DOCSLIB.ORG

ALBANIA Indicators on the Level of Media Freedom and Journalists’ Safety in Albania 2020

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ALBANIA Indicators on the Level of Media Freedom and Journalists’ Safety in Albania 2020 ALBANIA Indicators on the Level of Media Freedom and Journalists’ Safety in Albania 2020. ALBANIA Indicators on the Level of Media Freedom and Journalists’ Safety in Albania 2020. Author Blerjana Bino Original title Albania – Indicators on the Level of Media Freedom and Journalists’ Safety Albania 2020 Publisher Independent Journalists Association of Serbia Tirana, 2021 Author Blerjana Bino Reviewers Aleksandër Çipa Besar Likmeta Blerina Fani Translation Durim Tabaku Circulation 50 Design comma | communications design This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union. Content PROJECT OVERVIEW AND SCOPE 4 B Journalists’ Position in the Newsrooms 19 B1 Economic restrictions on journalists’ freedom 19 A NOTE ON THE METHODOLOGY 5 B2 Editorial independence in the private media 20 Introduction 7 B3 Editorial independence of the public service broadcaster 21 A Legal Protection 9 B4 Editorial independence in the non-profit sector 22 A1 Legal guarantees for media and journalists’ B5 Freedom of journalists in the freedom and their application in practice 9 news production process 22 A2 Effects of defamation laws on journalists 13 B6 Economic position of women journalists 23 A3 Legal protection of political pluralism in the media 14 C Safety of Journalists 25 A4 Freedom of јournalists’ work and C1 Safety and impunity statistics 25 аssociation – Legal guarantees and practice 15 C2 State institutions and political actors’ A5 Legal protection of journalists’ sources 16 behavior concerning journalists’ protection 28 A6 Protection of the right to access to information 17 C3 Criminal and civil justice system’s behavior concerning threats and acts of violence against journalists 29 Conclusions and Recommendations 30 CONTENT [ 3 ] PROJECT OVERVIEW AND SCOPE It is the fifth year in a row that journalists’ associations from the Western Balkan countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo, and Serbia), with the sup- port of the European Commission1, monitored the development of media freedom and jour- nalists’ safety in their countries. In 2020, two more countries worked on such assessments – Albania and Croatia. The research methodology developed in 20162 was finetuned over the years to standardize the data collection and analysis and to adjust the research focus to the developments in both traditional and online media environment in the Western Balkan coun- tries. Based on these standardized research tool, journalists’ associations assessed the new- est developments in their countries and engaged in various advocacy activities to advance the political, legislative, and institutional environment in which the journalists and media work. 1 In December 2019, the European Commission approved the three-year project Safejournalists.net, which aims at empowering national journalists’ associations in the Western Balkan countries to become effective and accountable independent actors in advocating the application of EU standards in the field of media freedoms, with a long-term goal of advancing citizens’ right to informed choice. This action represents an upscaling of the previous project (Western Balkan’s Regional Platform for Advocating Media Freedom and Journalists’ Safety), based on the knowledge and experience built in the period 2016-2018. The Civil Society Facility and Media Programme 2018-2019 Support to regional thematic networks of civil society organizations, support to a regional network for women’s rights and gender equality and support to small scale projects promoting cooperation between communities and citizens from Serbia and Kosovo. 2 The fifth adapted edition of the research methodology for this advocacy research project was developed by Snezana Trpevska and by Igor Micevski, research fellows of the Research Institute on Social Development RESIS from North Macedonia (www.resis.mk). ALBANIA – INDICATORS ON THE LEVEL OF MEDIA FREEDOM AND JOURNALISTS’ SAFETY 2020 A NOTE ON THE METHODOLOGY The research methodology is composed of three groups of indicators developed based on a systemic analysis of various guidelines produced by relevant international organizations3. In the course of the previous years, the originally developed indicators have been tested and refined to address the distinctive socio-political context of this region and to reflect the specific needs and in- terests of the journalists in the seven countries. A set of various research methods were applied to collect and analyze the data in order to answer indicative questions related to each specific indicator: ■ Review of studies, analyses, research reports, policy papers, strategies, and other documents; ■ Qualitative analysis of legal documents; ■ Retrieval and analysis of information published on the websites of public institutions and other organizations and bodies; ■ Retrieval and analysis of press releases, statements and other information produced by profes- sional organizations; ■ Secondary data collected by journalists’ associations; ■ In-depth interviews with experts, journalists, policy makers, etc.; ■ Focus groups with journalists; and, ■ Surveys with journalists (in some of the countries). In Albania, a national researcher carried out the data collection and drafted the narrative report, which was then reviewed by nominated national experts and by the lead researcher. In this Western Balkan country, Safe Journalist Network engaged Blerjana Bino as national researcher to write the report. Legal expert Blerina Fani and media experts Aleksandër Çipa and Besar Likmeta were engaged to review the report. The three groups of indicators used in the assessment of the level of