Rev. Innova Educ. (2020). Vol 2 No 4

Revista Innova Educación

www.revistainnovaeducacion.com ISSN: 2664-1496 ISSN-L: 2664-1488 Edited by: Instituto Universitario de Investigación Inudi Perú

Structure and socio-economic culture of peasant community in Estructura y cultura socioeconómica de la comunidad campesina en Perú

Alcides Palacios1 Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno, Perú https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2019-3730

DOI: https://doi.org/10.35622/j.rie.2020.04.005

Received 10/06/2020/ Accepted 21/09/2020

ORIGINAL ARTICLE ABSTRACT. Objective. Was to evaluate the organizational structure in peasant communities in Perú and their contribution to national economic development. It KEYWORDS worked with 6 communities. Methods: Descriptive, observational. as instruments were: interview, survey, document review and the application of economic factors. Business Results: The economic factors are low, with enough solvency to get into debt. Inability development, peasant to strengthen the community. The agriculture production without markets, isolated organization, profit, sales. The present community model does not help to the new vision of community - decision making. business. Conclusions: To work as community is not profitable, So, they are unable to given back money to members; The training has direct impact on community development and management skills. The liberalization of the land is dangerous because the peasants can end landless and poorest. The members are not interested to maintain the sustainability of the community. The contribution and payment the tax the peasants are exempt, they are affected by indirect tax such as IVA. It`s imperative to produce crops with greater demands at national and foreign market and it should be profitable too in a new community structure.

RESUMEN. Objetivo: Fue evaluar la estructura organizativa de comunidades PALABRAS CLAVE campesinas en el Perú y su contribución al desarrollo de la economía nacional. Se trabajó con 6 comunidades campesinas. Métodos: Descriptivo, observacional y mixto. Desarrollo Instrumentos: entrevista, encuesta, revisión documentaria y ratios financieros. empresarial, Resultados: Las ratios financieras fueron bajos, cuentan con una solvencia para organización endeudarse, pero son incapaces para fortalecer la comunidad, la producción agrícola no campesina, tiene definido los mercados y las ventas son aisladas. En consecuencia, el modelo actual rentabilidad, toma de de comunidad no ayuda a la nueva visión de comunidad - empresa. Conclusiones: decisiones. Trabajar como comunidad no es rentable y es imposible pagar a sus asociados. La capacitación tiene incidencia directa en la gestión y desarrollo comunal. La liberalización de tierras resulta peligrosa porque los comuneros terminarían sin tierras y más pobres. Los socios no tienen interés en mantenerse en la comunidad. La contribución al fisco solo se da a través de impuestos indirectos como el IGV, por estar exonerados de todo impuesto el sector agrario primario. Es importante implantar

1 Correspondencia: [email protected] This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. 5 4 3 2 Paucartambo Yaca and province inprovinceofAbancay located Llachahui by: economic reasons, percentage and core trends. This study took a peasant community: Carata 2015) factors i surveys, questionnaire the through 2017) Manterola, & Otzen 2015; model of peasantcommunity. result, a As economicaspects. and social the fromPerú, et al.,1987;O´shaughnessy, 1991) hook the community production with the market place fr (Frias, 2016; Kendal & Rodríguez, 2009; Mora ac resources all of the asWorks organization and/or know apply the not do directives communities’ of majority The results. positive no with benefits community the of management the ( liberty in lived reform agrarian government; conclude Peruvian in for the carrybecause to load heavy a been have communities peasant the Actually Structure and socio

Delahaye, 2006; Fernandez 2006; Delahaye, Chingarani, Chingarani, Lluco, Llachahui, campesina Carata,comunidad del distrito Coata, de om and survival economy to market economy. Where the government has to play a key role torole key a play to has government the Where economy. market to economy survival and om 2. 1.

.

comunidad To process To Research was design METHOD ANDMETHOD MATERIALS This investigation analyzes the real situation of community members is Southern region of The actual model of is community obsolete and needs to do adjustment structureinside´s INTRODUCTION (Taylor

management tools in decisionmanagement in makingtohelpthecommuni tools 3 comunidadcampesina Coata, del de distrito Lluco , comunidadcampesina del de distrito ayni

(Sa This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution - campesinadel distrito C de oel & Powell muano, muano, 2007)

-

4 and cording to agro to cording economic culture peasantof community in Peru the data was the SPSS statistical p statistical SPSS the was data the

n Chingarani and minka de comunidad. de cultivos de mayores demandas en el mercado a la vez rentabl tee 19; ors et Torres 1996; Steele,

- non experimental,non descriptive , the management of water, earth and air and water, earth managementof the , Maldonado, 2015) Maldonado,

