The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age c h a p t e r 9
Grete Irene Solvold Department of Archaeology and Cultural History, NTNU University Museum [email protected]
The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age
ABSTRACT This article will analyse the ceramics found at Early Iron Age settlement areas from Vik, Ørland Municipality, in central Norway. It will describe the ceramics present at Vik, and discuss if pottery was locally produced, what the pottery might reveal about temporal, spatial and social organization and if it can provide additional information when compared to pottery from burials. Disregarding the discovery of two almost complete vessels, the remainder of the material consist of sherds. The vessel types discussed in the article are bucket-shaped pots, finer tableware, coarse household wares and some other types named by Johs. Bøe as early bowls, foreign decorated ware and the small cooking pot (1931). Lipid analysis was carried out on 16 vessels. The ceramic material from Vik shows considerable variation in types deposited over a long period between the Bronze Age and the Migration period, with an increase in quantity and types in the Late Roman Iron Age. A number of parallels are from southwest and eastern Norway, in addition to some closer ones, from central Norway and Sweden. My analysis leads me to suggest there are strong indications of local production of pottery in the Early Roman Iron Age. In the Late Roman Iron Age, the indications are less clear, but some vessels still indicate local production. In the Early Roman Iron Age, the ceramics consist of both coarse and finer household wares. Some appear to have been ritual deposits in houses. In the Late Roman Iron Age, the material from Vik shows an increase in finer tableware and bucket-shaped pots. This I relate to a change in food practice, with commensality – with a farm’s status and power clearly on display – becoming more common. The analysis here also shows that settlement contexts can contribute further information about the use of ceramics, whether for daily use, feasts, and/or rituals. Finally, it raises the question of whether 14C-dating of settlement contexts can provide a more precise dating framework for some pots.
INTRODUCTION Age to the Viking Age and/or Middle Ages, with In connection with the expansion of Ørland Main the majority dating from the Roman Iron Age. The Air Base, archaeological excavations were carried material divides into 6 different settlement areas out. Over two seasons archaeologists found a large within five excavated areas (fields A–E). number of ceramic vessels. It is rare to find ceramics The ceramics from Vik, Ørland Municipality, in on archaeological excavations in central Norway or the county of Trøndelag, are mainly from waste at settlement sites in Norway in general. The vessels deposits and waste pits, as well as from features range in type from coarse large pots to smaller, more associated with houses, such as hearths and postholes. elaborate, decorated pots, and can be typologically A small proportion of the sherds were found in a dated from Bronze Age and/or Pre-Roman Iron few cooking pits, other types of pit, cultural layers, a
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Figure 1. Map of the excavations at Ørland Air Base with excavation fields A-E and relevant contexts mentioned in the chapter. Illustration: Magnar Mojaren Gran, NTNU University Museum.
sunken lane, and ditches, as well as hearths and post- studies exclusively of ceramics prior to Haakon holes that were not associated with defined houses. Shetelig’s works on bucket-shaped pots and Pre- Research on ceramics in Norway has largely focused Roman ceramics (Shetelig 1904; 1913). Johs. Bøe on pottery from burial contexts, and the main empha- published the first major overview of various types sis has been on bucket-shaped pots dating to around of vessels in 1931 (Jernalderens keramikk i Norge), AD 350–550 (Bøe 1931: 166–167; Kristoffersen & and this is still the standard reference work today. Magnus 2010; Fredriksen 2012; Kristoffersen 2012). Subsequently, researchers mainly focused on buck- The ceramic material from Ørland extends the total et-shaped pots, but some have also concentrated on number of Early Iron Age pots and sherds from other types of ceramic vessels (e.g. Ågotnes 1986; central Norway by c. 20%, and therefore represents Stout 1986; Jørgensen & Olsen 1988; Kristoffersen a significant contribution to the corpus. 2012; Magnus 2012; Rødsrud 2012). Over the years, research has studied different aspects of buck- Previous research on Early Iron Age pottery et-shaped pots. Typology and chronology have Apart from presentations in early overviews (e.g. been of constant interest (e.g. Magnus 1975, 1984; Rygh 1885; Müller 1885; 1897), there were few Kristoffersen 1999; Engevik 2007; Kristoffersen
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& Magnus 2010), as have been the origin of the the daily life on farms, as well as the social and eco- pots and the technological influence they show nomic contexts of the farms (Kristoffersen 1993:154). (e.g. Gjessing 1941; Rolfsen 1974b; Magnus 1984; The purpose of this chapter is to determine Jørgensen 1988; Kleppe 1993; Engevik 2002; which ceramic traditions existed at Vik, and to Zimmermann et al. 2016). There have been dis- show what a fragmented material can contribute cussions on how they were produced, and to what to research on ceramics. I aim to discuss the fol- extent the making of these pots was a specialized lowing questions: craft (e.g. Kleppe & Simonsen 1983; Kleppe 1993; Engevik 2007; Fredriksen 2012), and what value and • What types of ceramics and vessels are present function ceramics had in the Early Iron Age has also at Vik? been a focal point of interest (e.g. Magnus 1980; • Was the pottery produced locally? 2012; Engevik 2002; 2005). Some have addressed • What does use and discard of pottery tell us about specific regional areas and regional variation (e.g. the temporal, spatial and social organization of Nicolaissen 1920; Rynning 2007; Engevik 2007). the Roman Iron Age farms at Vik? In addition, in recent years the social context and • Does pottery from settlements provide additional social significance of ceramics has been discussed information, when compared to pottery from (e.g. Engevik 2007; Fredriksen 2005; 2006). burials? There are few studies of ceramics in central Norway, with the exception of Breivik (2006) and Johansen MATERIAL AND METHODS (2003). Breivik concludes in her thesis that buck- In Field A, in the northern part of the excavation et-shaped pottery in central Norway was probably site, the ceramics are mainly from waste deposits locally produced (2006:80). Johansen gives an over- 110297 and 106581. Waste deposit 110297 has view of ceramics from Early Iron Age burials from been 14C dated from the end of Early Roman Iron central Norway (2003). Age to Late Roman Iron Age, and 106581 has been Among the published articles on Early Iron Age 14C dated to the Late Roman Iron Age. In Field ceramics from settlement contexts, Egil Bakka’s exca- E, adjoining Field A, most ceramics were found in vation at Modvo in Sogn & Fjordane (Kristoffersen waste pit 210240 and associated contexts, which are 1993) and the more recent excavation at Avaldsnes dated to Late Roman Iron Age and the transition (Kristoffersen & Hauken 2017) are particularly to Migration period (Mokkelbost, Ch. 7). important. Earlier literature includes sites in Lista In the southern part of the excavation site, in and Rogaland (Shetelig 1909; Petersen 1933; 1936; Field B, ceramics were found in Houses 6 and 7, Grieg 1934, Rolfsen 1974a). that date to Pre-Roman Iron Age (Fransson, Ch. Research on Early Iron Age ceramics has mostly 5). In Field C, the ceramics come from both waste concentrated on southwestern Norway, which has contexts and houses. The majority of these sherds by far the richest material. were found in waste deposit 500200, which dates to the Late Roman Iron Age. This concurs with the Research objectives dates for the first phases of House 2 in the same The ceramics from Early Iron Age burials is field, but House 2 also has phases that extend to often associated with social status and ritual use Early Migration period. House 34 and waste deposit (Kristoffersen & Hauken 2017: 528). In contrast, 521623 (with associated contexts) are dated to Early finds from settlement contexts can also shed light on Roman Iron Age. In Field D, the ceramics were
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mainly found in House 21, which dates from the 600 Lund Hansen 1987 ristoffersen 1999 Early Roman Iron Age and beginning of the Late 575 Roman, as well as from Houses 24 and 29, both of which have dates spanning the early and Late D2b Roman Iron Age (Heen-Pettersen & Lorentzen, 525 Ch. 6; Mokkelbost, Ch. 7). 500 D2a Concerning the first objective, the main part of the work involved identifying which vessel types are 475 Migra�on represented in the excavated material, by comparing Period them to the existing corpus (mainly Shetelig 1904; D1 Bøe 1931; Stout 1986; Ågotnes 1986; Straume 1987; Johansen 2003; Breivik 2006; Kristoffersen 400 400 & Magnus 2010; Rødsrud 2012). The majority of the existing corpus is found in graves and is dated through relative chronological frameworks. However, C3 the vessels from Vik are found in contexts that have absolute radiocarbon dates. Relative chronological 310/320 frameworks are built up of studies of how different 300 300 artefact types appear together, and cross-dating these Late Roman C2 with historical datable material (Solberg 2000: 23). Period You build up a sequence of how the artefacts are 250/260 distributed over time, but the units can be poorly C1b subdivided. On the other hand, the 14C-method has 210/220 a degree of uncertainty that is always applied to a 200 200 result (Solberg 2000: 24). Even though the radiolog- C1a ical laboratories have developed calibration curves, 150/160 there is still a great margin of error in such analysis. A chronological division of the phases at Vik is presented in the first chapter (Ystgaard, Gran & B2 100 100 Fransson, Ch. 1), but the main period for ceramic use (the Roman period and Migration period) is too Early Roman Period 70 roughly divided to use in this chapter. Therefore, I refer B1b to Lund Hansen’s (1987) and Kristoffersen’s (1999) 40 chronological frameworks for these periods (Figure 2). B1a With regard to the question of local production, AD 0 0 identification of possible kilns, raw materials and BC production sites was crucial. As a large quantity of ceramics were found in rela- tively large contexts, such as waste deposits, it became Figure 2. Chronological framework. Illustration: Grete important to determine which sherds belonged to Irene Solvold, NTNU University Museum. the same vessels. A set of criteria was established
264 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age to identify sherds that were parts of the same vessel, different types of vessel and from different contexts including sherds that fit together. The fabric should have been analysed for lipids to see whether they appear similar to the eye, i.e. it should be tempered give similar results. Sven Isaksson, Archaeological with the same raw materials; the size and amount Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, con- of the inclusions should be fairly similar; and finally ducted the analysis (2017). the surface treatment of the sherds should be similar. To try to determine whether the vessels had One problem regarding the latter criterion was that different functions, sherds from different types of the preservation conditions varied and the original pots and different contexts were included in the surface treatment of some sherds was difficult to analysis. Only rim sherds or definite upper body determine. In addition, the vessels should have the sherds were analysed because lipid values are usually same form and type of decoration (assuming that highest at the upper part of the pot (Roffet-Salque decoration was present and possible to determine), et al. 2017: 629). and the sherds should be more or less the same in An analysis of the contextual distribution of the terms of thickness and colour. However, since the vessels from Vik may provide insights into both making of pottery is a skilled craft and it can be usage and their significance in the daily life on the difficult to control the oxygen supply during firing, Roman Iron Age farm. However, the preservation thickness and colour can vary greatly within a single of different context categories differs between the vessel (Rødsrud 2012: 316–330), and therefore least different settlement areas. In Field A, there were emphasis was placed on these criteria. large waste deposits, but no remains of houses. By To understand the use of the ceramic items, the contrast, Field C contained both waste deposits and relation between vessel types and find context was houses, while in Field D there were houses, but no analysed, in addition to using lipid-analysis to get waste deposits (Heen-Pettersen & Lorentzen, Ch. closer to what these vessels contained. 6; Mokkelbost, Ch. 7). Thus, the contextual analysis In cases where sherds from unglazed vessels are cannot reveal a full picture. used for cooking and storing foods, liquids from those foods can remain in the porous surfaces of the RESULTS pottery for a long time (Heron & Evershed 1993: The sherds found at Vik are very fragmented, and 250–251). Analysis of such degraded fats, oils, and the contexts in which they were preserved varied. As waxes (i.e. lipid residues) can be extracted with the a result, descriptions of the identified vessels occupy aid of a solvent and analysed to provide insights a relatively large section in this chapter. Where pos- into what the vessels were used for and if the fats sible, I suggest references to other vessels reported were heated in the vessel (Evershed et al. 2001: 228, in the literature, and mention if similar vessels are 331–332; Isaksson 2017: 3). found in nearby regions (Trøndelag in Norway, and In his doctoral dissertation, Rødsrud analysed 13 Jämtland and Medelpad in Sweden). With regard vessels from burial context. He found that the food to the latter point, I also draw on earlier reviews of and drink content supported Bøe’s functional divi- ceramics ( Johansen 2003; Breivik 2006). sion of the vessels, whereby the cooking and storage 622 sherds (3296 g) were found during the exca- vessels, and the small cooking pots, appear to have vation at Ørland Air Base, and a minimum of 68 contained food, and the finer tableware, especially vessels have been identified from the material. The the vessels with handles, were used for drinking sherds vary in their degree of fragmentation. In (Rødsrud 2012: 89–90). From Vik, 16 sherds from addition, the different conditions in which they
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Context Related The dating Number Weight of Field Type of context Period Number context of the context * of sherds sherds (g) Bronze Age/Pre- A House 1 ca. 800 - 400 BC 2 13,5 Roman Iron Age A Waste deposit 106581 AD 250 - 407 Late Roman period 9 96,1 Clay layer Transition to late A Waste deposit 110297 AD 128 - 240 2 4,9 150017 Roman period Cooking pit Early Roman A Waste deposit 110297 AD 65 - 130 1 1,7 131071 period Early Roman A Waste deposit 110297 Pit 151748 AD 61 - 133 1 0,6 period Waste pit Transition to late A Waste deposit 110297 AD 82 - 221 1 15,8 152996 Roman period A Waste deposit 110297 AD 7 - 375 Roman period 322 846,8 Transition to early A Waste pit 116675 40 BC - 84 AD 1 3,3 Roman period Transition to late A Waste pit 117191 AD 90 - 230 1 4,1 Roman period A Waste pit 132878 Not dated 3 7,2 Possibly from A+E Road 217254 Late Roman 13 60,6 period and later Pre-Roman B House 6 361 - 162 BC 27 18,6 Iron Age Pre-Roman B House 7 300 - 200 BC 18 20,6 Iron Age C Cooking pit 522925 AD 348 - 502 Late Roman period 1 3,2 Late Roman C House 2 AD 140 - 425 period to beg. of 12 88,2 Migration period Early Roman C House 34 AD 70 - 130 69 1435,3 period Bottom of C Pit 521429 AD 403 - 535 Migration period 1 9,3 521225 Transition to early C Kiln? 522729 Kiln? 522089 38 BC - AD 59 1 3,1 Roman period C Pit 523481 Not dated 1 2,7 C Postholes 505507 Not dated 1 1,5 C Waste deposit 500200 AD 256-397 Late Roman period 95 425,7 523989+ Transition to late C Cooking pit 521623 AD 133 - 245 5 16,7 524509 Roman period AD 236-334 511160+ C Layer 521623 (522626: Strat. Late Roman period 2 4,8 522626 older than 500200) Early Roman C Waste deposit 521623 AD 56 - 241 and beg. late 4 8,4 Roman period D Ditch 616167 AD 258 - 416 Late Roman period 1 1,9
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Context Related The dating Number Weight of Field Type of context Period Number context of the context * of sherds sherds (g) Early Roman D House 21 AD 0-250 and beg. late 5 77,9 Roman period D House 29 AD 44-340 Roman period 1 0,7 Transition to/and D Waste pit 613254 AD 135 - 325 1 0,5 late Roman period Transition to/and D House 24 AD 140 - 340 3 30 late Roman period D+E Stray finds 2 50,1 Pre-Roman E Cooking pit 218622 204 - 58 BC 1 8,6 Iron Age Structures around Cultural layer/ E 216960 are dated to 4 11,1 Waste layer Roman period Pre-Roman E Cultural layer 222611 359 - 172 BC 1 2,2 Iron Age E Hearth 218579 AD 397 - 535 Migration period 1 4,6 E Posthole 225256 Not dated 2 3,3 Waste pit Transition to E Waste pit (fish) 210240 AD 340 - 411 7 12,6 225660 Migration period
Table 1. Distribution of sherds by context with dating of the context. * See Ystgaard et al. 2018. were preserved have affected the interpretation of • Bucket-shaped pots the material, since sherds that were probably from • Finer handled vessels and similar fine ware forms the same vessel have weathered at different rates • Coarse household ware and might have lost their original surface. Of the 622 sherds, 133 sherds (21%) are either too small In addition, there are special types of vessel, which or abraded to identify as belonging to one of the I have chosen to describe as “other vessel types”. 68 vessels. The majority of the vessels appear to date to the The vessels are made of clay with different tem- Roman Iron Age, but some belong to the Migration pering materials, including asbestos, steatite, natural Period. A few sherds from vessels with asbestos sand, and crushed rock (mostly quartz). The majority tempering probably belong to the asbestos ceramic of the sherds are body sherds, but there are also a tradition from northwest Norway, dated between number of sherds from rims, bases (from the tran- the Early Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (Ågotnes sition between the body and base), and necks or 1986: 114). Additionally, a foot from a ceramic vessel, collars, which can provide some information about a spout from a spouted vessel, and some sherds of the form of the vessels. a ladle handle, dating from the Middle Ages, were The vessels divide into the following three main found in Field E. This article will not discuss the types: medieval pottery further.
