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Freedom on the Net 2019

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Freedom on the Net 2019 Jordan Partly Free 47 100 A Obstacles to Access 14 25 B Limits on Content 18 35 C Violations of User Rights 15 40 Last Year's Score & Status 51 100 Partly Free Overview Internet freedom in Jordan is undermined by the arrests and prosecutions of online journalists, activists, and social media users for criticism of the government; the blocking of news sites; and a number of laws that penalize legitimate expression online. Access to the internet has improved significantly in recent years, although concerns about state surveillance of online activity persist. Jordan is a monarchy in which the king plays a dominant role in politics and governance. Parliament’s lower house is elected, but the electoral system continues to put the opposition at a disadvantage despite recent reforms, and the chamber wields little power in practice. The media and civil society groups are hampered by restrictive laws and government pressure. Key Developments June 1, 2018 – May 31, 2019 During the coverage period, nearly 50 news websites were blocked by the Media Commission for failure to obtain a license (see B1). Disruptions to Facebook Live occurred under murky circumstances during protests held between December 2018 and January 2019. While the government denied blocking the platform, a technical report determined that it had been “temporarily interfered with.” Facebook Live was a key tool for activists during demonstrations throughout 2018 (see B3 and B8). While direct bans on reporting about certain government investigations were imposed during the coverage period, coordinated campaigns to manipulate information were not observed (see B5). Beginning in March 2019, numerous activists were arrested and prosecuted for their social media posts (see C3). New regulations for licensing ride-hailing apps imposed in May 2018 required such companies to provide judicial and security services direct access to their servers and data during the reporting period. Moreover, a court order is not necessary to obtain such information (see C6). b A Obstacles to Access Soaring mobile broadband access has improved internet penetration rates in recent years, though geographic and socioeconomic disparities in access persist. Disruptions to Facebook Live occurred during protests at the end of 2018 and beginning of 2019. New regulations issued in 2017, which were expected to improve competition among fixed-line service providers, had a limited impact during the coverage period. A1 0-6 pts Do infrastructural limitations restrict access to the internet or the speed and 56 quality of internet connections? Jordan’s internet infrastructure improved significantly after telecommunications providers launched 4G LTE services in recent years. More than 90 percent of Jordan’s population is now covered by 4G LTE infrastructure, and download and upload speeds nearly tripled between 2015 and 2017.1 According to the Telecommunications Regulatory Commission (TRC), the sector regulator, approximately 9.1 million Jordanians had access to the internet as of the fourth quarter of 2018, for a penetration rate of 88.8 percent. The TRC also reported that the mobile penetration rate was 85 percent in the fourth quarter of 2018, with more than 8.7 million mobile subscribers. The majority of Jordanians use the internet on their phones: 95.6 percent of all internet subscriptions were mobile broadband subscriptions at the end of 2018, with the number of fixed-line subscriptions steadily decreasing.2 In December 2018, the mobile service provider Orange Jordan announced that it had invested 60 million Jordanian dinars ($84.6 million) into doubling its network coverage and improving infrastructure. According to the company’s CEO, its recently expanded fiber networks will enable Jordan to develop into a regional information and communication technologies (ICT) hub.3 1. “State of Mobile Internet Connectivity 2018,” GSMA, p. 37, August 2018, https://www.gsmaintelligence.com/research/?file=c0bcc185be555f77478a8fd… . 2. “Telecommunications Market Indicators (Q1/2018-Q4/2018),” Telecommunications Regulatory Commission Jordan, [in Arabic,] last modified March 2, 2019, http://bit.ly/2wGERl2. 