Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science

Volume 36 Number 1 Article 8

1969

Ferns and Fern Allies of Brown County

Barbara J. R. Gudmunson

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Recommended Citation Gudmunson, B. J. (1969). Ferns and Fern Allies of Brown County. Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science, Vol. 36 No.1, 24-28. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.morris.umn.edu/jmas/vol36/iss1/8

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Minnesota Morris Digital Well. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science by an authorized editor of University of Minnesota Morris Digital Well. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BOTANY Ferns and Fern Allies of Brown County

BARBARA J. R. GUDMUNDSON*

ABSTRACT-In collecting ferns and fern allies in Brown County, Minnesota, during the 1964 sum­ mer, six of the seven species previously recorded were found again and six fern species and seven horsetail species and varieties new to the records were collected. Tao newly found in 1964 are: Bofrychium virginianum var. virginianum, Osmunda c/ayfo­ niana, Woodsia obtusa, Woodsia oregano var. cathcartiana, Athyrium filix-femina var. michauxii, Cysfopferis bulbifera, Equisefum hyemale var. pseudohyemale, Equiselum hyemale var. elatum, Equiselum scirpoides, Equisetum fluviatile, Equisefum pa/usfre, Equiselum pralense, and Equisefum sylvalicum. Voucher specimens of the nineteen taxa were deposited in the herbarium of Mankato Stole College. Duplicate specimens are in the University of Minnesota herbarium.

This study of ferns and "fern allies" was undertaken ern term replacing it is "lycosphen," a combination of because it seemed that, even in an area of open farm land club moss and horsetail taxa names. having little suitable habitat for the lower vascular plants, PTERIDOPHYTES - an informally used term which in­ more species should be represented than previous studies cludes ferns and fem allies. It is synonymous with the had disclosed. "lower vascular plants." In Tryon's The Ferns and Fern Allies of Minnesota ( 1954) seven species were listed for Brown county. In HYDRIC - very moist or wet 1963 in adjacent Blue Earth County, Stokes found ten MESIC - moderately moist species not represented in the University of Minnesota XERIC - moderately to very dry herbarium and thus not included in Tryon's work (Fig­ ure 1). Subsequent studies by other Mankato State Col­ The Survey Area lege graduate students in adjacent and nearby counties Brown County is located in south central Minnesota, turned up sufficient new species to indicate that an inten­ its center at approximately 44 ° 15' North and 94 ° 45' sive study of Brown county could be expected to add West. Most of its 618 square miles is at an average ele­ substantially to the small list of five fern and two ally spe­ vation of 1,050 feet, with a variation from I ,250 feet in cies given by Tryon to this county. the southwest corner to 900 feet in the northeast corner In addition to Tryon and Stokes, reports of collections Minnesota River bottomlands. There is an abrupt drop of ferns made by Deming (1964) in Waseca County, in elevation near the northeast corner resulting in steep Erickson (I 965) in Cottonwood County, and Romness stream and river valleys up to 175 feet deep. In other ( 1964) in Redwood and Renville counties, were used. parts of the county, the Cottonwood River usually flows Tryon's distribution maps (by county) gave usefui clues about 50 feet below the surrounding land, and the Little to possible additional species to expect in Brown County. Cottonwood and other streams from 15 to 30 feet below. Tryon's dates included the locations where plants were Bordering slopes of the latter are gentle, and the land is found in 1891 and 1938. used for pasture. Because of pressure for agricultural land, the slope has great bearing on where wild plants are Terms found. Two main rivers and two or three large streams FERN ALLIES-include three groups: whisk ferns, club course through the county from west to east: the Minne­ mosses, and horsetails. sota and Cottonwood rivers, and the Little Cottonwood Whisk ferns (Psilopsida) are subtropical and tropical River, Sleepy Eye Creek, and Mounds Creek (Figure 2). and therefore absent in Minnesota. Club mosses and Only one small area in the northeast corner has basic spike mosses (Lycopsida) and horsetails (Sphenopsida) rock (limestone) on the surface and, since no ferns were are so distinctive that the term "fern allies" has fallen present there, many species may not be found within this into disfavor as it implies their greater similarity and, county. when used with its "fern" complement (within the now The original vegetation on the upland was the mature obsolete taxon "Pteridophyta"), implies too wide a sepa­ community for this climate: the tall grass prairie. Ra­ ration between ferns and seed plants (Foster and Gifford, vines and bottomlands supported the mesic-habitat hard­ 1959). The term is used here to emphasize the parallel woods typical farther east where the evaporation is not nature of this investigation with Tryon's. The best mod- as great (McMiller and Rost, 1951). A good representa­ '''BARBARA J. R. GUDMUNDSON (Mrs. V. Emil Gudmund­ tion of the original forest is preserved in Flandrau State son) - B. A. (Zoology) University of Tennessee, 1950; Park near New Ulm. Here the steep, high banks of the apprentice-guide at Chicago Natural History Museum and Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, 1950; M.A. in Cottonwood and its small tributaries harbor the native Biological Sciences, Mankato State College, 1965 ; Ph.D. in forest species in their greatest variety within the county. Botany (phycology) and Willer Resources, Iowa State Except for the river valleys, Brown County's topogra­ University, Ames, 1969. Currently an ecological consultant at Des Moines, Iowa. phy resembles most of southern Minnesota: undulating 24 The Minnesota Academy of Science prrune which is intensively farmed, dotted with many University of Minnesota herbarium in addition to the sloughs and a few lakes, and sparingly drained by natural thesis specimens, and in Flandrau Park specimens also waterways. (The lack of natural drainage in this county were gathered for a permanent collection there. Forms is compensated for by a network of more than 1,000 were drawn up in advance for three lists: 1 )-species al­ miles of private and public drainage ditches.) The typi­ ready placed in the University of Minnesota herbarium cally poor drainage areas of relatively recent glacial and recorded by Tryon; 2 )-species "probable" for the deposits are the rule, however, and the exceptions which county since they had been found in the general sur­ occur are 1) along the northern-bordering Minnesota rounding area; and 3 )- species only "possible" for this River, 2) some areas along the Cottonwood River, and county by their records from elsewhere in Minnesota and 3) in the southwest corner of the county where the and in surrounding states and provinces. (Table 1). Mounds Creek drainage cuts sharply into Sioux quartzite to form falls and clefts in solid rock. Results of One Summer's Work During one summer collecting, ten species of ferns, Sampling and Selection Procedure seven species of horsetails ( two varieties of one of the Since it was too ambitious a project to collect inten­ species), and one spike-moss species were found ( Table sively throughout the entire 618 square miles of the 2). Of those previously found, I collected all but Wood­ county, careful sampling was used in the five corner sia ilvensis. Eight new species credited to the probable townships and collections were made in other townships list were in this collection and two for the possible list. which seemed to offer good habitats for pteridophytes. Three which were on none of the pre-collecting lists also As much as possible, specimens were gathered for the were found.

