Stock Market Indicators: Margin Debt

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Stock Market Indicators: Margin Debt Stock Market Indicators: Margin Debt Yardeni Research, Inc. September 24, 2021 Dr. Edward Yardeni 516-972-7683 [email protected] Mali Quintana 480-664-1333 [email protected] Please visit our sites at www.yardeni.com blog.yardeni.com thinking outside the box Table Of Contents TableTable OfOf ContentsContents Margin Debt 3-6 September 24, 2021 / Stock Market Indicators: Margin Debt Yardeni Research, Inc. www.yardeni.com Margin Debt Figure 1. 900 Aug 50 MARGIN DEBT & WILSHIRE 5000 840 9/23 780 720 Margin Debt* 40 660 (billion dollars) (911.5) 600 Wilshire 5000 540 Market Cap 30 (trillions) (46.3) 480 420 360 20 300 240 180 10 120 60 yardeni.com 0 0 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 * Debit balances in margin accounts at broker/dealers. Beginning in 1997 data are debit balances in customers’ securities margin accounts. Note: Shaded red areas are S&P 500 bear market declines of 20% or more. Yellow areas show bull markets. Source: New York Stock Exchange through December 1996, FINRA thereafter, and Haver Analytics. Figure 2. 3.0 3.0 MARGIN DEBT* (as a percent of Wilshire 5000) 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.0 Aug 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 yardeni.com 1.0 1.0 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 * Debit balances in margin accounts at broker/dealers. Source: New York Stock Exchange through December 1996, FINRA thereafter, and Haver Analytics. Page 3 / September 24, 2021 / Stock Market Indicators: Margin Debt Yardeni Research, Inc. www.yardeni.com Margin Debt Figure 3. 400 400 MARGIN DEBT* 350 (yearly change, billion dollars) 350 300 300 Aug 250 250 200 200 150 150 100 100 50 50 0 0 -50 -50 -100 -100 -150 -150 yardeni.com -200 -200 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 * Debit balances in margin accounts at broker/dealers. Note: Shaded red areas are S&P 500 bear market declines of 20% or more. Yellow areas show bull markets. Source: New York Stock Exchange through December 1996, FINRA thereafter, and Haver Analytics. Figure 4. 100 100 MARGIN DEBT* (yearly percent change) 50 50 Aug 0 0 yardeni.com -50 -50 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 * Debit balances in margin accounts at broker/dealers. Note: Shaded red areas are S&P 500 bear market declines of 20% or more. Yellow areas show bull markets. Source: New York Stock Exchange through December 1996, FINRA thereafter, and Haver Analytics. Page 4 / September 24, 2021 / Stock Market Indicators: Margin Debt Yardeni Research, Inc. www.yardeni.com Margin Debt Figure 5. 1000 40 MARGIN DEBT & S&P 500 9/22 Aug 800 Margin Debt* (billion dollars) (911.5) 30 S&P 500 Market Cap (37.3) 600 20 400 10 200 yardeni.com 0 0 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 * Debit balances in margin accounts at broker/dealers. Source: New York Stock Exchange through December 1996, FINRA thereafter, and Standard & Poor’s. Figure 6. 4 4 MARGIN DEBT (as a percent of S&P 500 market cap) 3 3 Aug 2 2 yardeni.com 1 1 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 * Debit balances in margin accounts at broker/dealers. Source: New York Stock Exchange through December 1996, FINRA thereafter, and Standard & Poor’s. Page 5 / September 24, 2021 / Stock Market Indicators: Margin Debt Yardeni Research, Inc. www.yardeni.com Margin Debt Figure 7. 900 Aug 3000 MARGIN DEBT & RUSSELL 3000 850 800 9/24 750 Margin Debt* 700 (billion dollars) 650 2000 600 Russell 3000 Index 550 500 450 400 350 1000 300 250 200 150 100 yardeni.com 50 0 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 * Debit balances in margin accounts at broker/dealers. Beginning in 1997 data are debit Balances in customers’ securities margin accounts. Source: New York Stock Exchange through December 1996, FINRA thereafter, and Wall Street Journal. Figure 8. 9/24 1000 1000 950 MARGIN DEBT & S&P 1500 950 900 Aug 900 850 850 800 800 S&P 1500 Composite Index 750 750 700 Margin Debt* 700 650 (billion dollars) 650 600 600 550 550 500 500 450 450 400 400 350 350 300 300 250 250 200 200 150 150 100 100 yardeni.com 50 50 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 * Debit balances in margin accounts at broker/dealers. Source: New York Stock Exchange through December 1996, FINRA thereafter, and Haver Analytics. Page 6 / September 24, 2021 / Stock Market Indicators: Margin Debt Yardeni Research, Inc. www.yardeni.com Copyright (c) Yardeni Research, Inc. 2021. All rights reserved. The information contained herein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but is not necessarily complete and its accuracy cannot be guaranteed. No