=áåëáÇÉ=íÜÉ=îÉëëÉäI=~åÇ=ÅçääÉÅíÉÇ=áåíç=áãéáåÖÉêë ~ÑíÉê=ÉñéçëìêÉ=íç=rs=áêê~Çá~íáçå=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÇÉëáêÉÇ=íáãÉK qÜÉ=ëéçêÉ=rs=áå~Åíáî~íáçå=ÉÑÑáÅáÉåÅó=Ç~í~=îÉêëìë=ÑäìÉåÅÉ=Ers=ÇçëÉF=ï~ë=ÑáííÉÇ=ìëáåÖ=íÜÉ=ãìäíáJí~êÖÉí=âáåÉíáÅ=ãçÇÉäK==^=ëí~íáëíáÅ~ä Åçãé~êáëçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=âáåÉíáÅ=ãçÇÉäë=ëÜçïÉÇ=íÜ~í=íÜÉêÉ=ï~ë=åç=ëáÖåáÑáÅ~åí=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=â=î~äìÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=~ÉêçëçäáòÉÇ=ëéçêÉë ~åÇ=íÜÉ=â=î~äìÉ=çÑ=ï~íÉêÄçêåÉ=ëéçêÉëK==qÜÉ=êÉëìäíë=~äëç=áåÇáÅ~íÉÇ=íÜ~íI=ïáíÜáå=íÜÉ=êÉä~íáîÉ=ÜìãáÇáíó=ê~åÖÉ=çÑ=RRJTRBI=íÜÉ=êÉä~íáîÉ ÜìãáÇáíó=ÇáÇ=åçí=~ÑÑÉÅí=íÜÉ=ëéçêÉë=rs=ëÉåëáíáîáíóK hÉó=ïçêÇëW=räíê~îáçäÉíX=rsX=~áê=íêÉ~íãÉåíX=ÑäìÉåÅÉX=rs=ÇçëÉX=Åçääáã~íÉÇ=ÄÉ~ãX=ÇáëáåÑÉÅíáçåK

INTRODUCTION studies that the flow regimes in the study UV vicinity were completely mixed ones in order to calculate the UV dose. Due to its ability to inactivate aerosolized microorganisms, Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) at 254 nm is Source Flow apparatus UV irradiance widely accepted as an effective disinfection technique in and flow regime quantification indoor air quality control. The parameters in survival curves that describe how various species of microorganism (Peccia et al. 2001) Pilot scale completely 25 KI/KIO3 actinometry respond to the UVGI fluence or dose are called mixed flow cubic spherical quartz cells to chamber (0.8 m3) susceptibility constants. In UVGI air disinfection system measure the average irradiance design, the target species’ susceptibility constants are (Fletcher et al. 2003) Pilot scale flow through Radiometer reading critical parameters in sizing the system. Without a standard chamber(4L) through an access port to testing protocol, aerosolized microorganism UVGI estimate the irradiance inactivation kinetics studies, in which susceptibility (Miller and Janet 2000) Complete mixed room 12 point radiometer constants are measured, have been carried out with various (36 m3) with ventilation readings to estimate the methods and different kinds of apparatus. Recent work average irradiance (Fletcher et al. 2003; Miller and Janet 2000; Peccia et al. (Xu et al. 2003) Complete mixed room 20 actinometry spherical 3 2001; Xu et al. 2003) showed the diversity of the methods (87 m ) with ventilation cells (1 cm diameter) and radiometer readings and apparatus in the aerosolized microorganism UV inactivation studies. q~ÄäÉ=N summarizes the recent studies Table 1: Recent air suspended microorganism UV susceptibility studies in terms of the apparatus and the irradiance measurements. These kinetic studies covered not only the microorganism In the ‘Standard for Laboratory testing of UVGI Air and losses due to UVGI inactivation, but also ventilation losses, Surface Rate constants’ proposed by the UV Air Treatment and deposition losses. To obtain the UV susceptibility Topical Group of the International Ultraviolet Association constants, experiments were carried out in such a way that (IUVA 2005a,b), laboratory apparatus is recommended to other losses could be measured and deducted from the simulate or scale down the full scale air handling units to overall decay effects. By measuring a number of points in simulate the environment of the working condition of the the UV irradiation field, the average fluence rates of the UV full scale unit. By doing this, the susceptibility study can field were calculated. Assumptions were made in these account for the effects of the UV inactivation and other

22 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 3 physical and self decay losses. This proposed standard is different from the standard protocol used in waterborne microorganism UV inactivation kinetic studies. In waterborne microorganism UV inactivation kinetic studies a standardized protocol (Bolton and Linden 2003) is used, in which a Petri dish is used as a completely mixed batch reactor to hold the microorganism suspension in the collimated UV radiation field. The UV inactivation kinetic study is independent of the geometry and fluid regime of any UV reactor. This reactor independency is of great value in UV reactor design, especially when the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation technique is used to model the reactor. In this study, we