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Belly/ Tempering Belly Rim Neck/col- Almost complete pots bottom Indefinite Sum material sherds sherds lar sherds sherds Steatite (soapstone) 160 22 11 193 Asbestos 39 7 5 51 Rock/Quartz 2 pots/vessels (54 sherds) 230 16 9 11 9 329 Natural/Sand 38 7 1 2 48 Sum 2 pots/vessels (54 sherds) 467 52 25 12 11 621
Table 2. Correlation between tempering material and sherd type.
Bucket-shaped pots of the vessels can be determined with a reasonable The bucket-shaped pots are a particular Norwegian degree of confidence. The rim diameters could be type that first occurred in the Late Roman Iron reconstructed for 15 vessels. Of these, five had a Age. These pots are cylindrical in shape, but differ diameter of 12–14 cm, three had a diameter of in their forms and ornamental features (Shetelig 15–16 cm, and six had a diameter of 18–23 cm (see 1905: 47; Bøe 1931: 165). The pots characteristically Appendix 1). One pot stands out with a diameter have finely ground asbestos or steatite as the main of 30 cm. This pot was tempered with such a large tempering component of their fabric, for which proportion of steatite that initially it was assumed the clay functioned as a binder (Kristoffersen & to be a steatite jar (#2, Figure 3). Magnus 2010: 10). The majority of bucket-shaped pots in the The bucket-shaped pots from Vik divide into Norwegian corpus are small, with an external rim two groups, based on the main component in the diameter of 11–14 cm, but some have a rim dia tempering material. The difference between the meter of 15–16 cm (Kristoffersen & Magnus 2010: two groups is very significant: the sherds tempered 40). Large pots with rim diameters in the range of with a high proportion of crushed steatite have a 27–33 cm were mainly used as urns and containers ‘soapstone-like’ surface, whereas the sherds tempered for cremated bones in graves, and the majority with asbestos contain a large proportion of asbestos have been found in Rogaland. However, an almost fibres, but the clay is more visible. complete vessel of this size has been found in a 225 sherds (750.8 g) are from bucket-shaped cooking pit inside a house at Avaldsnes (S12772:66) pots, of which 32 sherds (161.5g) are tempered with (Kristoffersen & Hauken 2017: 530–531). The sherds asbestos and 193 sherds (589.3 g) are tempered with from the pot from Vik differ in that they were found steatite. The sherds with steatite are more fragmented in a waste deposit (106581). and weathered than the sherds tempered with asbestos. Most of the sherds from Vik are too small to At least 17 different bucket-shaped pots have steatite say anything about vessel forms. Where enough tempering and 17 different pots have asbestos. material is available, most of the vessels appear to In cases where the rim sherds are well preserved belong to Kristoffersen and Magnus’ type AB, which and are of a reasonable size, attempts were made to are cylindrical or slightly conical vessels in which reconstruct the rim diameter of the vessels. Although the rim diameter is the same as, or wider than, the there is a certain margin of uncertainty, the sizes base diameter (Kristoffersen & Magnus 2010: 26).
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Figure 3. Kristoffersen & Magnus’s four types of bucket-shaped pots (after. Kristoffersen & Magnus 2010).
Some exceptions exist that will be described later Bucket-shaped, steatite tempered pots with line in this article. and/or comb decoration As a group, the bucket-shaped pots represent a rich Waste deposit 110297 in Field A contained sherds and varied selection of early pot types. The following from a medium-sized, bucket-shaped pot with line paragraphs will present a selection of these pots. decoration (#5, Figure 4). The pot has two parallel Kristoffersen & Magnus divide the vessels into horizontal grooves just below the rim. Below these, types according to their form and the composition there are vertical triple grooves and triple diagonal of their decoration (i.e. the relative positions of the grooves. The pot is reminiscent of a vessel from decorative elements) and their dating is based on Østabø, Vindafjord Municipality, Rogaland (S2262, cross-dating with other burial equipment, such as Kristoffersen & Magnus 2010; Pl. 1, Figure 26), weapons, finer handled vessels, fibulas, Westland which is classified as an AB1. cauldrons and gold bracteates (Kristoffersen & In waste deposit 500200, a body sherd from Magnus 2010). a pot with irregular comb decoration was found The pot form and the decorative composition (#34, Figure 4). The vessel probably had an open can be determined from relatively few of the sherds decoration of irregular crossing lines lightly drawn excavated at Vik. Therefore, I have chosen to present with a three-toothed comb tool, almost like an the pots based on the identifiable decorative elements. AB4 pot from Forsandmoen, Forsand Municipality, Where possible, I present parallels and possible dates. Rogaland (S4162) or a C4 pot from Kvassheim (B6002 c), Hå Municipality, Rogaland (Kristoffersen Bucket-shaped pots tempered with steatite & Magnus 2010; Pl. 6, Figure 95 & Pl. 12, Figure Steatite-tempered pots are generally thicker than 209). Kristoffersen & Magnus (2010: 46) associate the asbestos-tempered vessels; however, they are C4 pots with open, simple comb decoration with less well preserved. Where the original surface is the simple comb decoration in the AB group, and present, you can see a finely smoothed surface. The therefore date them to AD 350–500. The pot from decoration on the majority of the pots consists of Forsandmoen came from a burial with a cruciform lines and impressions of varying width and depth, dated to AD 400–550 (Unimus S4162:a). made with stick and comb tools. The visibility of Another sherd was entirely decorated with vertical the combing varies according to how well the sherds’ cordons (without any hatched lines), drawn with a surfaces are preserved. four-toothed comb so closely spaced that an irregular
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Figure 4. Bucket-shaped pots tempered with steatite (soapstone). Photos: Åge Hojem, NTNU University Museum.
‘fluted’ effect is created on the surface (#19, Figure Bucket-shaped, steatite-tempered pots with bead 4). The decoration is reminiscent of a C1 pot from decoration Fretheim, Aurland Municipality, in the county of A small sherd from a small pot with bead decoration Sogn & Fjordane (B9176, Kristoffersen and Magnus (#59, Figure 4) was found in an area that has been 2010: Pl. 7, Figure 126), but the cordons are weaker levelled in recent times. It is possible that it origi- and overlap in the case of the pot from Vik. This nally originated from a burial context. The sherd has vertical composition of dense surface-filled plastic three rows of bead stamps between a small cordon. decoration occurs on C1 pots, which in Sogn & The sherd probably comes from a vessel similar Fjordane were common in the period AD 400–500 to the E3 pot from Skaim, Aurland Municipality, (Kristoffersen & Magnus 2010: Figure 6). Sogn & Fjordane (B11694: IIp, Kristoffersen & Magnus 2010: Pl. 16, no. 267). Straume dates the vessel from Skaim to late D2 (D2b: AD 525 – 575) (1987: 97–98; Fredriksen 2005: 156).
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Bucket-shaped, steatite-tempered pots with other In a waste pit with a lot of fish bones and cockle decorative elements (without parallels) shells in Field E (210240), three rim sherds and three Three different steatite-tempered bucket-shaped pots body sherds that probably came from the same pot are from waste deposit 500200. A rim sherd with were found (#54, Figure 4). Two of the body sherds a horizontal band of diagonal incised lines about have a band of parallel lines separated by a slightly 2 cm below the rim made with a stick represents elevated undecorated zone, 0.4 cm in width. The the first pot (#25, Figure 4). On one fractured edge undecorated field appears elevated due to the two there are remains of holes, indicating that the pot bands made by a comb tool on each side of it. The either had rim fittings or had been repaired. sherds are small and therefore it is difficult to say The second pot has a horizontal band consisting whether the decoration is horizontal or vertical. The of a row of circular depressions just above a single pot differs from the other steatite-tempered vessels incised line, and diagonal incised lines below it (#28, in that it has a much thinner body wall; whereas the Figure 4). There are traces of three holes in the above-mentioned pots have a thickness of 0.5–0.7 sherds, probably made in connection with repairs cm, this one is only 0.3 cm thick. and/or a rim fitting. There is a general tendency for the 14C dating of The third pot has a rim sherd decorated with a the find context for bucket-shaped pots with steatite groove at the top of the rim (#29, Figure 4). The tempering to be somewhat older than the dating rim is thick and rounded, with a flattened top. of the types of the parallels, but in some cases the Moreover, the transition to the body of the pot is difference is insignificant (see Table 3). slightly concave.
Radicarbon dating Vessel number Typological dating Reference Context of the context 2 AD 350-550 * Waste deposit 106581 AD 250-407 Kristoffersen & 5 AD 400-500 Waste deposit 110297 AD 7-347 Magnus 2010: fig. 6 Kristoffersen & AD 350-500 34 Magnus 2010: 46 Waste deposit 500200 AD 256-397 AD 400-550 Cruciform Unimus S4162a Kristoffersen & 19 AD 400-500 Waste deposit 500200 AD 256-397 Magnus 2010: fig. 6 59 D2b (AD 527-575) Straume 1987: 97-98 25 AD 350-550 * Waste deposit 500200 AD 256-397 28 AD 350-550 * Waste deposit 500200 AD 256-397 29 AD 350-550 * Waste deposit 500200 AD 256-397 54 AD 350-550 * Waste pit 210240 AD 340-411 * It is a common opinion that bucket-shaped pots occurred in Norway from the last half of the AD 300s and disappeared around AD 550 (Bøe 1931: 166–167; Kristoffersen & Magnus 2010: 9; Fredriksen 2012; Kristoffersen 2012)
Table 3. Dating of the find context and relative dating of the parallels of bucket shaped pots tempered with steatite.
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Figure 5. Bucket-shaped pots tempered with asbestos. Photos: Åge Hojem, NTNU University Museum.
Bucket-shaped pots with asbestos tempering (Bøe 1931: figs. 263–285; Kristoffersen & Magnus There are fewer sherds from bucket-shaped pots 2010: Figure 7; Kristoffersen & Hauken 2017: 529). with asbestos tempering than steatite tempering Similar decorative elements exist on a pot from at Vik, but they exhibit greater variation in their Braaten, Ringerike Municipality, in the county of decorative elements and composition. The decorative Buskerud (C5167a, burial mound 12) dated to C3 elements vary from ring stamps, bosses and cordons, (AD 310/320 – 400) (Rynning 2007:128), but with to different types of combing. alternate vertical rows of finger-modelled bosses. The Sherds from a pot from one of the large waste sherds from Vik come from an almost straight-walled deposits in Field A (106581) have a horizontal band pot, and the rim is somewhat thickened and everted, with large finger-modelled bosses with vertical rows with a marked change of angle at the transition to the of ring stamps just below it (#3, Figure 5). A number body. From a burial mound at Lademoen, a suburb of early bucket-shaped pots have circular stamp marks of Trondheim, Trøndelag, there is a pot with similar
272 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age
composition of horizontal bands of finger-modelled A rim sherd has a narrow horizontal band with bosses (T27). It differs from the Vik pot in that it a number of circular depressions just below the rim has vertical and angled bands of combed lines on the (#15, Figure 5). Below this, the surface of the pot has body rather than ring stamps. There were no other parallel vertical grooves with vertical bands of the finds from the burial mound that could date the pot. same circular impressions in between. Although there A rim sherd and two body sherds from waste are no parallels for the decoration, its composition is deposit 110297 in Field A are likely to have come relatively common. AB pots with vertical decoration from a highly decorated straight-walled pot (#4, and narrow horizontal bands are a relatively homo- Figure 5). The pot would have had a horizontal zone geneous group, which dates within AD 400–500. consisting of a slightly raised cordon with angled However, some sherds also show that dating may incised lines defined by double lines, which are lightly extend to the Late Roman Iron Age (Kristoffersen incised with a two-toothed comb. The rim is heavily & Magnus 2010: 42 – 43). thick and is rounded. The two body sherds have a A body sherd with bossed decoration came from vertical band made with a two-toothed comb, with a relatively thick pot (0.76 cm) in a fabric tempered diagonal bands extending from the vertical ones. with both asbestos and steatite (#18, Figure 5). The The sherds are reminiscent of a pot from Døssland, pot was probably small, c.11 cm in diameter at the Kvinnherad Municipality, Hordaland (B11476:Ib, point from which the sherd has come. The surface Kristoffersen & Magnus 2010: Pl. 5, no. 78), dated is less smooth than the other sherds from Vik. The to C3/D1 by Straume (1987: 77). A sherd with boss is small (c.0.5 cm high), almost four-sided, similar horizontal bands on the rim has been found and appears to be have been added (not pinched at Avaldsnes, in the county of Rogaland (S12770: or pressed out). 36), but probably had different decoration on the Another body sherd has combing and circular wall of the pot (Kristoffersen & Hauken 2017: stamps (#20, Figure 5). The decoration consists of two 533–534, Figure 21.7). circular stamps positioned more or less horizontally From waste deposit 500200 in Field C one pot on the vessel, and possibly part of a horizontal band. (#16, Figure 5) was decorated with a horizontal band From them, there are double asymmetrical lines. with at least three parallel, deeply incised grooves. One line is almost vertical and the other is diagonal. Just below there are vertical bands of double grooves, Five sherds from the same pot are from a cultural with diagonal pairs of deeply incised grooves on each layer in Field E (216960, and related contexts). Two side. The decoration is similar to that on a vessel of these are decorated body sherds and two are base from Gjerla, Stokke Municipality, in the county of sherds (#56, Figure 5). The base sherds indicate a Vestfold (C22475:a, Bøe 1931: Figure 282; Straume base diameter of 8 cm, and remains of the transition 1987: Pl. 31: 3a). The vessel from Gjerla came from to the body suggest that the pot was a round-bodied a burial dated to the AD 300s (Bøe 1931: 178). pot. The decoration is open, with irregularly drawn A vessel with similar decoration was found in a borders, lightly drawn with three-toothed and four- stone burial mound (a cairn) at Vikstraum, Hitra toothed comb tools. One border is vertical, and the Municipality, Trøndelag (T22369:3). other two borders have different angles. The pot A further three bucket-shaped pots that lack may have been of the same type as a C4 pot from parallels, from the same waste deposit (500200), will Kvassheim, Hå Municipality, Rogaland (B6002:c, be described in the following paragraphs. Kristoffersen & Magnus 2010: Pl. 12, no. 209).
