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Digestive System Digestive System Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 1 Lecture Goals • Name the organs of the diges5ve system and describe their locaons and func5ons. • Define combining forms for organs and know the meaning of related terminology. • Describe signs, symptoms, and disease condi5ons affec5ng the diges5ve system. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 Lecture Goals • Define new suffixes and use them with diges5ve system combining forms. • List and explain laboratory tests, clinical procedures, and abbreviaons common to the diges5ve system. • Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper context, such as medical reports and records. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 1 Introduc5on The diges5ve or gastrointes5nal system performs four main func5ons: • ingeson • digeson • absorp5on • eliminaon Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Introduc5on: Inges5on and Diges5on • Ingeson—food material taken into mouth • Digeson—food is broken down, mechanically and chemically, as it travels through the gastrointes5nal tract. Ø Diges5ve enzymes aid the breakdown of complex nutrients. • Proteins → amino acids • Sugars → glucose • Fats → fay acids or triglycerides Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 Introduc5on: Absorp5on • Digested food passes into the bloodstream through lining cells of the small intes5ne. • Nutrients travel to all cells of the body. • Cells burn nutrients to release the energy stored in food. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 2 Introduc5on: Eliminaon • The body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream. • The large intes5ne concentrates feces. • The wastes pass out of the body through the anus. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Organs of the Diges5ve System • The gastrointes5nal tract begins with the oral cavity. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8 Oral Cavity Major parts of the oral cavity Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9 3 Oral Cavity (cont’d) Major parts of the oral cavity Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 Oral Cavity (cont’d) Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch → Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11 Oral Cavity (cont’d) Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12 4 Oral Cavity (cont’d) Anatomy of a tooth Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13 Oral Cavity (cont’d) Anatomy of a tooth Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14 Oral Cavity (cont’d) Salivary glands Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15 5 Pharynx Degluon Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 16 Pharynx (cont’d) Degluon Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 17 The Diges5ve Tract Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18 6 The Diges5ve Tract (cont’d) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19 Esophagus/Stomach Parts of the stomach Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20 Esophagus/Stomach (cont’d) Parts of the stomach Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 21 7 Small Intes5ne Villi in the lining of the small intesne Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22 Large Intes5ne Parts of the large intesne Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 23 Large Intes5ne (cont’d) Parts of the large intesne Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 24 8 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 25 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d) Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 26 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas (cont’d) Besides producing bile, the liver: • Helps maintain normal blood glucose levels • Manufactures blood proteins necessary for clong • Releases bilirubin, a pigment in bile • Removes toxins and poisons from the blood Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 27 9 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas The pancreas and its funcons Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 28 Food Pathway through the GI Tract Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 29 Food Pathway through the GI Tract (cont’d) Food enters through the oral cavity and exits through the anus Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 30 10 QUICK QUIZ: 1. What happens if bilirubin cannot leave the body and remains in the bloodstream? A. Gluconeogenesis B. Emulsificaon C. Hyperbilirubinemia D. Glycogenolysis Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 31 QUICK QUIZ: 2. Which term is the first part of the large intesne? A. Cecum B. Duodenum C. Jejunum D. Pylorus Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 32 QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d) 3. Which term means swallowing? A. Mas5caon B. Degluon C. Emulsificaon D. Peristalsis Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 33 11 QUICK QUIZ: 4. Which term means inflammaon of the lip? A. Cholecyss B. Celiac C. Appendici5s D. Cheilis Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 34 Pathology of the Diges5ve System Signs and symptoms • Anorexia – lack of appe5te • Ascites – abnormal accumulaon of fluid in the abdomen • Borborygmus (plural: borborygmi) – rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract • Conspaon – difficulty in passing stools • Diarrhea – frequent passage of loose, watery stools Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 35 Pathology of the Diges5ve System (cont’d) • Dysphagia – difficulty in swallowing • Eructaon – gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth • Flatus – gas expelled through the anus • Hematochezia – passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum • Jaundice (icterus) – yellow-orange coloraon of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 36 12 Pathology of the Diges5ve System (cont’d) • Melena – black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood • Nausea – unpleasant sensaon in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit • Steatorrhea – fat in the feces; frothy, foul- smelling fecal maer Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 37 Pathologic Condi5ons Oral Cavity and Teeth • Aphthous stoma&&s – inflammaon of the mouth with small, painful ulcers • Dental caries – tooth decay • Herpe&c stoma&s – inflammaon of the mouth by infec5on with the herpes virus • Oral leukoplakia – white plaques or patches • Periodontal disease – inflammaon and degeneraon of the gums, teeth and surrounding bone Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 38 Pathologic Condi5ons Oral Cavity and Teeth Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 39 13 Pathologic Condi5ons Upper Gastrointes5nal Tract • Achalasia – failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 40 Pathologic Condi5ons Upper Gastrointes5nal Tract • Esophageal cancer – malignant tumor of the esophagus • Esophageal varices – swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus • Gastric carcinoma – malignant tumor of the stomach Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 41 Pathologic Condi5ons Upper Gastrointes5nal Tract Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 42 14 Pathologic Condi5ons Upper Gastrointes5nal Tract (cont’d) • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) – solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach • Pepc ulcer – open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 43 Pathologic Condi5ons Upper Gastrointes5nal Tract (cont’d) • Hernia – protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 44 Pathologic Condi5ons Lower Gastrointes5nal Tract Small and Large Intes5nes • Anal fistula – abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus • Colonic polyposis – polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 45 15 Pathologic Condi5ons Lower Gastrointes5nal Tract Small and Large Intes5nes • Anal fistula – abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus • Colonic polyposis – polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 46 Pathologic Condi5ons Lower Gastrointes5nal Tract Small and Large Intes5nes (cont’d) • Colorectal cancer – adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 47 Pathologic
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