have adapted the standardized protocol from water susceptibility studies to determine UV susceptibility constants for Bacillus subtilis spores suspended in air with a similar method and apparatus. Figure1: Quartz-capped air vessel construction schematic Determination of the average fluence rate in the METHODOLOGY AND quartz-capped vessel MATERIALS Following the protocol of Bolton and Linden (2003), there Quartz-capped air vessel are three critical factors in the calculation of the average A bath reactor was built from a 20 cm long PCV duct, with fluence rate inside the quartz-capped vessel: the Petri dish an internal diameter of 100 mm. The bottom of the duct factor, the divergence factor and the reflection factor. The was sealed with a PVC plate as the reactor base. A small fan Petri dish factor is a concept used in collimated beam testing (12 VDC, Brushless, Taiwan) was installed on the bottom in waterborne microorganism inactivation studies. In this plate to mix the aerosol inside the duct. The top of the duct case, the Petri dish factor is defined as the ratio of the was sealed with a quartz plate (11 cm × 11 cm). Various average fluence rate passing through the quartz top of the ports were drilled into the duct, including the aerosol inlet quartz vessel to fluence rate at the central point of the top port, the dry air inlet port, the sampling/waste outlet port, quartz plate. The Petri dish factor was determined by the the flushing air inlet port, and Relative Humidity (RH) probe grid reading method (Bolton and Linden 2003) with a port. Swage-lok® fitting and PVC valves (Edmonton Valves radiometer (Model P-9710 with detector UV3718, and Fittings Inc., Edmonton AB, Canada) were installed Gigahertz-Optik, Germany). The divergence factor was onto these ports and connected with Teflon tubing to the air actually determined by applying the inverse square law supply sources and impingers. There were two impingers along the collimated beam path (Bolton and Linden 2003). used in the system. A Midget impinger (Standard Midget, The reflection factor was measured by conducting KI/KIO3 Supelco Inc.) with 5 mL D.I. water was used as sampling actinometry tests. Dishes with diameter of 91 mm and 8 impinger to collect the spores from the air. A bubbling mm depth were used to hold the actinometry solution impinger (500mL PYREX®, Fisher Sci.) was used as waste mixed by 3 mm × 12 mm magnetic stirring bars. The vessel to collect the spores in the effluent air. The nebulizer solution was exposed to UV radiation with and without the (Collison 3-jet; BGI Inc., Waltham, Mass.) was driven by a quartz vessel cap covering above the 91 mm dishes for the compressed air cylinder (Extra-dry, Praxair, Edmonton, AB, same exposure time. The ratio of the irradiance values from Canada) with 2-stage regulators (Fisher Sci. Canada) to the actinometry tests under the two covering conditions is generate the spore aerosol. A barometer (Winters, Cole the reflection factor of the quartz cap. A medium factor is Palmer Inc.) and a flow meter (Cole Palmer. Inc.) were not applicable in this case because the absorbance in air installed in the Teflon tubing to monitor the pressure within the testing relative humidity for UV irradiance at 254 condition of the nebulizer and the flow rate. Dry air was nm is negligible. supplied by another compressed air cylinder (Extra-dry, The average fluence rate in the quartz-capped vessel is given Praxair, Edmonton, AB, Canada) to dilute the water- by: saturated air from the nebulizer to the designated relative E = E x F x F x F humidity level. A flow meter (Watchman II, Cole Palmer) [1] avg 0 petri r d was also used to monitor the dry air flow rate. Where E0 is the incident fluence rate, as read by the The quartz-capped air vessel was placed in the UV-beam radiometer with the detector at the center of the quartz position in a collimated beam system (RAYOX®, Calgon plate (mW/mJ); Fpetri is the Petri factor; Fr is the reflection Carbon Corporation, USA), in which a low-pressure mercury factor and Fd is the divergence factor. arc lamp (G12T6L, Atlantic Ultraviolet, USA) was used as UV The average fluence (mJ/cm2) delivered inside the vessel is source. The construction schematic of the quartz vessel is then just the product of Eavg and the exposure time (s). shown here in cáÖìêÉ=N.