representation or warranty, express or implied, is made as to the fairness, accuracy, completeness, or correctness of the information and opinions contained herein. The views and the other information provided are subject to change without notice. All reports and podcasts posted on www.yardeni.com, blog.yardeni.comhttp://blog.yardeni.com, and YRI’s Apps are issued without regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation, or particular needs of any specific recipient and are not to be construed as a solicitation or an offer to buy or sell any securities or related financial instruments. Past performance is not necessarily a guide to future results. Company fundamentals and earnings may be mentioned occasionally, but should not be construed as a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold the company’s stock. Predictions, forecasts, and estimates for any and all markets should not be construed as recommendations to buy, sell, or hold any security--including mutual funds, futures contracts, and exchange traded funds, or any similar instruments. The text, images, and other materials contained or displayed on any Yardeni Research, Inc. product, service, report, email or website are proprietary to Yardeni Research, Inc. and constitute valuable intellectual property. No material from any part of www.yardeni.com, blog.yardeni.comhttp://blog.yardeni.com, and YRI’s Apps may be downloaded, transmitted, broadcast, transferred, assigned, reproduced or in any other way used or otherwise disseminated in any form to any person or entity, without the explicit written consent of Yardeni Research, Inc. All unauthorized reproduction or other use of material from Yardeni Research, Inc. shall be deemed willful infringement(s) of this copyright and other proprietary and intellectual property rights, including but not limited to, rights of privacy. Yardeni Research, Inc. expressly reserves all rights in connection with its intellectual property, including without limitation the right to block the transfer of its products and services and/or to track usage thereof, through electronic tracking technology, and all other lawful means, now known or hereafter devised. Yardeni Research, Inc. reserves the right, without further notice, to pursue to the fullest extent allowed by the law any and all criminal and civil remedies for the violation of its rights. The recipient should check any email and any attachments for the presence of viruses. Yardeni Research, Inc. accepts no liability for any damage caused by any virus transmitted by this company’s emails, website, blog and Apps. Additional information available on [email protected]..
Recommended publications
  • CHALLENGES to BUSINESS in the TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY Challenges to Business in the Twenty-First Century AM ERICAN ACADEMY of ARTS & SCIENCES
    CHALLENGES TO BUSINESS IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY CHALLENGES TO BUSINESS IN THE TWENTY-FIRST Challenges to Business in the Twenty-First Century AM ERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS & SCIENCES ERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS Edited by Gerald Rosenfeld, Jay W. Lorsch, and Rakesh Khurana AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS & SCIENCES AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS & SCIENCES Challenges to Business in the Twenty-First Century Please direct inquiries to: American Academy of Arts and Sciences 136 Irving Street Cambridge, MA 02138-1996 Telephone: 617-576-5000 Fax: 617-576-5050 Email: [email protected] Web: www.amacad.org Challenges to Business in the Twenty-First Century Edited by Gerald Rosenfeld, Jay W. Lorsch, and Rakesh Khurana © 2011 by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences “Long-Term Financial Security” © 2011 by Roger W. Ferguson, Jr. “Challenges of Financial Innovation” © 2011 by Myron S. Scholes “Reversing the Null: Regulation, Deregulation, and the Power of Ideas” © 2011 by David A. Moss All rights reserved. Copies of this publication can be downloaded from: http://www.amacad.org/publications/Challenges.aspx. Suggested citation: Gerald Rosenfeld, Jay W. Lorsch, and Rakesh Khurana, eds., Challenges to Business in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, Mass.: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2011). Cover image © Adam Gault/Getty Images. ISBN#: 0-87724-089-2 The statements made and views expressed in this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and are not necessarily those of the Officers and Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Contents 1 Introduction Gerald Rosenfeld and Leslie Cohen Berlowitz 3 Chapter 1 Long-Term Financial Security Roger W.
