Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12504-9 — International Human Rights Law and Practice Ilias Bantekas , Lutz Oette Index More Information

INDEX

1503 complaints procedure, 168–9n54, people, 475; Khartoum Centre, 120; 168–9 moratorium on the death penalty, 346; 9/11 See September 2001 (9/11) attacks overview, 275, 277–80; remedial compensation, 284, 323; treaty bodies and, 63; Aarhus Convention, 592 Uganda’s Human Rights Commission, 88; Abacha, Sani, 587 validity of courts, 313; victims’ rights, 300, Abbasi, Feroz, 751–3 321, 603–25 Abel Antonio Jaramillo case, 441 African Committee of Experts on the Rights of the abolitionist movement, 10–11 Child, 352 absolute rights, 75, 239 African Court of Justice (ACJ), 282–3 absolute universal jurisdiction, 692 African Court of Justice and Human Rights, 702 abuse of rights device, 316–17 African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights acculturation, 193 (ACtHPR), 276, 281–4, 301, 605, 624 Acevedo-Buendía et al. v. Peru, 273–4 African Development Bank, 174, 551 actio popularis approach, 300 African human rights system: challenges, 287–8; Adan v. Secretary of State for the Home emerging frontiers, 289; impact of, 281–2, Department, 823 288–9; making system work, 286–9; adequacy in budgeting, 409 nationality rights, 280–1; overview, 236, administration of justice: domestic remedies, 274–7; regional economic courts, 284–6 310–13; introduction, 6; rationae loci, 304; African Protocol on the Rights of Women, 46, rationae materiae, 303–4; rationae personae, 112, 142 301; rationae temporis, 308–10 African Union (AU), 93, 126, 275–87, 700–1 administrative detention, 372–6 age of majority, 528 admissibility and treaty bodies, 297 aggressive psychopathic personality, 673 advocacy: Convention on the Rights of the Child, Agiza, Ahmed Hussein Mustafa Kamil, 143, 526, 528; counter-terrorism, 750–1, 223–4 754–6; for human rights, 142–5; by ahimsa (non-violence) principle, 7 non-governmental organisations, 122, 143, Akayesu judgment, 711 145; social change and, 641–6; victims’ rights Aksoy case, 317, 732 and reparation, 641–6 Akwanga v. Cameroon, 381 Afghanistan, 123, 676–7, 748–9 Al-Qaeda, 732, 738, 746, 748 Africa, 44–7, 289 Al-Rabiah v. USA, 748–9 African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights Al-Skeini v. UK, 306–7, 666 (ACHPR), 45, 64, 74, 255–75, 279, 282, 300, Albania, 457–8, 466, 780 342, 440, 482–3, 500, 603 Albuquerque, Pinto de, 624 African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the alcohol availability, 445 Child, 275, 352, 436 Algeria, 20, 215 African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Alien Torts Claims Act (ATCA), 607, 775–6 Rights (ACmHPR): enforcement procedures, alien’s rights, 601 324; general rule of exhaustion, 311–12; Amal (Hope) Centre for the Rehabilitation of human rights violations, 151; indigenous Victims of Torture, 119–20

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12504-9 — International Human Rights Law and Practice Ilias Bantekas , Lutz Oette Index More Information

841 Index

American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), assembly, right of, 729 78, 262–4, 270, 300, 342, 503, 659 Association for the Prevention of Torture, 111 American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Association of Chief Police Officers, 520–1 Man, 263 Association of Victims of Crimes and Political amicus curiae submissions, 320, 728 Repression, 334 Amnesty International (AI), 98, 110, 129 asylum, 824 amparo, right of, 411–12 AT v. Hungary, 505–6 Ananyev v. Russia, 254 Atala Riffo and Daughters v. Chile,78 ancestral lands to indigenous peoples, 326–7 attachment theory, 539 anonymity of complaints procedures, 317 attack concept, 710 anti-child-poverty legislation, 545–8 AU High-Level Panel on Darfur, 149 Anti-Enforced Disappearance Bill, 801 AU UN Hybrid Mission in Darfur (UNAMID), 149 anti-globalisation, 809 Australia’s Pacific Solution policy, 833 anti-government ideology, 185 Australia’s Second/Third Reports to the anti-landmine treaty, 112 Committee on the Rights of the Child, 147 anti-racism campaigns, 106 authoritarian states, 353 anti-slavery movement, 106 authoritative interpretations, 321 anti-terrorism, 128, 720, 727–9 authorship and human rights law, 38 Antypas, Tzanetos, 430–2 autonomy, 31, 244, 464, 471 Arab Charter of Human Rights, 43 Autonomy Statute of the Regions of the Atlantic Arab Court of Human Rights, 43 Coast of Nicaragua, 479 Arab uprisings, 40–4 awareness-raising, 145–9, 264 arbitrary deprivation of life, 342–3 Aydin v. Turkey, 504 arbitrary detention, 738–42, 745–8 Argentina, 168, 576, 592 ‘Baby Boy’ case, 266, 503 Argentine Federal Court of Appeals, 560 Babyloan, 573 Argentine Supreme Court, 411, 417, 772 Baena-Ricardo v. Panama, 622 armed conflicts: battlefield compliance, 649–76; ‘bail-out’ programmes, 585 combatants vs. non-combatants, 650–2; Baka/Bakola indigenous peoples, 487–9 compliance problems, 677–80; decisive Balkans, 705 influence test, 669–70; effective control test, Bandaranayke, Chandrika, 386 667–9; extraterritorial jurisdiction, 666–7; Bangladesh, 560, 568 human physiology in combat situations, bankruptcy, 585 670–3; human rights and, 657–9; introduction, Bantekas, Ilias, 583 649–50; military occupation, 662–5; restricted Bar Human Rights Committee, 254 targeting, 652–4; rights and obligations, Barcelona Traction case, 68, 70 654–7; warfare means and methods, 654 Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Armed Forces Special Powers Act, 95 Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Armenians of the Ottoman Empire, 706 Violations of International Human Rights Law arrest and detention, 368, 372 and Serious Violations of International Articles on Responsibility of States for Humanitarian Law, 599 Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA), 70, Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms 91 by Law Enforcement Officials, 342–3 Articles on the Responsibility of International Bassiouni, Cherif, 604 Organisations, 793 battlefield conditions, 649–76 ASEAN Declaration on Human Rights, 290 Beijing Fourth World Conference, 492 ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Belarus, 215, 224, 238, 458 Human Rights (AICHR), 290–1 Belgian Arrest Warrant case, 695 Asia, 39, 174, 290–1 Belgium, 249, 302–3, 335–6, 695, 796 Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC), 642 Belize legislature, 782 Assanidze v. Georgia, 622 Bentham, Jeremy, 9 assembly, freedom of, 436, 729 Bermúdez Urrego v. Transmilenio, 405

842 Index

‘best interests’ principle, 531–2 Centre for Justice and International Law (CEJIL), ‘beyond reasonable doubt’, 318 267, 271 Bibi, Zafran, 99–100 Chad-Cameroon pipeline project, 487–9 bilateral investment treaties (BITs), 768, Chaparro-Álvarez and Lapo-Íniguez v. Ecuador, 778–9 273 bin Laden, Osama, 344–5, 748–9 Charlie Hebdo magazine, 393 ‘biological bond’ perceptions, 539 Charter for the Public Service in Africa, 289 biopiracy, 821–2 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Black Sea Greeks, 706 Union (2000), 249, 260–1, 830 #blacklivesmatter, 106 Chaudhry, Muhammad, 123 Bloch, Ernst, 9 Chechen terrorists, 723–4 blood money/diya, 701 Chechnya conflict, 253 Bolsa Família programme, 554 child labour, 813 bona fide police powers, 779 child mortality, 817 Bosico v. Dominican Republic, 416 Child Poverty Act (UK), 546–7 Bosnian Genocide case, 169, 670 Child Poverty Commission, 547 bottom-up institutional perspectives, 325–6 child soldiers, 534–7 Boumediene v. Bush, 739–40 child support grant programme, 544 Bowring, Bill, 253–6 childhood concept, 527–8 Brazil, 460–1, 554 children’s rights: anti child-poverty legislation, British Bill of Rights, 9 545–8; ‘best interests’ principle, 531–2; child Brody, Reed, 334 soldiers, 534–7; childhood concept, 527–8; Broniowski v. Poland, 256, 623 discrimination against fathers in custody, Brown v. Board of Education, 436 538–41; family concept, 530; freedom from Brumarescu v. Romania, 623 poverty, 541–5; fundamental principles, 531; Bumiputra equity ownership, 472–3 introduction, 2, 526–7; life, survival and Burke, Edmund, 8 development, 533–4; non-discrimination Bybee torture memo, 746 rights, 537–8; personal views, 532–3; specialised protection needs, 528–31; violation Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, 40 of, 181 Cali, Basak, 250–3 Chile, 176, 559, 712–13 Cameroon, 487–9 Chilean Supreme Court, 139 Campaign to Strengthen the Inter-American China, 185–6, 441, 472–3, 552, 829 System, 272 Chinda v. Shell-BP, 777 Canada, 446, 456–7, 462, 482 cholera epidemic, 574 Canada’s Indian Act, 467 Chorzów factory case, 601 Canadian Supreme Court, 743 civil and political rights: enforced disappearance, Canadian Tobique band, 467 382–6; individual rights and, 36; introduction, capacity-building in human rights education, 2, 339–40; as ‘negative’ duties, 79; overview, 145–9, 166 74; Sri Lanka, 386–90 See also right to life capital punishment, 341, 346 civil rights, 2, 36, 74, 79 Caribbean Community (CARICOM), 613 civil society and Civil Society Organizations Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), 782 (CSOs), 103–5, 486 Caricom Reparations Commission, 613 civilian, defined, 652 Carter v. Russia, 254 civilian population concept, 710 Cast Led operation, 189 climate change, 439 caste-based discrimination, 106 Coalition Against Torture, 89 Castro-Castro prison massacre in Peru, 641 Coalition Authority in occupied Iraq, 665 Castro-Castro Prison v. Peru, 268 Cobo, Martinez, 474 Catholic Church, 105, 503 Code of Conduct for special procedures, 175 Caux Principles for Business, 772 Cold War, 18–21, 32, 155, 158, 160, 180, 587, 655 Center of Global Public Law, 251 collateral damage, 736