273 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold
C4 pots are a small group and not found in combi- vessel is from the same period as the hearth. This nation with weapons, but Kristoffersen & Magnus would suggest an unusually early date for the vessel. (2010: 46) consider it reasonable to associate the In a pit (521429) in Field C, a body sherd from light combing with the AB Group, and therefore near the base of a small bucket-shaped pot was date them to AD 350–500. found (#47, Figure 5). The decoration consists of A yellow-burnt body sherd decorated with ring a horizontal row of short double imprints made stamp decoration (#67, Figure 5) was found in a with two-toothed combs on the lower part of the hearth (671339) in House 24 in Field D. The ring pot. Above this is a longer vertical comb impression stamps are placed in angled lines. They were probably with angled incised lines on either side. The sherd part of vertical rows of ring stamps of varying length, is too small to determine what type of pot it came and therefore the sherd might have come from a vessel from with any degree of certainty, but it might have with zones with vertical divisions. Bucket-shaped come from a bucket-shaped pot type with horizon- vessels usually date from the late AD 300s onward tal decoration, such as C3. The majority of pots in (Bøe 1931: 166–167; Kristoffersen & Magnus 2010; the C3 group are dated to within AD 450–550 Fredriksen 2012; Kristoffersen 2012), but a grain of (Kristoffersen & Magnus 2010: 44), which fits with barley found in the hearth is dated to AD 137 – 242 the 14C dating of the pit (see Table 4). (TRa-12016). Since the sherd is considerably affected A small sherd from a bucket-shaped pot was found by heat (i.e. burnt yellow), it is probable that the in a posthole (505507) that was not associated with
Vessel Radicarbon dating of Typological dating Reference Context number the context 3 C3 (AD 310/320-400) Rynning 2007: 128 Waste deposit 106581 AD 250-407 4 C3/D1 (AD 310/320-475) Straume 1987: 77 Waste deposit 110297 AD 7-347 16 AD 300s Bøe 1931: 178 Waste deposit 500200 AD 256-397 Kristoffersen & 15 AD 400-500 Waste deposit 500200 AD 256-397 Magnus 2010: 42 18 AD 350-550 * Waste deposit 500200 AD 256-397 20 AD 350-550 * Waste deposit 500200 AD 256-397 Kristoffersen & 56 AD 350-500 Cultural layer 216960 Magnus 2010: 46 Fireplace 671339 67 AD 350-550 * AD 137-242 in House 24 Kristoffersen & 47 AD 450-550 Pit 521429 AD 403-535 Magnus 2010: 44 Kristoffersen & Activity area can extend 53 AD 400-500 Posthole 505507 Magnus 2010: 43 to Migration period Same as 106581 and Kristoffersen & 57 AD 400-450(500) Sunken lane 110297, and extend Magnus 2010: 43 to period after * It is a common opinion that bucket-shaped pots occurred in Norway from the last half of the AD 300s and disappeared around AD 550 (Bøe 1931: 166–167; Kristoffersen & Magnus 2010: 9; Fredriksen 2012; Kristoffersen 2012)
Table 4. Dating of the find contexts and relative dating of the parallels of bucket-shaped pots tempered with asbestos.
274 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age
any of the houses in Field C. The sherd has narrow in the period AD 400–450 (500) (Kristoffersen & vertical cordons, made by closely spaced grooves (#53, Magnus 2010: 43). A similar vessel has been found Figure 5). One of the cordons has traces of angled at Hollingen, Aukra Municipality, Møre & Romsdal incised lines. The sherd might have come from the (T19096: g), but, instead of diagonally hatched same type as a C1 type pot found at Ugulen, Luster cordons like the Vik pot, it has zones of horizontal Municipality, Sogn & Fjordane (B6109:IIIa; Bøe cordons. The sunken lane is difficult to date, but it 1931: Figure 295; Kristoffersen & Magnus 2010: Pl. seems to have been in use at the same time as the 7, no. 114). According to Bøe (1931: 186); this was waste deposits, extending to the period after. a uniform thin type in well-mixed fabric tempered In case of the asbestos-tempered bucket-shaped with finely ground asbestos, grey in colour and pots there is a better relationship between the dating partially yellow on the exterior. Bøe’s description of of the find context and the dating of the parallel the fabric matches the appearance of the Vik sherd. types (see Table 4). However, for a couple of pots Kristoffersen & Magnus date the C1-group to AD the contexts is clearly older (#15 & #67). 400 – 500 (2010: 43). Similar vessels have been found at Hol, Inderøy Municipality, Trøndelag (T9840) and Finer tableware: handled vessels and similar forms at Vang, Oppdal Municipality, Trøndelag (T22464: Handled vessels have wide convex bodies and a wide 16). The vessel from Hol was found in a grave neck opening, often with a lug handle on the side with relief-brooches dated to the first half AD (Bøe 1931:49). Characteristically, they have finer 500s (Magnus 1975: 66, Johansen 2003: 152). The fabrics compared to other vessel types; tempered posthole in which the sherd was found at Vik is with quartz and feldspar particles less than 1 mm undated. However, there was a general tendency for in size. The pots generally range from dark brown to activity in the northern part of Field C to last into black in colour, and usually have a black-burnished the Migration period, which fits with the dating of surface (Stout 1986: 9). The majority of the sherds the C1-vessels. in this group from Vik are fragmentary and lack In Field A, a sunken lane extends along the handles; however, they are round-bodied pots of fine southeastern edge of the excavated area, crosses over fabric and with decoration that can be considered as the large waste deposits (110297 and 106581), and having come from handled vessels or similar forms. then continues to Field E. Four sherds with very The material includes 50 thin sherds (248.2 g). weathered surfaces were found (#57, Figure 5) in The fabrics are mainly dark brown and tempered the fill of the sunken lane, at the transition between with fine crushed quartz and/or feldspar. It is pos- Fields A and E. They have both asbestos and crushed sible to distinguish at least 13 pots of this type. The rock tempering, and their external surfaces are com- following section presents a selection of some of pletely oxidized yellow. The sherds may have come this finer tableware. from a vessel densely decorated with cordons with In a posthole in House 2, Field C, a rim sherd stick impressions in vertical zones, one of which with remains of a decorated shoulder was found. The was vertically organized, and another diagonally sherd is possibly from a handled vessel, although no organized. A vessel of this type has been found at handle is present (#40, Figure 6). It is weathered, but Brekke, Vik Municipality, Sogn & Fjordane (B372, has remains of an original black-burnished surface. Kristoffersen & Magnus 2010: Pl. 24, no. 120). The The pot has a short everted rim and a relatively long vessel belongs to the C1 group, which was common shoulder with decoration. The decoration consists of
275 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold
Figure 6. Finer tableware: handled vessels and similar forms. Photos: Åge Hojem, NTNU University Museum. four horizontal parallel grooves with circular depres- From another posthole (502394) in the same sions (dimples) at the end. Below there is a weak house is a rim sherd in a paler and somewhat thinner cordon with diagonal incised lines. It is reminiscent fabric (#41, Figure 6). The sherd is undecorated and of a vessel from Godøy, Giske Municipality, Møre the surface is very weathered, but has patchy remains & Romsdal (B12144), except that the numbers of of a black-burnished surface. Its profile indicates that grooves and depressions differ (Stout 1986: Plate it came from a vessel with everted rim and relatively II). According to Bøe (1931:7), the decoration on long neck, either with or without a handle. Stout the handled vessels often has a marked end to the dates the handled vessels to AD 300–500 (1986: 8), pattern adjacent to the handle. The depressions on and the vessels with a tall neck, without a handle, the sherd from Vik give a similar impression. The are dated to AD 300 – 400 (Bøe 1931:108). pot could possibly associate with Bøe’s early series Two adjoining body sherds (#42, Figure 6) were with a rounded transition to the body (Bøe 1931: found, respectively in a posthole (522059) and a 49–54) or Stout’s Group I (Stout 1986: 14–21). nearby pit (513189), in House 2. The sherds have a Stout (1986: 51) dates Group I to AD 300–400 in distinct s-shaped profile, suggesting that they may western Norway. have come from a bowl-shaped pot with rounded
276 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age
transition to the body and sharply everted neck, pos- parallel lines drawn with a two-toothed comb tool. sibly an early handled form. The decoration consists The lower lines are somewhat irregular. The profile of a chevron border with double lines made with a and decoration may be reminiscent of a vessel from stick, contained within upper and lower horizontal Kvassheim, Hå Municipality, Rogaland (B5377:g, lines. The upper three boundary lines are just below Bøe 1931: Figure 62). Stout placed this vessel in the everted rim and the lower boundary of two lines Group II (Stout 1986: Table IV), which she dated is directly on the transition to the body. The lower to approximately AD 375–475 (Stout 1986: 51). A part of the body has double hanging curved lines similar pot has been found in Färsta, in Medelpad, (hanging arches). The decoration is similar to that Sweden (SHM 10726: 12). Wenche Slomann (1948: from a pot from Mound 40 at Hunn, Fredrikstad 33) dated this vessel to the late AD 300s, but Klas- Municipality, in the county of Østfold (C28974:b, Göran Selinge (1977: 265) has placed it in the first Resi 1986: Pl.15: 13), but the shape may be different. part of the Migration period. Resi (1986: 74) dates the grave to the last part of In addition, there are a number of smaller sherds the AD 300s or C3. with black-burnished surfaces, in fine fabrics, and From waste deposit 500200 in Field C, additional with thin vessel walls (0.4–0.46 cm) from waste sherds are of the same category as the pots described deposit 500200. There are two different types of rim in the preceding paragraphs. Two adjoining sherds sherds in this fabric. Two rim sherds have a straight are from the everted rim of a fine ware round-bodied profile (#31, Figure 6), probably from a handled pot (#17, Figure 6). The sherds have a weak s-shaped vessel or a beaker. A third rim sherd is strongly profile that shows the contour of a neck and shoulder. concave and is likely to have come from a pot with The decoration, which is on the shoulder, consists of a wide flaring rim (#32, Figure 6). In addition to horizontal finger-drawn grooves within upper and these, there are a number of sherds in the same lower lines. The containing lines consist of three fabric, and with line decoration, that are likely to
Vessel Radicarbon dating of the Typological dating Reference Context number context Stout 1986: 40 AD 300-400 Posthole in House 2 AD 250-400 (AD 140-440) 14–21 41 AD 300-500 Stout 1986: 8 Posthole in House 2 AD 250-400 (AD 140-440) Posthole and pit 42 late 300s (C3) Resi 1986: 74 AD 250-400 (AD 140-440) in House 2 Waste deposit 17 AD 375-475 Stout 1986: 51 AD 256-397 500200 Waste deposit 31 AD 256-397 500200 Waste deposit 32 AD 256-397 500200 Johansen 21 D1 (AD 400-475) 2002: 244
Table 5. Dating of the find contexts and relative dating of the parallels of handled vessels.
277 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold
have come from one of these pots. Two body sherds rim diameter is 13.5 cm and the vessel is 15 cm fit together and probably come from the shoulder high. Its form is reminiscent of a pot from Tjentland, of a round-bodied urn with a somewhat marked Hjelmeland Municipality, Rogaland (S315), but transition to the body (T27074: 22, Figure 6). The it is somewhat smaller and the rim is not everted sherds have two bands of parallel lines drawn with (Bøe 1931: Figure 14). A similar vessel was found two-toothed comb tools. Another sherd has three in a posthole in House CXIX at Forsandmoen parallel lines that end in a fan shape (T27074: 29, (Løken 2001: Figure 4). This pot probably belongs Figure 6). It is unclear whether these decorated the type of large “storage vessel with new features”, sherds are from the same vessel. and differs from the earlier “situla” form pots in the A further two sherds come from a vessel with a more careful treatment of its surface and the more horizontal band of three parallel lines, with angled everted rim. In the absence of accompanying grave incised lines below (#21, Figure 6). The two sherds goods, such coarse ware pots are difficult to date, show that the diagonal lines are facing the opposite but a large number date to the Roman Iron Age way. Sherds from a similar pot have been found in (Rødsrud 2012: 206). A grain from the posthole a burial, at Størset, Rissa Municipality, Trøndelag is dated to AD 75–214 (TRa-11024), and food (T13505: g), 14km in linear distance from Vik. The residues from the pot are dated to AD 0–130 burial has been dated to D1 on the basis of a belt (Beta-484602). buckle ( Johansen 2002: 244). In addition, sherds from one pot were found in There seem to be some correlation between the three different postholes (503802, 503082, and radiocarbon dates of the find context and the rela- 524867) in House 34. The rim sherds indicate that tive dating of the handled vessels. All though, the the pot was of the same type, with a high rounded find contexts seems to be somewhat older for some shoulder and straight rim (#51, Figure 7). The fabric vessels (i.e. #17) (see Table 5). is red, burnt, cracked, and the surface sintered in some places, indicating that the pot has been heated Coarse (household) wares several times. The rim diameter is c.18.5 cm. In the coarse ware group, the sherds are usually from Some sherds from a coarse-tempered pot (#66, thick pots in coarse-tempered fabrics. The fabrics Figure 7) were found in a posthole (671378) in consist of clay tempered with relatively large amounts House 24 in Field D. The sherds fit together and of crushed quartz, and they are 0.7–1.18 cm thick. show a weak S-shaped profile, probably from the There are 185 sherds (658.4g) of this type, and it has transition from the neck to the body on the pot. In been possible to distinguish a minimum of 12 different contrast to the two pots just described, the tran- vessels, some of which are described in the following. sition to the body on this pot is rounded. The pot Of two almost complete pots found in a posthole would have had a diameter of c.16 cm. 14C dating (503802) in House 34 in Field C, one is a coarse from House 24 is AD 140 – 340 (Heen-Pettersen ware type (#48, Figure 7); the second is discussed & Lorentzen, Ch. 6). under the heading “other vessels”. The coarse ware A large rim sherd with a concave collar and pot is a large, undecorated vessel with a short neck everted rim was found in Field D (#63, Figure 7). with straight rim, with a sharp transition to the The rim is cut straight with a somewhat bevelled body, high rounded shoulder, and a flat base. The surface externally, and the diameter of the pot is c.18
278 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age
Figure 7. Coarse household ware. Photos: Åge Hojem, NTNU University Museum. cm. The fabric is very coarse, tempered with quartz Vessel Radicarbon Typological num- Context dating of the and feldspar, and is one of the thickest (1.14 cm) dating registered from Vik. The sherd is thought to have ber context Posthole come from a cooking pit area. The pot was probably AD 75-214 48 * 503802 in a ‘situla’ type, dating to the Pre-Roman Iron Age AD 0-130 House 34 and the transition to the Early Roman Iron Age 3 postholes AD 75-214 51 * (Rødsrud 2012: 205). in House 34 AD 0-130 The dating of the find contexts for the coarse ware Posthole at Vik supports Rødsrud’s argument that a large 66 * 671378 in AD 140-340 House 24 number of these vessels can be dated to the Roman 63 * Stray find Iron Age (2012: 206). Most of these contexts at Vik * Coarse ware pots are difficult to date, but a large dates to the early part of the period. number date to the Roman Iron Age (Rødsrud 2012: 206).