    [Show full text]
  • Up to EUR 3,500,000.00 7% Fixed Rate Bonds Due 6 April 2026 ISIN
    Up to EUR 3,500,000.00 7% Fixed Rate Bonds due 6 April 2026 ISIN IT0005440976 Terms and Conditions Executed by EPizza S.p.A. 4126-6190-7500.7 This Terms and Conditions are dated 6 April 2021. EPizza S.p.A., a company limited by shares incorporated in Italy as a società per azioni, whose registered office is at Piazza Castello n. 19, 20123 Milan, Italy, enrolled with the companies’ register of Milan-Monza-Brianza- Lodi under No. and fiscal code No. 08950850969, VAT No. 08950850969 (the “Issuer”). *** The issue of up to EUR 3,500,000.00 (three million and five hundred thousand /00) 7% (seven per cent.) fixed rate bonds due 6 April 2026 (the “Bonds”) was authorised by the Board of Directors of the Issuer, by exercising the powers conferred to it by the Articles (as defined below), through a resolution passed on 26 March 2021. The Bonds shall be issued and held subject to and with the benefit of the provisions of this Terms and Conditions. All such provisions shall be binding on the Issuer, the Bondholders (and their successors in title) and all Persons claiming through or under them and shall endure for the benefit of the Bondholders (and their successors in title). The Bondholders (and their successors in title) are deemed to have notice of all the provisions of this Terms and Conditions and the Articles. Copies of each of the Articles and this Terms and Conditions are available for inspection during normal business hours at the registered office for the time being of the Issuer being, as at the date of this Terms and Conditions, at Piazza Castello n.
    [Show full text]
  • Margin Requirements Across Equity-Related Instruments: How Level Is the Playing Field?
    Fortune pgs 31-50 1/6/04 8:21 PM Page 31 Margin Requirements Across Equity-Related Instruments: How Level Is the Playing Field? hen interest rates rose sharply in 1994, a number of derivatives- related failures occurred, prominent among them the bankrupt- cy of Orange County, California, which had invested heavily in W 1 structured notes called “inverse floaters.” These events led to vigorous public discussion about the links between derivative securities and finan- cial stability, as well as about the potential role of new regulation. In an effort to clarify the issues, the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston sponsored an educational forum in which the risks and risk management of deriva- tive securities were discussed by a range of interested parties: academics; lawmakers and regulators; experts from nonfinancial corporations, investment and commercial banks, and pension funds; and issuers of securities. The Bank published a summary of the presentations in Minehan and Simons (1995). In the keynote address, Harvard Business School Professor Jay Light noted that there are at least 11 ways that investors can participate in the returns on the Standard and Poor’s 500 composite index (see Box 1). Professor Light pointed out that these alternatives exist because they dif- Peter Fortune fer in a variety of important respects: Some carry higher transaction costs; others might have higher margin requirements; still others might differ in tax treatment or in regulatory restraints. The author is Senior Economist and The purpose of the present study is to assess one dimension of those Advisor to the Director of Research at differences—margin requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Margin Requirements and Equity Option Returns∗
    Margin Requirements and Equity Option Returns∗ Steffen Hitzemann† Michael Hofmann‡ Marliese Uhrig-Homburg§ Christian Wagner¶ December 2017 Abstract In equity option markets, traders face margin requirements both for the options them- selves and for hedging-related positions in the underlying stock market. We show that these requirements carry a significant margin premium in the cross-section of equity option returns. The sign of the margin premium depends on demand pressure: If end-users are on the long side of the market, option returns decrease with margins, while they increase otherwise. Our results are statistically and economically significant and robust to different margin specifications and various control variables. We explain our findings by a model of funding-constrained derivatives dealers that require compensation for satisfying end-users’ option demand. Keywords: equity options, margins, funding liquidity, cross-section of option returns JEL Classification: G12, G13 ∗We thank Hameed Allaudeen, Mario Bellia, Jie Cao, Zhi Da, Matt Darst, Maxym Dedov, Bjørn Eraker, Andrea Frazzini, Ruslan Goyenko, Guanglian Hu, Hendrik Hülsbusch, Kris Jacobs, Stefan Kanne, Olaf Korn, Dmitriy Muravyev, Lasse Pedersen, Matthias Pelster, Oleg Rytchkov, Ivan Shaliastovich, as well as participants of the 2017 EFA Annual Meeting, the SFS Cavalcade North America 2017, the 2017 MFA Annual Meeting, the SGF Conference 2017, the Conference on the Econometrics of Financial Markets, the 2016 Annual Meeting of the German Finance Association, the Paris December 2016 Finance Meeting, and seminar participants at the Center for Financial Frictions at Copenhagen Business School, the CUHK Business School, the University of Gothenburg, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison for valuable discussions and helpful comments and suggestions.