SEPTEMBER 2010 | 23 Bacillus subtilis spore culture and enumeration of the dry air to the saturated air from the nebulizer. The Relative Humidity meter probe (RH411 Thermohygrometer, Bacillus subtilis spore culture Omega Inc.) was plugged into the quartz cell to measure Bacillus subtilis spores (ATCC 6633) were cultured with the the RH in the quartz cell. Modified Schaeffer method. Frozen dry B. subtilis was pre- The quartz-capped air vessel was run in a batch reactor cultured in a 100 mL nutrient solution. The components of mode to measure the UV inactivation rate of the B. subtilis the nutrient broth solution are: 8.00 g/L, MgSO ×7H O; 4 2 spores. Spore-laden air was trapped in the quartz-capped 0.25 g/L, KCl; 1.00 g/L Peptone(Fisher Sci. Canada) The vessel for designated time with or without UV radiation. flask was put into a shaker incubator to re-hydrate the Spore-free dry air from the flushing port was then injected frozen dry B. subtilis for 24 h at 37.5°C at 180 rpm. In the to direct the spores toward the sampling impinger for biohazard fume hood, 1 mL of pre-cultured B. subtilis collection. The inactivation levels were determined by suspension was then inoculated into Modified Schaeffer enumerating the number of spores collected in the (MS) nutrient media, consisting of FeSO (1 µM), MnCl 4 2 sampling impingers. The inactivation experiment was run (10 µM), CaCl (1 µM). The baffled flasks were put into the 2 under two RH levels: 50-60%, which is the typical relative shaker incubator (Innova, New Brunswick Sci) to culture the humidity in living rooms (IUVA 2005b). The other RH was spores for 24 h at 37.5°C and 180 rpm; the culture was set to be 70-83% to see how the RH level affects the UV allowed to grow for 15 days. Spore stain was used to verify inactivation to the spores. For each RH level, the entrapped the domination of the spores in the nutrient media. 5% spores were exposed to different UV doses by controlling Malachite green and 1% Safranin red stain solutions were the exposure time. Cross contamination is a big concern in used to stain the samples on a slide for 1 min and 30 s, these inactivation tests. In order to avoid residual spores respectively. The slide was then observed with a microscope trapped in the quartz cell and in the valves and tubing, UV to determine the domination of the spores. Spores are green light was used to disinfect the residual spores in the cell, and and vegetative cells are red. Once the spores dominate the high velocity spore-free dry air was used to flush the quartz culture MS media, a centrifuge (Sorvall Refrigerated cell and the valves and the tubings. Superspeed Centrifuge, Mandel Sci) was used to harvest the spores (centrifugation time 20 min at 7500 rev/min). An Model fitting 80˚C water bath was used to kill the vegetative cells. B. In most of the UV inactivation studies for air suspended subtilis spores were stored in 50% ethanol in a 1L autoclaved microorganisms, the single stage exponential model is often bottle. used to fit the UV response curve. In UVGI system design, Bacillus subtilis spore enumeration this model is regarded as sufficient to determine the UV output for the system. The single stage exponential model A pour plate method was used to enumerate the is given as: concentration of spores in the collecting liquids in the impingers. 9 mL of 0.1% Peptone (Fisher Sci. Canada) [2] S = e-kEavgt solution was transferred into each glass tube. A serial of 1/10 Where S is the surviving fraction of the microorganism dilutions of the sample were made by transferring 1 mL of population, k is the UV susceptibility constant (cm2/mJ), the sample into the 9 mL of the peptone solution. 