. So, they having as a strength the

. We used the non the used We . - . ecological floors they have and they are they and have they floors ecological

nterview, direct observation direct nterview, apachica 5

f uos rvne te Quero’s the province; Puno´s of

Tiquillaca

provincia región provincia y Puno

Alcides Palacios Alcides ,

provincia región Puno y provinciaregión y Puno , , 2020) ,

provincia y región provinciaPuno y . The rural situation is worse even they had a tax tax a had they even worse is situation rural The .

l, 2009) al., - probabilistic sample. The data was collected was data The sample. probabilistic ackage. Additionally, the interpretatio the Additionally, ackage. . Is necessary to modernize them and transit - NonCommercial (Martinez, 2002; Berdegué, 2015; Kervyn

it is estimated the need to propose a new a propose to needthe estimated is it - Perú (Arrivillaga et

- -

Perú Perú ouet review documents

. culture culture traditions, the community and the ap the and

- - ShareAlike 4.0International License. Perú ty development. . .

Also taking the advantagethe taking Also

al., Cairampoma, 2006; omnt lctd in located Community es en una nueva estructura plication of economic of plication

prostrate in poverty poverty in prostrate Celr et (Cuellar

n was was n

al., al., 2 , 577

Revista Innova Educación Vol. 2. No. 4 (2020) 7 6 economy survival the from manage that po these they have a community working system such as: The Minka and The Ayni (pachamama) earth water, of management in knowledge Andean use They the individual rather communal. than abandoned used and bysome minimally work communal Yaca of case In market. the for little and survival for is production commu the keeping still They responsibility. their meeting of Queros case the In in precisely communities. whim Puno´s his at management administrative does who president, community Com Special 2019) 24656, 1987;LeyN° 30982, Com Special c) Directive; Communal b) Assembly; General a) communities: peasant of bodies governing are regime Administrative Article16. inalienable. communit full peasant described the by the the of law of land land titling and to demarcation The a 7. Article oriented country. are the and ends members its of whose realization activities multisectoral of development and governance ties, ancestral cultural and economic social, expressed by linked territories, certain control and inhabit in public are Universe ofstudy andunits Structure and socio

Perú of peasant in communities Social Queros Yaca, peas Yaca, 3.

a.

The peasant community retain their cultural roo cultural their retain community peasant The those reality, in but 24656 N° law by given structure the keeps community peasant The community: peasant of 24656 N° Law - Study DISCUSSION AND RESULTS DISCUSSION

native community located in district and province of Paucartambo, Cuzco ofPaucartambo, province and district in located community native economic structure,

tencialities Community OrganizationalCommunity structure ant community located in district of Circa, Province of Abancay. Apurimac Abancay. Provinceof Circa, of district in located community ant n omnl ad rpry te omnl ok n mta help, mutual and work communal the property, land communal in terest organizations with legal existence and legal status. Integrated by families that families by Integrated status. legal and existence legal with organizations terest (Kendal & Rodríguez, 2009) Rodríguez, & (Kendal ite te d nt ufl ter epniiiis Ti i t is This responsibilities. their fulfill not do they mittees

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution universe

s o la te ae canl n rbit e l hue Te atlns so wastelands The house. old de rebuilt and channel water the clean to as - economic culture peasantof community in Peru

are wasted including the comparative advantage as the agroecologicalfloors the comparativeasadvantage the areincluding wasted

Breu, 2015) (Berdegué, To social level To economic level Unit . 6

omnt te aaeet s oe ii ad hy are they and rigid more is management the Community s ofstudy of them in grazing. The Directives are more interested in

. It . Alcides Palacios Alcides

is necessary to modernize the agriculture and transit and agriculture the modernize to necessary is

Article 2. Express that the Peasant Communities Peasant the that Express 2. Article

o n akt e market an to

nd they are unattachable, imprescriptible and uies community production Profit, sales, motivation. modernization, business, structure, tenure. land culture, and Tradition community Peasant - NonCommercial ts that constitute an exceptional strength. exceptional an constitute that ts

mittees for activity an Annexes an activity for mittees nal activities when is need it. The The it. need is when activities nal

Study Study

conomy -

ShareAlike 4.0International License. Economic reasons and 7 -

Perú

s community is doing some doing is community profit, sales and and sales profit, ubunits (Frias, 2016) - kn datg b the by advantage aken