Table 6. Dating of the find contexts and relative dating of the parallels of coarse ware.
279 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold
Other vessels transition to the body. The belly is evenly curved, The material includes sherds and pots that have a and it has a flat base. The pot is only 7 cm high and more specific typology or cannot be placed within has a rim diameter of 8 cm. The upper part of the the previous types. They are described in more detail body has a grid pattern below a horizontal band of in the following. double lines just below the collar. The grid pattern From the same posthole in House 34 as the one consists of bands of three lines irregularly applied in which the almost complete coarse ware pot (#48) with a stick. The fabric has tempering of coarse was found, there was a second almost complete pot. quartz and is rather thick (0.68 cm) compared to It is smaller, and reconstructed from four large sherds the earlier described finer tableware. The colour is (184.5g) (#49, Figure 8). The pot has a short collar pale brown, but black on the surface of the lower with a mildly everted rim, and a sharp but rounded part of the body on one side. The external surface is
Figure 8. Other vessels. Photos: Åge Hojem, NTNU University Museum.
280 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age
finely smoothed. The form is similar to one of Bøe’s Field D. The pot seems to have had a rounded profile early bowl forms (Bøe 1931: Figure 44) but differs with a somewhat high neck and slightly everted rim. in its decoration. According to Rødsrud (2012: 49, The body has two zones with zigzag line borders or 211), the early bowl forms appeared in the AD 200s chevrons separated by a linear boundary consisting or possibly earlier. As mentioned earlier, a grain of bands of horizontal lines at the everted rim and from the posthole has been dated to AD 75–214 the broadest part of the body. The lines and chevrons (TRa-11024), and food residues from the coarse consist of three to five lines made with a stick. The ware pot from the same posthole are dated to AD pot is rather thick-walled and has a pale orange 0–130 (Beta-484602). fabric with a dark brown external surface. Since it In waste deposit 110297 in Field A, four sherds has not been possible to join the neck sherd to any (25.9g) were found that probably came from one of the body sherds, the complete profile of the pot vessel (#9, Figure 8). The pot probably had a very is uncertain. A vessel from Bliksbjerg II (C19791), rounded body with a narrow neck or collar. The Lisbjerg, Århus Municipality, in Denmark, has surface is weathered but has traces of black bur- similar decoration and possibly the same shape nishing. The decoration consists of one horizontal (Nordling-Christensen 1954: Pl. 23, Figure 9). band infilled with hatching, more specifically two The vessel at Vik is clearly reminiscent of Jutland parallel lines with diagonal incised lines between ceramic industry and can be regarded as an example them. Such decoration is common on the pots that of Bøe’s foreign decorated ware. House 21 dates Bøe (1931: 26) called foreign decorated ware. The to AD 1 – 230, which coincides with the dating fabric has a high proportion of sand inclusions, as of the Bliksbjerg grave to B2 (AD 70 – 150/160) is common in this type of pot (Bøe 1931: 24). The (Nordling-Christensen 1954: 52). original black-burnished surface does not have any At an excavation in 2018, at Brekstad, Ørland sand, which suggests that the pot was dipped in a (only 3km away), several sherds of Bøe’s foreign clay slip to make the surface as smooth as possible decorated ware were found in a well dated to AD 1. prior to burnishing. According to Bøe, these vessels Some of the sherds have the same decoration as the appear to come from the Jutland ceramic industry first vessel – bands infilled with hatching – but, all in (Bøe 1931: 26–33). However mineralogical analyses all, the decoration on the sherds is more varied. The of several such jars from Hunn in Østfold have sherds (T27897:50-66) originate from one or two shown that they were probably produced locally vessels with facetted rim (Krag & Grønnesby in prep). (Resi 1986: 51–53). These vessels appeared around A small sherd from the transition to the body AD 100 in the areas in and around present-day of a pot of Bøe’s small cooking pot type (1931: figs. Vestfold (Bøe 1931: 34, Rødsrud 2012: 48, 208). 244–261) (#27, Figure 8) was found in waste deposit The dating of the waste deposit ranges from Early 500200 in Field C. The fabric contains a high pro- Roman to Late Roman Iron Age, but the sherds portion of sand, is burnt red, and the external surface were mainly found in the lowermost layer, which is decorated with horizontal rows of fingernail suggests that the pot was probably deposited in the impressions. The clearest row of this decoration is earliest phase of the waste deposit. directly on the transition from the neck to the body, A number of sherds from a pot (#65, Figure 8) and the fractured edge of the sherd shows evidence were found in a posthole (671502) in House 21 in of another row below that. The sandy fabric and
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Vessel Radicarbon dating of Typological dating Reference Context number the context AD 75-214 49 From AD 200s Rødsrud 2012: 49 House 34 AD 0-130 Bøe 1931: 34 9 From AD 100s Waste deposit 110297 AD 7-347 Rødsrud 2012: 48 Nordling- 65 B2 (AD 70-150/160) Christensen House 21 AD 0-230 1954: 52 Late Roman Iron Age Bøe 1931: to Migration period 156-157 27 Waste deposit 500200 AD 256-397 Rødsrud AD 250/300 to AD 500s 2012: 231 24 Waste deposit 500200 AD 256-397
Table 7. Dating of the find contexts and relative dating of the parallels of other vessels.
fingernail decoration on the body are typical of the Rødsrud’s suggestion that these types may appear small cooking pot types that were widespread in the earlier than the AD 200s (#49). Late Roman Iron Age and Migration period (Bøe 1931: 156–157). The fingernail decoration dates Early pottery with asbestos tempering back to AD 250–300 and lasted throughout AD (Asbestos ceramics) 500s (Rødsrud 2012: 231). This ceramic material includes 21 sherds (38.3g) with In the same waste deposit, a further 20 sherds were asbestos tempering that differ from the bucket-shaped found from a pot without parallels (#24, Figure 8). pots in fabric composition and form. It has been The pot had a rounded collar with an everted rim. possible to distinguish three different pots, all from The rim has a rounded top but is not thickened. The different contexts. The sherds are undecorated and in fabric has tempering of finely crushed quartz and is grey-brown fabric with a relatively high proportion of dark brown in colour. The surface treatment appears finely sorted asbestos fibres, as is common in asbestos special, and may be perceived as decorative: the pot ceramics from northwestern Norway (Ågotnes 1986: is entirely covered in horizontal irregular ‘stripes’, up 86–88). Asbestos ceramics are thought to have been to the rim. This may have been done deliberately if in use from the late Neolithic to the Pre-Roman Iron the pot was rubbed in a horizontal direction when Age, but Ågotnes (1986: 104) believes that use of it was semi-dry, or if it was covered with a layer of the material from northwestern Norway cannot be grass or straw while drying or possibly during firing. verified before the Early Bronze Age. There seem to be correlation between the radiocar- Two of the pots were found in postholes in House bon dates of the find context and the relative dating 7 in Field B (#13, Figure 9 & #14), which is dated of the foreign decorated ware and the small cooking within the Early Pre-Roman Iron Age (Ystgaard pot (#9, #65 & #27; see Table 7). The dating of the et al. 2018: 430). There were just a few small sherds context of the early bowl type of vessels supports from the body of the vessels.
282 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age
Figure 9. Early pottery with asbestos tempering (Asbestos ceramics). Photos: Åge Hojem, NTNU University Museum.
Vessel Radicarbon dating of the Typological dating Reference Context number context 13 Posthole in House 7 Pre-Roman Iron Age 14 Early Bronze Age - Posthole in House 7 Pre-Roman Iron Age Ågotnes 1986: 104 26 Pre-Roman Iron Age Waste deposit 500200 AD 256-397 1 Posthole/floor in House 1 Pre-Roman Iron Age
Table 8. Dating of the find contexts and relative dating of the parallels of early asbestos pottery.
A rim sherd (#26, Figure 9) from waste deposit layers dated to the Pre-Roman Iron Age in House 500200 in Field C has a smoothed area just below the 1 in Field A (Ystgaard et al. 2018: 144). rim, and is similar to a rim sherd from Skrivarhelleren, Table 8 generally shows correlation between Årdal Municipality, Sogn & Fjordane (B12523, the common dating of this vessel type and the Ågotnes 1986: Figure 6B). However, the dating for contexts in which they are found at Vik. One this deposit points to the Late Roman Iron Age. sherd was found in a waste deposit with later Additionally, there are two sherds in a mica-tem- dates. However, House 18, 25 m southeast of the pered fabric (#1, Figure 9). In northern Norway, waste deposit, is dated to the Pre-Roman Iron mica-tempered pottery is considered a separate group Age, which means it is not unthinkable that the within the northern Norwegian asbestos ceramic sherd was redeposited. tradition, although this group is mainly concentrated in Varanger ( Jørgensen & Olsen 1988: 20). The Contextual analysis: In what contexts were the sherds from Vik are highly weathered. Therefore, ceramics found? they provide no information about the vessel form The ceramics from Vik were only found in settlement (or forms) from which they came. However, they contexts and the finds were dispersed over all five were found respectively in a posthole and in floor excavation Fields, A–E (see Figure 10).
283 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold
Con- Shard ( Num- Type of text Number Field ber of context Num- of shards vessels ber A House 1 2 1 A Waste deposit 106581 8 3 A Waste deposit 110297 236 6 A Waste pit 117191 1 1 A Waste pit 132878 3 1 A+E Sunken lane 217254 11 4 B House 6 27 1 B House 7 18 2 C House 2 11 7 C House 34 69 4 A B C D E C Waste deposit 500200 63 22 C Postholes 505507 1 1 C Layer 511160 1 1 Figure 10. Percentage distribution of sherds by excavated C Pit 521429 1 1 area. Illustration: Grete Irene Solvold, NTNU University Museum. C Waste deposit 521623 4 2 C Pit 522729 1 1 C Cooking pit 523989 5 2 However, the distribution between the five areas D House 21 5 1 and within them varied. As can be seen in Table 9, the D Ditch 616167 1 1 majority of the sherds were found in waste deposits D House 24 3 3 and in association with features relating to buildings, D+E Stray finds 2 2 E Waste pit (fish) 210240 6 1 while few sherds were found in cooking pits. E Cultural layer 216960 4 2 E Hearth 218579 1 1 Waste deposits E Cooking pit 218622 1 1 In total, 65% of the sherds were found in what have E Postholes 225256 2 1 been interpreted as waste deposits. The largest waste deposits contained the largest number of sherds: Table 9. Distribution by area, context, sherd, and vessel. the waste deposits in field A (106581 and 110297) and Field C (500200 and 521623). In addition to these, I include a waste pit with a number of fish but some of these come from the same vessel. In bones and shells from Field E (210240). There were contrast, 500200 contained a smaller number of major differences between the waste deposits in the sherds, but a much higher number of different respective areas (Mokkelbost, Ch. 7). types of vessels. Figure 11 shows that waste deposit Table 9 shows that the ratio of the number of 500200 had a larger number of finer tableware sherds to the number of vessels differs, especially pieces, such as handled vessels (or similar forms) and with regard to waste deposits 110297 and 500200. bucket-shaped pots, than waste deposits 110297 and Deposit 110297 contained a large number of sherds, 521623, which also contain coarser ceramic types.
284 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age
North area House 1 Waste deposit 110297 Waste deposit 106581 Waste pit 210240 House 6
South area House 7 House 21 Waste deposit 521623 House 34 House 24 House 2 Waste deposit 500200
0 5 10 15 20 25
Bucket-shaped po�ery Handled vessels and similar forms Coarse ware Bøes Early bowls Bøes Foreign decorated ware Bøes The li�le cooking-pot Vessel no 24 Early po�ery tempered with asbestoes
Figure 11. Distribution of vessel types by context. Illustration: Grete Irene Solvold, NTNU University Museum.
The chronological difference between the con- by other contributors to this volume (Mokkelbost, texts in question can be one explanation for this Ch. 7; Storå et al., Ch. 8). difference. Waste deposits 110297 and 521623 are older than 500200, but 106581 and 210240 Houses are simultaneous to 500200 (Mokkelbost, Ch. In total, 27% of the sherds were found in contexts 7). Nevertheless, the large number of vessels and that can be linked to construction features. This amount of finer tableware may indicate a possible applies to contexts such as postholes, cooking pits, difference in the status of the households that used pits, and floor layers associated with a house. From the deposits. This coincides with observations made the distribution of the types of pots found in the
285 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold houses (Figure 11), it is apparent that there was Lipid analysis wide variation between the different houses. The A long-standing question in research on ceramic vessels most likely explanation is that the houses reflect is their usage. Pots, especially the finer tableware and different settlements phases at Vik. In Houses 1 bucket-shaped ones, have often been linked to high and 7, asbestos ceramics have been found which status and ritual use (Kristoffersen and Hauken 2017: coincided with the 14C dating of the houses to Pre- 528). To cast light on this question, lipid residues from Roman Iron Age. In House 6, which was also dated 16 ceramic vessels were analysed using gas chromatogra- to the Pre-Roman Iron Age, coarse ware pot types phy (see report Isaksson 2017). It is important to clarify were found. In House 34, which dated to the Early that the conclusions based on this kind of analysis are Roman Iron Age, a coarse ware pot and an early interpretations, and can often be ambiguous. The fats bowl form were found. In House 21, which is dated in the sherd usually come from the ingredient with to the Early Roman Iron Age and the beginning most fat, but it is not necessarily the main ingredient of the Late Roman Iron Age, a vessel of Bøe’s type in the dish (Isaksson 2017: 1-2). The fats extracted foreign decorated ware was found. In House 24 and are probably from the last use of the vessel, but some House 2 a variety of bucket -shaped pots and han- ingredients leave clearer traces, and can survive longer. dled vessels were found, although a smaller amount The soil it was found in and the following treatment from House 24, with its additional sherd of coarse (i.e. fingerprints, packing material, marking and glue) ware. House 24 is dated to the transition to/and the can affect the result of such analysis. However, most Late Roman Iron Age. House 2 has dates from the of these points can be avoided by comparing results same period but extends into the Migration period. with earlier analysis (Rødsrud 2012:332).