TABLE !.-PRE-COLLECTING LIST OF BROWN COUNTY FERNS AND FERN ALLIES RECORDED (by Tryon in 1954)

POL YPODIACEAE Adia11111m peda/Um W oodsia ilvensis Malleuccia s1rurhiop1eris Cyslopleris fragi/is Dryopteris spinulosa EQUISETACEAE Equise1u111 arvense SELAGINELLACEAE Se/agine//a rupeslris PROBABLE POSSIBLE OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Bolrychium virginianum B. ma1ricariaefoli11m B. simplex B. lanceolatum OSMUNDACEAE Osmunda clay1011iana MARSILEACEAE MaJ"Silea mucronata POLYPODIACEAE Cryplogramma sielleri P1eridium aquilinum Pel/aea glabel/a Chei/a111hes jeei W oodsia oblusa Gymnocarpium dryopleris Woodsia oregana A 1hyrium thelypleroides Woodsia scopulina Asplenium lrichomanes Onoclea sensibilis Dryopteris goldiana Dryopleris spinulosa Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens Athyrium jilix-femina var. michauxii Cystopleris jragilis var. protrusa Cyslopleris jragilis var. mackayi Cys1op1eris bulbijera Camplosorus rhizophyl/us Polypodium virginianum EQUISETACEAE Equise/um hyemale E. scirpoides var. psuedohyema/e E. sylva1ic11111 E. laevigatum E. kansanum E. nelsoni E. fluviatile LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium selago L. lucidulum L. complanalum L. obscurum ISOETACEAE /soetes me/anopoda