3. Mohammad Ghazal, “Orange Jordan investing JD60 million to improve coverage,” The Jordan Times, December 12, 2018, http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/orange-jordan-investing-jd60-mill…; Currency Converter: Jordanian Dinar to US Dollar on December 12, 2018, Oanda, https://www.oanda.com/currency/converter/. A2 0-3 pts Is access to the internet prohibitively expensive or beyond the reach of certain 13 segments of the population for geographical, social, or other reasons? Internet access varies based on socioeconomic status, gender, and geography. The taxation of mobile internet service is considered a key barrier to access, particularly for low-income individuals.1 The most recently available annual survey conducted by the Department of Statistics found that in 2017, 10.5 percent of respondents cited high costs as a reason for not accessing the internet, up from 8.5 percent in 2016. The survey also showed that cost impedes access more in rural areas, where 17.3 percent of residents do not access the internet due to the price of service, compared to 9.5 percent in urban areas.2 However, prices for internet service have dropped in recent years due to competition, despite the fact that the sales tax on internet service increased from 8 percent to 16 percent in 2017.3 The monthly price for a 1 TB home broadband subscription with Zain was 23 dinars ($32) in 2019, excluding the 16 percent sales tax.4 Monthly mobile internet prices range from 2 dinars ($3) for a 600 MB plan to 8 dinars ($11) for a 34 GB plan.5 According to 2016 data from the Pew Research Center, there is a “real and pervasive” demographic divide among internet users in Jordan. While 75 percent of individuals between 18 and 34 years of age use the internet, only 57 percent of those older than 35 are internet users. The digital divide is even starker according to education level: 96 percent of people with “more education” use the internet, while only 41 percent of Jordanians with “less education” are internet users. The report also highlighted how income affects internet access, with 80 percent of high- income individuals using the internet, compared to 50 percent of low-income individuals.6 The Economist Intelligence Unit’s 2019 Inclusive Internet Index found a slight gender gap in internet and mobile phone access. Women’s access to the internet exceeds men’s by 5.1 percent, while men’s mobile phone access is 6.9 percent higher than women’s.7 The mobile service providers Zain8 and Umniah9 both offer access to Facebook’s Free Basics initiative,10 which provides free access to a limited number of websites under a zero-rating plan known as Facebook Flex. 1. “State of Mobile Internet Connectivity 2018,” GSMA, p. 37, August 2018, https://www.gsmaintelligence.com/research/?file=c0bcc185be555f77478a8fd… . 2. “ICT in Households Report for 2017,” Department of Statistics and the Ministry of Information and Communications Technology, p82 [in Arabic], last modified December 24, 2018, http://bit.ly/2WhFsEr. 3. “Gov’t raises minimum wage, hikes taxes on tobacco, telecom services,” The Jordan Times, February 9, 2017, http://bit.ly/2ltIPqH. 4. “Broadband – Postpaid,” Zain Jordan, accessed September 4, 2019, http://bit.ly/2wEdc4i. 5. “Mobile Internet Plans,” Zain Jordan, accessed September 4, 2019, http://bit.ly/1lK3m95. Prices are rounded and recalculated after applying a 16 percent sales tax. The 34 GB allowance consists of an 18 GB “day” bolt and a 16 GB “night” bolt. 6. Jacob Poushter, “Internet Access Growing Worldwide but Remains Higher in Advanced Economies,” Pew Research Center, February 22, 2016, http://pewrsr.ch/1TwX4H2. 7. “The Inclusive Internet Index 2019.” The Economist Intelligence Unit, accessed September 30, 2019, https://theinclusiveinternet.eiu.com/explore/countries/JO/performance/i…. 8. “Promotions & Services,” Zain Jordan, accessed July 28, 2019, http://bit.ly/2SIDSLF. 9. “Facebook Flex,” Umniah, accessed July 28, 2019, http://bit.ly/2JZuZL1. 10. “Where we’ve launched,” Internet.org by Facebook, accessed July 28, 2019, http://bit.ly/2MkxlWd. A3 0-6 pts Does the government exercise technical or legal control over internet 46 infrastructure for the purposes of restricting connectivity? The government exercises some control over the internet infrastructure to restrict connectivity and access to social media platforms. Around the time of protests against austerity measures between December 2018 and January 2019, live streaming through Facebook Live was reportedly disrupted on a number of occasions, particularly during the demonstrations. The government denied responsibility for the disruptions, attributing the anomalies to a technical error by Facebook.1 However, many social media users maintained that the authorities were behind the disruption (see B3 and B8).2 Starting in 2015, the government ordered internet service providers (ISPs) to block access to messaging apps on days that secondary school students sit for their national exam (Tawjihi).3 In 2018, the number of blocked apps reached seven, including WhatsApp, Messenger, Twitter, and Instagram. The restrictions are confined to locations near examination halls and limited to the time period surrounding the exams.4 Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services are restricted by some ISPs. In 2016, the TRC blocked an attempt by Jordanian mobile service providers to impose fees on the use of VoIP services.5
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