    [Show full text]
  • Margin-Based Asset Pricing and Deviations from the Law of One Price∗
    Margin-Based Asset Pricing and Deviations from the Law of One Price∗ Nicolae Gˆarleanu and Lasse Heje Pedersen† Current Version: September 2009 Abstract In a model with heterogeneous-risk-aversion agents facing margin constraints, we show how securities’ required returns are characterized both by their betas and their margins. Negative shocks to fundamentals make margin constraints bind, lowering risk-free rates and raising Sharpe ratios of risky securities, especially for high-margin securities. Such a funding liquidity crisis gives rise to “bases,” that is, price gaps between securities with identical cash-flows but different margins. In the time series, bases depend on the shadow cost of capital, which can be captured through the interest- rate spread between collateralized and uncollateralized loans, and, in the cross section, they depend on relative margins. We apply the model empirically to CDS-bond bases and other deviations from the Law of One Price, and to evaluate the Fed lending facilities. ∗We are grateful for helpful comments from Markus Brunnermeier, Xavier Gabaix, Andrei Shleifer, and Wei Xiong, as well as from seminar participants at the Bank of Canada, Columbia GSB, London School of Economics, MIT Sloan, McGill University, Northwestern University Kellog, UT Austin McCombs, UC Berkeley Haas, the Yale Financial Crisis Conference, and Yale SOM. †Gˆarleanu (corresponding author) is at Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, NBER, and CEPR; e-mail: [email protected]. Pedersen is at New York University, NBER, and CEPR, 44 West Fourth Street, NY 10012-1126; e-mail: [email protected], http://www.stern.nyu.edu/∼lpederse/.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide for Margin Finance
    Guide for Margin Finance Guide for Margin Finance Contents Margin Finance What is margin finance? How does margin finance take place? Risks of margin finance Acknowledgement 1 / 6 Guide for Margin Finance Margin Finance Investors should request copies from their financial brokers and familiarize themselves with the following: The guide issued by the Jordan Securities Commission, Margin Finance Instructions, the list of securities allowed to be margin financed, and the margin finance agreement. Investors should also sign an acknowledgement that they have familiarized themselves with the above in order to protect their rights. This guide aims to familiarize investors with the concept of margin finance and the risks related to it. It should be read thoroughly. 2 / 6 Guide for Margin Finance What is margin finance? The term “Margin Finance” shall mean the financing by a Financial Broker of a part of the value of the securities in the margin finance account by guaranteeing the securities in that account. How does margin finance take place? Say you are an investor and you buy shares worth JD 5,000 with your own money, then the value of these shares rises to JD 7,500, your profit would be 50%. But if you finance your purchase of these shares through margin finance the shares, you would pay JD 2,500 of your own money and your broker would pay JD 2,500, so your profit would be 100%. In other words, your profit is greater when you margin finance. If, on the other hand, the value of the shares drops to JD 2,500 after you had bought them with your own money, your loss would be 50%; but if you had bought them from the margin finance account, your loss would be 100% plus any interest payments and fees.