Visible Museum Vessel Type of vessel Context Field Quantity Content food Interpretation number number residue Bucket-shaped pottery, tempered 110297 with steatite T27070:75 5 Waste A None (soapstone) and layer decorated with incised lines ”The small cooking pot” 500200 T27074:35 27 decorated with Waste C None imprints made layer by fingernail Bøe’s early bowl Posthole T27079:2 49 forms with in House C None grid pattern 34 Coarse household Posthole T27080:7 51 ware with in House C None sintered outer 34 Bøe’s “foreign Posthole decorated ware” T27404:4 65 in House D None with neck and 21 chevrons
286 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age
Visible Museum Vessel Type of vessel Context Field Quantity Content food Interpretation number number residue Bucket-shaped pottery, tempered Posthole with asbestos T27404:6 67 in House D None and decorated 21 with circular stamp marks Bøe’s “foreign decorated ware” The vessel has 110297 with two parallel been in contact T27070:183 9 Waste A Low UFA + Ch lines with with some kind of layer diagonal hatches animal product. in between Bucket-shaped 106581 pottery, huge pot Traces of unknown T27070:7 2 Waste A Low UFA tempered with fatty acids. layer steatite (soapstone) Bucket-shaped Traces of unknown pottery, tempered 500200 fatty acids. The vessel with asbestos UFA + T27074:14 15 Waste C Low has traces of smoke and decorated DT layer and soot that indicate with dimples and contact with fire. furrows/grooves 110297 Traces of aquatic fats, Coarse household T27070:208 8 Waste A High A/V + Ch x possibly contributions ware layer of vegetable fats. Bucket-shaped pottery, tempered Distinct traces of with asbestos, terrestrial animal decorated with 110297 T + Ch fats. The vessel has T27070:269 4 vertical rolls or Waste A Medium + DT traces of smoke and raised, narrow layer soot that indicate bands with contact with fire. diagonal notches and comb-bands Distinct traces of terrestrial animal fats, possibly ruminant. Bucket-shaped Contributions pottery, tempered T (R) + of vegetable fats, with asbestos, 106581 V + Ph + possibly vegetable T27070:8 3 decorated with Waste A High Ch + DT x oil or oil-rich seeds finger-modelled layer + TT + like flax or hemp boss and circular LCK seeds. The vessel stamp marks have probably been heated up to high temperatures with the contents inside.
287 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold
Visible Museum Vessel Type of vessel Context Field Quantity Content food Interpretation number number residue Bucket-shaped Distinct traces of pottery, tempered 500200 terrestrial animal fats, with asbestos and T (R) + V T27074:18 18 Waste C Medium possibly ruminant. steatite (soapstone), + Ch + PA layer Also traces of plant decorated with foods (green plants). small square boss. Finer tableware, Posthole Distinct traces of T27076:5 40 handled vessel in House C Medium T (R) terrestrial animal fats, with short neck 2 possibly ruminant. Distinct traces of terrestrial animal Finer tableware, Posthole T (R) + fats, possibly T27076:6 41 handled vessel in House C High V + DT ruminant. Also traces with long neck 2 of vegetable fats and smoke/soot. Distinct traces of terrestrial animal fats, possibly ruminant. Coarse household Posthole T (R) + Possible contributions T27079:1 48 ware, nearly in House C Medium x V + DT of green plants or fatty complete pot 34 acids from ruminant. In addition, traces of soot and smoke
Table 10. Results of lipid analysis. Contents: Ch – Cholesterol, UFA - Unknown Fatty Acid, DT - Diterpines (from Pinacaea), TT - Triterpines (from Betulaceae), T - Terrestrial animal products, A - Aquatic animal products, V - Vegetable fats/Plant foods, R – Ruminant, Ph - Phytosterol, LCK - Long chained ketones, PA - Phytanic Acid.
Bøe's early bowl
Bøe's little cooking pot
Bøe's foreign decorated ware
Finer tableware
Coarse household ware
Bucket-shaped pot
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
No lipids Lipids
Figure 12. Presence of lipids by vessel type. Illustration: Grete Irene Solvold, NTNU University Museum.
288 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age
UFA T R V A UFA – Unknown Fatty Acid, T – Terrestrial animal products, A – Aquatic animal products V – Vegetable fats/Plant foods, R – Ruminant
Figure 13. Distribution of lipid types by vessel type. Illustration: Grete Irene Solvold, NTNU University Museum.
Poste holes in houses
Waste layers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No lipids Lipids
Figure 14. Distribution of vessels with and without lipids by context type. Illustration: Grete Irene Solvold, NTNU University Museum.
289 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold
The results of the lipid analysis showed that six the ceramic material from Vik increased in quantity pots did not have any lipids remains. Their usage and types, with increasing amounts of finer tableware, did not leave traces of fats in their fabric. In another such as bucket-shaped pots and handled vessels (or three samples, only weak traces of fats were found. Of similar forms) in Fields A and C. the remaining seven samples, one contained traces of Figure 15 shows the distribution of the origins aquatic animals, while the other six contained traces of the parallels for the ceramics at Vik. Most of the of terrestrial animals, five of which were probably identified parallels are for the bucket-shaped pots. ruminants. In four of the samples with traces of fats This is probably due to the larger amount of research from animals, there were also indications of vegetable done on those vessels. All the bucket-shaped pots fats, and in one case traces of oil-rich vegetables with steatite tempering have parallels in western (Isaksson 2017: 7; summarized in Table 10). Norway. However, the asbestos-tempered ones show In contrast to the results of Rødsrud’s lipid analy a more varied picture. The handled vessels show more sis of pots from burial contexts in eastern Norway geographical variation in the possible parallels. Other (2012), the results from Vik showed more variety vessels, like the coarse ware, represent forms that are in the use of the pots. similar over a great distance. It is not surprising to There does not seem to be any connection between find a parallel for Bøe’s foreign decorated ware in the type of pot and the presence of lipids in the Denmark, since he argues that the origin for these ceramic material from Vik (see Figure 12). Some vessels is in Jutland (1931). pots of the same type had lipid residues, while others This shows that the early vessels are influenced did not. Only the small bowl and the small cooking by a geographically extended ceramic tradition, pot stood out by not having any lipid residues, but which represents similar forms and decoration over there was only one sample from each of these types. a greater distance. As early as the Early Roman Closer examination of the types of lipids found Iron Age, there are indications that the people at revealed that the same lipid types were found in Vik belonged to a ceramic tradition that extended almost all of the pots (see Figure 13). One of the from Jutland all the way to Ørland. However, when coarse ware pots is noteworthy because it had traces bucket-shaped pots came into fashion, most of the of aquatic animals. decorative influence come from western Norway. From the distribution of pots with lipids from Although the pots from Vik have similarities to the selected differing contexts, it can be seen that these parallels, none of them is quite the same; there more of pots with lipid residues were found in the are some differences in the decoration. waste deposits than from postholes in house contexts For some pots, it has not been possible to find (see Figure 14). any parallels (e.g. #15 and #19, Figure 4 and 5), probably because pottery manufacture is a craft DISCUSSION guided by fashion and personal preferences. This is an argument for seeing the pots as made by both The origin of the ceramics at Vik. professional and unprofessional potters, whereby The ceramic material from Vik shows considerable the latter would have made the coarse house- variation in types deposited over a long period hold pots and the professional potters finer pots between the Bronze Age and the Migration period. (Kleppe 1993: 297). The total material from Vik During the transition to the Late Roman Iron Age, clearly shows chronological differences between the
290 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age
Bøe's foreign decorated ware
Bucket-shaped pots with steatite tempering
Bucket-shaped pots with asbestos tempering
Handled vessels
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Western Norway Eastern Norway Central Norway Medelpad - Sweden Århus - Denmark
Figure 15. Distribution of the origins of the parallels. Illustration: Grete Irene Solvold, NTNU University Museum.
different types of vessel. However, there are also already well established, and that the distribution differences in the quality within the types, which of the type spread quickly. The similarities in form may be explained by professionalism, fashion or and decorative composition may indicate that the the potters’ preferences. bucket-shaped pots found at Vik were part of a With regard to the largest group of pots from larger ceramic tradition, but the decorative elements Vik, the bucket-shaped pots, the majority were also show a local tradition (e.g. #15 and #19, Figure found in contexts dating to the Late Roman Iron 4 and 5). With regard to the remaining ceramics, Age and occasionally from the transition to the the forms are similar over a great distance. The Migration period. At Vik, only a couple sherds have decoration shows a similar technique and type of decoration that can be dated with certainty to the pattern, but there are sometimes small differences late type, with more complex decorative patterns, in the composition of the patterns. The ceramics from the Migration period (e.g. #59, Figure 4). finds from Vik alone do not give a definite answer It is a common opinion that bucket-shaped pots to the question of local tradition and production. occurred in Norway from the last half of the AD To try to get closer to an answer, some other 300s and disappeared around AD 550, and that the features that may shed light on the subject will tradition started in the contemporary pottery-man- now be discussed. ufacturing centre in Rogaland (Bøe 1931: 166–167; A concentration of burnt clay (sintered clay) and Kristoffersen & Magnus 2010; Fredriksen 2012; slag was found in waste deposit 110297 in Field A. Kristoffersen 2012). The bucket-shaped pots from The burnt clay from this area has a firing temperature Vik are of the early types, and this may indicate that of 900–1000 °C and is interpreted as having come contact between Ørland and western Norway was from a clay-capped kiln used in the production of
291 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold metalwork (Brorsson 2016: Table 2). The different fragments, it could be possible that the kiln could types of slag and the location far away from the have existed earlier or for a longer time. Some of settlement support this. A clay layer 150017 (1,65 the fragments show that the kiln has been repaired, x 1,4 m) was found in the waste deposit. The clay as you can see layers of sintered clay. was medium coarse and contained silt, sand, and Another possible kiln was found in Field C. Two mica but was rinsed of organic matter. According to closely spaced pits contained a large amount of burnt Brorsson (2016: 19), such clay is suitable for ceramics and sintered clay (Ystgaard et al. 2018: 497). Three and moulds. Such reservoirs can be interpreted as samples from these pits had a firing temperature pits to store and mature the clay in before using it of 900–1000 °C and one sample had a firing tem- for ceramics or moulds (see also Rolfsen 1980:17; perature of 600–700 °C. These finds have also been Mokkelbost, Ch. 7). However, no moulds were interpreted as having come from a kiln’s capping layer, found in the waste layers. and Brorsson explains the lower firing temperature The firing temperature of the kiln would have by arguing that it might have come from the exterior been too high for prehistoric ceramics, which are of the kiln (Brorsson 2016: 21). However, some of considered to have been fired at lower temperatures the fragments of burnt clay had the remains of round (Rødsrud 2012: 328). However, it has also been sug- openings that could be interpreted as remnants of gested that in simple kiln chambers made of stone, air ducts between two chambers – in which case such as are found at Augland, temperatures could the clay with lower firing temperature could come have reached 900 °C (Rolfsen 1980: 19). from an upper chamber of a two-chamber kiln (Ihr An analysis of the firing temperature of the clay pers. comm., 2018). can reveal the highest temperature at which clay Sherds from one of the other pots without lipid would have burnt. In cases where there is a more or residues (#51, Figure 7) were found in three of the less permanent kiln capped with clay or/and stone, postholes in House 34 on top of the kiln. The pot and if knowledge of how to regulate the tempera- was completely oxidized red, and partially sintered ture inside it existed, it is probable that such a kiln on the external surface. One interpretation is that could had more than one function. In an attempt this vessel was destroyed during firing, and that the to address this question, I return to the ceramics sintering occurred when the broken sherds were found in the waste deposit. One of the pots in used as a heat shield when firing new pots in the waste deposit 110297 was probably broken at the kiln (Rødsrud pers. comm., 2018). The kiln dates site. This bucket-shaped pot with line decoration to 45 BC – AD 59 (TRa-13059 & TRa-13060), (#5, Figure 4), consisting of 153 sherds, lacked lipid but as the sample was pine, it is believed to be a residues. Lack of lipid residues and the fact that the bit younger (Ystgaard et al. 2018: 497). As the kiln vessel was probably broken near the waste deposit predates House 34, waste from the period of the might be a result of the vessel being damaged during kiln’s usage could have fallen into the posthole with production, which could easily happen in a kiln (see the filling during the house’s construction. Mokkelbost, Ch. 7). The clay layer (150017) is dated The finds indicate that there were kilns capped to AD 128-240 (Tra-11271, 1830±22BP). Bucket- with clay and possibly a two-chambered kiln at Vik shaped pottery was in use from around AD 350, so in the Early Roman Iron Age. It cannot be claimed there are no correlations between the clay layer and with certainty that they were used to fire pottery, but pot #5. However, as we have no dating on the kiln finds of ceramics with unfamiliar decorations (e.g.