15 mL of E is the average UV fluence rate (mW/cm2) in the reactor Nutrient agar (8 g nutrient broth powder, 16 g agar, 1 L avg assuming complete mixing and t is the exposure time in MilliQ water) was transferred to each glass tube. The tubes seconds. filled with autoclaved agar were kept in a water bath at 50˚C. As an alternative model, a multi-target model has also been used by researchers to model the microorganisms’ response 1 mL of the desired dilution sample was transferred into a to UV irradiance. It can account for the shoulder 100 mm culture plate. A methane flame was used to sterilize characteristics in the response curve. The form of the multi- the top of the agar tubes. The agar was poured into the target model was given by Severin et al. (1983) as: plate and the plate tilted until the agar-sample mixture was evenly distributed in the plate. It took 3 to 5 min for the agar [3] S = 1-(1- e-kmEavgt)Nc to solidify. Culture dishes were put into the incubator Where k is the UV susceptibility constant (cm2/mJ) and Nc (Forma Series II, Thermo, USA) upside down to incubate for m is the number of the critical sites in the microorganism 36 h. The spores were retained in their positions by the particles. According to the multi-target model hypothesis, solidified agar. The colony forming units (CFU) in the culture the last site of the critical sites has to be hit by UV radiation dishes were counted. The valid range of the CFU counting to achieve inactivation in a microorganism or a was 30 to 300. For high log reduction rates, a CFU count microorganism clump. The multi-target model is commonly below 30 was also treated as a valid count. used to model clumping effects of the microorganisms in Inactivation tests UV inactivation studies (Severin et al. 1983). Uvbiama (2005), used the multi-target model to describe the UV Inactivation tests of the aerosolized spores were performed inactivation kinetics of the aggregated Bacillus subtilus under two relative humidity conditions: 50 to 60% and 70 spores in water. Since the spores used in this study and the to 83%. The RH conditions controlled by adjusting the ratios ones used in the Uvabiama’s study were cultured from the

24 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 3 same mother stock with the same method, the multi-target because CFU values per Petri dish below 10 are not model was chosen to model the UV inactivation kinetics for considered as reliable colony counts. easy comparison. The parameters k and N in the multi- m c The Joint Confidence Regions (JCR) of the estimation of the target were estimated by applying least square criteria parameters at the 95% confidence level shows the Nc value regression to the logarithm form of equation [3]. ranges from 1 to 15 in this study. Typical Nc values of the B.subtilis spores suspended in water were reported as 8 to 9 RESULTS (Uvbiama 2005), hence there is no statistical difference Fluence calculation between the Nc values in the two media. Petri dish factor, divergence factor and reflection factor were DISCUSSION measured or calculated as per the Bolton and Linden (2003) protocol. By multiplying the average fluence rate by the The well-mixed batch reactor apparatus used in this study exposure time, the fluence that the suspended spores has the following advantages for determining UV received inside the cell was calculated. inactivation kinetics of airborne microorganisms compared to the approaches used by other researchers. Inactivation model parameter estimation 1. Because of the simple geometry of the well-mixed The inactivation results were used to fit the