media freedom and journal- ists’ safety in the Western Balkans are presented in the table below. Table 1: Indicators on the level of media freedom and journalists’ safety A. Legal protection B. Journalists’ position in the C. Journalists’ safety newsrooms A.1 Legal guarantees for media B.1 Economic restrictions on C.1 Safety and impunity statistics and journalists’ freedom and their journalists’ freedom application in practice A.2 The effects of Defamation Law B.2 Editorial independence in the C.2 State institutions and political on journalists private media actors’ behavior concerning journalists’ protection A.3 Legal protection of political B.3 Editorial independence in the C.3 Criminal and civil justice pluralism in the media public service broadcaster system’s behavior concerning threats and acts of violence against journalists A.4 Freedom of journalists’ work B.4 Editorial independence in the and association –legal guarantees not-for-profit and practice A.5 Legal protection of journalists’ B.5 Freedom of journalists in the sources news production process A.6 Protection of the right to B.6 Economic position of women access of information journalists 3 The following documents were taken into consideration while developing the specific research approach for the Western Balkan countries: Council of Europe: Indicators for Media in a Democracy; UNESCO: Media Development Indicators (MDI) and Journalists’ Safety Indicators: National level; USAID – IREX: Media Sustainability Index; Freedom House: Freedom of the Press Survey; BBC World Service Trust: African Media Development Initiative; Committee to Protect Journalists: Violence against Journalists; Reporters without Borders: World Press Freedom Index. [ 5 ] ALBANIA – INDICATORS ON THE LEVEL OF MEDIA FREEDOM AND JOURNALISTS’ SAFETY 2020 Introduction Albania has made considerable progress towards democratization in the past thirty years following the fall of the communist regime. Albania is a European Union (EU) can- didate country since 2014 and opened EU accession negotiations in March 2020.4 It is a parliamentary republic with a unicameral assembly and its constitution was adopt- ed in 1998 with changes in 2008 and 2020. It has a proportional electoral system with regional competition and national threshold. Albania is a NATO member since 2009, considering its Euro-Atlantic alliances as a national strategic interest with a general- ly constructive role in the Western Balkan.5 National minorities in Albania are Greek, Macedonian, Vlach/Aromanian, Roma, Egyptian, Montenegrin, Bulgarian, Bosnian, and Serbian.6 Political landscape in Albania suffers from continuous conflicts and tensions, which have often undermined the country’s necessary institutional and economic reforms. Political polarization and uneven culture of political dialogue have complicated re- 4 These frameworks establish the guidelines and principles governing the accession negotiations with each candidate country. More on https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/countries/ detailed-country-information/albania_en. The first intergovernmental conferences should be convened as soon as possible after the adoption of the negotiating frameworks by the Council. Prior to its first intergovernmental conference, Albania is called on to make further progress on electoral and judicial reforms and in the fight against organized crime and corruption. Tackling the phenomenon of unfounded asylum seekers and amending the media law also remain important priorities. The Commission will report on these issues when it will present the negotiating framework for Albania. More details on https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/pt/ip_20_519 5 European Commission, “Albania report 2020”, p. 8., accessed 20.01.2021, https://ec.europa.eu/
Load more

Recommended publications
  • LOCAL NEWS IS a PUBLIC GOOD Public Pathways for Supporting Coloradans’ Civic News and Information Needs in the 21St Century
    LOCAL NEWS IS A PUBLIC GOOD Public Pathways for Supporting Coloradans’ Civic News and Information Needs in the 21st Century INTRODUCTION A free and independent press was so fundamental to the founding vision of “Congress shall make no law democratic engagement and government accountability in the United States that it is called out in the First Amendment to the Constitution alongside individual respecting an establishment of freedoms of speech, religion, and assembly. Yet today, local newsrooms and religion, or prohibiting the free their ability to fulfill that lofty responsibility have never been more imperiled. At exercise thereof; or abridging the very moment when most Americans feel overwhelmed and polarized by a the freedom of speech, or of the barrage of national news, sensationalism, and social media, Colorado’s local news outlets – which are still overwhelmingly trusted and respected by local residents – press; or the right of the people are losing the battle for the public’s attention, time, and discretionary dollars.1 peaceably to assemble, and to What do Colorado communities lose when independent local newsrooms shutter, petition the Government for a cut staff, merge, or sell to national chains or investors? Why should concerned redress of grievances.” citizens and residents, as well as state and local officials, care about what’s happening in Colorado’s local journalism industry? What new models might First Amendment, U.S. Constitution transform and sustain the most vital functions of a free and independent Fourth Estate: to inform, equip, and engage communities in making democratic decisions? 1 81% of Denver-area adults say the local news media do very well to fairly well at keeping them informed of the important news stories of the day, 74% say local media report the news accurately, and 65% say local media cover stories thoroughly and provide news they use daily.