Perú Kry e a. 1987; al., et (Kervyn and air and

the democratic democratic the

(Mora, 2020), (Mora, . However, However,

ies is ies (Ley

578

Revista Innova Educación Vol. 2. No. 4 (2020) (Ferrando, 2015 pressu put they this For capitalism. against negotiation of power bargaining weaken and organizations peasant Binswanger, capital and technology in with invest sectors to to capacity mayor lands those Transfer Perú. in modernization agriculture the and reform land in rigth individuals the Likewise assambly bytwothirsds of itsqualifymembers agrees o with the conclusions organiz its to adjustments to requieres and obsolete is community For validity. states that.its examplethe commoner Chingarani´s community JulioContreras of organizational reality of the community it i communal do to want animalsworks. longer Community andcrops cultivation nolonger exist. Andthe other no individualistic, very become have members the that, capture 2009) days worked the during served were drink and food return in And it. need they when a to work, those who did attendnot were expelled the from community fortress, state land building for was work the Usually food. and tools where orreciprocalwiththeirownsconcurred families work character; with social many purpose T communal production tothe market 1991) O´shaughnessy, Structure and socio gricultural work and house construction with the condition, that it correspond the same manner manner same the correspond it that condition, the with construction house and work gricultural he Andean ancestralhe Andean works .

The new agrarian law authorizes that, they can sell the communal land if is approved in in approved is if land communal the sell can they that, authorizes law agrarian new The peasant of model actual the that say certainly can we certain as reality this Facing In interviews made with ex directives of studied commnuniti studied of directives ex with made interviews In familily a is Ayni The quechua in minga o (mink’a Minka The used to do; Now weused are todo;Now onthewaytot iwhat he can inhis plots of land got. And no longer we practic has only 200hectares, andnonany crops. animals cero cultivation of Every one does had. we little what plunder cometo contribut work their for compensation as members our to bay pay to able are we So, crops. agricultural more planted and animals community 2 and alpacas 60 cows, 80 (…)

1998). Their objectives were to weakening and broken the associative forms of of forms associative the broken and weakening to were objectives Their 1998). land release with an efficient use of needs to be recognized formally over the land land the over formally recognized be to needs of use efficient an with release land

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution re on the econom the on re ; When I left as the community president we president community the as left I When (Deininger & Binswanger, 2001) Binswanger, & (Deininger Bitia &García,AcuñaBitia 2003) 2016; &Petrantonio, - cultivation, cultivation, disabled people, orphans and the elderly. When the summons economic culture peasantof community in Peru . Wh . ere the government has to play an important role in the insertion of of insertion the in role important an play to has government the ere f Cooperation and

reciprocalwork system among the Ayllu members, intended for for intended members, Ayllu the among system reciprocalwork ic sector as well as the government to speed up land parcellation land up speed to government the as well as sector ic (Martinez, 2002) 00 sheeps. While some of us put efforts to keep growing growing keep to efforts put us of some While sheeps. 00

Alcides Palacios Alcides s observed that the Andean cultural knowledge has lost

Now we have parcelated the land, the community community the land, the parcelated havewe Now E (Law of peasantPerú, communities ). Is an Inca´s traditional community volunteer community traditional Inca´s an Is ).

conomic conomic . International . he destructiononpeasantcommunity. final

(Ban a communal house, water channel, mining, mining, channel, water house, communal a .

- NonCommercial

co Mundial, 2019 Mundial, co D

had 1,800 hectares of land awarded, land of hectares 1,800 had eveloment

institutions have been interested been have institutions - ShareAlike 4.0International License. ational structure. This results This structure. ational . (Enciso (Enciso & Mendoza, 2011).

es it has been possible to to possible been has it es ed. Other directives have have directives Other ed. O e what our grandparents rganization (2007). ; Deininger, Feder Deininger,

hand, diagnosing hand, diagnosing

1987, Art.7). (Portugal, (Portugal,

&

579

Revista Innova Educación Vol. 2. No. 4 (2020) 9 8 of 75.5% that shown 24 table in spent theassigned in parcels it is appreciated the results of survey 2.b where the commoners indicates that 70.6% o the Kibutz like not is and community the for activities major out carrying not are they and capital personal co the Also income. with tenure size land the (Science, 20 machines transformation w did, community community peasant the of durability the strengthen community. life an with count to requires ideali it For inside. institutions relevant of network a with system support company a as work would it state; not 2005) (Mancilla, to sell to the market. It would be interesting to adapt some production techniques commu the cultivate peasants agricult in invasion the accelerating and land instead distribution land the inequality resolve deepened not did where , and Guatemala, Mexico, in instrumentHere ofland as marketpolicy whose an implementatio the sees greater solvency, that serves as a credit guarantee with destiny to secondary and tertiary activities. the of destination final the be wil “Which communal land”? asked I when community, Yaca´s of directive ex Structure and socio