multi-target batch reactor, the average fluence rate can be model and the curves are plotted as cáÖìêÉ=OW determined easily and accurately, using the standardized protocol established for collimated beam systems (Bolton and Linden, 2003). The factors that affect the distribution of the fluence rate inside the quartz cell can be determined precisely by applying the protocol to the reactor. In contrast, the geometries used by other researchers (Fletcher et al. 2003; Miller and Janet 2000; Peccia et al. 2001) are more complex and the fluence rates were either measured by carrying actinometry at certain spatial points (Peccia et al. 2001), or by a series of radiometer readings within the UV reactor (Miller and Janet 2000). With these approaches many measurements must be made, and it is hard to determine the appropriate number of and location of the points where measurements should be made in order to calculate the average fluence rate of the reactor accurately. Figure 2: Aerosolized Bacillus subtilis spores UV response curves 2. The well-mixed reactor was operated in a batch mode. The fan installed on the bottom of the reactor ensured k and N were estimated by the lease squares regression m c complete mixing of the spores suspended in the air. to be 0.17 cm2/mJ and 3 at RH = 50 to 60%, and 0.14 Vigorous re-circulation of the microorganisms ensured cm2/mJ and 2 at RH = 70 to 83%. k values in both RH m each of suspended microorganisms received an identical ranges are close to some researchers’ results with an average UV dose. The inactivation kinetics determined in the value of 0.153 cm2/mJ (Kowalski et al. 2005). The well-mixed batch reactor are independent of reactor inactivation curves at RH = 70 to 83% and RH = 50 to 60% geometry and mixing. They are, therefore, suitable for indicate that the susceptibility of B. subtilis spores in aerosol application in for CFD modeling, in which the stereotype form is not sensitive to the relative humidity. Unlike of a UV reactor is virtually divided into numerous finite vegetative microorganisms suspended in air, viable cells of volume cells so that the local flow regime in each finite the suspended spores are protected by the proteinaceous volume cell is regarded as completely mixed. In contrast spore coats. During UV irradiation, these spore coats other researchers used continuous-flow apparatuses in prevent the moisture in ambient environment from entering which a UV dose-distribution exists. In these systems, the the cells; it is perceived that spores remain their metabolic measured inactivation is function of both the inactivation activities and repairing ability from UV damage at the same kinetics of the particular microorganism and the flow level regardless of the outside RH conditions. regime in the reactor. The k value is also closed to the K = 0.18 cm2/mJ m m 3. The volume of the quartz-capped vessel apparatus is reported by Uvbiama using the same batch of B.subtilis relatively smaller (1.5 L) compared to apparatuses used spores, which were inactivated by UV in water (Uvbiama by other researchers (Fletcher et al 2003; Miller and Janet 2005). This agreement of results shows that the B.subtilis 2000; Peccia et al. 2001). A small vessel is preferred in spores’ susceptibility to UV is not affected by the media: air bioassay testing, especially when pathogenic or water. Note that at inactivation level of 3 log reduction, microorganisms are the study objects, because it is easier the CFU number was very low, with 1 CFU per dish in 6 to control possible leakage of the microorganisms into dishes out of 9 Petri dishes. These data are not very reliable the environment.