292 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age
#15 and #19), pits with raw materials (150017), and In the Late Roman Iron Age, there was evidently ceramics without lipid residues (#5 and #51) can a marked increase in the number of pots at Vik, be seen as evidence of the local production of pots especially handled vessels and bucket-shaped pots at Vik in the Early Roman Iron Age. (e.g. 500200). There is no sure indication of local Geological analysis of both foreign decorated ceramics production in this period, but much sug- ware from Østfold and handled vessels from west- gests that some might have been locally produced. ern Norway have shown that such pots could be The increase in pots may be related to change locally produced (Resi 1986: 51-53; Stout 1986: within the food practices that started in the Early 66; Kristoffersen 1993: 169). Potentially, compar- Roman Iron Age, were commensality was the new ison of the results of an analysis of the clay in the ideal, and the need for a more elaborate set of table- sherds and the results of an analysis of the raw clay ware arose. The use of sets of tableware in graves in Field A might provide evidence in support of in eastern Norway extends to the Late Roman this interpretation but no such analyses have been Iron Age, and decreases in the Migration period carried out to date. Moreover, further analysis may (Rødsrud 2012: 194). The analysis carried out by provide exact information about the temperatures Rødsrud of the organic residue from the sets in at which the ceramics were fired. graves shows that there was a functional division between the coarse ware and the finer wares: the What do use and discard of pottery imply about the coarse vessels contained food and the finer vessels temporal, spatial and social organization of the contained some kind of drink (Rødsrud 2012: 196). Roman Iron Age farm at Vik? However, the lipid analysis of the pots from Vik The ceramics at Vik are mainly from waste deposits may give another picture. or features related to houses from different periods. At Vik, lipid residues from ruminants and veg- In the Early Roman Iron Age, there are coarse etables were found in both coarse ware and finer wares and a few sherds of finer tableware from tableware like handled pots and bucket-shaped pots three fields (A, C and D). There are, as has been (Table 10). In one of these, a bucket-shaped pot (#3, seen, indications of local ceramics production in Figure 5), there were traces of long-chained ketones. Field A and Field C. There are also indications of Long-chained ketones are organic compounds that ritual deposits of both coarse ware and finer dec- occur when fat products are heated, and indicate orated vessels in Fields C and D (House 34 and that the vessel was heated with the food inside House 21). Compared to previous periods we see (Isaksson 2017:3). This supports Kleppe’s argument the beginning of a differentiation of the ceramics, that the introduction of the bucket-shaped pots can where the coarse ware was used for cooking and be explained as a product of a change in cooking storage, and the finer tableware for serving food procedures, as these pots could easily be used in direct and drink. From the beginning of this period, there contact with fire (Kleppe & Simonsen 1983: 36). is, in eastern Norway, a shift from the use of urns However, the analysis of the pottery at Vik shows a for human remains in graves to depositing sets of more varied picture. Most of the pots have no evi- vessels besides the human remains. It is as if the dence of being heated with the contents inside, and dead person got a whole feast with him or her into were probably used as vessels for storing or serving. the grave (Rødsrud 2012: 194). However, ceramics The results of the lipid analysis of 16 pots from are still been used as urns in ritual deposits at Vik. Vik show that only one with detected lipids had
293 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold aquatic animal residues, while six had residues Vik, it can be argued that ceramics were increasingly from terrestrial animals (see Table 10). Given that associated with uses that were more specialized, and Ørland is located on the coast and at the mouth of that these uses can be seen in terms of a new context: a fjord, it is strange that more lipid residues from the growth a more sophisticated commensality. aquatic animals were not found in the pots. Since One of the farms at Vik stands out as it has a pots absorb the taste and smell of food, separate wider selection of vessel types, with a higher degree pots may have been needed for different types of of fragmentation (Field C, 500200 and House 2). food, to avoid tainting (Heron & Evershed 1993: This may be correlated to the farm achieving a 259). Furthermore, since fish has a strong flavour higher status because of the relocation of the farm and smell when cooked, it is reasonable to suggest in Field D in the same period. This suggestion is that separate vessels would have been used for fish. further supported by finds of other items, such as However, given that the one sample with aquatic fragments of glass beakers with trailing, and silver animal residues came from a coarse household pot rings in 500200. House 2, which is simultaneous from waste deposit 110297, while five samples with with 500200, shows a similar pattern, with a varied terrestrial animal residues came from finer tableware selection of bucket-shaped pots or finer tableware. and bucket-shaped pots, one could suggest that the The higher status can also be seen in connection relative lack of marine products might have had with the manifestation of commensality close to the something to do with food status and commensality. farm, when finer wares, better food, and probably Until recent times, fish had a lower status in food particular types of drinks would have been required, traditions, and therefore it is possible that meat was for which there seems to be supporting evidence served to show that the host could afford to slaughter from Field C at Vik. the farm’s livestock. The fact that the one coarse pot with residues from terrestrial animals is from a ritual What do the ceramics finds from these settlements deposit in a house could support this hypothesis. contribute to research? In addition, the argument, proposed by Rødsrud, Ceramics finds from various settlement contexts that ceramics are used as materialized symbols for may contribute further information about the use of ideology and power relations could further support ceramics, whether for daily use, feasts, and/or rituals. it (2012: 194). A change in the spatial organisation However, a problem has arisen with regard to the of the cooking pits at the settlement at Vik and the typological dating of the pots from Vik, especially location of cooking pits inside House 2 also support the bucket-shaped pots, which raises the question of this idea, as communal meals and commensality whether settlement contexts can provide a more pre- seem to be moved closer to the farm (see Fransson, cise dating framework for the pots than, for example, Ch. 5; Heen-Pettersen & Lorentzen, Ch. 6). ceramic grave goods? Most of the published material The lipid analysis showed that ceramics from on ceramics in Norway come from graves, and the settlement contexts might have had more varied typological series were done before the 14C method contents than ceramics from burial contexts. Thus was common. Ceramics at Vik are found in contexts the pottery from the settlement contexts may con- that are dated more directly, with the 14C method. tribute to knowledge of daily food traditions. As the The contexts in question show a tendency towards use of pottery increased, and bearing in mind the earlier 14C-dates than those given by typological relatively small presence of fish products occurring at dating of the vessels. For example, a sherd from a
294 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age
bucket-shaped pot decorated with a ring stamp was Sønderby Kristensen stipulated two criteria (2006: found in a hearth in House 24 in Field D (#67, Figure 29, translated by the author); 5). The sherd is completely burnt yellow, indicating that it was discarded in the hearth when it was in • The artefacts must be found in, or in distinct use. But the 14C dating from the hearth precedes the context with, a house construction. period when the bucket-shaped pots are assumed to • The finds have to be extraordinary (e.g. hole have been in use (see results section). Observations items, several sherds together, whole or special based on just one sherd are, on their own, not enough parts of animals, or ceramics in places you don’t to determine whether the dating frame should be expect). expanded. However, there are indications of earlier dates for the bucket-shaped pots from two boat- Judged by these criteria, the material from Vik shows houses in Sola, Rogaland (Rolfsen 1974a: 72-73; ceramics in ritual deposits associated with houses 1974b: 112). One can wonder if the ceramics found since the Pre-Roman Iron Age. in graves could have been in circulation for a longer Two almost complete pots (coarse ware and early period, before they were was deposited, thus allowing bowl) were found in a posthole in House 34 in Field for earlier dating of their usage at settlements. C, and have since been interpreted as having been The distribution of the various types of pots in deposited ritually when the house was abandoned the various houses shows a large degree of varia- or demolished (Ystgaard et al. 2018: 493). Large tion, mainly in terms of dating. The majority of the numbers of sherds from a pot with a neck and ceramics finds were from postholes, which raises the chevrons (foreign decorated ware) were found in following question: did the sherds end up in the a posthole in House 21 in Field D. Both houses postholes together with surrounding soil by chance date to the Early Roman Iron Age. And sherds during the construction or demolition of the house, from handled vessels and bucket-shaped pots were or might they have been deposited intentionally? The found in a posthole and in the fireplace in House 2 tradition of burying pots in houses is a well-known in Field C, which dates to the Late Roman Iron Age. phenomenon from different periods and cultures Additionally, asbestos pottery from Pre-Roman Iron around the world (Carlie 2004: 41), yet this begs Age was found houses in Fields A and B (House 1, the question of what is required to interpret pottery 6 & 7) (Fransson, Ch. 5), all of which is considered as a ritual deposit. to be ritual deposits. In a study of the ritual use of pots in Sweden Two of the pots from what have been interpreted and Denmark, only whole pots are referred to as as “house offerings” do not have any lipid residues ritual deposits in the case of Denmark, while sherds, (#49 from House 34 and #65 from House 21). They too, have been interpreted as “house offerings” in may have been deposited without having being used. the case of Sweden (Carlie 2004). The difference Alternatively, they could have contained something is explained by the fact that the conditions for the that would not have left any clear lipid residues, such preservation of ceramics differ in the two countries. as fluids (without fats) for drinking. Of the two pots The study also shows that there was an increase in found in the same posthole in House 34, one had such ritual deposits from the Pre-Roman Iron Age, lipid residues from ruminants and vegetables, and peaking in the Roman Iron Age (Carlie 2004). To the other had no residues. So, while one of the pots identify intentional depositions in houses, Tine contained food, it is possible that the smaller bowl
295 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold
was a drinking vessel. However, it cannot be ruled The contexts in which the ceramics occurred out that this small pot was produced for a specific were mainly waste deposits and remains of fea- purpose, namely a “house offering”. tures associated with buildings. Asbestos ceramics Some house offerings are interpreted as foun- were found in contexts dated to the Bronze Age dation sacrifices, to ensure a favourable life in the and Pre-Roman Iron Age. Contexts dated to the house for people and livestock (Paulsson 1993: 48) Early Roman Iron Age contained coarse storage and as a symbol in a rite of passage to insure the and cooking pots, as well as early bowl forms and farm’s fertility and future existence (Kristensen 2010: foreign decorated wares. From the Late Roman 66-67). However, there is evidence that the two Iron Age (and the transition to the Migration pots in House 34 were put in the posthole by those period), the material reflects a rapid expansion in clearing the area when the house was abandoned the use of finer tableware like handled vessels and (Ystgaard et al. 2018: 493). In the case of ceramics bucket-shaped pots. In the Late Roman Iron Age, in graves, Fredriksen proposes that ceramic contain- this expansion is explained as being due to a change ers are both symbolic and ontological metaphors in food practices, when commensality connected for the buried individual, and (e.g. bucket-shaped with status and power resulted in a need for finer pots) serve as models to explain physical, social types of pottery and the serving of better food and and mythical transformations (Fredriksen 2006: beverages. There are also difference between ceramics 134-135). Moving from and removing the house deposited in the waste deposits in the different fields. structures is a physical transformation on the same In Field A there are a great number of sherds, but level as burying people or constructing a house. from fewer pots. In Field C there are fewer sherds, Therefore, it is possible that the offering in House but a greater number of different pots. This can be 34 can be connected to the house transition to the explained with regard to the difference in time and new phase or to death. the difference in the usage of pots in the Early and Late Roman Iron Age, but may also imply that the CONCLUSIONS farm in Field C was wealthier than the one in Field The ceramics from Vik show a wide variety of A, an interpretation possibly supported by other pot types, and variations in between, over a long finds (e.g. glass beaker). period. Even though you can find parallels with It appears that although the pottery at Vik was the same forms and decoration in other areas (e.g. used for storage and cooking, most of the ceram- western Norway), the material indicates that some ics had a special role, in all phases, such as ritual of the vessels were produced locally. Finds of kiln deposits in houses, and in the later phase as part of remains, pits with raw clay, and pots without lipid commensality connected to the farm’s status and residues in clusters around the kiln, all suggest power. The farms at Vik would have had a central the same. The evidence is clearer from the Early location in the landscape in the Early Iron Age, Roman Iron Age than from the Late Roman Iron and probably had an important function or role in Age. On the other hand, in the Late Roman Iron trade or trade networks along the coast and within Age the quantity of ceramics is higher, and we can the areas adjacent to the fjord. Similarities with witness a larger contact area from similarities in ceramic material from western Norway (especially the ceramics. Most of the parallels stem from the the bucket-shaped pots), as well as the early dating coast of western Norway. for them, suggest that contact networks had already
296 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age
been established before the expansion in the usage ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS of ceramics in the Late Roman Iron Age, and that I am grateful to my project manager, Ingrid Ystgaard, objects and new social ideas were adopted fast. for believing in me and giving me the opportunity Ceramic material from settlement contexts such to write this article. I want to thank Bente Magnus, as Vik provide additional information about the Torbjørn Brorsson and Heidi M. Breivik for giving usage of ceramics in Early Iron Age Norway. This me the first introduction to Iron Age ceramics material shows that the ceramics had a special role through the material from Vik, Sven Isaksson for in society in addition to being used as vessels for conducting the Lipid analysis and Christian Rødsrud storage of cooking. The early dates of the contexts for helping me in answering some questions that of some of the bucket-shaped pots may indicate an has arisen during writing this article. At last I want earlier inception than what is generally assumed, to thank the peer reviewer for fruitful comments and that ceramic vessels from graves may have a and clarifications. longer time span of circulation.
297 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold
REFERENCES Jørgensen, R. 1988: Spannforma leirkar. Opphavsproblemene sett fra en Nordskandinavisk Breivik, H. M. 2006: Spannformede leirkar i Midt-Norge – En synsvinkel. Viking, LI: 51–65. studie i regionale særpreg. Masters thesis in Archaeology. Jørgensen, R. & B. Olsen 1988: Asbestkeramiske grupper i NTNU, Trondheim. Nord-Norge. Tromura, kulturhistorie, Nr. 13. Tromsø. Brorsson, T. 2016: Analys av bränd lera från Ørland Kleppe, E. J. 1993: On the provenance of bucket-shaped kampflybase, Sør-Trøndelag. Rapport 105. Kontoret för pottery. Acta Archaeologica vol. 64 (2) 1993: 293–300. keramiska studier. Kleppe, E. J. & S. E. Simonsen 1983: Bucket-shaped pots Bøe, J. 1931: Jernalderens keramikk i Norge. Bergens – a West-Norwegian Ceramic Form. Experiments with Museums Skrifter. Nr. 14. Production Methods. AmS-skrifter 10, Stavanger. Carlie, A. 2004: Forntida byggnadskult. Tradition Krag, E. M. F. & G. Grønnesby in prep: Arkeologiske och regionalitet i södra Skandinavien. Stockholm, undersøkelser på Brekstad 67/-. NTNU Vitenskapsmuseet Riksantikvarieämbetet. arkeologisk rapport 2019. Engevik, A. 2002: Spannforma leirkar – forbilder og Kristensen, T. S. 2006: Husoffer? En feministisk analyse funksjon. Viking LXV: 49–69. av nedleggelser i huskonstruksjoner gjennom jernalderen. Engevik, A. 2005: Bunndekor på spannformede leirkar – Masters thesis in Archaeology (Hovedfag), University pynt, produksjonsmerke eller symbol? In: Bergsvik, of Oslo. K. A. & A. Engevik (eds.): Fra funn til samfunn. Kristensen, T. S. 2010: Husgeråd som husoffer. Primitive Jernalderstudier tilegnet Bergljot Solberg på 70-årsdagen: pp. tider 2010 (12): 61–70. 189–208. UBAS, Nordisk. Universitetet i Bergen. Kristoffersen, S. 1993: Gård og gjenstandsmateriale – sosial Engevik, A. 2007: Bucket-Shaped Pots. Style, chronology sammenheng og økonomisk struktur. In: Solberg, B. and regional diversity in Norway in Late Roman and (ed.): Minneskrift Egil Bakka: pp. 151–206. Arkeologiske Migration periods. Dissertation (PhD), University of Skrifter 7, Historisk musem, Universitetet i Bergen. Bergen. Kristoffersen, S. 1999: Migration Period Chronology Evershed, R. P., S. N. Dudd, M. J. Lockheart & S. Jim in Norway. In: Hines, J., K. Høilund Nielsen & F. 2001: Lipids in archaeology. In: Brothwell, D. R. & A. Siegmund (eds.): The Pace of change. Studies in early- M. Pollard (ed.): Handbook of Archaeological Sciences: pp. medieval chronology: 93–114. Oxbow. 331–349. Kristoffersen, S. 2012: Leire – ild – kar. Keramikkfylket Fredriksen P. D. 2005: Karet/kroppen/identiteten: Spannforma Rogaland. Introduksjon. Frá haug ok heiðni, 1 -2012: leirkar i graver. Master thesis in Archaeology, University 3–16. of Bergen. Kristoffersen, E. S. & Å. D. Hauken 2017: Migration Fredriksen, P. D. 2006: Moving closer to the fire: Heat Period Pottery from Avaldsnes: A study of Shards from transformations and bucket shaped pots in burials. Bucket-shaped Pots. In: Skre, D. (ed.): Avaldsnes – A Norwegian Archaeological Review, 39:2: 126–137. Sea-kings’ manor in first-millennium western Scandinavia: Fredriksen, P. D. 2012: Når kunnskapar møtest: frå leire til pp. 527–549. De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston. kar. Frá haug ok heiðni, 1 -2012: 29–32. Kristoffersen, S. & B. Magnus 2010: Spannformete kar. Gjessing, G. 1941: Et kjeramikk-problem. Naturen, nr. 11. Utvikling og variasjon. AmS-Varia 50. University of Grieg, S. 1934: Jernalderhus på Lista. Instituttet for Stavanger, The Museum of Archaeology. sammenlignende kulturforskning, Serie B Skrifter, Lund Hansen, U. 1987: Römischer Import im Norden. XXVII. Waarenaustausch zwischen dem Römischen Reich und Heron, C. & R. P. Evershed 1993: The Analysis of Organic dem freien Germanien während der Kaiserzeit unter Residues and the Study of Pottery Use. In: Schiffer, M. B. besonderer Berücksichtigung Nordeuropas. Nordiske (ed.): Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 5: 247–284. Fortidsminner Serie B, nr. 10. Det Kongelige Nordiske Isaksson, S. 2017: Analys av organiska lämningar Oldtidskriftselskab. København. i keramik från Ørlandprojektet, Trondheim, Løken, T. 2001: Oppkomsten av den germanske hallen – Norge. Uppdragsrapport nr. 321. Arkeologiska Hall og sal i eldre jernalder i Rogaland. Viking LXIV forskningslaboratoriet. Institusjonen för arkeologi och – 2001: 49–86. antikens kultur. Stockholms universitet. Magnus, B. 1975: Krosshaugfunnet. Et forsøk på kronologisk og Johansen, T. 2003: Jern og grav. Maktpolitiske kontekster i stilhistorisk plassering i 5. århundre. Stavanger Museums Trøndelags eldre jernalder. Masters thesis in Archaeology Skrifter Nr. 9, Stavanger. (Hovedfag), University of Bergen.