843 Index

collective rights See group/collective rights conceptual development of rights for women, Colombia, 592, 741 509–12 Colombian Constitutional Court, 411, 441 concluding observations on engagement, 201 Colombia’s Constitutional Court, 86 conditional universal jurisdiction, 692 colonialism, 8, 11, 455 Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against combatants vs. non-combatants, 650–2 Germany, 637 Commission of Inquiry, 137 Conference on Security and Co-operation, 20 Commission on Human Rights (CommHR), 158, conscience, freedom of, 395–6 401 conservatism, 695 Commission on the Status of Women, 510 constitutional guarantees, 782 Committee against Torture (CtAT), 195, 209, constructivism, 51 222–3, 335, 366, 605, 608 context-specific interpretation of rights, 37 Committee of Ministers (CoM), 322 control function in budgeting, 408 Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Rights (CESCR): compliance with obligations, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or 19; criteria for measuring human rights, 426; Punishment (CAT), 21, 26, 224, 355, 359, duty to fulfill obligations, 210, 404–5, 419; 362–4, 505, 607, 694–6, 746 freedom from poverty, 541; implementation Convention against Transnational Organized of ESC rights, 409; inquiry procedure, 420; Crime, 834 non-derogable core obligation, 75; public Convention Concerning Night Work of Women social investment, 410; right to education, 437; Employed in Industry, 494 right to food, 440, 816; right to health, 429; Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist right to water, 433–4; social security benefits, Bombings, 717 593; treaty bodies, 195; unemployment Convention on Action against Trafficking in and, 443; unreasonably high medicine Human Beings, 835 costs, 819 Convention on Biological Diversity, 477 Committee on Enforced Disappearances (CED), Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign 195 Public Officials, 771 Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Convention on Preventing and Combating against Women (CtEDAW), 195–202, 204, 210, Violence against Women and Domestic 214, 224–6, 497, 519 Violence, 500 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination (CERD), 193, 195, 219–20, Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), 21, 394 56–7, 76, 203–4, 226, 430, 493–508 Committee on the Right of the Child (CtRC), 195, Convention on the Financing of International 210, 532–3, 547 Terrorism, 717 Committee on the Rights of Persons with Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CtRPD), 195, 227–8, 261 Disabilities (CRPD), 22, 144, 213 Commodity Investment Funds (CIFs), 818 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC): communications in special procedures, 175 advocacy efforts, 143, 526, 528; child poverty, communism, 9 546; complaints procedure, 26; human rights Communist Party of the Philippines-New People’s and, 21, 51, 55; no ratification of, 59; optional Army (CPP-NPA), 799–800 protocol to, 181; right to survival, 352; treaty communitarian critiques of the concept of human bodies, 213–14 rights, 9 Convention on the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear compensation/damages for victims, 623, 627–8 Terrorism, 717 complaint mechanisms, 167–70, 298–300, 316 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 15 compliance problems armed conflicts, 26, 677–80 Coomaraswamy, Radhika, 202 See also ‘enforcement’ procedures core international crimes, 705–6 comprehensive convention on international corporate social responsibility (CSR), 783–5 terrorism (CCIT), 718 Corrupt Practices Act (1977), 588 Comprehensive Peace Agreement, 150 corruption-free society, right of, 587–91

844 Index

cosmetic surgery, 46 decentralisation of the health system, 432 ‘cosmopolitan’ spirit, 37 decisive influence test, 669–70 Costa Rican Constitutional Court, 503 Déclaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen, ‘Cotton Field’ case, 268 255 Council of Europe (CoE), 93, 118, 237–9, 324, Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for 500, 835 Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, 599 counter-terrorism: advocacy and outreach, Declaration of the Rights of Women, 10 750–1, 754–6; Al-Rabiah v. USA, 748–9; Declaration on Measures to Eliminate anti-terrorism legislation, 727–9; arbitrary International Terrorism, 718 detention, 738–42, 745–8; detainees, 758–9; Declaration on the Elimination of Violence ECtHR admissibility decision, 723–4; erga Against Women (DEVAW), 498–9 omnes doctrine, 756–7; human rights and, 2, Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from 266, 725–7; introduction, 715–17; legal nature Enforced Disappearance, 384 of terrorism, 717–19; lethal force, Declaration on the Right to Development, 436 permissibility, 733–5; operations, 251; decolonisation, 18–21, 32, 36, 106 permissible restrictions, 729–33; state ‘deep-penetration agents’ (DPAs), 799 obligation in, 721–3; targeted killings, 735–7; Delhi High Court, 417 tracing strategies and release arguments, democracy-building, 184 751–4; underlying/root causes, 719–21; democratic governance, freedom of, 436 unlawful activities, 742–5 Democratic Republic of Congo v. Burundi, country visits and special procedures, 176–7 Rwanda and Uganda, 278 coup d’état,94 Democratic Republic of the Congo, 20 Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), Denmark, 219–20 260–2, 791 derogation process, 80–2, 730 Covenant of the League of Nations, 194 descendants of stolen people, 613 Covenant rights, 658–9 Detainee Treatment Act, 739 crimes against humanity, 686, 705, 709–11 development, right to See right to development criminal conduct vs. liability, 686–7 dictatorial states, 353 Criminal Investigation Department (CID), 389 dignity principle, 6, 72 criminal law See international criminal law discrimination: caste-based discrimination, 106; criminal proceedings, 133, 189–90, 225, 318, 374, children born outside marriage, 245; 378, 380 employment discrimination, 218–19; criminalisation, 375 non-discrimination rights, 76–8, 81; political cross-cutting human rights norms, 424 context of, 269; positive discrimination, 77; Cruz Varas v. Sweden, 328 sexual discrimination rights, 76–8; treaty cultural rights, 2 bodies and, 228 cultural specificity, 39 dispute settlement, 6 customary international law, 59–62, 83 Distomo Massacre case, 608 Cyprus v. Turkey, 353, 624 documentation of human rights violations, 130–7 Darfur, 27, 120, 149–51 Doe v. Unocal, 775 Dawda Jawara v. The Gambia, 313 Doha Declaration, 820 Dayton Peace Accords, 696 dolus specialis of genocide, 707 Dayton Peace Agreement, 472 domestic law reform, 93–7 de facto violations, 202, 764, 766, 798 domestic remedies, 310–13 de jure violations, 202 domestic violence, 507, 520 death penalty, 49, 57, 59, 215, 345–8 donor conferences, 563 debt bondage, 568 double criminality rule, 743 debt crisis, 443–6, 575 double jeopardy rule, 743 debt effects on human rights, 173–5 DRC v. Uganda, 609 debt relief, 445, 565 drug-trafficking, 833 debt-to-GDP ratio, 584–5 dual attribution, 796

