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Character Assassination As a Tool in International Politics (A Case Study of the United States-Russian Federation's Relations)

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Character Assassination As a Tool in International Politics (A Case Study of the United States-Russian Federation's Relations) MOLDOVA STATE UNIVERSITY As a manuscript C.Z.U.: 327(73+(470+571))(043,3) SMART JASON JAY CHARACTER ASSASSINATION AS A TOOL IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS (A CASE STUDY OF THE UNITED STATES-RUSSIAN FEDERATION’S RELATIONS) SPECIALTY 562.01 - THEORY AND METHODOLOGY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND DIPLOMACY Doctoral thesis in Political Science Scientific adviser: Teosa Valentina, doctor hab. in Political Sciences, university professor Author: Smart Jason Jay CHISINAU, 2019 UNIVERSITATEA DE STAT DIN MOLDOVA Cu titlu de manuscris C.Z.U.: 327(73+(470+571))(043,3) SMART JASON JAY DENIGRAREA CA INSTRUMENT ÎN POLITICA INTERNAȚIONALĂ (STUDIUL DE CAZ AL RELAȚIILOR DINTRE STATELE UNITE ȘI FEDERAȚIA RUSĂ) SPECIALITATEA 562.01 – TEORIA ŞI METODOLOGIA RELAŢIILOR INTERNAŢIONALE ŞI A DIPLOMAȚIEI Teza de doctor în ştiinţe politice Conducător ştiinţific: Teosa Valentina, doctor hab. în ştiinţe politice, profesor universitar Autorul: Smart Jason Jay CHIŞINAU, 2019 2 © Smart, Jason Jay 2019 3 CONTENT ANNOTATIONS (in Romanian, English, and Russian) ….……………………………….….….6 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………………….……………………….………..9 INTRODUCTION.…………………………………………………………………………...….10 1. HISTORIOGRAPHY AND THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF CHARACTER ASSASSINATION IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS …………………………...................17 1.1. Character Assassination in Political Science: A Historiographical Study…………………....18 1.2. Theoretical Fundamentals of Character Assassination Study in Political Science………..….31 1.3. Conclusions to Chapter 1……………………………………………..……….…………..….46 2. CHARACTER ASSASSINATION IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS: EVOLUTION OF APPROACHES IN RUSSIAN AND AMERICAN HISTORY….…………………...……….49 2.1. The Dissertation’s Methodology of Researching Character Assassination in International Politics……………………………………………………………………………………….…….50 2.2. The Russian Tradition of Character Assassination in Internal and Foreign Politics………....63 2.3. Contradictions within American Approaches to Character Assassination in Politics …….…78 2.4. Conclusions to Chapter 2…………………………………………………….……..….……93 3. CHARACTER ASSASSINATION STRATEGIES AND INSTRUMENTS IN CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL POLITICS...………………….………..……….…95 3.1. Character Assassination in the Foreign Policy of the U. S. A. and the Russian Federation ...96 3.2. Character Assassination as a Tool in U. S. State Strategies and the Russian Federation’s Foreign Policy.….…….….….……………………………………....…….……...……………...109 3.3. Resources of Character Assassination in Mass Media Attacks………………………..……121 3.4. Conclusions to Chapter 3……………………………………………………..……………..136 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS………..………………....…..137 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………....………...……………….141 4 APPENDIXES………………………………………………………..…………………….…...153 Appendix 1.1 Types of character assassination according to Eric Shiraev…….…..……………153 Appendix 1.2 Classification of character assassination methods (by M. Icks and E. Shiraev)…………….....................................................................................................................154 Appendix 2.1 Types of Character Attacks (by J. J. Smart and E. Shiraev)……………………..155 Appendix 2.2 Types of Character Attacks: Description and Examples (by J. J. Smart and E. Shiraev)………………………………………………………………………………..…....…156 Appendix 3.1 Graph of Russian – U. S. relations….……………………………………….……157 Appendix 3.2 The structure of attacks from the Russian and American sides…………………..157 Appendix 3.3 Content analysis of online sources results data by “cold” words about G. W. Bush……………………………………………………………………………....….…..158 Appendix 3.4 Content analysis of data from online sources; results for “cold” words about V. V. Putin……………………………………………………………………….…..…..………159 Appendix 3.5 Content analysis of online data; results for “cold” words about D.A. Medvedev..159 Appendix 3.6 Content analysis of online data sources results data by “cold” words about B. Obama…………………………………………………………………………………....…...160 Appendix 3.7 Content analysis of online data for “warm” words about G.W. Bush……...….....160 Appendix 3.8 Content analysis of online data results for “warm” words about V. V. Putin…………………………………………………………………………………….…161 Appendix 3.9 Content analysis of online data for “warm” words about G. W. Bush (2001-2003 period)……………………………………………………………………………………….…...162 Appendix 3.10 Content analysis of online data for “warm” words about V. V. Putin (2001-2003 period)…………………………………………………………………………………………....163 Appendix 3.11 Additional content analysis of online sources by sites method description…….164 Appendix 3.12 Content analysis of online data for “cold” words about V. V. Putin…………...166 Appendix 3.13 Content analysis of online data by media sites for “cold” words about V. V. Putin……………………………………………………………..