Kibutz Moshava value de value Afn 2004) (Affon, stic inhabitant, highly motivated and willing to carry a , It is stated that the training has a direct relation with income in to manage the community community the manage to in income with relation direct a has training the that stated is It By contrasting the land tenure awarded versus income 2012 to members its to motivate not does it and loss a at works community the way this In Without a do inteview In a farm or factoryafarm in Israelor whereandprofits duties areworkallshared and is h drc osrain ae o omnr’ eair e a ntc ta, hy o they that, notice can we behavior commoners’ to made observation direct The , (Naupay & Lincoln, 2017; Thiesenhusen, 2017; (Naupay 1996) &Lincoln,

be inagricultureinsteadServices. could necessarely non activities profitable most others do suddenly or production the into invest to capital more have can we Thouse document. legal with land the share to (…) 9 a

cooperativeIsrael consisting settlement, ain smallof farmsnumber of (Israel) do, they are owners and partners 02;Rocha, 2004) 02;Rocha,

휒

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 푐 2 He He state that he would like to take a turn to these

=3.867 is minor to minor is =3.867

- to sale the products through the cooperative. Where the property is private and and private is property the Where cooperative. the through products the sale to Te ocee hn i t ad to is thing concrete The . economic culture peasantof community in Peru s and casual conversation with Mr. Ireneo Cordova Huamán communner and and communner Huamán Cordova Ireneo Mr. with conversation casual and s hen they had marketing and low prices problems as well as the scarcity of of scarcity the as well as problems prices low and marketing had they hen ubt that the commoner i nal land for maintenance of their holidays and sports representation and not and representation sports and holidays their of maintenance for land nal (Thiesenhusen, .

hy hs t cag te ie f uies o etais activities tertiaries to business of line the change to chose They .

(Eguren et al.,2008)

respondents indicate that they having received training and only and training received having they that indicate respondents

휒 1996) 푡 2 =9.488 which means at 10 at means which =9.488 Moshav

Alcides Palacios Alcides . This motivated that the big businesses bought those bought businesses big the that motivated This . mmunity members cultivate crops according to their their to according crops cultivate members mmunity s most interested in obtaining their land tittles to have

ure, revaluing the lan the revaluing ure,

8 p ised o dp, loig otniy s a as continuity allowing adopt, to instead apt

. (De la Puerta, 1999) Puerta, la (De

(Affon, 2004) (Affon, at work - NonCommercial

.

communal existence throughout their (Velasco & Alonso, 2008)

poor poor soils, it would be

considered . Just like the Mexican logging Mexican the like Just . - there % ShareAlike 4.0International License. – d and running out of land the the land of out running and d

2013; 2013; in all cases shown that,

based in a strong public strong a in based

n had a bad experience n had experience a bad is no relat no is

of Israel´s model ion between between ion

f their time convenient convenient . Likewise

nly

580

Revista Innova Educación Vol. 2. No. 4 (2020) Source: ofcommunities Financial Statements Table 2 Source: Financial Table 1.Summa currenteconomic as tables: situation, showninfollowing is presented a of summary themain table eco To a is there management documents. Book, Minutes the and experience childrenexcept tendtoret Community the Quero´s poor and bad because they f salary. Then the second question was the participation within the community; 88,2% said between a pay to inability its for community the from technician and professionals of flight to Due a t does community have not The forare interesting it. the 23.5% Structure and socio Queros Yaca Chingarani Llachahui Lluco CarataC.C. CarataC.C.

Comunidades Comunidades document for the sale? 76,5% indicated they did not. This corroborated the contributions of contributions the corroborated This not. did they indicated 76,5% sale? the for document any or invoice give they the if was question next The isolation. in and individually products In table to Peruvian state agriculture is except to direct taxes such IVA, neither do they insig help that t is it communities peasant ccomplish with proposed objective an economic evaluation of communities was objectiveccomplisheconomic evaluation proposed made with an ofcommunities and it Queros Yaca Chingarani Llachahui

Lluco

b. In table 14 indicated that 97.1% of community directives make decisions based on his on based decisions make directives community of 97.1% that indicated 14 table In .

Summary of ecomics reasons by peasant communities reasons ofSummary ecomics bypeasant Economic Behavior ofcommunities study under

27

survey the This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution

ry of ecomics reasons by peasant communities reasonsry of ecomics bypeasant 2012 0.22 0.11 0.25 0.08 0.28 0.37 - Statements ofcommunities Fixed Asset economic culture peasantof community in Peru 37.87 13.46 Rotation Rotation (Lora &Fajardo 2012 3.06 6.39 4.11 Liquidity Liquidity

4

test

2013 question was thekindofmarketingquestion

0.32 0.14 0.23 0.12 0.32

0.2 2013 light light out of the community, if they remain, they are very individualistic, 0.02 0.21 0.23 0.06

0.3 0.1

2012 0.09 0.06 0.09 0.25 0.27 0.2 Working 2012 1.48 0.34 0.37 0.06 0.08 0.5

capital Acid Test nificant in the Peruvian economic development. Since the the Since development. economic Peruvian the in nificant -

González, 2016).