845 Index

Dublin Statement on the Process of electroshock torture, 358 Strengthening of the United Nations Human emergency powers, 80–2, 373 Rights Treaty Body System, 206n73, 206 employment discrimination, 218–19 due diligence principle, 79, 268, 279, 350–1, 359, empowerment of women, 564 499, 521–3 Endorois case, 482–3 due process, 379 Energy Charter Treaty (ECT), 768 duplication of applications, 315–16 enforced disappearance, 382–6 duress/self-defence, 712 ‘enforcement’ procedures, 205, 324–5 Durmic v. Serbia and Montenegro, 220–1 environmental sustainability, 564 Dutch Supreme Court, 796 equal access to government, 459 Dutch Unemployment Beneﬁts Act, 218 equality principle, 71, 76–8, 530 equity in budgeting, 409 East African Community (EAC), 276 Erdemovic case, 671 East African Court of Justice, 284 erga omnes, 51, 67–71, 92, 752, 756–7 East Timor (Timor-Leste), 70, 704 Ergi v. Turkey, 661 economic, social and cultural (ESC) rights: Eritrea, 170 budget allocations, 412; environmental impact Eritrea and Ethiopia Claims Commission, 609 of oil exploration, 132; extraterritoriality of, Essex European Court of Human Rights Litigation 422–3; historical context, 400–3; human rights Project, 250 education, 147; indicators and benchmarks, Etcheverry v. Omint, 418, 772 423–6; individual communications, 419–20; Ethiopian Penal Code, 709 introduction, 399–400; justiciability of, ethnocentrism, 18 415–19; language of social justice, 106; EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, 786, 791 long-term monitoring, 141; minimum core EU Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX), 789 obligations, 413–15; political bias, 168; European Central Bank (ECB), 793 progressive realisation, 403–7; right to European Charter for Regional and Minorities education, 436–9; right to food, 439–42; right Languages, 239 to food indicators, 427; right to health, European Commission, 254, 256 428–32; right to water, 432–5; right to water, European Committee for the Prevention of case study, 435–6; states parties’ obligations, Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment 211; three generations of rights, 74; or Punishment (CPT), 239 undermining, 238; unemployment, debt crisis, European Committee of Social Rights (ECSR), and mental illness, 443–6 409, 418, 420–1, 793 Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), 15–16, European Community (EC), 260, 302 107, 158, 161, 402–3 European Convention for the Prevention of Economic Community of West African States Torture, 239, 355 (ECOWAS), 63, 276, 284, 287, 335, 415, 639 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR): economic globalisation, 809–10 admissibility of application, 316; Al-Skeini v. economic recessions, 445 UK, 306–7; arbitrary deprivation of life, 342; economic rights, 790; introduction, 2 Belilos v. Switzerland,57–8; children’s rights, Economic Rights Action Center (SERAC) and 537; death penalty and, 345–8; human rights Center for Economic and Social Rights (CESR) violations, 298, 301; impact of, 249–50; v. Nigeria, 279–80 introduction, 239–40; key institutions, 240–1; ecosystem protections, 592 liberty and security, 370; overview, 237–9; Ecuador, 592 rape as torture, 504; rights guaranteed under, Ecuadorian Commission for the Comprehensive 82, 260; torture and, 360; victims’ rights and Auditing of the Public Credit, 591 reparation, 602 education, right to, 436–9 European Convention on the Compensation of Edwards v. UK, 350 Victims of Violent Crimes, 627 effective control test, 667–9 European Convention on the Recognition of Egypt, 41, 381–2 Legal Personality of International El Fegiery, Moataz, 40 NonGovernmental Organisations, 108–9

846 Index

European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR): armed feminist legal theory, 509–12 conflicts, 660–1; Belilos v. Switzerland,57–8; Fernando, Basil, 641–6 children’s rights, 530, 532, 537–8; counter- Fernando, Sugath Nishantha, 646 terrorism admissibility decision, 723–4; critical field officers and human rights, 126–9 challenges, 256–9; decisions by, 321–2; Finland, 57, 445 development of jurisprudence, 242–4; Finogenov and Chernetsova v. Russia, 723–4 domestic assurances against ill treatment, 744; fiscal function in budgeting, 408 domestic violence, 507; double jeopardy rule, food, right to, 424, 427t, 439–42, 816 743; European Union and, 260–2; human Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), 426 rights violations, 213, 298–9, 302; impact of, Food First, 817–18 249–50; interpretation of ECHR, 244–6; food security, 565, 815–16 jurisdiction and treaty bodies, 298–302, 308; forced marriage, 522 Lawless v. Ireland, 81; litigation concerning forced nakedness, interpretation of, 268 Russia, 253–6; litigation concerning Turkey, foreign direct investment (FDI), 778–81, 807–8 250–6; McCann v. UK, 343–4; Osman v. UK, foreign investment law, 583 349; overview, 237–9; paying compensation, Forensic Physicians Society of Turkey, 365 323; pilot-judgment procedure, 256–7, 259; Foster, Lesley Ann, 202–4 procedural obligations of, 309; qualified rights, Framework Convention for the Protection of 392; responses to jurisprudence, 246–8; right National Minorities, 239 to life, 353; standard of proof, 318; structure framework for international human rights law and functions, 241–2; torture and, 69, 360–1; See international human rights law treaty monitoring, 63; Turkish derogation, free, prior and informed consent (FPIC), 486 732–3; victims’ rights and reparation, 606–7, free elections, 459 624; violence against women, 501 freedom from poverty, 541–5 European Court of Justice (ECJ), 63, 260 freedom from slavery, 75 European Human Rights Advocacy Centre freedom from torture, right to See right to (EHRAC), 253–4 freedom from torture European human rights systems, 236–40 freedom of assembly, 436, 729 European Jews of WW II, 690, 706 freedom of conscience, 395–6 European Social Charter, 238, 594 freedom of democratic governance, 436 European Stability Mechanism (ESM), 791 freedom of expression, 39, 75, 239, 246, 393–4, European Union (EU), 28, 93, 118–48, 163, 436, 449, 729–30 See also qualified rights 260–2, 301, 375 Freedom of Justice party, 41 exceptionalism, 27–9, 455–8 freedom of peaceful assembly, 239 exemplary damages, 623–4 freedom of religion, 7, 16, 393–6 expression, freedom of, 39, 75, 239, 246, 393–4, freedom principle, 71–2 436, 449, 729–30 See also qualified rights Freisler, Roland, 122 external self-determination, 451–8 French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of extraterritorial jurisdiction, 304–5, 307, 666–7 the Citizen (1789), 8–11 Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, 772 Friendly Relations Declaration, 459 extrajudicial killings, 735 Frigaar, Siri, 702–5 Extraordinary African Chambers, 336 Fujimori, Alberto, 139 Fund for Peace, 157 fact-finding, 130–3, 187–90 Fadeeva v. Russia, 254 Gäfgen case, 356–8 fair trial, right to See right to fair trial Garcia, Robert (Bobby) Francis B., 798, 801 fairness component in justice, 379 Garraway, Charles, 674–6 family concept, 530 Gaza, 187–90, 665 fathers in custody, case study, 538–41 gender-based human rights violations, 44–7, 515, Federal Shariat Court, 99 564 female genital mutilation (FGM), 44–7, 512–13, general international law, 57–8 515 Generalised System of Preferences (GSP), 811–14

847 Index

generic (cheap) drugs, 430 Guengueng, Souleymane, 334 Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Guerrero v. Colombia, 734 Law and Human Rights, 231 Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, 772 Geneva Conventions, 650–1, 653, 656, 659, 665, Guidelines on Gender-related Persecution, 828 756 Guiding Principles on Business and Human genocide, 706–9 Rights, 773, 775 Genocide Convention, 15, 707–10 Guiding Principles on Foreign Debt and Human German Constitutional Court, 261, 414 Rights, 172 German Democratic Republic (GDR), 9 Guinea, 278, 770 German Federal Constitutional Court, 709 Gulf War (1990), 184 German Federal Supreme Court, 608 Guyana, 469 German torture debate, 356–8 Germany, 14, 86, 122, 382, 391, 605, 636–8, 689 habeas corpus, 371, 738 Gilligan, Carol, 511 Habermas’ communication theory, 33 ‘global’ civil society, 104 Habré, Hissène, 334–7 global financial crisis, 417 Hadijat Mani v. Niger, 639 global food crisis, 439 Hague Convention, 608 global partnerships for financing right to Haiti, 11, 126, 416 development, 562–6 Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 739 Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), 785 Handyside v. UK, 245 globalisation: adverse impact of, 106; detrimental Hans Blokker Foundation in Germany, 562 consequences of, 29; introduction, 805–7; ul-Haq, Zia, 96 McLibel case, 835–7; objections to, 33; origins Hassan v. UK, 661 and nature of, 807–10; process of, 24, 103; health, right to, 428–32, 537 promotion of, 38; waning power of states, 25 health care: decentralisation of the health system, Golder v. UK, 378 432; epidemics, 819; health professionals, Gonzalez et al. (‘Cotton Field’)v.Mexico, 507–8 124–5; maternal health, 564; medical Grameen Bank, 569–70 documentation of, 364–7; mental-health grassroots constituencies, 146 services, 443–6; minority rights, 537; right to Gration, Scott, 698 health, 428–32, 537; rights for women, 554–5; Great Depression, 248 universal health care, 446, 819 Greece, 241, 430–2, 444, 469, 579–80, 583–6, Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative, 594, 780, 794 553 Greek Parliament’s Truth Committee on Public Herero massacre, 612 Debt, 584, 586 high collateral damage targets, 680 Greek Statistical Agency, 584 Hirst v. UK, 247 Greek Truth Committee on Public Debt, 578 Hissène Habré case, 334–7 Greenpeace International, 836 historical context of minorities, 463–7 Grootboom case, 86, 415, 417 historical injustices/violations, 612–13 gross domestic product (GDP), 408, 428, 446, 551, HIV/AIDS concerns, 429, 572, 574, 820 562 Ho Chi Min, 20 group/collective rights: debate over, 450; Holder et al. v. Humanitarian Law Project et al., exceptionalism in external self-determination, 728 455–8; external self-determination, 451–5; Holocaust, 14, 125, 605–6, 636–8, 706 internal self-determination, 458–9; Holt-Giménez, Eric, 817–18 introduction, 2, 448–9; nature of, 449–51; Honduras, 271, 481 objections over recognition of, 73–4; honour crimes: case study, 523–4; definitions and participatory budgeting, 460–1; reparation for concepts, 518–19; introduction, 517–18; legal violation, 631–2 See also minority rights approaches, 519–21; non-state actors/due Guantánamo Bay detainees, 28, 145, 201, 265, diligence, 521–3 367, 373, 726, 738–41, 745, 747, 758–9 hors de combat, 736, 789, 797 Guatemala, 266, 407, 478, 481 Howse, Robert, 579