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Magnus, B. 1980: On mending of bucket-shaped pots Selinge, K. G. 1977: Järnålderns bondekultur i of the Migration Period in Norway. Studien zur Västernorrland. In: Baudou, E. & K.-G. Selinge Sachsenforschung 2, pp. 275–288. Niedersächsisces (eds.) Västernorrland förhistoria, pp. 153–459. Motala. Landesmuseum Hannover, Hildesheim. Shetelig, H. 1905: Spandformede lerkar fra Magnus, B. 1984: The interlace motif on the bucket-shaped folkevandringstiden. Aarsberetning for Foreningen til pottery of the Migration period. Festskrift til Thorleif norske fortidsmindesmærkers bevaring, 1904: 42–91. Sjøvold på 70-års dagen: pp. 139–157. Universitetets Shetelig, H. 1909: En ældre jernalders gaard paa Jæderen. Oldsaksamlings Skrifter, Ny rekke, Nr. 5. Oslo. Bergens Museums Aarbog 1909, No. 5. Magnus, B. 2012: Hva ble leirkarene brukt til? Frá haug ok Shetelig, H. 1913: Den førromerske jernalderen i Norge. heiðni, 1 -2012: 17–22. Oldtiden III: 117-145. Müller, S. 1885: Ordning af Danmarks oldsager II. Jernalderen. Slomann, W. 1950: Medelpad og Jämtland i eldre jernalder. Librarie Renouard, Paris/Kjøbenhavn. Universitetet i Bergen Årbok 1948:4-78, Historisk Müller, S. 1897: Vor Oldtid. Danmarks forhistoriske Archæologi. antikvarisk rekke, Nr. 2. Det Nordiske forlag, Kjøbenhavn. Solberg B. 2000: Jernalderen i Norge. Cappelen Akademisk Nicolaissen, O. 1920: Urner fra Nord-Norges graver. Tromsø Forlag, Oslo. Museum Årshefter 42 (1919). Nr. 4. Tromsø. Stout, A. M. 1986: The finer Handled Vessels of Western Nordling-Christensen, H. 1954: Katalog over ældre romersk Norway’s Early Iron Age. Arkeologiske Skrifter Historisk jærnalders grave i Århus amt. Nordiske fortidsminder IV. Museum No. 3 - 1986: 7–85. Universitetet i Bergen, Bind 2. Hefte. Det Kgl. Nordiske Oldskriftselskab. Bergen. Paulsson, T. 1993: Huset och lyckan. En studie i Straume, E. 1987: Gläser mit Facettensschliff aus byggnadsoffer från nordisk järnålder och medeltid. skandinavischen Gräbern des 4. und 5. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. AK-003 vt-93, Arkeologiska institutonen, Lunds Serie B: Skrifter LXXIII. Universitetsforlaget. universitet. Ystgaard, I., U. Fransson, M. Mokkelbost, A. Heen-Pettersen, Petersen, J. 1933: Gamle gårdsanlegg i Rogaland - fra A. B. Lorentzen, M. M. Gran, G. I. Solvold & E. W. forhistorisk tid og middelalder. Instituttet for Randerz 2018: Arkeologiske utgravninger på Ørland sammenlignende kulturforskning, Serie B Skrifter, XXIII. kampflybase 2015 - 2016. NTNU Vitenskapsmuseet Petersen, J. 1936: Gamle gårdsanlegg i Rogaland – fortsettelse: arkeologisk rapport 2018:27. Utsira, Lyngaland, Håvodl, Birkelandstølen, Hanaland. Zimmermann, U., E. V. Kristoffersen, P. D. Fredriksen, S. A. Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning, Serie B R. Bertolino, A. Andó & D. Bersani 2016: Provenance Skrifter, XXXI. and composition of unusually chrome and nickel-rich Resi, H. G. 1986: Gravplassen Hunn i Østfold. Norske bucket-shaped pottery from Rogaland (southwestern Oldfunn XII, Universitetets Oldsaksamling, Oslo. Norway). Sedimentary Geology 336 (2016): 183–196. Roffet-Salque, M., J. Dunne, D. T. Altoft, E. Casanova, L. J. Ågotnes, A. 1986: Nordvestnorsk asbestkeramikk. Karform, E. Cramp, J. Smyth, H. Whelton & R. P. Evershed 2017: godsstruktur, utbredelse og datering. Arkeologiske Skrifter From the inside out: Upscaling organic residue analysis Historisk Museum No. 3 - 1986: 86–118. Universitetet i of archaeological ceramics. Journal of Archaeological Bergen, Bergen. Science: Reports 16 (2017): 627–640. Rolfsen, P. 1974a: Båtnaust på Jærkysten. Stavanger museums skrifter 8, Stavanger. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION: Rolfsen, P. 1974b: Når og hvor oppsto det spannformede Magnus, Bente 25.04.2017 karet? Viking XXXVIII: 109–116. Ihr, Anna 18.01.2018 Rolfsen, P. 1980: Et pottemakerverksted fra romertiden. In: Rødsrud, Christian Løchsen 20.12.2017-03.01.2018 Johansen, Ø., L. Marstrander, E. Mikkelsen & P. Rolfsen (eds.): Festskrift til Sverre Marstrander på 70-årsdagen: 15-20. Universitetets Oldsaksamlings Skrifter. Ny rekke. INTERNET SOURCE: Nr. 3. Oslo. Unimus, 02.01.2018: S4162:a. Rygh, O. 1885: Norske Oldsager. Cammermeyer, Christiania. Rynning, I. C. 2007: Spannformede kar fra Østlandet: Produksjon, distribusjon og kommunikasjon. Masters thesis in Archaeology, University of Oslo. Rødsrud, C. R. 2012: I Liv og Død: Keramikkens sosiale kronologi i eldre jernalder. PhD Dissertation. Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo.
299 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold hole 06581 House floor 1, House post 1, Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Context Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit 106581 110297 110297 110297 106581 106581 106581 106581 Food Food crust Yes Yes
with St St M St M St A A A A A Tempered - treat ment FSm Surface FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm D FSm FSm FSm FSm R B R B B R B Bo B R B shard Type of Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 Number Number shards of 1 7 2 6 9 8 59 58 331 269 280 number Sub number Museum Museum T27070 T27068 T27068 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 stamp marks Finger modelled Finger boss circular and Decor elements I F H form Rim 30 13 19,5 Rim diam. AB AB1 (Kristoffersen Vessel shape & Magnus 2010: fig. 3.) Age C3-D1 Age (C3) Iron Age Pre-Roman Late Roman Late Roman Bronze Age/ dated to: Typologically Typologically - - Bucket- Bucket- Bucket- shaped shaped shaped pottery pottery pottery tery tem Early pot Early Asbestoes pered with vessel Type of Type 2 3 1 4 number Vessel Vessel APPENDIX: FINDS CATALOGUE. FINDS APPENDIX:
300 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Context Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 Food Food crust
with St St St St St St St St St St St St St St Tempered - treat ment FSm Surface FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm D FSm B R, B, Bo R, B R, B R, B B B shard B B R, B, Bo B B B R, B Type of Type 1 1 1 7 2 2 2 4 3 4 45 12 16 53 Number Number shards of 71 74 75 72 73 121 124 219 218 123 270 189 120 188 number Sub number Museum Museum T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 horizontal band komposition furrows. Narrow with vertical Decor elements Open decor of form F Rim Rim Ca. diam. 16 (Kristoffersen Vessel shape & Magnus 2010: fig. 3.) AB1 Late Roman Iron Age dated to: Typologically Typologically vessel pottery Bucket- shaped Type of Type 5 number Vessel Vessel
301 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Context 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 Food Food crust Yes
with Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Tempered - treat ment FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm Surface FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm B B B B B B B B B B B R Bo Bo B, R B B shard Type of Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 2 2 2 3 4 3 3 13 Number Number shards of 91 81 97 92 95 93 83 89 96 94 99 98 84 88 80 90 113 number Sub number Museum Museum T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 Decor elements form Rim Rim diam. (Kristoffersen Vessel shape & Magnus 2010: fig. 3.) dated to: Typologically Typologically household household vessel ware Coarse Type of Type 6 number Vessel Vessel
302 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Context Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 Food Food crust Yes Yes Yes Yes
with Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Tempered - treat ment Surface FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm R, B B B (Bo) B (Bo) B B B B B B B B B R B B B shard Type of Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 2 3 4 3 3 6 Number Number shards of 82 211 191 274 207 275 214 324 114 273 318 213 203 210 206 198 208 number Sub number Museum Museum T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 Decor elements form Rim 10 Rim diam. (Kristoffersen Vessel shape & Magnus 2010: fig. 3.) dated to: Typologically Typologically ware Similar Similar Coarse vessels form as handled household household household household vessel ware Coarse Type of Type 6 8 7 number Vessel Vessel
303 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold - - - - - hole 302396 hole hole 302396 hole hole 308208 hole hole 308208 hole hole 308157 hole 500200 500200 500200 House 6, post 500200 House 6, post House 7, postHouse 7, House 7, postHouse 7, House 7, postHouse 7, Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Pit Waste Pit Waste Pit Context Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit 110297 110297 110297 110297 117191 132878 132878 Food Food crust Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
with F & Q F & Q F & Q St St St F & Q Q Q A & M A A & M A A A A Tempered - treat 0 ment Sm Surface BB BB BB Sm BB FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm B B, S, N N B N/C R B B B B B B B R shard R B Type of Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 6 11 26 Number Number shards of 21 17 45 14 14 15 13 46 117 192 313 319 183 186 320 109 number Sub number Museum Museum T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27073 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27073 T27073 T27073 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27073 T27074 - tool (stamped) in between Furrows & pits Lines with comb sontal lines with Band of two hori diagonal hatches hatches diagonal Decor elements I I I form Rim 15 13,5 18,5 Rim diam. AB1 Probable AB1 Probable (Kristoffersen Vessel shape & Magnus 2010: fig. 3.) Period Period Iron Age Iron Age Iron Age Iron Age Iron Age Iron Age/ Iron Age/ Migration Migration Migration Migration Pre-Roman Pre-Roman Late Roman Late Roman Late Roman Late Roman Bronze Age/ Bronze Age/ Early Roman dated to: Typologically Typologically - - - - vare) ware? Bucket- Coarse Bucket- Bucket- Bucket- shaped shaped shaped shaped pottery pottery pottery pottery Foreign dekorert tery tem tery tem Early pot Early Early pot Early fremmed fremmed decorated decorated Asbestoes Asbestoes household household pered with pered with ware (Bøes vessel Type of Type 9 11 12 14 15 16 13 10 number Vessel Vessel
304 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Context Food Food crust Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
with Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa St Sa Sa Sa Sa Q A A A & St Tempered - treat ment BB? D BB? FSm D Surface BB? BB? FSm D FSm Sm BB? BB? FSm FSm B B B (Bo) B B B B B B B B B B N, S B shard Type of Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 Number Number shards of 21 27 24 25 26 16 23 36 19 18 46 20 30 105 126 number Sub number Museum Museum T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 tool tool tool boss finger) Grooved. comb tool comb (drawn with marks & lines Deep furrows Deep Wide furrows entire surface, Circular stamp Small quadratic Small tool, covers the Lines with comb Lines with comb Lines with comb Lines with comb with twotoothed with Decor elements form Rim Rim diam. (Kristoffersen Vessel shape & Magnus 2010: fig. 3.) Iron Age Iron Age Iron Age Iron Age Late Roman Late Roman Late Roman Late Roman dated to: Typologically Typologically Similar Similar Similar Similar Similar Similar Similar Similar Bucket- Bucket- Bucket- Bucket- vessels vessels vessels vessels shaped shaped shaped shaped pottery pottery pottery pottery form as form as form as form as handled handled handled handled vessel Type of Type 21 17 22 23 20 19 18 21? number Vessel Vessel
305 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Context Food Food crust Yes Yes
with St Sa St St Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q A Tempered - treat Sm ment Sm FSm FSm FSm Surface G G G G G G G G G R B R, B B R, B B B Bo B B R, B B R B shard Type of Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 5 4 3 4 3 Number Number shards of 31 35 32 39 34 38 30 111 127 112 122 128 104 108 number Sub number Museum Museum T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 rows Lines irregular Grooved, comb tool comb comb tool comb Imprints with Diagonal dash Diagonal dash two horisontal fingernails, min. lines made with Pits & lines with circular stamp & Decor elements F F 2 C form Rim 12 18 18 17? Rim diam. AB? AB? (Kristoffersen Vessel shape & Magnus 2010: fig. 3.) Iron Age Iron Age Iron Age Iron Age Iron Age Pre-Roman Late Roman Late Roman Late Roman Late Roman Bronze Age/ dated to: Typologically Typologically - - - rim bowl Bucket- Bucket- Bucket- shaped shaped shaped shaped pottery pottery pottery kokekar) with out with tery tem The little Early pot Early (Bøes lille lille (Bøes Unknown, Asbestoes pered with ward going cooking pot pot cooking vessel Type of Type 27 25 26 24 29 28 number Vessel Vessel
306 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age 521623 500200 500200 500200 523989 under under 523989 521623 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Cooking pit pit Cooking Context Food Food crust Yes
with St Sa Sa Sa St St St St Q Q A A Tempered - treat ment FSm FSm FSm Surface FSm FSm BB BB BB FSm FSm FSm R B B R R R R R R B B B shard Type of Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Number Number shards of 1 42 45 22 43 44 40 107 119 118 110 106 number Sub number Museum Museum T27074 T27074 T27080 T27074 T27074 T27075 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 tool tool Lines with comb Lines with comb Decor elements I F F form Rim 23 12 13 12,5 Rim diam. (Kristoffersen Vessel shape & Magnus 2010: fig. 3.) Iron Age Iron Age Iron Age Iron Age Iron Age Late Roman Late Roman Late Roman Late Roman Late Roman dated to: Typologically Typologically nr. 16 nr. Similar Similar Similar Similar Similar Similar Similar Bucket- Bucket- Bucket- Bucket- Bucket- vessels vessels vessels vessels shaped shaped shaped shaped shaped pottery pottery pottery pottery pottery form as form as form as form as handled handled handled handled Same as vessel Type of Type 31 37 32 35 33 36 34 38 38 30 number Vessel Vessel
307 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold beside Waste 521623 under 523989 521623 under 523989 521623 under 523989 521623 under 523989 521623 502394 521623 500301 522059 513189 504088 512162 House 2, Posthole Layer 511160 Deposit 521623 House 2, Posthole House 2, Posthole House pit 2, House pit 2, House 2, Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Cooking pit pit Cooking pit Cooking pit Cooking pit Cooking Waste Deposit Cooking pit pit Cooking Context Food Food crust