SEPTEMBER 2010 | 25 However, the apparatus also has its own limitations Uvbiama, R.D. 2005. “The Effect of Upstream Treatment Processes compared to the apparatuses used by other researchers. On UV Inactivation of Microorganisms in Filtered Drinking Since the volume of the quartz cell is small and the spore Water”, MSc. Thesis. Deptartment of Civil and Environmental concentration was limited by the capacity of the nebulizer, Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada. the spore concentration in the trapped air was low. Thus the Xu, P., Peccia, J., Fabian, P., Martyny, J. W., Fennelly, K. P., colony counts at 3 log reduction level were so low that the Hernandez, M. and Miller S.L. 2003. “Efficacy of ultraviolet results were not regarded as very reliable results. Increasing germicidal irradiation of upper-room air in inactivating the spores concentration in the nebulizer reservoir and airborne bacterial spores and mycobacteria in full-scale using a 6-jet nebulizer may compensate for this limitation. studies.” Atm. Environ., 37(3): 405-419. As suggested by IUVA (2005a), a scaled-down or a full-scale physical model should be built if the purpose of the susceptibility study of a UVGI system is to account for the effect of flow conditions ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors want to thank the Natural Sciences and Helping make our Engineering Research Council of Canada for funding this world safer and research. cleaner through the implementation of REFERENCES UV technologies. Bolton, J. R., and Linden, K. G. 2003. “Standardization of methods for fluence (UV dose) determination in bench-scale UV experiments.” J. Environ. Eng. - ASCE, 129(3): 209-215. Fletcher, L. A. N., C J, Beggs. C B, Sleigh, P A, Donnelly, J and Kerr, Offices Nationwide • www.pirnie.com K. 2003. “ The Ultraviolet Susceptibilty of Aerosolised Microorganisms and the Role of Photoreactivation.” CDROM Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Ultraviolet Technologies, Vienna, Austria, International Ultraviolet Association, Ayr, ON, Canada N0B 1E0. IUVA. 2005a. “General Guideline for UVGI Air and Surface Disinfection System” (Vol. IUVA-G01A-2005), International Ultraviolet Association, Ayr, ON, Canada N0B 1E0. IUVA. 2005b. “Guideline for Design and Installation of UVGI In- Duct Air Disinfection System” (Vol. IUVA Draft Guideline IUVA- G03A-2005), International Ultraviolet Association, Ayr, ON, Canada N0B 1E0. Miller, S. L. and Janet, M. 2000. “Evaluation of a Methodology for Quantifying the Effect of Room Air Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation on Airborne Bacteria”, Aerosol. Sci. Technol., 33(3): 274-294. Kowalski, W.J., Bahnfleth, W.P., and Mistrick, R.G. 2005. “A Specular Model for UVGI Air Disinfection Systems”, IUVA News, 7(1): 19-26. Peccia, J. and Hernandez, M. 2001. “Photoreactivation in airborne Mycobacterium parafortuitum.” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67(9): 4225-4232. Peccia, J., Werth, H. M., Miller, S. and Hernandez, M. 2001. “Effects of relative humidity on the ultraviolet induced inactivation of airborne bacteria.”, Aerosol Sci. Techol., 35(3): 728-740. Severin, B. F., Suidan, M. T. and Engelbrecht, R. S. 1983. “Kinetic modeling of U.V. disinfection of water.” Wat. Res., 17(11): 1669-1678.

26 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 3 Editor’s Note: UV companies are welcome to submit “Application Notes” for this column. PPLICATION We also request comments on Applications Notes and Articles. ANOTE Send either to [email protected] Happy Hippos – UV in Aquatic Life Support from Heraeus Noblelight GmbH, www.heraeus-noblelight.com, Contact: Volker Adam

A visit to the zoo is a well-loved leisure activity for both essentially kills the germs, with the result that the pathogens die off. young and old. What fun to be up close to observe and Water disinfection using UV radiation offers a number of marvel at wild life you may only see in books or in the media. benefits: micro-organisms are unable to build up resistance; Every year, more than 1.3 million visitors do just this at the there are no disinfection by-products; the process is entirely Copenhagen zoo. Founded in 1859, it is one of the leading free of chemicals so that there is no effect on water zoos in Europe and is home to around 250 animal species, composition, smell or taste. In addition to reducing the with more than 3,300 individual animals. danger of illness, the above points are also very important for Many of these animals including elephants, crocodiles or the zoo inhabitants, as they affect the way that the animals hippopotami either live in water or water is an important accept their living conditions and considerations such as element of their natural and developed habitats. stress, eating habits, growth, life expectancy and birth rate. Furthermore, at around 0.01Euro/m³ ($0.05/1000 gallons), After all, most exhibits are recirculating pools that the UV light is the most cost-effective