848 Index

Hudood laws in Pakistan, 96, 98–100, 144 53; UN Charter system and, 155, 159–63; Hudoyberganova v. Uzbekistan, 395 violence against women, 499 Human Development Index (HDI), 141, 408, Human Rights Defenders’ Desk, 89 553–4 Human Rights Foundation of Turkey, 365 Human Development Report, 575 human rights impact assessments (HRIA), 788 human physiology in combat situations, 670–3 human rights law See international human rights human rights: advocacy for, 142–5; Arab law uprisings, 40–4; civil society and, 103–5; Human Rights Law Centre, 126 contestations and practices, 35–40; in counter- Human Rights Review Panel (HRRP), 789 terrorism, 725–7; cross-cutting human rights human rights treaty systems See regional human norms, 424; debt effects on, 173–5; defenders rights treaty systems of, 116–19; documentation and fact-finding, human rights violations: cessation of, 184; 130–7; education about, 145–9; field officers, Darfur, 151; fact-finding, 187–90; by 126–9; health professionals and, 124–5; intergovernmental organisations, 790–6; immunities in, 711–13; international criminal international criminalization, 684; by military justice and, 683–5; international human rights dictatorships, 265; outside a state’s territory, law and, 657–9; introduction, 6, 102–3; legal 304–6; rape crimes, 136–7; reports on, 138–40; professionals and, 121–4; minorities as subject responding to, 149–51, 236, 251; submitting of, 461–3; monitoring, 140–2; moral and complaints/communication, 298–300; UN liberal theories, 30–2; non-governmental Security Council and, 169 organisations and, 109–11; promotion and Human Rights Watch (HRW), 129, 138–9, 334 protection, 194; protection, 119–21, 123–4; human-trafficking, 833 reconstruction challenges, 32–5; social humanitarian intervention, 32 movements, 105–7; standard indicators for, humanitarian principles of warfare, 654 426; strategies, 130; theories and critiques, Hungarian bank (OTP), 228 29–30; training, 148–9; tripartite Hungarian Supreme Court, 228 configuration, 425; UN Security Council and, Hungary, 179, 228, 592 180–5; United Nations Charter system, 156–9 Hunt, Paul, 423 See also right to life Hussein, Saddam, 148 Human Rights Association, Diyarbakir, 250 Human Rights Committee (HRCtee): concluding Ibrahim and Others v. the United Kingdom, observations, 201; counter-terrorism, 728–35; 372 Covenant rights and, 658–9; death penalty identity politics, 34 and, 57, 348; equality principle, 71; freedom of illegal debt, 578–81 religion, 393; general comments, 210–11; illegitimate debt, 578–81 human rights defenders, 63, 119; human rights immigration detention, 374–5 violations, 299, 331–3, 644; impact of, 333–4; imminent domain, 577 indigenous people, 474; invalid reservations, immunities in human rights, 711–13 58; liberty and security, 369; limited scope, 51; imperialism, 8, 12, 27–9, 45 membership rights, 467–8; minority rights, in absentia trials, 694 462, 466; qualified rights, 392; reporting in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment, 503 procedures, 200; right to fair trial, 378; right to inadmissibility decisions, 297 survival, 352; treaty bodies and, 193, 215–18; ‘inborn attachment’ theory, 539 UN Charter system, 155; upholding of Incarceration of Unlawful Combatants Law, 373 convictions by higher courts, 309; victims’ incommunicado detention, 372 rights, 604, 617–18, 625; women’s human Independent Expert on the Effects of Foreign rights, 493 Debt, 582 Human Rights Council (HRC): complaints Independent Police Complaints Commission, procedures, 316; freedom from poverty, 542; 524 freedom of expression, 39; freedom of religion, India, 441, 482, 544, 559, 595, 607, 640, 815 393; human rights education, 146; legal and Indian Famine Code, 441 political challenges, 93; treaty negotiations, Indian Supreme Court, 416, 441, 451, 594

849 Index

indigenous people: Chad-Cameroon pipeline Philippines’ armed groups, 800–3; as violators project, 487–9; descendants of stolen people, of human rights, 790–6 613; educational programme for children of, internal self-determination, 458–9 533; introduction, 474–8; land rights, 479–81; ‘internalisation,’ 84 protection of rights, 266; right to property, internally displaced persons (IDPs), 143, 823 481–3; traditional lands vs., 478; World Bank International Bank for Reconstruction and and, 484–7 Development (IBRD or World Bank), 28 Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPP), 485–6 International Bill of Human Rights, 15–16, 19, Indigenous Peoples Planning Framework (IPPF), 21, 110, 449–50, 556, 565, 772 485 international Bill of Rights, 491 Indigenous Peoples Rights Act, 481 International Centre for the Settlement of individual complaints procedures: anonymity of Investment Disputes (ICSID), 618 complaints procedures, 317; 1503 complaints International Centre for Tropical Agriculture procedure, 168–9n54, 168–9; introduction, (CIAT), 822 295–6; non-governmental organisations, 295; International Commission of Jurists, 122 regional human rights treaty systems, 295–6; International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), treaty bodies, 296 388, 652–3 individual rights, 73, 450 international constitutionalism, 51 Indonesia, 481 International Convention for the Protection of All industrial weaponry, 12 Persons from Enforced Disappearance (CPED), infant mortality rates, 428 21, 212, 385, 604 institutional supranational ‘enforcement’ International Convention on the Elimination of procedures, 325 All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), 20, insurgent attacks, 680 76, 158, 213, 394, 602 intellectual property rights, 819–21 International Convention on the Protection of the Intelligence and Security Committee (ISC), Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of 756–7 Their Families (CRMW), 55 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights International Convention on the Protection of the (IACHR), 263, 266–7, 300, 321, 324, 383, 659 Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Inter-American Convention on Forced Their Families (ICRMW), 22, 212 Disappearance of Persons, 263, 384 International Convention on the Suppression and Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid Punishment and Eradication of Violence (ICSPCA), 20, 85 against Women, 263, 499 International Coordinating Committee of Inter-American Convention to Prevent and National Human Rights Institutions, 89 Punish Torture, 263 International Court of Human Rights (Australia), Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR): 195 compensation by, 323; custody rights, 78; International Court of Justice (ICJ): applicability immigration detention, 375; indigenous of human rights, 23; customary international people, 479–80; overview, 63, 262–70, 312, law, 60; general international law, 57; 351; qualiﬁed rights, 392; reproductive rights immunity from prosecution, 173; interim of women, 503–4; Velásquez Rodríguez, 383; measures, 328; interpretation of human rights victims’ rights, 603–4, 624, 631–2 law, 50, 63, 69; Legality of the Threat or Use of Inter-American human rights system: apologies Nuclear Weapons, 657–8; reservations, 56; in, 252; challenges of, 274; court as litigant, special procedures, 192; treaty bodies, 213; UN 271–4; impact of, 270–1; overview, 78, 236, Charter system, 155, 158; victims’ rights, 604 262–4; strength/weaknesses of, 273–4 International Covenant on Civil and Political interest-free capital, 573 Rights (ICCPR): adoption of, 17–19, 85; intergovernmental organisations (IGOs): arbitrary deprivation of life, 342; concluding complicity of states, 796; economic and social observations, 201; death penalty and, 345–8; rights, 790; general obligations, 785–90; dual obligation, 79; external self- national liberation movements, 797–8; determination concept, 451; freedom of