………………...………167 Appendix 3.14 List of sources used in the content analysis………..……………………...…….168 DECLARATION OF ASSUMING THE RESPONSIBILITY………………….…...……....180 CURRICULUM VITAE OF THE AUTHOR……………………………………….………..181 5 ADNOTARE la teza Denigrarea ca instrument în politica internațională (Studiul de caz al relațiilor dintre Statele Unite și Federația Rusă), elaborată de către Jason Jay Smart pentru gradul de doctorat în științe politice, specialitatea 562.01 - Teoria și metodologia relațiilor internaționale și a diplomației, Chișinău, 2019. Structura tezei: introducere, 3 capitole, concluzii și recomandări, bibliografie din 430 surse, 18 anexe, 140 de pagini text de bază. Rezultatele tezei au fost reflectate în 10 articole științifice, publicate în reviste academice internaționale și din Republica Moldova. Cuvintele cheie: relații internationale, politica externă, denigrare, defăimare, imagine politică, propagandă, politică internațională, strategie, tehnologii politice. Domeniul de cercetare - știința politică, teoria relațiilor internationale, studiile diplomatice. Scopul principal al acestei teze Scopul acestei teze este de a investiga din punct de vedere teoretico-conceptual denigrarea ca instrument în politica internațională, evaluând, în acest fel, cazul relațiilor dintre Statele Unite ale Americii și Federația Rusă. În baza scopului propus, au fost formulate următoarele obiective: analiza surselor teoretice existente și a fundamentelor studiului de denigrare a caracterului; definirea metodologiei de cercetare; stabilirea specificului tradiției rusești de denigrare a caracterului în politica internă și externă; evaluarea contrastelor dintre abordările naționale ale SUA, privind denigrarea caracterului în politica secolelor XX-XXI; proiectarea succeselor și eșecurilor strategiilor de denigrare a caracterului în politică externă a SUA și Federației Ruse; caracterizarea specificului denigrării caracterului ca instrument al strategiilor de stat ale Statelor Unite și al politicilor Federației Ruse; identificarea resurselor de denigrare a caracterului în atacurile mass-media. Noutatea și originalitatea științifică rezidă în conceptualizarea de către autor a atacurilor de denigrare a caracterului ca instrument în relațiile internaționale și realizarea unui studiu analitic comparativ al influenței denigrării de caracter asupra relațiilor bilaterale dintre SUA și Federașia Rusă, ca instrumente împotriva conducerii fiecărei țări. Problema științifică importantă soluționată în lucrare constă în adaptarea conceptului de denigrare a caracterului la sfera politicii internaționale, evaluarea gradului în care fiecare țară folosește atacuri de caracter împotriva conducerii celeilalte țări, în contextul relațiilor internaționale contemporane, analiza relațiilor dintre SUA și Federația Rusă pe parcursul unei perioade determinate pentru a demonstra modul în care denigrarea caracterului, ca instrument politic, evoluând la nivel transnațional, influențează relațiile dintre state. Semnificația teoretică a studiului derivă din prezentarea fundamentelor teoretico-conceptuale ale denigrării ca instrument și strategie în relațiile internaționale; determinarea specificului tradiției rusești de denigrare a caracterului în politica internă și externă și a contrastelor dintre abordările naționale ale SUA, privind denigrarea caracterului în politica secolelor XX-XXI; proiectarea succeselor și eșecurilor strategiilor de denigrare a caracterului în politică externă a SUA și Federației Ruse; caracterizarea specificului denigrării ca instrument al strategiilor de stat ale Statelor Unite și al politicilor Federației Ruse pe arena internațională; identificarea resurselor de denigrare a caracterului în atacurile mass-media privind politică externă. Valoarea aplicativă a lucrării Rezultatele concluziile și recomandările acestei cercetări pot servi drept un suport politologic pentru factorii de decizie guvernamentali și nonguvernamental de a înțelege natura, locul și rolul denigrării ca instrument și strategie în politica internațională în vederea evaluarii efectelor aplicării acestui fenomen în relații bilaterale, precum și elaborarea strategiilor, instrumentelor adecvate amenințărilor existente pentru politică externă a statelor independente, inclusiv Republicii Moldova, la etapa contemporană. Implementarea rezultatelor științifice. a fost realizată prin examinarea și aprobarea lor în cadrul ședințelor Departamentului Relații Internaționale și ale Seminarului Științific de profil al USM, prin rapoarte și comunicări la 7 conferințe științifice, în calitate de participant al Proiectului Comisiei Europene FP7 Marie Curie Acțiuni (IRSES) și în cadrul activității a autorului în calitate de consultant internațional al actorilor politici din Republica Moldova, Ucraina, și altor state, prin experiența sa de cercetător superior
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