    [Show full text]
  • M F Global Media Philanthropy
    M F Global Media Philanthropy What Funders Need to Know About Data, Trends and Pressing Issues Facing the Field March 2019 MEDIA By Sarah Armour-Jones & Jessica Clark, IMPACT Consultants to Media Impact Funders FUNDERS Research and editorial support provided by Laura Schwartz-Henderson. Published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 2019 by Media Impact Funders. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/ Or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA. Individuals are encouraged to cite this report and its contents. In doing so, please include the following attribution: Global Media Philanthropy: What Funders Need to Know About Data, Trends and Pressing Issues Facing the Field, by Sarah Armour-Jones and Jessica Clark, March 2019. Questions? [email protected] Want to go deeper? We’ve embedded links throughout the PDF version of this report, available online at mediaimpactfunders.org/our-work/reports/. You’ll find them if you hover over the text. Find something interesting in this report that you’d like to share? Find us on Twitter @MediaFunders Media Impact Funders 200 W. Washington Square, Suite 220 Philadelphia, PA 19128 215-574-1322 mediaimpactfunders.org Acknowledgements We’d like to thank Candid (formerly the Foundation Center and GuideStar) for creating our media grants data map and for making their data available. This report was produced with support from the Bill &
    [Show full text]
  • Reporting Facts: Free from Fear Or Favour
    Reporting Facts: Free from Fear or Favour PREVIEW OF IN FOCUS REPORT ON WORLD TRENDS IN FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND MEDIA DEVELOPMENT INDEPENDENT MEDIA PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN SOCIETIES. They make a vital contribution to achieving sustainable development – including, topically, Sustainable Development Goal 3 that calls for healthy lives and promoting well-being for all. In the context of COVID-19, this is more important than ever. Journalists need editorial independence in order to be professional, ethical and serve the public interest. But today, journalism is under increased threat as a result of public and private sector influence that endangers editorial independence. All over the world, journalists are struggling to stave off pressures and attacks from both external actors and decision-making systems or individuals in their own outlets. By far, the greatest menace to editorial independence in a growing number of countries across the world is media capture, a form of media control that is achieved through systematic steps by governments and powerful interest groups. This capture is through taking over and abusing: • regulatory mechanisms governing the media, • state-owned or state-controlled media operations, • public funds used to finance journalism, and • ownership of privately held news outlets. Such overpowering control of media leads to a shrinking of journalistic autonomy and contaminates the integrity of the news that is available to the public. However, there is push-back, and even more can be done to support editorial independence
    [Show full text]
  • English Philosopher and Economist 1806–1873
    MEDIA LAW [ HANDBOOK SERIES ] [ United States Department of State ] [ Bureau of International Information Programs ] MEDIA LAW [ HANDBOOK SERIES ] [ United States Department of State ] [ Bureau of International Information Programs ] [ Media Law ] Media Law Handbook A Handbook Series Edition Published in 2013 by: Bureau of International Information Programs United States Department of State ISBN (print) 978-1-622-39903-1 ISBN (ePub) 978-1-622-39906-2 ISBN (mobi) 978-1-622-39909-3 STAFF Coordinator: ........................... Dawn McCall Executive Editor: ................... Jonathan Margolis Publications Office Director: ..Michael Jay Friedman Editor in Chief: ....................... Lynne D. Scheib Managing Editor: ................... Anita Green Art Director/Design: ............... David Hamill, Lauren Russell, Julia Maruszewski Writer: ..................................... Jane Kirtley Photo researcher: .................. Maggie Sliker Jane Kirtley has been the Silha Professor of Media Ethics and Law at the School of Journalism and Mass Com- munication at the University of Minnesota since August 1999. She was named Director of the Silha Center in May 2000. Prior to that, she was Executive Director of The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press in Arlington, Virginia, for 14 years. Before joining the Reporters Committee staff, Kirtley was an attorney for five years with the law firm of Nixon, Hargrave, Devans and Doyle in Rochester, New York, and Washington, D.C. She is a member of the New York, District of Columbia, and Virginia bars. Kirtley also worked as a reporter for the Evansville Press (Indiana) and The Oak Ridger and Nashville Banner (Tennessee). Front Cover: From left to right, top to bottom: Courtesy of Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress. © AP Images/Haraz Ghanbari.