850 Index

religion, 393–4; general comments, 210; prosecution of crime, 702–5; universal general international law, 57; human rights jurisdiction, 692–5; victims’ rights and violations and, 298, 331; indigenous people, reparation, 609–11 474; individual rights already recognised in, international criminal tribunals, 764 21; jurisdictional concerns and, 309; Legality international/cross-border violations, 24–5 of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, international financial institutions (IFIs), 574–5, 657–8; minority rights, 463, 465–6; 787–92 multilateral human rights treaties, 54–5; international human rights law: armed conflicts, omissions to scope of rights, 240; prohibited 649–50; autonomy regimes, 465; children’s grounds, 76; right to fair trial, 377–8; right to rights, 529; Cold War and decolonisation, healthy environment, 593; treaty bodies, 19–21; declaration of rights, 8–10; 217–19; treaty obligations, 17, 198; UN development of, 6; effective monitoring and Charter system, 155–8; victims’ rights and implementation, 26–7; foundations of, 6–8; reparation, 602; women’s human rights, 493 fundamental premise of, 650; growth of, 21–3; International Covenant on Economic, Social and human rights and, 657–9; imperialism and Cultural Rights (ICESCR): additions of note, 26; exceptionalism, 27–9; international/cross- adoption of, 19; deliberations on the drafting border violations, 24–5; legal education, 148; of, 415; external self-determination concept, meaningless entitlements under, 529; 451; extraterritorial dimensions arising from, nineteenth-century struggles, 10–12; points to 422; global partnerships for financing right to consider, 19; responsibility of multiple actors, development, 562–6; historical context, 25–6; rights and obligations, 654–7; theories 400–3; human rights indicators, 426; of, 5; treaty bodies and, 659–62; victims’ individual communications and, 419–20; rights, 600, 608–9; violations in, 188; World introduction, 399–400; limiting application War I and, 12–14; World War II and, 14–15 of rights, 422; minimum standards, 75–6; international human rights law, normative multilateral human rights treaties, 54–5; framework: concept of rights, 72–6; customary nature of obligations, 403–7; Optional Protocol international law, 59–62; derogation during to, 230–2; resource implications, 408–12; right emergencies, 80–2; erga omnes notion, 51, to development, 566; right to education, 67–71; Hudood laws in Pakistan, 96, 98–100; 437–8; right to food, 439–40; right to health, implementation, 83–7; introduction, 49–52; 428; right to healthy environment, 593; right judicial decisions as source of law, 62–4; jus to water, 433; scope of application, 83; treaty cogens concept, 51, 56, 67–71; law reform, bodies, 231; UN Charter system, 158; victims’ 93–7; obligations, 79–80; reservations, 55–8; rights and reparation, 602 scope of application, 82–3; self-contained international crimes, 73 regimes and, 91–3; soft law, 65–6; treaties and, International Criminal Court (ICC): adoption of, 52–5 709; African Union and, 700–1; arrest International Labour Organization (ILO): warrants, 698; child soldiers, 535; Convention Concerning Night Work of Women documentation of human rights violations, Employed in Industry, 494; founding of, 13; 137; establishment of, 22; human rights indigenous peoples, 476–7; qualified rights, violations, 151; international criminal law, 391; special procedures by, 192 609–11, 692; multilateral human rights international legal personality (ILP), 687 treaties, 53–4; Office of the Prosecutor, 697; International Military Tribunal (IMT), 687–8 Rome Statute, 112, 115, 609–10, 713; victims’ International Monetary Fund (IMF), 28, 443–4, rights, 599, 614 561–2 international criminal law, 600; core international international ‘pressure,’ 84 crimes, 705–6; crimes against humanity, 686, International Protocol on the Documentation and 705, 709–11; criminal liability under, 686–7; Investigation of Sexual Violence in Conflict, enforcement of, 688–92; genocide, 706–9; 131 human rights and, 683–5; immunities in international tribunals, 704–5 human rights, 711–13; introduction, 682–3; international trusteeship system, 15 Nűrnberg trial, 687–8; peace vs., 695–702; interstate complaints procedure, 92

851 Index

interventionism, 27 Kato, David, 117 investment arbitration, 618–19 Kelly v. UK, 734 involuntary sterilisation of women, 224–5 Khan, Huma Shakeb, 127–9 Iqbal, M.C., 386–90 Khartoum Centre for Human Rights and Iran–US Claims Tribunal, 618 Environmental Development, 119–20 Iraq: armed conflicts, 123; Coalition Authority in, Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., 776 665; human rights field officers, 127–9; human Kitok case, 468 rights violations, 302, 306; insurgent attacks, Kiva, 573 680; Islamic State, 341; Jihadism in, 43; kleptocracy, 585 multinational combat operations, 676–7; Kononov v. Latvia, 380 resolution 688 against, 182 ; UK forces in, 250 Koptova v. The Slovak Republic, 220 Iraq War Logs, 733 Kosovo, 457–8 Ireland v. UK, 360 Kunarac Appeals judgment, 710 Irish Republican Army (IRA), 731, 734 Kurdish Human Rights Project, 250, 253 Irish Supreme Court, 791 Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), 728 Isayeva v. Russia, 304 Kuwaiti Nationality Act, 56 Islam, 7, 44, 96, 341 Kyrgyzstan, 216 Israel, 187–90, 373–4, 605, 636–8, 665, 719, 735 Israeli country mandates, 176 label crimes, 706 Israeli Supreme Court, 736, 746 labelling of victims, 634 Israeli Wall advisory opinion, 604, 609 LaGrand brothers execution, 329 Istanbul Protocol, 125, 131, 364–7 land rights of indigenous people, 479–81 Italy, 613 Latin America, 574 Latvian Constitutional Court, 794 Jamaica, 215, 219, 362 Lautsi v. Italy, 247 Janjaweed (militias), 149 The Law of Peoples (Rawls), 32 Jaramillo, Jesús María Valle, 117 law reform, 93–7 Jawara, Dawda, 313 Lawless v. Ireland, 81, 242, 731 Jews of World War II, 690, 706 Lawyers for Justice in Libya (LFJL), 134–5 Jihadism, 43 League of Arab States (LAS), 43–4 John K. Modise v. Botswana, 280–1 League of Nations, 12–14 Jones and Others v. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, legal black holes, 750 695 Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall judges, role in human rights protection, 123–4 in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (ICJ), 658 judicial decisions as source of law, 62–4, 85–6 legal nature of terrorism, 717–19 judicial review, 411 legal positivism, 9 judicially sanctioned killing, 341 legal professionals and human rights, 121–4 jure gentium concept, 693–4 legal space (espace juridique), 306 jurisprudence and treaties, 298–302, 304–5, 308 legal standing (locus standi), 756 jus ad bellum concept, 188 Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons jus cogens concept, 51, 56, 67–71, 270, 693, 695, (ICJ), 657–8 781, 786–7 legality principle, 727–9 jus in bello concept, 650, 653, 657–8, 661, 663, LendwithCARE, 573 678, 736, 738–9 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transsexual and Intersex justiciability, 415–19, 450 (LGBTI) rights, 77, 105, 143, 282, 450, 463, 526 justification of arrest and detention, 372 lethal force, 341, 348, 733–5 lex generalis principle, 664 Kaggwa, Med S.K., 88–91 lex mercatoria principle, 769 Kalashnikov v. Russia, 254 lex specialis principle, 657, 659–60, 663–4, 684, Kaliňa and Lokono Peoples v. Suriname, 476 798 Kane, Ibrahima, 286–9 Leyla Sahi v. Turkey, 247 Kasky v. Nike, 775 LG & E case, 576

852 Index

liberal democracy, 34, 38 Mazibuko and Others v. City of Johannesburg, liberal feminism, 510–11 433 liberal theory of human rights, 30–2 Mbeki, Thabo, 701 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 388 MC Mehta v. Union of India, 595 liberty and security, right to See right to liberty McCann v. United Kingdom, 247, 343–4, 627, 734 and security McDonalds corporation, 835–7 Libya, 41, 43, 134, 613 McLibel case, 835–7 life, right to See right to life Médecins sans frontières, 110 Lisbon Treaty, 249 medical care See health care litigation: advocacy and social change, 641–6; Mehmet Sentürk and Bekir Sentürk v. Turkey, 353 concerning Russia, 253–6; concerning Turkey, membership rights, 467–72 250–6; court as litigant, 271–4; strategies, memorandum of understanding (MoU), 743 638–40; victims’ rights and reparation, Memorial Human Rights Centre in Moscow, 254 638–40 mental-health services, 443–6 Loayza-Tamayo v. Peru, 622, 625–7 Methanex case, 779 locus delicti commissi principle, 693 Metzler, Jacob, 356–8 locus standi, 559, 595–6 Mexico, 821–2 Loizidou case, 668 microﬁnance/microcredit, 567–9 London bombings (2005), 737 migrant people, 822–4, 831–5, 832t Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), 89, 698–700 Miguel Castro-Castro Prison v. Peru case, 504 Lovelace case, 467 Military Commissions Act, 739 low-income households, 425 Military Council in Egypt, 42 Lubanga case, 611 military operations, 373, 381–2, 662–5 See also Lubicon Lake Band case, 466 international human rights law Lucero, Leopoldo Garcia, 640–1 Military Order (1651), 374 Lumina, Cephas, 173–5 Millennium Development Goals, 564–6, 571 Lumumba, Patrice, 20, 796 mineral development agreements (MDAs), 781 minimum core obligations, 413–15 M. C. v. Bulgaria case, 506 minimum dietary energy requirements (MDER), Maastricht Guidelines, 65, 422 439 Maastricht Treaty (Treaty on European Union), ‘minimum level of existence’ (Existenzminimum), 260 414 Macedonian identity, 469 Minnesota Protocol, 125, 131 Magnitsky, Sergei, 117 minority rights: guarantees, 13; health care rights, Mahmod, Banaz, 523–4 537; historical/political context, 463–7; Malay maize production, 817 policy, 472–3; membership rights, 467–72; Malay policy, 472–3 migrant children, 545; as subject of human Malaysia, 173, 497 rights, 461–3 See also indigenous people Mamidoil v. Albania, 780 Minority Schools in Albania, 466 Maori people, 482 Minors Oposa case, 595–6 Marangopoulos Lignite case, 594 Model Mine Development Agreement (MMDA), marginalisation, 269, 282 784 Martin, Trayvon, 106 Modise v. Botswana, 622 Marx, Karl, 10 Mohamed, Binyam, 750–1, 754–6 Marxism, 35 Prophet Mohammed, 393 Masimanyane Women’s Support Centre, 202 Moldova, 308, 669 material damages, 623 Moldovan Republic of Transdniestria (MRT), 669 maternal health, 564 monism modes, 85 Mau Mau suppression, 20 monitoring human rights, 140–2, 536 Mayocoba bean, 821–2 Monterrey Consensus, 565, 581 Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v. moral theory of human rights, 30–2 Nicaragua, 326–7, 479 Morris, David, 836–7