2013 0.13 0.08 0.06 0.15 0.21 0.2 1.48 0.34 0.26 0.24 0.73 2013

0.4 Alcides Palacios Alcides

nomic coefficientsinterpretation help to the the

15.07

2012 Indebtedness 2.22 4.81 9.49 4.01 7.42 Patrimonial Patrimonial 2012 1.47 0.37 0.55 0.54 0.26 0.32 o motn te conat ok ad other and books accountant the important no

Defensive urn.

Test

2013

0.68 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.65 - 11.49

2013

NonCommercial 0.8 1.48 3.23 7.33 9.01

4.1

2012

they do? 76,5% said their they sold 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.85 Sales Cost Sales Cost 0.7 0.8 Indebtedness 36.38 13.09 2012 2.17 4.59

3.8 6.9 /sale

- Asset rained staff in its management. its in rained staff ShareAlike 4.0International License.

2013 0.18 0.63 1.15 0.93

0.3 0.6

32.67 2013 1.46 3.13 6.37 8.27 10.3

he middlemen pay taxes 2012 0.34 1.31 0.17 0.52 0.62 0.2

Working

Rotation Rotation Capital 55.59 60.08 26.09 78.51 80.27 73.06 2012

Net return 2013 0.21 0.18 0.21 0.49 0.1 0.1

2013 0.32 0.14 0.23 0 0.32 0.2 .12

decent

581

Revista Innova Educación Vol. 2. No. 4 (2020) hs ol b a ih ik o oe t o non for it lose to risk high a be could this tit their have they If tenure. land in insecurity to due land, communal the of parcellation the in interested more profitablecropsbythemarket required re be to need communities the why reasons the are These matters. business by strengthen the continuity of peasant community based do in the lack of knowledge of its managers in to not and assistance government the the by changed have tasks communal The Minka), ( uncertainty, even they have land, but they do not plant most pro i stay to members of scale selltheir products and tobuysupplies 2013). (Laky, suitable mark face with problems as low prices, scarcity of machines for transformation and Little knowledge of could be motivated and strengthen the continuity as a community. Now the community Directives over production, this way they are able to motiv encourage not do community the way this In representation. community sports and holidays of that the production cut servic tertiary and secondary provide and transform to order in S/. borrowed. The with minor the is community Chingarani the since loan; a easily and reinvest showing us the low capacity to inve part of their capacity third one at only used been have goods de that conclude can we however, community; Quero´s per year, which the means poorest money use ofthe Quero´s increase from 0,28 to 0,34 (+0,06 cents) In all cases the worki in and cents) (+0,09 1.31 to 1.22 from up goes Chingarani in except decreasing, aretendency the Structure and socio Machado & Suarez Ruth, 19 Machado &Suarez Ruth, msel 4. of the community

les The managers and community members are eager to destroy the system and they are are they and system the destroy to eager are members community and managers The and work (Ayni communalas the cultural the heritage lost have The members community CONCLUSIONS community the from interest little a is there that corroborated is scenario this Facing communities all In Support Debt The Rotation Capital The Asset Fixed The According to the economic ves. The peasant community is unable to give back and motivate to its members to to members its to motivate and back give to unable is community peasant The ves. could be chosen for credit or they can rent or put as a guarantee for a credit. However, However, credit. a for guarantee a as put or rent can they or credit for chosen be could ets, and isolated sales, instead they s 2002) (Rivera.Jorge,

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution

loan loan must be oriented to buy the machinery and equipment - economic culture peasantof community in Peru te community the n in these communities are not enough, because they only plant for maintenance (Nava &Marbelis, 2009)

(Quiroa, 2015) Rotation

of the six communities have a wide support which let them to cover cover to them let which support wide a have communities six the of the Rentability the

99) of the communities are minimum, they use less than 21%, these these 21%, than less use they minimum, are communities the of . . In almost all communities hav communities all almost In .

.

reasons we see the st and stay in status quo, due the lack .