with Sa Sa Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q A Tempered - treat ment FSm FSm FSm FSm D, FSm/ BB FSm BB FSm FSm FSm FSm Surface FSm B B B B R B B R/S Bo R B Bo B shard Type of Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 Number Number shards of 7 5 2 3 6 9 8 21 23 19 18 10 20 number Sub number Museum Museum T27080 T27080 T27080 T27080 T27080 T27076 T27075 T27075 T27076 T27076 T27076 T27076 T27076 Furrows, ornaments pits, corded corded pits, Chevrons and hanging archeshanging Decor elements form Rim 12 Rim diam. AB (Kristoffersen Vessel shape & Magnus 2010: fig. 3.) Iron Age 300-400) Late Roman Late Roman Iron Age (AD dated to: Typologically Typologically - ware vessel vessel Similar Similar Bucket- Coarse vessels shaped pottery form as handled Handled Handled with long short out going rim going vessel with straight rim vessel (household) (household) Type of Type 41 39 42 43 40 number Vessel Vessel
308 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age ------hole 503802 hole 503802 hole 503802 place 512212 place 515236 place relation to pit place 512212 place 504019 503082 524867 502074 509677 House 34, post House 19, Posthole House 19, Posthole House 19, Posthole House fire 2, House fire 2, House 34, post House 34, post House 2, Posthole Pit in 521429 House fire 2, Context Food Food crust Yes Yes Yes Yes
with St Q Q Q Q Q Q Q A A A Tempered - treat ment Sl, Co FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm Surface FSm FSm FSm, BB FSm FSm almost B B R/B B N B B B/Bo shard Type of Type 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 8 50 Number Number shards of 1 7 5 2 2 3 6 11 14 12 13 number Sub number Museum Museum T27079 T27080 T27080 T27080 T27079 T27079 T27076 T27078 T27076 T27076 T27076 Lines comb tool comb Stamp with Grid pattern two-toothed Decor elements form Rim 8 13,5 18,5 Rim diam. C? AB (Kristoffersen Vessel shape & Magnus 2010: fig. 3.) Age Age Period Iron Age Iron Age Migration Migration Roman Iron Roman Iron Late Roman Late Roman dated to: Typologically Typologically ware Similar Similar Bucket- Coarse Bucket- Coarse Bucket- Bucket- Coarse vessels shaped shaped shaped shaped pottery pottery pottery pottery form as handled rounded rounded ware with ware with with short bowl form Bøe’s Early straight rim straight rim straight rim vessel (household) (household) (household) (household) (household) (household) Type of Type 51 47 45 50 49 43 46 44 48 number Vessel Vessel
309 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold with related with related with related with related with related 505507 Pit 522729 Pit Posthole Road 217254 Layer216960 Posthole Layer216960 Posthole Layer216960 Layer216960 contexts contexts contexts contexts Context Waste Deposit contexts Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Cultural Cultural Cultural Cultural 210240 (Fishpit) 210240 (Fishpit) 210240 (Fishpit) 210240 (Fishpit) 210240 (Fishpit) 225256 225256 Food Food crust Yes Yes
with Sa St St St St St A A A A A A A A Tempered - treat ment Surface FSm D FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm D FSm D D D D B B B R B R R Bo B Bo shard B B Bo? Type of Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 Number Number shards of 2 5 3 4 6 11 21 12 14 69 13 10 20 44 number Sub number Museum Museum T27080 T27080 T27402 T27402 T27402 T27402 T27403 T27402 T27403 T27403 T27403 T27403 T27403 T27403 tool Lines Lines Lines with comb Vertical elavated line with hatches with line Decor elements F F form Rim 15 18,5 Rim diam. C1 C? (Kristoffersen Vessel shape & Magnus 2010: fig. 3.) Period Iron Age Iron Age Iron Age Migration Migration Late Roman Late Roman Late Roman dated to: Typologically Typologically Similar Similar Bucket- Bucket- Bucket- Bucket- vessels shaped shaped shaped shaped pottery pottery pottery pottery form as handled vessel Type of Type 52 55 53 56 54 number Vessel Vessel
310 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age Road 217254 Road 217254 Road 217254 Stray find Road 217254 Road 217254 Road 217254 Road 217254 Fireplace Stray find Ditch 616167 House 21, Posthole Context Cooking pit pit Cooking 671502 218579 218622 Food Food crust Yes Yes Yes
with St St St St Sa Q Q Q Q Q Q Q A/Q Tempered - treat ment D D Sm Surface FSm FSm D Sm D FSm D Co B B B Bo? B B B B B N, B B/Bo R B shard Type of Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 5 4 Number Number shards of 2 3 4 17 27 15 24 25 16 26 23 19 29 number Sub number Museum Museum T27403 T27403 T27403 T27403 T27403 T27403 T27403 T27403 T27403 T27404 T27403 T27404 T27404 under Horisontal Horisontal Bands with are hatched. Dence decor. elevated line elevated line between. The elevated lines Chevrons with comb tool and elevated parts elevated parts furrow with an linear boundrieslinear Beadstamps and Decor elements form Rim 18 Rim diam. E C1? C/D/E? (Kristoffersen Vessel shape & Magnus 2010: fig. 3.) Age Period Period Period Iron Age Iron Age/ Migration Migration Migration Migration Migration Migration Roman Iron Late Roman Late Roman dated to: Typologically Typologically ware ware ware ware ware Bøe’s Bucket- Bucket- Bucket- Coarse Coarse Bucket- Coarse Coarse shaped shaped shaped shaped pottery pottery pottery pottery Foreign decoreted decoreted vessel (household) (household) (household) (household) (household) (household) (household) (household) Type of Type 61 57 59 62 65 58 63 64 60 number Vessel Vessel
311 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold - - place 671339 place place 671339 place House 24, Posthole House fire 24, House fire 24, Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Context 671378 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 Food Food crust Yes
with Crushed Q Q Q Q, Q & M, Q Q Q Q Q Q A Tempered - treat ment Sm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm Surface FSm S S B R, B B B B R/B R, B B B shard Type of Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 Number Number shards of 7 5 6 87 77 76 85 79 78 86 100 number Sub number Museum Museum T27404 T27070 T27404 T27070 T27404 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 marks circular stamp Vertical rows of Furrows with Decor elements comb tool comb form Rim Rim diam. (Kristoffersen Vessel shape & Magnus 2010: fig. 3.) Period Iron Age/ Migration Migration Late Roman dated to: Typologically Typologically ware Similar Similar Bucket- Coarse vessels shaped pottery form as handled vessel (household) (household) Type of Type 67 66 68 off off off off off off off off Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small or small small or or small or small small or or small number Vessel Vessel
312 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Context 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 Food Food crust Yes Yes Yes
with Sa Sa Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Tempered - treat ment Sm Surface FSm FSm FSm (BB) B B B B B B B B B shard Type of Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 2 2 Number Number shards of 101 107 102 105 103 110 106 104 109 108 number Sub number Museum Museum T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 Decor elements form Rim Rim diam. (Kristoffersen Vessel shape & Magnus 2010: fig. 3.) dated to: Typologically Typologically vessel Type of Type off off off off off off off off off off Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled small or or small or small small or or small small or or small or small or small or small or small or small or small number Vessel Vessel
313 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Context Waste Deposit 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 Food Food crust
with F & Q F & Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Tempered - treat ment Surface FSm FSm BB BB B B B B B B B N N shard Type of Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 Number Number shards of 111 112 115 116 122 125 185 119 118 184 number Sub number Museum Museum T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 Decor elements elevated line Curved, narrow form Rim Rim diam. (Kristoffersen Vessel shape & Magnus 2010: fig. 3.) dated to: Typologically Typologically vessel Type of Type off off off off off off off off off off Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled small or or small or small small or or small small or or small or small or small or small or small or small small or or small number Vessel Vessel
314 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Context Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 Food Food crust
with F & Q F & Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Tempered - treat ment FSm Surface BB FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm BB FSm FSm S? R/B Bo B B B N? B B B shard Type of Type 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 3 Number Number shards of 201 197 187 195 193 194 196 199 190 200 number Sub number Museum Museum T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 Decor elements form Rim Rim diam. (Kristoffersen Vessel shape & Magnus 2010: fig. 3.) dated to: Typologically Typologically vessel Type of Type off off off off off off off off off off Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small number Vessel Vessel
315 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Context Waste Deposit 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 Food Food crust Yes Yes Yes Yes
with F & Q Sa Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Tempered - treat ment FSm FSm FSm Surface BB FSm Sm B B B B N? B B B R B shard Type of Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 Number Number shards of 271 217 202 212 215 216 205 204 209 220 number Sub number Museum Museum T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 Decor elements form Rim Rim diam. (Kristoffersen Vessel shape & Magnus 2010: fig. 3.) dated to: Typologically Typologically vessel Type of Type off off off off off off off off off off Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled small or or small or small small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small or small small or or small number Vessel Vessel
316 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age layer 150017 in under Clay Pit 151748, Pit 151748, Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Context Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Pit Waste Deposit Clay layer Clay layer 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 110297 150017 in 110297 150017 in 110297 116675 110297 Food Food crust
with Sa Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Tempered - treat ment Surface FSm FSm Sm FSm FSm Sm Sm B B B B B B R B B shard R Type of Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Number Number shards of 321 281 277 312 272 276 322 279 323 278 number Sub number Museum Museum T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 T27070 Decor elements form Rim Rim diam. (Kristoffersen Vessel shape & Magnus 2010: fig. 3.) dated to: Typologically Typologically vessel Type of Type off off off off off off off off off off Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small or small small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small number Vessel Vessel
317 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Context 110297 110297 Food Food crust
with St Sa Sa Sa Sa Q Q Q Q A Tempered - treat ment Sm FSm FSm Sm BB FSm FSm Surface D BB BB handle? B B B B B B B B, N shard Type of Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 3 Number Number shards of 41 47 37 22 33 29 28 48 329 1234 number Sub number Museum Museum T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27070 T27074 T27070 tool tool tool Lines with comb Lines with comb Decor elements Lines with comb form Rim Rim diam. (Kristoffersen Vessel shape & Magnus 2010: fig. 3.) Late Roman Iron Age dated to: Typologically Typologically vessel pottery pottery Bucket- shaped Bucket- shaped Type of Type off off off off off off off off off off Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small number Vessel Vessel
318 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 500200 Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Context Food Food crust
with St St St Sa St Sa St Q Q Q Tempered - treat ment D FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm FSm BB FSm Surface B B Bo B Bo B B B R B shard Type of Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 Number Number shards of 117 121 114 115 116 125 124 113 123 120 number Sub number Museum Museum T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 T27074 Decor elements One furrow Two lines Two Two lines Two form Rim Rim diam. (Kristoffersen Vessel shape & Magnus 2010: fig. 3.) AB Late Roman Iron Age Late Roman Iron Age Late Roman Iron Age Late Roman Iron Age Late Roman Iron Age dated to: Typologically Typologically handled vessels form as vessel pottery pottery pottery pottery pottery Bucket- Similar Similar shaped Bucket- Bucket- Bucket- Bucket- shaped shaped shaped shaped Type of Type off off off off off off off off off off Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small or small small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small number Vessel Vessel
319 Environment and settlement | Grete Irene Solvold - beside Waste with related place 515236 place 500200 522925 500200 500200 Road 217254 222611 Layer Pit 523481 House fire 2, Layer 522626 Deposit 521623 contexts Waste Deposit Cultivation Waste Deposit Cooking pit pit Cooking Waste Deposit Waste Deposit Context 210240 (Fishpit) Food Food crust Yes
with St Sa St Sa Q Q Q Q Q Q Tempered - treat ment FSm D D FSm FSm D FSm Surface BB FSm B B B B B B B B B B shard Type of Type 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Number Number shards of 7 42 22 15 28 70 40 131 129 130 number Sub number Museum Museum T27403 T27403 T27402 T27076 T27080 T27080 T27080 T27074 T27074 T27074 linear boundrieslinear Lines & furrows Decor elements Chevrons with form Rim Rim diam. (Kristoffersen Vessel shape & Magnus 2010: fig. 3.) Late Roman Iron Age/ Migration Period dated to: Typologically Typologically handled handled handled handled vessels vessels vessels vessels form as form as vessel form as form as pottery pottery Similar Similar Similar Similar Similar Similar Similar Bucket- Bucket- shaped shaped Type of Type off off off off off off off off off off Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too Too peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled peeled small or or small small or or small small or or small small or or small or small or small or small small or or small small or or small small or or small number Vessel Vessel
320 The pottery at Vik in the Early Iron Age House 29, Waste Pit Context Waste Pit 605400 613254 Food Food crust
with Sa Sa Tempered - treat ment Surface FSm FSm shard Type of Type 1 1 Number Number shards of 9 8 number Sub number Museum Museum T27404 T27404 Decor elements form Rim Rim diam. (Kristoffersen Vessel shape & Magnus 2010: fig. 3.) dated to: Typologically Typologically vessel Type of Type off off Too Too peeled peeled peeled peeled small or or small small or or small number Surface treatment: D – Decomposed, Sm – Smoothed, FSm – Fine smoothed, BB - Black-burnished, G – Grooved, Sl – Sludged, Co – Coarse. Vessel Vessel Type of shard:Type R – Rim, B – Belly, Bo – Bottom, S – Shoulder, N – Neck, C – H – handle.Collar, Tempered with: A – Asbestoes, M – Mica, St – Steatite(Soapstone), Q – Quartz, F – Feldspar, Sa – Sand(natural).
321