853 Index

Mosetlhanyane and Others v. Attorney-General Nigerian Education case, 415 (Kalahari Bushmen case), 435 Nike Corporation, 775 most-favoured nation (MFN) treatment, 779 Nilabati Behera v. State of Orissa, 607 Mousa, Baha, 666 Nizhny Novgorod Regional Committee against Ms L. R. et al. v. Slovak Republic (Dobsina), 220 Torture, 253 M. S. S. v. Greece and Belgium, 361, 830 non-derogable rights, 81, 239 Mukong v. Cameroon, 369 non-discrimination rights, 76–8, 81, 530, 537–8, multiculturalism, 464–5, 472 588 multilateralism, 52–5, 422, 684, 689 non-governmental organisations (NGOs): multinational combat operations, 676 accountability of, 114; advocacy by, 122, 143, multinational corporations (MNCs): human rights 145; agricultural trade liberalisation, 816; civil obligations, 685, 765, 767–78, 784; society and, 102–5; complaints to, 420; manufacturing and outsourcing dimension of, counter-terrorism, 716, 729; Egypt, 41, 43–4; 835; non-state actors, 66; overview, 24–5, 762; engagement of, 194; fact-ﬁnding and, 189; patent rights of, 820; selling surplus farm general considerations, 107–9; health goods, 816 professionals in, 125; honour crimes, 521; Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), 534 human rights cases, 109–11, 285; human rights Multiple Sclerosis case, 417 defenders, 119, 128; human rights protection Museveni, Yoweri, 699 in Sudan, 119–21; human rights violations Muslim Brotherhood, 40–2 and, 150, 251; individual complaints mutatis mutandis principle, 177, 475–6, 766, 794 procedures, 295; Inter-American system and, mutual legal assistance (MLA) treaties, 703–4 271; international human rights law, 49; Myanmar, 165, 775 introduction, 2; justice mechanisms, 697; monitoring human rights, 140; multilateral Nada v. Switzerland, 793 human rights treaties, 53–4; non-binding Nassirou, Ramanou, 571–3 guidelines issued by, 772; participatory National Human Rights Commission of Sri Lanka, budgeting, 460; regional human rights treaty 386 systems, 236, 292; reporting procedures, national human rights institutions (NHRIs), 199, 200; right to health, 430–2; role of, 102, 87–91 111–15; seeking judicial remedies, 750; special national liberation movements (NLMs), 797–8 procedures and, 176; status of implementation National Prosecution Authority for Organised information, 324; treaty bodies and, 232–3; UN and Other Serious Crimes, 702–5 Charter system, 155, 158, 165; UN human National School of Dramatic Arts, 626 rights treaty system, 202–3; victims’ rights and National Transitional Council (NTC), 134–5 reparation, 604, 638 nationalism, 12 non-refoulement principle, 364, 764, 829, 832 nationality rights, 280–1 non-repetition guarantees, 631 nature category, 73 non-retroactivity of obligations, 308 Nazi Germany, 14, 122, 382, 391, 636–8, 689 non-state actors (NSAs): constitutional ne bis in idem (double jeopardy), 380 guarantees, 782;economic and social rights, neo-colonialism, 38, 453 790; foreign direct investment, 778–81; neo-imperialism, 113, 516 honour crimes and, 521–3; introduction, neo-imperialistic human rights norms, 514 761–2; multinational corporations, duties, 765, neo-liberal theory, 807–10 767–78; overview, 2, 26, 65, 722; right to Nepal, 331–4 reparation, 611–12; status of, 762–7 Nepal’s Compensation of Torture Act, 616 normative legitimacy, 691 Netherlands, 218–19 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 28, New International Economic Order, 21 129, 301 New Zealand, 482 North Korean human rights, 185–6 Nicaragua, 479–81, 502–3 Norwegian National Authority, 702–5 Niger, 497, 639 Norwegian National Investigation Service, 702 Nigeria, 117, 278–80, 352, 415, 440 Nowak, Manfred, 140, 361

854 Index

nulla poena sine lege, 379 parent-child relationship, 530 nullem crimen sine lege, 379, 727 participatory budgeting (PB), 460–1 Nűrnberg trials, 22, 687–8, 709 Parveen, Shahida, 98 Nyusti, Szilvia, 228 PATH (Peace Advocates for Truth, Healing and Justice), 798–9 Obama, Barack (administration), 748 Peace Advocates for Truth, Healing and Justice objective attributes of human rights, 425–6 (PATH), 799–800 observation of human rights, 264–5 peace vs. international criminal law, 695–702 obsolescing bargain model, 781 peaceful assembly, freedom of, 239 odious debt, 578–81 People’s Union for Civil Liberties, 640 OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of peoples concept, 450 Foreign Public Officials, 771 perceived legitimacy, 691–708 OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, Perera, Gerard Mervyn, 645–6 772 performance-based legitimacy, 691 Office of the High Commissioner for Human Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), Rights (OHCHR), 116, 140, 173–4, 195, 197, 601 205–6, 230, 332, 513, 554–5 Permanent Mandates Commission, 194 official development assistance (ODA), 565 personal views, right to, 532–3 Ogoniland case, 440 Peru, 625–7 Oil for Food programme, 185 Peruvian Supreme Court, 139 opinio juris belief, 59, 68, 179 pharmaceutical companies, rights, 430, 432 ‘Oplan Missing Link’ (OPML), 799 Philippine Anti-Torture Law, 801 Optional Protocol to the Convention against Philippines, 592, 595–6, 800–3 Torture (OPCAT), 111, 355, 363–4 Physicians for Human Rights, 125 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the pilot-judgment procedure, 256–7, 259 Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Pinochet case, 712–13 against Women, 142 planning function in budgeting, 408 Opuz v. Turkey, 507 Poland, 243 Order Regarding Security Provisions and the polis, rights to participate, 6 Incarceration of Unlawful Combatants Act, political context of minorities, 463–7 340–73 political function in budgeting, 408 Organization for Security and Co-operation in political rights See civil and political rights Europe (OSCE), 20, 126, 239 Politkovskaya, Anna, 391 Organisation of African Unity (OAU), 274 polygamy, legislation governing, 96 Organization of American States (OAS), 93, 126, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, 271 262–3, 300 positive discrimination, 77 Organisation of Humanitarian and Voluntary post-traumatic stress disorder, 354 Work Act (2006), 120 postmodern feminism, 512–16 Organisation of the Islamic Conference, 393 Postova Banka AS and Istrokapital SE v. Greece, Osman v. UK, 349 780 outcome-based human rights, 425 poverty: alleviation, 817–18; anti child-poverty Özkalipci, Önder, 364–7 legislation, 545–8; child poverty, 541–5; freedom from, 541–5; microfinance/ Pakistan, 123, 482 microcredit, 568; urban-rural poverty divides, Pakistani women’s rights activists, 97–100 543; victims’ rights, 633 Palestine, 187–90 poverty assessment tool (PAT), 571 Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), 719 poverty reduction and growth facility (PRGF), Pan American Union, 262 561 Papamichalopoulos v. Greece, 622 poverty reduction strategy paper (PRSP), 561 Paradiso and Campanelli v. Italy, 532 power dynamics and human rights law, 38 Paraguay, 265, 410, 437 pragmatism, 34 parasympathetic (PNS) nervous system, 671–2 Prevention and Prohibition of Torture Act, 89