Ng, 2020) (Nagy,

Alcides Palacios Alcides over the investment is less than 1%: than less is investment the over . -

amn te rdt. ut o i Latin in how Just credits. the payment . ate ate them by given a bonus for their wor

hould hould ally with neighbors to expand the economy . (Alonso &Loor,2018)

o hvn a long a having Not Working Working Capital Rotation - NonCommercial

fita es, so they can change the current current the change can they so es,

e decayed, except in Yaca´s and and Yaca´s in except decayed, e ble crops required by the market - ShareAlike 4.0International License. ng capital rotates only one 22,44 soles for every sol sol every for soles 22,44

of capacity to take a risk - (Giacolone et al., 2010) term plan increase the the increase plan term - . foun

so, we can affirm can we so, in 4 communities ded and ded - k; so, they American look for for look

s

582

Revista Innova Educación Vol. 2. No. 4 (2020) De laPuerta, C.(1999). de Plan (2015). Y. Gonzales, & G., Sanchez, M., Thompson, C., Rivero, C., la de E. Cuellar, Ca Berdegué, Agricultores En economía en campesinos mercado. una J.(2015). de septiembre). (2019, Mundial. Banco mujeres en psicológicas Variables (2006). L. Holguin, & M., Varela, D., Correa, M., Arrivillaga, tr y capital Servicios, (2018). L. Loor, & A., Alonso, Affon, J.(2004). BIBLIOGR government sh the and products, organic and quality high with sales collective in development sustainable the and placement Anew of production. community model based ineco level second a encourage technologies, communal managementwiththe individual. In if they joint with neighbors to expand the economy of scale to buy suppliers or to sell the products ecological systems under adversity conditions. I markets; its keeps that the tax collectioncountry. of the business a as not and home, acco the sustaining at aimed to oriented are activities condit economic the improved instead theyranoutofland (landless). land, of liberalization the after passed countries Structure and socio

irampoma, R. (2015). Tipos de Investigación científica Investigación de Tipos (2015). R. irampoma, communities where yet exist the communal land, animals and plants must balance between between balance must plants and animals land, communal the exist yet where communities unting that issues vouchers for its activities it does and become an an become and does it activities its for vouchers issues that unting manejo sostenible incoherente yclasificación. nomenclatura world innovation http Mundial. reducir la pobreza en los países en desarrollo, según un informe del Banco Mundial 65 est un VIH/SIDA: con diagnosticadas Economía y desarrollo appropriate to outreach to: government the by prioritized be must training The foreign and agribusiness to linked agriculture dynamic and modern the required we Now their well sense, economic an in company a as operate not do parcel his and peasant The Cuba. the peasant does not take a take not does peasant the 9 - 668. APHIC -

Pastos yPastos Forrajes bank This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution ould prio

Dinámica de Grupos - - economic culture peasantof community in Peru - technology report REFERENCES s://www.bancomundial.org/es/news/press ritize purchase programs.ritize production thecommunal for itssocial Israel una Agricultura aspecializada unaAgricultura Israel

de de tierra para la producción de leche en la UBPC Aguad - , hold 160 ,

38 - (2). .

key dvan La innovación agrícola y la tecnología son la clave para para clave la son tecnología la y agrícola innovación La

. Universidad del. Universidad Pacífico.

- bank that bank to tage of Andean knowledge to conduce better the Agri Agri the better conduce to knowledge Andean of tage

Alcides Palacios Alcides - poverty

udio correlacional. correlacional. udio t is possible to repowering the peasant community

REDVET

helps community members advise in finances finances in advise members community helps - reduction - NonCommercial

bj: n rfein rtc Services. crítica reflexión una abajo: : Una simplificación de la complicada la de simplificación Una : , 16 - . in Ministerio deAgricultura. .

- - developing

release/2019/09 Universitas Psychologica Universitas - ShareAlike 4.0International License. - production as anproduction alternative active agent active ion - countries f esns a not has peasants of RIMISP /16/agricultural ita, ita, Cienfuegos,

and increase increase and - says .

. Banco - ,

5 (3), (3), - - .

583

Revista Innova Educación Vol. 2. No. 4 (2020) Mora, J. (2020). J. Mora, Martínez, L.(2002). (2005). R. Mancilla, (1999). R. Suarez, & A., Machado, Fajardo & E., Lora, (1987). Kervyn,B. (2009). A. Rodríguez, & A., Kendal, Science. for Council International Giacolone, R., Hernandez, M., & Zerpa, S. (2010). El financiamiento del componente primario del la construir para saberes de encuentro de Espacio Comunitario. Servicio (2016). N. Frías, (2015 A. Ferrando, Fernandez Eguren, F., la para puntos algunos sostenible: rural desarrollo y tierra la de Tenencia (2006). O. Delahaye, marzo). (2001, H. Binswanger, & K., Deininger, Structure and socio Rurales. Tercer MundoEditores. https://doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v35n67.525 Cuadern study of the effects of payroll, corporate income and value added taxes on labor outcomes. PermanenteInvestigación deII). Agraria de (SEPIA perú https://doi.org/10.4000/books.ifea.6117.Centrales del centrales Centrales. policy relevant 16 privados. actores los de visión La venezolano. agroalimentario sistema http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1010 del social sensibilidad Anales Científicos 25082015000200007 Cendes venezolano. (2000 laboral proceso al aproximación una para Apuntes «Pulpín». caso tierra campesinas. comunidades en las el en http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?scri reflexión Oxford Scholarship Servicios deComuni . -

adnd, . (2015) E. Maldonado, Del Castillo, Del Castillo, L., Burneo, Z.,&Wiener, E. (2008). Los derechos de propiedad sobre la