Journal of, Volume Thirty-six, No. 1, 1969 25 TABLE 2. SPECIES OF FERNS AND ALLIES COLLECTED-SUMMER 1964

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE * Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Milli.) Watt var. spi1111losa x ameri­ t Botrychium virgi11ia11um var. virgi11ia1111111 (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake cana (Fischer) Fern. Spinulose shield-fern fern EQUISETACEAE OSMUNDACEAE tEquisetum hyemale L. var. pseudohyemale (Farw.) Morton. tOsnumda c/aytoniana L. Interrupted fern Tall scouring-rush POLYPODIACEAE Equisetum hyemale L. var. elalllm (Engelm.) Morton. Tall scouring-rush ''Adiantum pedatum L. Maidenhair fern tEquisetum scirpoides Michx. Dwarf scouring-rush tWoodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Blunt-lobed Woodsia t Equise/1/m fluviatile L. Water horsetail t Woodsia oregano D.C. Eat. var. cathcartiana (Robins.) Morton. Equisetum palustre L. Marsh horsetail Cathcart's Woodsia . Equisetum pratense Ehrh. Meadow horsetail *Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro var. penylvanica (Willd.) Morton. Ostrich fern tEquisetum sylvaticum L. Wood horsetail tAthyrium filix-femina (L) Roth var. michauxii (Spreng.) Far­ *Equisetum arvense L. var. arvense. Field horsetail well. Lady fern *Cyslopteris Jragilis (L.) Bernh. var. fragilis. Fragile fern SELAGINELLACEAE tCystopteris bu[bifera (L.) Bernh. Bulblet fern *Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring. Rock spike-moss

* =previously recorded t =probable list t = possible list

In Cottonwood Township, which contains Flandrau pedatum were represented by the most individuals, and State Park, eleven species were found. Milford Township those were in well-shaded sites. Botrychium virginianum produced six species and North Star, Eden, and Lake was nowhere represented by many individual plants, but Hanska townships four species each. Fewer than four appeared at many sites in limited numbers. Equisetum each were found in five other townships. arvense and Equisetum hyemale were both abundant and Representatives of families Ophioglossaceae, Polypodi­ widespread. Most ferns were found on slopes of 19-25 % aceae and Equisetaceae were found throughout the county on Storden and Lakeville soil types - those which sup­ ( though Ophioglossaceae was not present in the south­ port most of the forest cover in Brown County (McMiller western corner). Cystopteris bulbifera and Adiantum and Rost, 1951).

ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES Abbreviations: FSP Flandrau State Park FGC Flandrau Group Camp, south of the Cottonwood River Twp Township MSCH Mankato State College Herbarium (thesis collection) UMH University of Minnesota Herbarium FSPC Flandrau State Park Collection Numbers refer to field numbers of each specimen