855 Index

Prevention and Prohibition of Torture Bill, 89 reasonable liberal peoples, 32 Prevention of Terrorism Act, 326 reasonableness, defined, 417 prima facie case, 313, 318, 679 Refah Partisi and Others v. Turkey, 247 primary education budget allocation, 412 Refugee Convention, 825, 827, 829 Principles on the Effective Prevention and refugees, 136, 824–30 Investigation of Extra-legal, Arbitrary and regional human rights treaty systems: abuse of Summary Executions, 342 rights device, 316–17; admissibility and treaty priority in budgeting, 409 bodies, 297; ancestral lands to indigenous prisoner of war status (POW), 651, 656 peoples, 326–7; anonymity of complaints privacy, right to, 75, 530 procedures, 317; comparison of, 291–2; private debt, 584 decisions by, 320–2; domestic and pro-homine approach, 269 international vs., 334–7; domestic remedies, procedural rights, 459 310–13; duplication of applications, 315–16; process-based human rights, 425 ‘enforcement’ procedures, 324–5; friendly Proctor, Larry, 821–2 settlements, 329–30; implementation of Progressive Realisation of the Right to Adequate decisions/judgments, 322–6; individual Food in the Context of National Food Security, complaints procedures, 295–6; interim 442 measures, 327–9; introduction, 235–7; property, right to, 481–3, 618–19 jurisprudence and treaties, 304–5; merits of, Protection of All Persons from Enforced 317–20; Nepal, 331–4; time limits, 314–15; Disappearance (CPED), 84 well-foundedness of applications, 316 protectionist theory, 528 regional political integration, 236 Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa, 275 regressive tax regimes, 410 proyecto de vida (life plan), 270, 625–7 rehabilitation rights, 628 punative damages, 623–4 release arguments, 751–4 pure universal jurisdiction, 692 religion, freedom of, 7, 16, 393–6 religious groups and legislative reforms, 95 qualified rights, 75–6, 390–6 reproductive rights, 498–508 quasi-genocide, 465 reservations (unilateral statements), 55–8 Québecois of Canada, 457 resolution 688 against Iraqi, 182 Responsibility to Protect (R2P), 655, 706 racial equality objections, 16 restitution, 622–3 Radbruch, Gustav (Radbruch formula), 9 restricted targeting in armed conflicts, 652–4 radical feminism, 511–12 Riedel, Eibe, 231–3 radicalisation, 43 right holders, 72–6 Rajapakse v. Sri Lanka, 617–18 right of amparo, 411–12 Rajasthan Hunger case, 441 right of assembly, 729 Ramiah, Joey, 329 right to corruption-free society, 587–91 Ramirez Herrera, German Antonio, 366 right to development: global partnerships for rape crimes: case study, 523–4; finding evidence financing, 562–6; Grameen Bank micro- of, 136–7; Hudood laws in Pakistan, 96, lending, 569–70; Greek debt case study, 583–6; 98–100, 144; interpretation of, 268; Nepalese introduction, 550–1; as justiciable, 558–9t, law and, 332; by non-state actors, 612; 559–61; microfinance/microcredit, 567–9; reparation for, 638; as torture, 358, 504 Minors Oposa case, 595–6; odious, illegal and Raquel Marti de Meja v. Peru, 504 illegitimate debt, 578–81; overview, 555–9; Rasul, Shafiq, 751 right to corruption-free society, 587–91; right Rasul v. Bush, 739, 752–3 to healthy environment, 591–5; sovereign rationae loci, 304 debt, 574–8; structural adjustment rationae materiae, 303–4, 712 programmes (SAP), 561–2; unsustainable debt, rationae personae, 301, 707–12 581–3; WAGES microfinance, 571–3 rationae temporis, 308–10 Right to Development (RTD), 555–9, 589 Re South Africa Apartheid Litigation, 776 right to education, 436–9

856 Index

right to equality, 76–8 sales globalisation, 835–7 right to fair trial: criminal proceedings, 379–81; Salgueiro da Silva Mouta v. Portugal, 537 general principles, 378–9; military justice, Salvioli, Fabián Omar, 381 381–2; practice, 376–7; sources, 377–8 same-sex marriage rights, 5 right to food, 424, 427t, 439–42, 816 San Salvador Protocol, 436 right to freedom from torture: absolute sanctions, 92, 422, 630 prohibition, 355–6; German torture debate, Sanctions Committee, 185 356–8; medical documentation of, 364–7; Santos, Soliman M., 800–3 obligations to, 363–4; practice of torture, Saramaka people v. Suriname, 631–2 353–5; sources of, 355; torture, defined, S.A.S. v. France, 396 358–62 satisfaction rights, 629–30 right to health, 428–32, 537 Saudi, Elham, 134–7 right to healthy environment (RTHE), 591–5 Saudi Arabia, 16 right to liberty and security: administrative Save Darfur campaign, 151 detention, 372–6; justification of arrest and Sayadi and Vinck v. Belgium, 302–3 detention, 369–72; practice of, 367–8; scope, secession, 458–9 369; sources, 368 secondary education budget allocation, 412 right to life: arbitrary deprivation of life, 342–3; securitisation, 375 bin Laden, Osama, 344–5; of child, 545; death self-determination principle: debt and, 579; penalty and, 345–8; duty to investigate, exceptionalism in external, 455–8; external prosecute and punish, 350–2; lethal force and, self-determination, 451–8; internal self- 733–5; McCann v. UK, 343–4; obligations to determination, 458–9; overview, 70, 718; sine protect, 348–53; practice, 340–1; protection qua non requirement of, 458 against threats, 348–50; right to survival, Selmouni v. France, 360 352–3; sources, 342 Senegal, 46, 222–3, 283, 334 right to personal views, 532–3 September 2001 (9/11) attacks, 715, 720, 725–6, right to privacy, 75, 530 746 right to property, 481–3, 618–19 Serbia, 220–1 right to satisfaction, 629–30 sex, gender and sexuality, 516–17 right to truth, 630 sexual discrimination rights, 76–8 right to water, 432–6 sexual violence: criminal proceedings, 380; Rio Declaration of Environment and involuntary sterilisation of women, 224–5; Development, 477, 772 legislation governing, 95; Nepalese law, 332; Rome Declaration on World Food Security, 442 perpetrator accountability for, 279; South Roosevelt, Eleanor, 16, 510 Africa, 202–4; victims’ rights and reparation, Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 14 616 Royal Bank of Canada, 579 Shari’a (Islamic law), 39, 41, 100, 497, 701 Ruggie, John, 773 Sharma, Mandira, 331–4 Ruiz-Chiriboga, Oswaldo, 271–4 Shirkat Gah women’s resource centre, 98 rule of law, 157, 184, 269 shoot-to-kill strategies, 735–7 rules of engagement (ROE), 674–80 Sierra Leone Special Court (SLSC), 535–6 Rumsfeld, Donald, 729 sine qua non requirement of self-determination, Rushdie, Salman, 393 458 Russia, 243, 249, 253–6 slavery, freedom from, 75 Russia’s Constitutional Court, 619 small-scale farming, 414 Rwanda, 126, 168, 705 small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs), 571 Smith, Clive Stafford, 758–9 Saami of Sweden, 468, 482 Social Accountability (SA), 772 ‘safe haven’ for alleged offenders, 702 Social and Economic Rights Action Center Sahin v. Turkey, 395 (SERAC) and Center for Economic and Social Said, Khaled, 132 Rights (CESR) v. Nigeria, 278 Salafists, political activism, 43 social change, 641–6

857 Index

social impact assessment (SIA), 485, 489 structural adjustment programmes (SAP), 444–5, Social Mobility & Child Poverty Commission, 547 561–2, 790 social movements, 105–7 structural-based human rights, 425 social rights, 2, 790 Sub-Commission on the Promotion and social security, 218–19 Protection of Human Rights, 170 socially excluded persons, 430–2 sub-Saharan Africa, 482, 829 socio-economic rights, 534, 831 subaltern globalisation, 809 sociology of international law, 50 Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture (SPT), soft law, 65–6, 448 195 solidarity principle, 72 subject matter category, 73 Somalia, 182, 456 subjecthood on individuals, 11 source of validity category, 73 substantive rights: compensation, 623, 627–8; South Africa: apartheid campaigns, 144; child forms of reparation, 621–2; liability, 620; poverty, 544; Child Support Grant, 554; HIV Loayza-Tamayo v. Peru, 625–7; non-repetition concerns, 559; overview, 20, 719; racial guarantees, 631; protection of, 459; equality objections, 16; right to healthy rehabilitation rights, 628; restitution, 622–3; environment, 592; sexual violence in, 95, 111, satisfaction rights, 629–30; standard of 202–4; social security beneﬁts, 559 reparation, 620–1; state responsibility, 620; South African Constitution, 406, 470, 516, 592 types of damages, 623–5 South African Constitutional Court, 86, 411, 415, Sudan, 149–51, 453, 457–8, 713 560 Sudan’s Constitutional Court, 86 South African High Court (Eastern Cape), 406 sui generis, 701, 792 South African Supreme Court, 417, 433 suicide bombers, 737 South America, 170, 481 Supreme Court of Nepal, 441 South Korea, 592 Supreme State Emergency Security Court, 381 South-South Network (SSN) for Non-State Armed Suresh v. Canada, 743 Group Engagement, 802 Swiss Federal Supreme Court, 416 Southern African Development Community Switzerland, 606, 793, 821 (SADC), 276, 285 sympathetic (SNS) nervous system, 671–2 sovereign debt, 574–8 Syria, 41, 43, 163, 341 Soviet Union, 122, 179, 238, 400–1 ‘systematic’ element of crimes against humanity, Spanish Constitution, 470 710 special procedures See United Nations special procedures Tajikistan, 216 Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Takács, Péter, 228 Migrants, 833 Taliban, 652 Srebrenica massacre, 795 Tamil Tigers of Sri Lanka, 766 Sri Lanka, 386–90 Tanzania, 224, 790 Sri Lankan Supreme Court, 86, 321, 326, 617–18 targeted killings, 735–7 stakeholder theory, 784 tariff and quota-free access, 565 standard indicators for human rights, 426 Taylor, Charles, 699 Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Tecmed case, 778 Prisoners, 65 terrorism See counter-terrorism standard of proof, 318 thematic mandates, 171–2 Stang, Dorothy, 177–8 third-country nationals, 432 state-centred international law, 601 ticking bomb situations, 356 states of emergencies, 80–2 time limits, 314–15 Steel, Helen, 836–7 Tokyo Convention on Offences and Certain Other Stichting Mothers of Srebrenica v. The Acts Committed On board Aircraft, 717 Netherlands and the UN, 795 Tokyo trials, 22 stillbirth rates, 428 ‘tontine’ savings account, 572 Street Children case, 407 top-down institutional perspectives, 325–6