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution ,

s e cnma () Economia de os Día de la Tierra: sin agua de calidad, suelo fértil y aire limpio no hay vida hay no limpio aire y fértil suelo calidad, de agua sin Tierra: la de Día - economic culture peasantof community in Peru La Economía Campesina en el Perú: Teorías y Politicas y Teorías Perú: el en Campesina Economía La - . scaiia pr mjrr a opttvdd e peq de competitividad la mejorar para Asociatividad ). Gon Economía Polític Economía 32 ed n rutcua agríc arquitectura una Desde . ICSU. 8) http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1012 (89). zález, J. (2016). J. zález, En , 76 . Oxford Sc Oxford cación Intercultural.

Desarro (1), 177.https://doi.org/10.21704/ac.v76i1.779

suine oet dl IPC. del docente estudiante p 39). (p. Pr: e a e Gnrl e Taao l éie Labor Régimen al Trabajo del General Ley la de Perú: . (2002). (2002). El mercado de tierras en Colombia: una alternativa viable? alternativa una Colombia: en tierras de mercado El llo y perspectivas de los sistemas de andenería de los andes andes los de andenería de sistemas los de perspectivas y llo Contexto prehispánico del desarrollo de los andenes en los los en andenes los de desarrollo del prehispánico Contexto a de lasComunidades Indígenas holarship.

pt=sci_arttext&pid=S1316 Employment and taxes in : An empirical empirical An America: Latin in taxes and Employment Alcides Palacios Alcides

aig cec fr sustai for Science Making Consorcio de y Investigación Social Consorcio Económica nttt Facs e suis Andinos. Estudios de Francés Instituto

Evolution of the Wo the of Evolution ola - 80 NonCommercial etod suis einls Urbano Regionales Estudios de Centro .

eit d Investigación de Revista

, - ShareAlike 4.0International License. Agroalimentaria - - 29142016000300008 03542006000200001 . Ediciones Abya . Ediciones rld Bank’s Land Policy Policy Land Bank’s rld nable development more more development nable 35 - 2014). 2014).

. Segu . 6) 75 (67), ueños productores. productores. ueños A groalimentaria ndo Seminario Seminario ndo Cuadernos del Cuadernos , - ,

Yala. 40 11

- (89). (89). (23). 117. .

al al - - , .

584

Revista Innova Educación Vol. 2. No. 4 (2020) Velasco, (2008).de Sobre laeducación A.,&Alonso,L. la teoría dialógica. Torres, M., Paz, K., & Salazar, F. (2009). Métodos de recolección de datos para una investigac Taylor Lat América en políticos partidos y sociales Movimientos (2007). F. Samuano, los de Comercial Participación la en Asociatividad la de Rol El (2016). V. Salas, perce la en Cambios (2004). J. Rocha, Rivera,sobre J.(2002).capital. laestrcutura Teoría del Ca Comunidades de General Ley 24656, Ley la modifica que Ley Ley de Comunidades Campesinas (2015). M. Quiroa, estudio. a Portugal, A.(2009). población una sobre muestreo de Técnicas (2017). C. Manterola, & T., Otzen, Or (1991). J. O´shaughnessy, pa clave herramienta una financiero: Análisis (2009). A. Marbelis, & R., Nava, Lin & G., Naupay, (2020). J. Nagy, Structure and socio ganización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico. (2007). Económico. Desarrollo el y Cooperación la para ganización - http://biblioteca.udgvirtual.udg.mx/jspui/handle/12 En cambiante ycompleja. _vania_bitia.pdf Piura. de ht Caso El Agrarios: merc peruanos. de economía la en participación Peruano (2019). Economipedia. of International journal Pesquera Recientes en México Logros Santos S.A. financiera eficiente. Comunitarias. Universidad de Huánuco. soci desarrollo contenidos/valoracion/promocion Herramientas Powell, tps://usmp.edu.pe/idp/wp

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution E., &Steele, S.(1996). Estrategias para el cambio y mejora comunitaria: mejora y cambio el para Estrategias Anthropologica - economic culture peasantof community in Peru

on R (2017). R. coln, O ayllu andinonascrônicasquinhentista O ayllu etr rmro scnai y ecai. u e, eiiin concepto y definición es, Qué terciario. y secundario primario, Sector

eooio e a ouia cmeia at Mra e Vle 2016 Valle, del María Santa campesina comunidad la de oeconomico

oeí Electrónico Boletín Revista Venezolana de Gerencia Revista aktn cmeiio u efqe estratégico enfoque un competitivo: Marketing Política y cultura Política morphology