non-chemical water animals on display use as their toilets. Consequently, the disinfection technique. water quality is critical to the animals’ health and well-being. Water quality and water treatment is the responsibility of the The “killer” UV dose, the so-called lethal dose is known for aquatic life support department. Monitoring and treatment nearly all micro-organisms. Principally, it depends on the cell takes place in the background, unnoticed by the visitors to the structure of the pathogen. Consequently, bacteria are more zoo or aquarium. Let’s take a look into this important activity. receptive to UV than fungi, which because of their stable cell walls with pigments require a higher lethal dose. For UV Technology – Important Part of Animal-Friendly example, for a disinfection rate of 99.9 %, a lethal dose of Water Treatment 9.0 mWs/cm² is required for Coli bacteria, while for the The combination of filtration and protein reduction mould fungus Aspergillus Niger it is around 396 mWs/cm². processes to reduce the biological load, suspended solids In addition, the required UV dose is also affected by diverse and in some cases color and disinfection is critical to protect physical parameters in the water such as light transmission, the health and therefore quality and availability of animals for suspended solids and iron content. viewing. Gross screening and sand filtration remove in excess of 90% of the organic load delivered to the water from Water is mainly disinfected using the flow through technique animal waste. Additional load is removed by the use of in UV water reactors. Typical zoo and aquaria systems offer biologically active skimmers, fractionations and media flow rates of 30 to 700 m³/h (132 to 3,100 gpm) and several processes leaving a low turbidity water flow with high reactors can be connected in series or parallel. pathogenic and non pathogenic organisms in solution that must be removed or inactivated. Skjolstrup & Gronborg ApS, Denmark, is a specialist in water treatment for zoos and aquaria. The company relies on innovative UV technology for water disinfection. By using high energy UV radiation at a wavelength of 200-280 nm (UV-C), harmful bacteria, fungi and viruses can be effectively inactivated protecting the health of the species that use the water. All these micro-organisms contain, amongst other things, the nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), which contain the genetic information of the cells. The nucleic acids absorb the UV radiation and a photochemical process is initiated which halts the reproductive process of the micro-organisms that

SEPTEMBER 2010 | 27 Efficient Disinfection with Low Pressure, High Power Amalgam Lamps Compared with conventional UV low pressure lamps, the newly-developed 440 W high power amalgam lamps from Heraeus Noblelight have a unique Longlife coating. Conventional low pressure lamps usually have an operating life of around 8,000 hours. During operation, mercury ions are implanted in the top layer of the SiO2 matrix of the quartz tube of the lamp, where they form mercury oxide. This creates increasing transmission losses in the quartz tube Clean water of the UV lamp and this diminishes the emission of the UV radiation. In fact, a layer of mercury oxide just a few nanometres thick reduce the transmission by 50 % and is a matter of trust. more. Consequently, conventional low pressure lamps usually deliver only around 50 % of their original UV power at the end of their operating lives. The high power amalgam lamps with the Longlife coating on the other hand offer a significantly longer operating life of 12,000 to 16,000 hours at virtually constant UV output power (up to 90% after 16,000 hours). Consequently, this type of lamp provides much more power output over its operating life than conventional UV low pressure lamps and offers the best combination in terms of efficiency and useful life. System builders need fewer lamps in the design of water treatment lamps. This provides significant potential for savings, in number of lamps, system components, energy consumption and service costs. End users, such as zoos, benefit from the long operating lives and extended service intervals. Up time and time between lamp replacements are significantly extended, while the lamps provide more UV radiation is a reliable way to disinfect water operational UV output than conventional low pressure and eliminate harmful substances. That applies to lamps. treating drinking water – the essence of life – and Some Examples of UV Water Disinfection in waste water alike. Scandinavian Zoos UV lamps from Heraeus Noblelight are particularly • Copenhagen Zoo, Denmark: 600 m³ fresh water area efficient and thus stand out due to their very low for hippopotami; Inside and Outside pool energy consumption. Our lamps offer this recognized standard of quality throughout their long service life. • Parken Zoo, Eskilstuna, Sweden: 40 m³ Freshwater Heraeus UV lamps combine