    [Show full text]
  • Kyrgyzstan: Reform of the Media Laws 2020
    Kyrgyzstan: Reform of the media laws 2020 This project is funded by the European Union First published by ARTICLE 19, 2020 © ARTICLE 19, 2020 ARTICLE 19 Free Word Centre 60 Farringdon Road London EC1R 3GA UK www.article19.org A19/ECA/2021/007/English This analysis was written and produced by ARTICLE 19. We are grateful to the Media Policy Institute for allowing us to use and build upon their existing research in this analysis. This work is provided under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial- ShareAlike 3.0 licence. You are free to copy, distribute and display this work and to make derivative works, provided you: 1) give credit to ARTICLE 19; 2) do not use this work for commercial purposes; 3) distribute any works derived from this publication under a license identical to this one. To access the full legal text of this license, please visit: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-sa/3.0/legalcode ARTICLE 19 would appreciate receiving a copy of any materials in which information from this report is used. This project is funded by the European Union This publication has been produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of ARTICLE 19 and the Media Dialogue project and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union. 2 Table of contents Introduction 4 Applicable international freedom of expression standards 6 Limitations on the right to freedom of expression 6 Media regulation 7 General observations 8 Need for a differentiated approach 8 Cross-cutting issues 9 Long-term
    [Show full text]
  • Materializing the Military
    MATERIALIZING THE MILITARY Edited by Bernard Finn Barton C Hacker Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC Associate Editors Robert Bud Science Museum, London Helmuth Trischler Deutsches Museum, Munich . sCience museum Published 2005 by NMSI Trading Ltd, Science Museum, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2DD All rights reserved © 2005 Board ofTrustees of the Science Museum, except for contributions from employees of US national museums Designed by Jerry Fowler Printed in England by the Cromwell Press ISBN 1 90074760 X ISSN 1029-3353 Website http://www.nmsi.ac.uk Artefacts series: studies in the history of science and technology In growing numbers, historians are using technological artefacts in the study and interpretation of the recent past. Their work is still largely pioneering, as they investigate approaches and modes of presentation. But the consequences are already richly rewarding. To encourage this enterprise, three of the world's greatest repositories of the material heritage of science and technology: the Deutsches Museum, the Science Museum and the Smithsonian Institution, are collaborating on this book series. Each volume treats a particular subject area, using objects to explore a wide range of issues related to science, technology and medicine and their place in society. Edited by Robert Bud, Science Museum, London Bernard Finn, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC Helmuth Trischler, Deutsches Museum, Munich Volume 1 Manifesting Medicine Principal Editor Robert Bud Volume 2 Exposing Electronics Principal Editor Bernard Finn Volume 3 Tackling Transport Principal Editors Helmuth Trischler and Stefan Zeilinger Volume 4 Presenting Pictures Principal Editor Bernard Finn Volume 5 Materializing the Military Principal Editors Bernard Finn and Barton C Hacker Volume.