, del El Perú, (1987). Peruano - 22 content/uploads/2017/03/el_rol_de_asociatividad_ (22), 179 njncó d treo cmnls s ifuni e el en influencia su y comunales terrenos de Enajenación Collecting Evaluation Data: Direct ObservationCollecting Evaluation Data:Direct - pción de los recursos naturales como resultado de la la de resultado como naturales recursos los de pción

estrategias/vision Alcides Palacios Alcides osri d Ivsiain cnmc y Social y Económica Investigación de Consorcio , 35 . OECD. - 213. (1), 227 d: n cmndd apsn d ls Andes los de campesina comunidad Una ado: ,

27

(1), 31

- NonCommercial - Estudios GerencialesEstudios

232.

3456789/2817 - -

53. general/lista ,

14 s

.

. Cultura Académica Editorial.

- ShareAlike 4.0International License. mpesinas. Ley mpesinas. https://ctb.ku.edu/es/tabla Una visión general visión Una

Política Agr Política

Vl 3). (Vol. Educere

, 2d d) Da de Diaz Ed,). (2nd 18 ina: una relación una ina: .

- ra una gestión una ra

N° 30982, El 30982, N° , opecuaria y opecuaria Productores Productores - 12 . . Caja de de Caja . .

-

ión. de - . . .

585

Revista Innova Educación Vol. 2. No. 4 (2020) of the community. thereThe 79,4% ofsurveyssaid, are notprofessionalsandtechnicians Board of the Dir in a Book. Minute haveHowever,We have they booking,only recieveddonothave see76,5%said to that training. books. expirience didbaseand onaccounting only2,9% The 64,7% ofmanager Appendix 5.Table 28 Appendix 4.Table 27 Appendix 3.Table 25 Appendix 2.Table 24 Appendix 1.Table 14 Structure and socio

Valid

V

Valid alid

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 19. 8. Tomake a decis Total books Accounting book Minute Experience

- -

economic culture peasantof community in Peru Are ortechniciansboard thereprofessionals the in

Total No Yes 18.

Total No Yes

s have ontheMinute made based s decisions

-

Do youreceived inmanagement training aspects?

Frequency Frequency

ion in theofion in Doyourely community. on? 34 27 7

Frequenc

34 22 11 1 34 26

8 y

APPENDIXES

Percentage

Alcides Palacios Alcides

TABL TABL TABL Percentage 100,0 79,4 20,6

Percentage

100,0

64,7 32,4 E E E

2,9 100,0 23,5 76,5

14 25 24

-

NonCommercial

Percentage

Percentage 100,0

Valid 20,6 79,4 Percentage Valid 100,0 100,0 Valid 64,7 32,4 23,5 76,5

2,9 - ShareAlike 4.0International License.

Books ,un32,4%baseBooks don

of directors?

Accumulate Percentage

Accumulate Percentage Accumulate Percentage 100,0

20,6

100,0 76,5

100,0 97,1 32,4

ectors

586

Revista Innova Educación Vol. 2. No. 4 (2020) 76,5 Structure and socio

they make, making it impossible todeterminethey make, impossible makingit 76.5% ofthe % the 76,5% thecommoners they donotgive any said, document whenproducts selltheir

Valids Valids commoners sa Valid 21.b.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 21.b.

community memberscommunity any indicatefor donotissue the document that sales they - - economic culture peasantof community in Peru

Total No Yes Total No Yes Do yougive invoice yousellproducts? orany when documents Total Groups ls Individua -

They and/orreceipts turndocuments (invoices, tickets or

id that, They selltheir products

21. a. How do you sell your products?21. a. How doyousellyour Frequency Frequency Frequency 26 34 34 26 34 2 8 8 8 6

Alcides Palacios Alcides settlements)

TABL TABL TABL

Percentage Percentage Percentage 100,0 23,5 76,5

100,0 100,0 76,5 23,5 76,5 23,5

E E E the actualthe transactions. 28 28 27

-

NonCommercial

individually and individually

Percentage Percentage Percentag

100,0

Valid 23,5 76,5 100,0 100,0 Valid Valid Valid 76,5 23,5 76,5 23,5

e

-

ShareAlike 4.0International License.

Accumulate Accumulate

Accumulate Percentage Percentage not associated. Percentage 100,0 100,0 100,0 76,5 23,5 23,5

.

587

Revista Innova Educación Vol. 2. No. 4 (2020)