119 (N.) Eden Twp Mesic wooded Sub-division Pteropsida Family Polypodiaceae slope in leaf mold UMH Adiantum pedatum L. Maidenhair fern. The only member of the Ophioglossa­ Family Ophioglossaceae Adjacent counties: Blue Earth, Nicollet. ceae found by me in Brown County. Distribution: Nova Scotia and Quebec to Botrychium virginianwn (L.) Swartz. Found on the northern border and in the Alaska, south to Georgia, Louisiana Rattlesnake fern. northeastern river valleys. Not in great and California. Adjacent counties: Blue Earth, Nicollet, numbers any place, but a few individuals 25 FGC Hydric woods in sandy loam Cottonwood, Renville. were found in each one of many loca­ with much humus FSPC Distribution ( all data from Tryon) : Lab­ tions. Often found in depressions and rill 27 FGC Hydric woods in sandy loam rador to British Columbia, south to beds, sometimes in association with poi­ with much humus UMH Florida and Mexico; East Asia. son ivy and never with Virginia creeper. 43 Milford Twp Steep shaded mesic 4 FGC Well-shaded hydric brook ter­ Family Osmundaceae bank MSCH race UMH J 10-1 (N.) Home Twp Shaded mesic­ 7 FGC Hydric brook terrace in sandy Osmcmda c/aytoniana L. Interrupted fern. hydric north-facing road cut 110 loam (much humus) FSPC Adjacent county: Blue Earth. UMH Ill MSCH 21 FGC Mesic well-shaded woods in Distribution: Newfoundland to Manitoba, I 52-3 Cottonwood Twp Steep mesic-hy­ sandy loam MSCH south to Georgia and Arkansas. dric wooded slope 152 UMH 153 46 Milford Twp Steep shaded bank, I 04-7 FGC Hydric brook terrace in deep MSCH mesic MSCH shade 104 FSPC 106 UMH 107 MSCH One of the most abundant and wide­ 85-9 FSP Mesic wooded slope in deep The only member of the Osmundaceae spread ferns. All locations were mesic leaf mold 85, 86 UMH; 87, 89 FSP found in the county. Note: No fertile slopes. 117 (N.) Home Twp Mesic wooded pinnae were present on any specimen Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Blunt­ north-facing slope MSCH found. lobed Woodsia. 26 The Minnesota Academy of Science Adjacent counties: Blue Earth, Cotton­ 2 FGC Mesic wooded slope FSPC 11 FGC Mesic to hydric sandy loam wood, Redwood, Nicollet. Cyst opt eris bu/bi/era (L.) Bernh. Bulb­ forest soil near brook MSCH Distribution: Maine to Minnesota, south let fern. Equise/11111 palustre L. Marsh horsetail. to Florida and Texas. Adjacent counties: Blue Earth, Nicollet. Adjacent county: None. 112-4(N.) Home Twp Shaded mesic Distribution: Newfoundland to Utah, Distribution: Quebec to Alaska, south to north-facing road cut I I 2 MSCH south to Georgia and Arizona. Pennsylvania, Nebraska and Califor­ 114 UMH 14 FGC Hydric sandy loam near nia; Eurasia. 120 (N.) Home Twp Shaded mesic brook (m11ch humus) MSCH 20 FGC Mesic-hydric sandy loam by north-facing road cut UMH 16 FGC Hydric sandy loam near brook MSCH Woodsia oregana var. cathcartiana (Rob­ brook (much humus) UMH 28b Mulligan Twp Mesic roadside ins.) Morton. Cathcart's Woodsia. 22 FGC Hydric-mesic sandy loam, near Wood Lake, growing up thru Adjacent counties: Blue Earth, Cotton­ shady brookside FSPC asphalt UMH wood, Redwood, Nicollet. 51 Milford Twp Steep mesic shaded 31 Burnstown Twp Clayey north bank Distribution: New York to Minnesota bank MSCH of Cottonwood River MSCH and Iowa. 156a Cottonwood Twp Steep mesic-hydric 146a-b Lake Hanska Twp East-facing (L. E. )A Stately Twp. On quartzite cliffs wooded slope UMH bank of Lake Hanska in clayey bordering Mounds Creek MSCH In the few locations where it was soil in open shallow water 146a This specimen was collected by Leland found, it was very abundant. All four lo­ UMH 146b MSCH Erickson just inside the county line from cations were in deep shade, on steep Cottonwood County and the Red Rock slopes free of rocks. Equisetum pratense Ehrh. Meadow horse­ Dells. tail. Adjacent county: None. Maueuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro Sub-Division Sphenopsida Distribution: Newfoundland to Alaska, var. pensylvanica (Wil'ld.) Morton. south to New Jersey, Iowa and B.C. Adjacent counties: Blue Earth, Redwood, Family Equisetaceae Nicollet. 