    [Show full text]
  • Freedom of the Press 2005
    FREEDOM OF THE PRESS 2005 FREEDOM OF THE PRESS 2005 A Global Survey of Media Independence EDITED BY KARIN DEUTSCH KARLEKAR FREEDOM HOUSE NEW YORK WASHINGTON, D.C. ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. LANHAM BOULDER NEW YORK TORONTO OXFORD ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, MD 20706 www.rowmanlittlefield.com P.O. Box 317, Oxford OX2 9RU, United Kingdom Copyright © 2005 by Freedom House All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISSN 1551-9163 ISBN 0-7425-4028-6 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 0-7425-4029-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Table of Contents Acknowledgments, vii The Survey Team, ix Survey Methodology, xvii Press Freedom in 2004, 1 Karin Deutsch Karlekar Global and Regional Tables, 11 Country Reports and Ratings, 19 Freedom House Board of Trustees, 225 About Freedom House, 226 Acknowledgments Freedom of the Press 2005 could not have been completed without the contributions of numerous Freedom House staff and consultants. The following section, entitled “The Survey Team,” contains a detailed list of writers and advisers without whose efforts and input this project would not have been possible.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Civil Society and Media in Crises Management in Albania: the Devasting Political Earthquake of November 26, 2019 and Covid-19 Pandemic
    THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY AND MEDIA IN CRISES MANAGEMENT IN ALBANIA: THE DEVASTING POLITICAL EARTHQUAKE OF NOVEMBER 26, 2019 AND COVID-19 PANDEMIC 1 THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY AND MEDIA IN CRISES MANAGEMENT IN ALBANIA: THE DEVASTING POLITICAL EARTHQUAKE OF NOVEMBER 26, 2019 AND COVID-19 PANDEMIC 2 Research team: Blerjana Bino, Orkidea Xhaferaj, Lutjona Lula The authors produced this report for the Westminster Foundation for Democracy. The views and opinions expressed in this report are that of the authors and do not reflect those of the Government of the United Kingdom or the Westminster Foundation for Democracy. Tirana, November 2020 3 FORWARD The objective of this publication is to offer an in-depth analysis about CSOs and media engagement on the management of crises in Albania by carefully assessing the role of CSOs and media during the devastating earthquake of November 2019 and the Coronavirus pandemic. An important part of the publication is to provide recommendations on what can be improved in terms of a more effective role of the Civil Society and Media in the management of crises. Prior to the Coronavirus pandemic, Albania was hit by a devastating earthquake of November of 2019. Both the earthquake and its aftermath and the ongoing pandemic can be considered as unprecedented crises for a country like Albania. A report released recently by global civil society alliance CIVICUS, ‘Solidarity in the Time of COVID-19’, highlights the irreplaceable role of activists, NGOs and grassroots organisations during the pandemic and calls on states to work with civil society to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 and create a better post-pandemic world.
    [Show full text]
  • HIGH SCHOOL Top10 the Ten Questions High School Student Journalists Most Frequently Ask About Their Rights
    Student Press Law Center’s HIGH SCHOOL Top10 The ten questions high school student journalists most frequently ask about their rights. Q: Do high school students have First Amendment rights? Yes. As the United States Supreme Court said in 1969, “It can hardly be argued that either students A: or teachers shed their constitutional right to freedom of speech at the schoolhouse gate.” But the First Amendment prohibits only government officials from suppressing speech; it does not prevent school censorship at private schools. A state constitution, statute or school policy could provide private school students with free speech protections. Q: What about the Hazelwood decision? Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, the 1988 U.S. Supreme Court decision, gave public high A: school officials greater authority to censor some school-sponsored student publications if they choose to do so. But the ruling doesn’t apply to publications that have been opened as “public forums for student expression.” It also requires school officials to demonstrate some reasonable educational justification before they can censor anything. In addition, 13 states (Arkansas, California, Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Oregon, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nevada, North Dakota, Rhode Island and Vermont) have passed laws that give students stronger free expression protection than Hazelwood. As part of SPLC’s “New Voices” effort, other states are considering such laws. Q: What is a “public forum for student expression?” A student publication is a public forum for student expression when school officials have given A: student editors the authority to make their own content decisions. Schools can do that through an official policy or by simply allowing a publication to operate with editorial independence.