858 Index

torture: defined, 358–62; electroshock torture, truth-telling, 701 358; German torture debate, 356–8; impact of, Tunisia, 41, 44, 134–5 387–8; Pinochet case, 712–13; prohibition of, Turkey, 250–3, 395, 468–9, 667–9, 722, 732 507; pursuing claims over, 640–1; rape crimes Turkish Medical Association, 365 as, 358, 504; treaty bodies and, 222–3; victims’ Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), 668 rights, 69, 600, 603 See also right to freedom Tutsi in Rwanda, 690 from torture Tostan (NGO), 46–7 Uganda, 96, 698–700 tracing strategies, 751–4 Uganda People’s Defence Forces, 90 trade liberalisation: biopiracy, 821–2; Food First, Uganda’s Human Rights Commission (UHRC), 817–18; food security impact, 815–16; 88–91 intellectual property rights, 819–21; UK Human Rights Act to Iraq, 666 introduction, 810–15; McLibel case, 835–7; Ukraine, 243 migrant people, 822–4; migrant protection, ultra vires, 660 831–5, 832t; refugee protection, 824–30; UN Commission of Inquiry, 150 Zambia’s maize production, 817 UN Compensation Commission (UNCC), 609 Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), (TRIPS Agreement), 820 588–90, 771 trafficked persons, 172 UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, 116, Trafficking Protocol, 835 119 Trafigura case, 777 UN Declaration on Human Rights Education and transnational criminal networks, 24 Training, 146 travaux préparatoires (preparatory work), 52 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous treaties: anti-corruption treaties, 772; Peoples, 22, 51, 66–7 implementation of, 83–7; international human UN Development Programme (UNDP), 141 rights law and, 52; mutual legal assistance UN Global Compact, 772 (MLA) treaties, 703–4 UN Global Counter-Terrorism, 720 Treatment Action Campaign case, 429 UN High Commissioner for Human Rights treaty bodies: achievements and challenges, (UNHCR), 142, 155, 206–7, 375, 828 229–30; admissibility and, 297; breadwinners UN Human Rights Commission, 15, 19 and, 218–19; Committee against Torture, UN Human Rights Council (HRC), 119, 213 222–3; Committee on Economic, Social and UN Independent Expert on the Effects of Foreign Cultural Rights, 75, 210, 231–3; Committee on Debt on the Enjoyment of Human Rights, 553 the Elimination of Discrimination against UN International Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 46–7, Women, 224–5; Committee on the Elimination 445, 534 of Racial Discrimination, 219–20; Committee UN Minorities Commentary, 471 on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, UN Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), 301, 789–90 227–8; discrimination and, 228; Durmic v. UN Office of the Special Advisor on the Serbia and Montenegro, 220–1; duties to NSAs, Prevention of Genocide, 141 764; ‘enforcement’ powers of, 205; Human UN Operational Satellite Applications Program Rights Committee, 215–18; individual (UNOSAT), 189 complaints procedures, 296; international UN Optional Protocol to the Convention against human rights law and, 659–62; jurisdiction, Torture (OPCAT), 239 298–302; overview, 212–14; right to UN Panel of Experts on Accountability for War development, 557; victims’ rights, 625 Crimes in Sri Lanka, 132 treaty-making, 52–5, 65 UN Paris Principles, 89, 91 Treaty of Lausanne, 468 UN Special Rapporteur, 118, 140, 172–5 trickle-down effect, 451 UN War Crimes Commission, 15 tripartite configuration of human rights, 425 UN Working Group on Enforced Disappearances, Tristán Donoso v. Panama, 622 383 truth, right to, 630 unemployment rights, 443–6 truth commissions, 685 UNESCO Constitution, 436

859 Index

unilateralism, 51 non-discrimination, 510; points to consider, United Kingdom (UK), 12, 302, 306, 493, 522–3 19; preparatory work to, 7; principles in, 71–2; United Nations (UN), 14, 107 significance, 15–18; treaties, 238; UN Charter United Nations Charter system: complaint system, 164; victims’ rights and reparation, mechanisms, 167–70; Human Rights Council 602 and, 155, 159–63; human rights dimension universal health care, 446, 819 under, 156–9; introduction, 154–5; special universal human rights, 35–40 procedures, 170–3; Universal Periodic Review, universal jurisdiction, 689, 692–5 155–61, 164–7 Universal Periodic Review (UPR), 155–61, 164–7, United Nations (UN) Decade for Women, 177, 205 492 ‘universality vs. relativism’ schism, 39 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of universally agreed human rights indicators, 582 Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), 480–1 unlawful kidnappings, 750 United Nations Development Programme’s unreasonably high medicine costs, 819 (UNDP), 534 unsustainable debt, 581–3 United Nations Forces of International urban-rural poverty divides, 543 Humanitarian Law, 789 US Department of Justice, 748 United Nations General Assembly (UNGA): US Justice Department’s Legal Counsel (OLC), condemnatory resolutions by, 155–61; 746 decolonisation, 452; importance of, 155; US Supreme Court, 436, 728, 744, 752 overview, 16, 53–60, 116–19, 161, 179–80; uti possidetis principle, 454, 456 reporting to, 195; Third Committee, 155–60; Uzbek delegation, 166 victims’ rights and reparation, 599, 604; Uzbekistan, 165, 216 violence against women, 498 United Nations Security Council (UNSC): armed van Boven, Theo, 604 conflicts, 662; child soldiers, 534–7; Varnava v. Turkey, 314 condemnatory resolutions by, 155–61; human Velásquez Rodríguez case, 351, 383, 505 rights and, 155, 180–5; human rights Versailles Treaty, 13 violations, 301; North Korea, 185–6; overview, Vertido, Karen Tayag, 225–7 22, 27; peace deals, 696; protection from Vertido v. The Philippines, 225–7 sanctions by, 302–3; short-term goals, 130–42 victims’ rights and reparation: assessment and United Nations special procedures: annual outlook, 632; civil vs. criminal proceedings, reports, 177; communications, 175; country 617–18; compensation/damages for victims, visits and, 176–7; fact-finding, 187–90; 623, 627–8; development of, 601–2; to overview, 170–3; reprisals against, 177–8 effective remedy, 615–17; experiences of, United Nations treaty system: combating sexual 636–8; for historical injustices/violations, violence, 202–4; common features, 194–8; 612–13; at inter-state level, 605–7; Dublin Statement on the Process of international criminal law, 609–11; in Strengthening, 206n73, 206; general international human rights law, 608–9; comments/recommendations, 208–12; introduction, 2, 598–601; litigation and, introduction, 192–4; reporting procedure, 638–46; national and transnational level, 198–201; strengthening reporting procedure, 607–8; by non-state actors, 611–12; other 205–8 classifications, 618–19; politics of, 633–5; United States (US) Declaration of Independence, pursuing claims in torture cases, 640–1; 8–11 restitution, 622–3; significance of victim Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): terminology, 614–15; torture and, 69, 600, common standard of achievement, 36; 603; treaties and UN declarations, 602–5; customary international law, 60–2; education violation of collective rights, 631–2 in human rights, 145; foundation of human Vienna Conference on Human Rights, 290 rights, 30–4; individual rights already Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 372 recognised in, 21; introduction, 6; Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties justifications of human rights, 36; (VCLT), 52, 56–7, 580, 659

860 Index

violence against women and reproductive rights, sexuality, 516–17; suffragettes in United 498–508 Kingdom, 12; violence against women and vital human needs, 435 reproductive rights, 498–508 See also Vo v. France, 502 conceptual development of rights for women; ‘voluntary’ genital mutilation, 46 honour crimes Vyshinsky, Andrey, 122 Women’s Protection Act (2006), 98 Workers’ Party, 460 WAGES (Women and Associations for Gains both working group (WG) on enforced or involuntary Economic and Social), 571–3 disappearances (WGEID), 170 Waldheim, Kurt, 719 World Bank, 104, 174, 192, 445, 481, 484–7, 551, Wall case, 69 563, 587, 590, 768–87 war crimes, 536, 703–4 World Bank group, 786–7, 796 War on Terror, 726, 738, 742, 750 World Court of Human Rights, 207 Warraich, Sohail A., 98–100 World Food Summits (WFS), 442 water, right to, 432–6 World Health Organization (WHO), 141, 424, 428, well-foundedness of applications, 316 433, 445 West Bank, 665 World Medical Association, 125 Western bias, 113 World Trade Organization (WTO), 442 Western feminist approach, 512–16 World War I, 12–14, 822 Wickrematunge, Lasantha, 391 World War II, 14–15, 30, 636–8, 689 Wikileaks, 733 Wilson, Woodrow, 13, 452 Yemen, 41, 43 Wiwa, Ken Saro, 117, 278, 329, 770 Young, Iris, 771 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 509 Yugoslavia, 453, 465, 696 Women’s Action Forum (WAF), 98 Yukos case, 619 women’s human rights: activists in Pakistan, Yunus, Muhammad, 569–70 97–100; empowerment of women, 564; feminist legal theory, 509–12; foundation for, Zambia’s maize production, 817 10; human rights defenders, 119; introduction, ZANU-PF party, 280 2, 491–3; key violations, 493–5; postmodern Zimbabwe, 20 feminism, 512–16; protection of, 266; zina (extramarital sexual intercourse), 96, 98–100 qualiﬁed rights, 395–6; sex, gender and Zwaan de Vries v. The Netherlands, 218–19