59 Milford Twp Hydric roadside Distribution: Newfoundland to Alaska, Equisetum hyemale var. pseudohyemale MSCH south to Virginia, Missouri and British (Farw.) Morton. Tall scouring-rush. 169a Lake Hanska Twp Steep north- Columbia. Adjacent counties: Blue Earth. Redwood. facing lightly shaded bank MSCH 42 Milford Twp Mesic-xeric open weed Distribution: Quebec to British Colum­ Equisetum sylvaticum L. Wood horsetail. patch on river alluvium MSCH bia, so11th to Georgia, Texas and Adjacent county: Blue Earth. This species is common in borders on Washington. Distribution: Labrador to Alaska, south the north sides of buildings, but I could 37 Milford Twp Xeric sunny Cotton­ to Maryland, Nebraska, and Oregon. not report it until I found it in the wild. wood R. bank in clayey soil MSCH 95 FSP between large parking lot and 66 North Star Twp Mesic excavation Dryopteris spi1111/osa (0. F. Miill.) Watt campground; mesic-xeric open near RR track in light shade var. spinulosa x americana (Fisch.) woods MSCH Fernald. Spinulose shield-fern. MSCH 96 FSP between large parking lot and 131 a-b FGC Hydric brook terrace in campground; mesic-xeric open Adjacent county: None (Note: A UMH rich soil a UMH b FSPC specimen was labelled erroneously as 138 (N.) Eden Twp Open roadside woods UMH being collected in Cottonwood County. ditch in mesic sandy soil UMH Equisetum arvense L. Field horsetail. The location recorded is in Brown 158 Cottonwood Twp Mesic N-facing Adjacent counties: Blue Earth, Nicollet. County.) lightly shaded bank by L. Ctwd Distribution: Widespread in the United Distribution: Quebec to British Colum­ UMH States and Canada. bia, south to Kentucky and Missouri. 164 Cottonwood Twp Mesic open creek (L.E.)B Stately Twp. On quartzite cliffs 8 Linden Twp Xeric roadside in sandy, bank UMH clayey soil 50 yds. from slough over Mounds Creek MSCH 171 Lake Hanska Twp Small mesic­ Found by Leland Erickson just east of MSCH hydric depression near N shore 30 Burnstown Twp North bank of the Cottonwood-Brown line, the identifi­ UMH cation was difficult and puzzling, but it Cottonwood River in clay soil must stand until successfully challenged. Eq11iset11111 hyemale var. elatum (Eng­ MSCH elm.) Morton. Scouring-rush. 33 Stately Twp Hydric roadside ditch Athyrium fi{ix-femina (L.) Roth var. Adjacent counties: None. MSCH michauxii (Spreng.) Farwell. Lady 81-2 North Star Twp Steep shaded hy­ fern. Distribution: Ontario to Idaho, south to Florida and California. dric brook bank 81 MSCH 82 Adjacent counties: Blue Earth, Renville, UMH Nicollet. 129a FGC Hydric brook terrace in rich 91-3 FSP Between parking lot and Distribution: Quebec to South Dakota, soil MSCH campground; mesic-xeric open south to Tennessee and Missouri. Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Dwarf woods 91 UMH 93 FSPC I 00-2 FGC Mesic steep wooded slope scouring-rush. 98-9 FSP Between parking lot and 100 UMH JOI MSCH 102 FSPC campground; mesic-xeric open 126-8 (N.) Eden Twp Shaded mesic NE­ Adjacent counties: None. Distribution: Greenland to Alaska, south woods 98 UMH, FSPC 99 UMH facing road cut 126 UMH 127 M4 Lake Hanska Twp Shaded steep MSCH 128 UMH to New York, Montana and Wash­ ington. hydric N-facing bank in rich soil 148 Cottonwood Twp Steep mesic UMH wooded slope UMH 71 North Star Twp Steep N-facing brook bank in rich mesic soil 141 ( N.) Eden Twp Open roadside Was abundant at the few sites where it ditch in mesic sandy soil UMH was found. MSCH 84 North Star Twp Steep shady hydric 133-6 FGC Hydric brook terrace in rich Cystopteris fragi/is (L.) Bernh. Fragile brook bank UMH soil 133 FSPC 136 UMH fern. 160-1 Cottonwood Twp Mesic N-facing Adjacent counties: Cottonwood, Red­ Equisetum f/uviatile L. Water horsetail. lightly shaded bank 160 MSCH 161 wood, Renville, Nicollet. Adjacent county: Bl11e Earth. UMH Distribution: Labrador to Alaska, south Distribution: Newfoundland to Alaska, 166 Lake Hanska Twp Hydric E-facing to North Carolina and California. south to Pennsylvania, Minnesota and bank UMH 1 FGC Mesic wooded slope MSCH Oregon. 175 Lake Hanska Twp In offshore Journal of, Volume Thirty-six, No. I, 1969 27 marsh among stiff marsh grasses Distribution: Greenland to Alberta, south its location was " Red Rock," near New UMH to Georgia and Oklahoma. Ulm but in Nicollet County. When Le­ This was by far the most abundant 176-7 Stalely Twp On quartzite outcrop land Erickson checked the Cottonwood and widespread horsetail, found under in shaHow sandy soil 176 MSCH County specimens, his finding two mis­ diffen:nt conditions and in 14 different 177 Ul'vfH placed Brown County specimens rein­ locations. stated Woodsia ilvensis and added Dry­ Pteridopltyte collecting in Brown County: vptcris spinulvsa. Thus, a total of seven Sub-Division Lycopsida Past, present and future. was considered the recorded species list. In addition to six of the seven recorded Tryon ( 1954) listed these six species Family Selaginellaceae for Brown County: Adian/11111 peda/11111, species, 13 other laxa (species and va­ Selaginella mpestris (L.) Spring. Rock Matteuccia struthiopteris, Cystopteris rieties) were found. Of the 19 laxa col­ spike-moss. Jragilis, Woodsia ilvensis, Equisetwn ar- lected, nine had been on the probable Adjacent counties: Blue Earth, Cotton­ 1•e11se, and Selaginela mpestris. I ex­ li st and two on the possible list. The wood, Nicollet, Renville. cluded the Woodsia ilvensis upon finding other two were unpredicted finds.