    [Show full text]
  • EQUITY EQUITY DER- PARAMETERS METHODOLOGIES USED in MARGIN CALCULATIONS Manual
    EQUITY EQUITY DER- PARAMETERS METHODOLOGIES USED IN MARGIN CALCULATIONS Manual APRIL 2021 V02.0 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive summary ...................................................................................... 3 Methodologies for determining Margin Parameters used in Margin Calculations ...................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Main parameters...................................................................................... 6 2.2 Margin Interval calculation ...................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Defining Coverage Level......................................................................... 7 2.2.2 Determining the Margin Interval for Equity cash ........................................ 7 2.2.3 Determining the Margin Interval for Equity derivatives .............................. 10 2.3 Product Group Offset Factor .................................................................. 10 2.4 Futures Straddle Margin ........................................................................ 10 2.4.1 Straddle Interest Rate Methodology ........................................................ 11 2.4.2 Straddle Correlation Methodology ........................................................... 13 2.5 Minimum Initial Margin ......................................................................... 13 2.6 Margin Intervals and Additional Margin changes ................................... 14 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This
    [Show full text]
  • A Primer on U.S. Stock Price Indices
    A Primer on U.S. Stock Price Indices he measurement of the “average” price of common stocks is a matter of widespread interest. Investors want to know how “the Tmarket” is doing, and to be able to compare their returns with a meaningful benchmark. Money managers often have their compensation tied to performance, typically measured by comparing their results to a benchmark portfolio, so they and their clients are interested in the benchmark portfolio’s returns. And policymakers want to judge the potential for sudden adjustments in stock prices when differences from “fundamental value” emerge. The most widely quoted stock price index, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, has been supplemented by other popular indices that are constructed in a different way and pose fewer problems as a measure of stock prices. At present, a number of stock price indices are reported by the few companies that we will consider in this paper. Each of these indices is intended to be a benchmark portfolio for a different segment of the universe of common stocks. This paper discusses some of the issues in constructing and interpreting stock price indices. It focuses on the most widely used indices: the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the Stan- dard & Poor’s 500, the Russell 2000, the NASDAQ Composite, and the Wilshire 5000. The first section of this study addresses issues of construction and interpretation of stock price indices. The second section compares the movements of the five indices in the last two decades and investigates the Peter Fortune relationship between the returns on the reported indices and the return on “the market.” Our results suggest that the Dow Jones Industrial Average (Dow 30) The author is a Senior Economist and has inherent problems in its construction.
    [Show full text]
  • Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund
    Fact sheet | June 30, 2021 Vanguard® Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund Domestic stock fund | Institutional Shares Fund facts Risk level Total net Expense ratio Ticker Turnover Inception Fund Low High assets as of 04/29/21 symbol rate date number 1 2 3 4 5 $227,984 MM 0.03% VITSX 8.0% 07/07/97 0855 Investment objective Benchmark Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund seeks Spliced Total Stock Market Index to track the performance of a benchmark index that measures the investment return of the Growth of a $10,000 investment : January 31, 2011—D ecember 31, 2020 overall stock market. $35,603 Investment strategy Fund as of 12/31/20 The fund employs an indexing investment $35,628 approach designed to track the performance of Benchmark the CRSP US Total Market Index, which as of 12/31/20 represents approximately 100% of the 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 investable U.S. stock market and includes large-, mid-, small-, and micro-cap stocks regularly traded on the New York Stock Exchange and Annual returns Nasdaq. The fund invests by sampling the index, meaning that it holds a broadly diversified collection of securities that, in the aggregate, approximates the full Index in terms of key characteristics. These key characteristics include industry weightings and market capitalization, as well as certain financial measures, such as Annual returns 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 price/earnings ratio and dividend yield. Fund 1.09 16.42 33.49 12.56 0.42 12.67 21.17 -5.16 30.81 21.00 For the most up-to-date fund data, Benchmark 1.08 16.44 33.51 12.58 0.40 12.68 21.19 -5.17 30.84 20.99 please scan the QR code below.
    [Show full text]
  • No. 2 Newsmaker of 2016 Was City Manager Change Rodgers Christmas Basket Fund Are Still Being Accepted
    FRIDAY 162nd YEAR • No. 208 DECEMBER 30, 2016 CLEVELAND, TN 22 PAGES • 50¢ Basket Fund Donations to the William Hall No. 2 Newsmaker of 2016 was city manager change Rodgers Christmas Basket Fund are still being accepted. Each By LARRY C. BOWERS Service informed Council members of year, the fund supplies boxes of Banner Staff Writer the search process they faced. food staples to needy families TOP 10 MTAS provided assistance free of during the holiday season. The The Cleveland City Council started charge, and Norris recommended the fund, which is a 501(c)(3) charity, the 2016 calendar year with a huge city hire a consultant. This was prior is a volunteer-suppported effort. challenge — an ordeal which devel- NEWSMAKERS to the Council’s decision to hire Any funds over what is needed to oped into the No. 2 news story of the Wallace, who had also assisted with pay for food bought this year will year as voted by Cleveland Daily the city’s hiring of Police Chief Mark be used next Christmas. Banner staff writers and editors — The huge field of applicants was Gibson. Donations may be mailed to First when the city celebrated the retire- vetted by city consultant and former Council explored the possibility of Tennessee Bank, P.O. Box 3566, ment of City Manager Janice Casteel Tennessee Bureau of Investigation using MTAS and a recruiting agency, Cleveland TN 37320-3566 or and announced the hiring of new City Director Larry Wallace, of Athens, as but Norris told them she had never dropped off at First Tennessee Manager Joe Fivas.