exceptional reliability inside crocodile pool; Flow rate 20 m³/h with cost-effectiveness. • Odense Zoo, Odense Denmark: Sea water pool system Each of our UV lamps is tailored to the specific for manatees and penguins, flow rate 6 m³/h requirements of our customers. • Randers Rainforest, Randers, Denmark: Various water treatment systems for manatees, crocodiles and aquaria e.g. an inside crocodile pool with a Your partner for circulation capacity of 30 m³/h Conclusion reliable UV solutions • Modern UV Technology disinfects water in zoos and aquaria without the addition of chemicals • Ultraviolet radiation ensures optimum water quality and contributes significantly to the well-being of animals • Low pressure, high power, amalgam lamps combine www.heraeus-noblelight.com high efficiency with long operating life

28 | IUVA News / Vol. 12 No. 3 Editor’s Note: UV companies are welcome to submit “Application Notes” for this column. PPLICATION We also request comments on Applications Notes and Articles. ANOTE Send either to [email protected] World’s Largest Backwash Water Reuse Installation from Berson UV http://halmapr.com/news/berson, Contact: Damian Corbet

Globally, treated drinking water used to backwash filters in Following the installation of two Berson InLine+ UV systems surface and some ground water treatment plants is this water can now be reused as drinking water, producing typically discharged to the source water stream after filter considerable cost savings for the utility. backwashing. This can result in up to 5% of the valuable treated water 1.25 million m3/year of Water is now Recycled as being lost after the cost to produced it. To reclaim backwash water, Drinking Water at Dutch Groundwater Facility facilities must plan to deal with a UV Technology – Important Part of Animal-Friendly higher level of contaminant load than is expected in the Water Treatment source water. Backwashing discharges collected particles and organisms collected in the filtration process. The two Berson InLine 250+ medium pressure UV systems, each are capable of disinfecting up to 100m3/hour (440 The Netherlands Spannenburg ground water drinking gpm) of backwash water. They are positioned after the water treatment facility decided to recover their lost ultrafiltration units and before the sand filtration. The UV backwash water as local water demand increased. The systems deliver a minimum 2 log reduction of CFUs* with a treatment plant added Berson’s UV systems to disinfect water transmittance (T10**) value of 63.1%. reclaimed backwash water from the sand filtration units used to reduced suspended solids. Up to 5% of the Operated by Vitens, the Netherlands’ largest water utility, produced drinking water at the Spannenburg plant, the facility 35 kilometres south of Leeuwarden in the north some1.25 million m3/year (330 MGY) is used to backwash of Holland is the largest groundwater drinking water facility the sand filters and, until recently, this water was simply in the Netherlands and is also believed to be the largest discarded to waste. backwash installation in the world. The contractor for the backwash project was Logisticon Water Treatment b.v. “The reused backwash water is completely biologically reliable and we are totally confident to use it as drinking water. We opted for UV as it is a clean technology that does not require the use of chemicals. Berson’s UV technology is already widely used by Vitens so we have good experience of their systems.” comments Peter Sjoerdsma, one of Vitens’ process engineers. The Spannenburg drinking water plant supplies over 300,000 people spread over a large, mainly rural area of northern Holland. Because the installation has been so successful Berson has now also Peter Sjoerdsma, a Vitens process engineer, with one of the Berson InLine+ medium pressure UV disinfection systems

SEPTEMBER 2010 | 29 been awarded the contract for an identical application in Zwolle, also operated by Vitens. * Colony Forming Units ** A simple indication of the absorbance of UV light by water is the transmission value of the water (T10), which is the total value of all absorbing components in the water, such as suspended organic materials and minerals such as iron and magnesium – both dissolved and un-dissolved. If the transmission value is known, the calculation of UV intensity in the UV reactor can be calculated and the size of the reactor determined. Depending on the size or volume of the reactor, the UV dose can then be calculated *** DVGW (German Technical and Scientific Association for Gas and Water) is the body responsible for industry self-regulation in the German water and gas and water supply industry and its technical rules are the basis for The plant room at the Spannenburg groundwater drinking water facility, safety and reliability showing one of the Berson InLine+ medium pressure UV disinfection systems For more details visit http://halmapr.com/news/berson

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