This great increase in recorded species is expected were often found where wild ginger (Asarum cana­ when an area is carefully investigated for the first time. dense) was abundant. The collecting on river and stream The prospects for future collecting in this area can be banks was very poor because the broad l1oodplains estimated (Table 3) from a consideration of habitat pref­ make these lands desirable for pastures. Drainage ditches erences of each species and the availability of those habi­ would seem to be a fair habitat since they are Y-shaped tats in the county, as well as the distribution data used and fairly stock-proof, but herbicides are applied regular­ in drawing up the lists. In Table 3, the probable list spe­ ly to the ditch areas to increase their efficiency and the cies that were not found in this study are divided accord­ length of time between dredgings. Weed control is ing to the likelihood of their being present in Brown another factor in the reduction of pteridophytes. Horse­ County. tails and bracken fern arc on the county weed list and The best collection sites were wooded slopes of river might therefore be harder to find . valleys, even those at a considerable distance from their rivers (this occurs when the river which originally cut References the valley was much larger than the present one). Ferns DEMING, ROGER LEE. 1964. A systematic survey and classification of the ferns of Waseca County. Unpub­ TABLE 3. - Probability of Finding Probable Pteridophytes in Brown County lished master's thesis. Mankato State College, Man­ kato, Minnesota. FUTURE PROBABLES ERICKSON, LELAND. 1965. A study of the taxonomy and Woodsia ilvensis ecology of ferns of Cottonwood County, Minnesota. Onoc/ea sensibilis Unpublished Master's Thesis. Mankato State College, Thelypteris pa/ustris var. pubescens Mankato, Minnesota. Equiselllm laeviga/llm Equisetum kansanum FosTER, A. S., and E. M. GIFFORD, JR. 1959. Compara­ Equisetum nelsoni tive morphology of vascular plants. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco. 555p. FUTURE POSSIBLES REASON FOR LOWER PROBA­ BILITY OF OCCURRENCE McMILLER, P.R., and C. 0. RosT. 1951. Soils of Brown Camptosorus rhizophy/lus on cliffs; rarely tree bases County, Minnesota. Agricultural Experiment Station, Polypodium virginianum different rock types or the ground St. Paul. (rare) ROMNESS, ARTHUR. 1964. The taxonomic study of the Lycopodium selago var. rock ledges; less often in woods or ferns in the area of Sacred Heart, Minnesota. Unpub­ pa/ens swamps lished Master's thesis. Mankato State College, Man­ FUTURE UNLJKELYS kato, Minnesota. Cryptogramma stelleri calc:ireous rocks; on edge of its STOKES, THOMAS. 1963. A taxonomic study of ferns in range the river valleys in and around Mankato, Minnesota. Pal/aea glabel/a calcareous rock or leached sand­ Unpublished Master's thesis. Mankato State College stone W oodsia scopulina calcareous rocks Mankato, Minnesota. Dryopteris go/diana rich, mostly calcareous woods TRYON, ROLLA M. JR. 1954. The ferns and fern allies of Cystopteris fragilis var. Minnesota. University of Minnesota Press, Minne­ m(l(:kayi various rock types, in shade apolis.

28 The Minnesota Academy of Science