    [Show full text]
  • Margin-Based Asset Pricing and Deviations from the Law of One Price
    Margin-based Asset Pricing and Deviations from the Law of One Price Nicolae Garleanuˆ University of California Lasse Heje Pedersen New York University In a model with heterogeneous-risk-aversion agents facing margin constraints, we show how securities’ required returns increase in both their betas and their margin require- ments. Negative shocks to fundamentals make margin constraints bind, lowering risk-free rates and raising Sharpe ratios of risky securities, especially for high-margin securities. Such a funding-liquidity crisis gives rise to “bases,” that is, price gaps between securities with identical cash-flows but different margins. In the time series, bases depend onthe shadow cost of capital, which can be captured through the interest-rate spread between collateralized and uncollateralized loans and, in the cross-section, they depend on rela- tive margins. We test the model empirically using the credit default swap–bond bases and other deviations from the Law of One Price, and use it to evaluate central banks’ lending facilities. (JEL G01, G12, G13, E44, E50) The paramount role of funding constraints becomes particularly salient dur- ing liquidity crises, with the one that started in 2007 being an excellent case in point. Banks unable to fund their operations closed down, and the fund- ing problems spread to other investors, such as hedge funds, that relied on bank funding. Therefore, traditional liquidity providers became forced sellers, interest-rate spreads increased dramatically, Treasury rates dropped sharply, and central
    [Show full text]
  • Financial Market Data for R/Rmetrics
    Financial Market Data for R/Rmetrics Diethelm Würtz Andrew Ellis Yohan Chalabi Rmetrics Association & Finance Online R/Rmetrics eBook Series R/Rmetrics eBooks is a series of electronic books and user guides aimed at students and practitioner who use R/Rmetrics to analyze financial markets. A Discussion of Time Series Objects for R in Finance (2009) Diethelm Würtz, Yohan Chalabi, Andrew Ellis R/Rmetrics Meielisalp 2009 Proceedings of the Meielisalp Workshop 2011 Editor Diethelm Würtz Basic R for Finance (2010), Diethelm Würtz, Yohan Chalabi, Longhow Lam, Andrew Ellis Chronological Objects with Rmetrics (2010), Diethelm Würtz, Yohan Chalabi, Andrew Ellis Portfolio Optimization with R/Rmetrics (2010), Diethelm Würtz, William Chen, Yohan Chalabi, Andrew Ellis Financial Market Data for R/Rmetrics (2010) Diethelm W?rtz, Andrew Ellis, Yohan Chalabi Indian Financial Market Data for R/Rmetrics (2010) Diethelm Würtz, Mahendra Mehta, Andrew Ellis, Yohan Chalabi Asian Option Pricing with R/Rmetrics (2010) Diethelm Würtz R/Rmetrics Singapore 2010 Proceedings of the Singapore Workshop 2010 Editors Diethelm Würtz, Mahendra Mehta, David Scott, Juri Hinz R/Rmetrics Meielisalp 2011 Proceedings of the Meielisalp Summer School and Workshop 2011 Editor Diethelm Würtz III tinn-R Editor (2010) José Cláudio Faria, Philippe Grosjean, Enio Galinkin Jelihovschi and Ri- cardo Pietrobon R/Rmetrics Meielisalp 2011 Proceedings of the Meielisalp Summer Scholl and Workshop 2011 Editor Diethelm Würtz R/Rmetrics Meielisalp 2012 Proceedings of the Meielisalp Summer Scholl and Workshop 2012 Editor Diethelm Würtz Topics in Empirical Finance with R and Rmetrics (2013), Patrick Hénaff FINANCIAL MARKET DATA FOR R/RMETRICS DIETHELM WÜRTZ ANDREW ELLIS YOHAN CHALABI RMETRICS ASSOCIATION &FINANCE ONLINE Series Editors: Prof.
    [Show full text]