    [Show full text]
  • Updated Sky News Editorial Guidelines
    Updated Sky News Editorial Guidelines Contents Page Key messages 2 Amendments 3 Referral process 3 1. The law 4 2. Editorial independence of Sky News 5 3. The public interest — conflict with the law 6 4. Bribery act 2010 facilitation payments and hospitality 9 5. Privacy 10 6. Defamation 12 7. Live libels 13 8. Contempt 14 9. Copyright and fair dealing 17 10. Compliance and regulation 18 11. Fairness 19 12. Due impartiality and due accuracy 20 13. Elections and referendums 22 14. Commercial issues 23 15. Protecting under-18s 24 16. Complaints and mistakes 25 17. Breaking news stories 26 18. Newspaper Reviews 27 19. Multi-product thinking 28 20. Portrayal 29 21. Note-taking 30 22. Payment 31 23. Reconstructions 32 24. Social media and public appearances 33 Sky News editorial guidelines Introduction Dear colleagues, This is the third edition of the guidelines which has been updated to reflect your feedback and to provide relevant guidance on the issues we deal with on a daily basis. Sky plays a highly valued role in the lives of millions of people across the UK and Ireland – and Sky News is a very important part of that: with our linear TV , digital and radio services we can reach almost everyone in the UK with first class content, provide value to our customers and give non-subscribers a window on Sky’s products. Social media plays an increasingly important role in our daily working lives and it is important that we apply the same standards to all of our content on whichever platform we share it.
    [Show full text]
  • Establishing Constitutional Malice for Defamation and Privacy/False Light Claims When Hidden Cameras and Deception Are Used by the Newsgatherer, 22 Loy
    Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review Volume 22 Number 2 Symposium: Tune in, Turn on, Cop Article 7 Out? The Media and Social Responsibility 1-1-2002 Establishing Constitutional Malice for Defamation and Privacy/ False Light Claims When Hidden Cameras and Deception Are Used by the Newsgatherer David A. Elder Neville L. Johnson Brian A. Rishwain Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/elr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation David A. Elder, Neville L. Johnson, and Brian A. Rishwain, Establishing Constitutional Malice for Defamation and Privacy/False Light Claims When Hidden Cameras and Deception Are Used by the Newsgatherer, 22 Loy. L.A. Ent. L. Rev. 327 (2002). Available at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/elr/vol22/iss2/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ESTABLISHING CONSTITUTIONAL MALICE FOR DEFAMATION AND PRIVACY/FALSE LIGHT CLAIMS WHEN HIDDEN CAMERAS AND DECEPTION ARE USED BY THE NEWSGATHERER David A. Elder,* Neville L. Johnson**and Brian A. Rishwain*** "There is a photographer in every bush, going about like a roaring lion seeking whom he may devour."I "What is slander? A verdict of 'guilty'pronouncedin the absence of the accused, with closed doors, without defence or appeal, by an interestedand prejudicedjudge. ,,2 "Liars are persuaded by their own excuses to a degree that seems incredibleto others.
    [Show full text]
  • Government Advertising As an Indicator of Media Bias in India
    Sciences Po Paris Government Advertising as an Indicator of Media Bias in India by Prateek Sibal A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master in Public Policy under the guidance of Prof. Julia Cage Department of Economics May 2018 Declaration of Authorship I, Prateek Sibal, declare that this thesis titled, 'Government Advertising as an Indicator of Media Bias in India' and the work presented in it are my own. I confirm that: This work was done wholly or mainly while in candidature for Masters in Public Policy at Sciences Po, Paris. Where I have consulted the published work of others, this is always clearly attributed. Where I have quoted from the work of others, the source is always given. With the exception of such quotations, this thesis is entirely my own work. I have acknowledged all main sources of help. Signed: Date: iii Abstract by Prateek Sibal School of Public Affairs Sciences Po Paris Freedom of the press is inextricably linked to the economics of news media busi- ness. Many media organizations rely on advertisements as their main source of revenue, making them vulnerable to interference from advertisers. In India, the Government is a major advertiser in newspapers. Interviews with journalists sug- gest that governments in India actively interfere in working of the press, through both economic blackmail and misuse of regulation. However, it is difficult to gauge the media bias that results due to government pressure. This paper determines a newspaper's bias based on the change in advertising spend share per newspa- per before and after 2014 general election.
    [Show full text]