Proceedings of the Workshop
"Data Gathering on Renewable Energies
for New Member States
and Candidate Countries" 13 - 15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey
Editors N. Scarlat, M. Moner-Gerona, T. Sidki Uyar
EUR 23558 EN - 2008
Proceedings of the Workshop
"Data Gathering on Renewable Energies
for New Member States
and Candidate Countries" 13 - 15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey
Editors N. Scarlat, M. Moner-Gerona, T. Sidki Uyar
The Institute for Energy provides scientific and technical support for the conception, development, implementation and monitoring of community policies related to energy. Special emphasis is given to the security of energy supply and to sustainable and safe energy production.
European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Energy
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EUR 23558 EN ISBN 978-92-79-10407-7 ISSN 1018-5593 DOI 10.2790/20188
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
© European Communities, 2008
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Printed in Italy
Table of Content
Preface…………………………………………………………..…………………..…………...……….. 7 Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………….……..………… 11 Meeting the 20% target for renewables: some policy and data questions ………………....….…… 13 Ayla Uslu, Diana Barbu, European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark Renewable Energy – REN21 Global Status Report ….………………………………....……...…..... 23 Paul Suding, REN21 - Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century Succeeding or failing in Renewable Energies implementation: finding the way to successful RES deployment ………...…………………...……………………………………………………...…….…. 32 Magda Moner, Nicolae Scarlat, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ispra, Italy Renewable energy in the Southern Mediterranean region: status and prospects …………..….…. 49 Houda Ben Jannet Allal, Henri Boyé, MEDAD Ministère de L’Ecologie; Aménagement et Développement Durable, Conseil Général des Ponts et Chaussées, France Renewable energies – trends and opportunities ………………………...... 68 Christine Lins, European Renewable Energies Council, EREC, Brussels New Developments in Renewable Energy Sector in Croatia ………………………...... 83 Velimir Segon, Energy Institute Hrvoje Pozar, Dept. of Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Efficiency, Zagreb, Croatia Recent state of renewable energy implementation in Turkey …………………………...... 93 Tanay Uyar Sidki, Marmara University, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey. Renewable Energy in Malta …………..….…………………...……………………...... 112 George Cassar, Malta Resource Authority, Malta Energy policy in Slovenia – energy efficiency and renewable energy sources ………………...... 124 Edvard Ipavec, Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning, Department for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Slovenia Latest developments on RES policy, implementation and planning in the Czech Republic …….. 135 Petr Klimek, Czech RE Agency, Czech Republic Renewable energy development in Poland: status for '2006 and forecast for 2020 …………...... 157 Grzegorz Wiśniewski, EC BREC Institute for Renewable Energy, Warsaw, Poland Current status and development scenarios of RES in Slovakia …………...... 172 Roman Doubrava, Energy Centre Bratislava, Slovakia The current status of the RES implementation in Bosnia and Herzegovina ...... 190 Semra Fejzibegovic, Hydro-Engineering Institute Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herzegovina Macedonia: Country update on RES policy, implementation and planning ...... 204 Kiril Popovski, St Kliment Ohridski University, Skopje, Macedonia
5
Renewable Energy Resources in Montenegro ...... 216 Danilo Bozovic, Ministry for Economic Development Podgorica, Department for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Montenegro News in RES policy, production and use in Serbia 2007 ……………...……………...... 224 Milos Tesic, Faculty of Engineering, Novi Sad, Serbia Renewable energy policy in Bulgaria………………………………...... 240 Angel Minev, Black Sea Regional Energy Centre (BSREC), Sofia, Bulgaria RES policy in Hungary ……………………………...... 254 Bence Huba, Energy Centre Environment and Strategic Department, Budapest, Hungary. Renewable Energy Sources - A continuous challenge for Romania .…...………...……...... 271 Irina Nicolau, Romanian Agency for Energy Conservation, Romania Latest developments on RES policy, implementation and planning in Estonia ...………………... 280 Peeter Raesaar, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia Current status and prospects of RES use for energy production in Lithuania ...……………….... 293 Katinas Vladislovas, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Renewable Energy Unit, Kaunas, Lithuania RES in Latvia: policy and strategy ...…………………...... 300 Peteris Shipkovs, Institute of Physical Energetics, Latvian Academy of Sciences, Riga, Latvia Workshop motivation ……………………………………………………………………....…...…… 319 Workshop Agenda …………………………………………………………………………….....….... 323 List of Participants ……….…………………………….………………………...……………...... 327 Energy units and terms ….……………………………….………………………...……………….... 331
6
Preface
The present Proceedings include the presentations made at the Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for New Member States and Candidate Countries", which was held on 13-15 November 2007 in Istanbul, Turkey. This was the fourth workshop dedicated to data collection on the Renewable Energies promotion in New Member States and Candidate Countries, after the ones held in Malta, Cyprus and Croatia in 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively. The workshop was organised by the JRC-IES Renewable Energies Unit, Scientific Technical Reference System on Renewable Energy and Energy End-use Efficiency Action and Biofuels Action, in cooperation with the Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University from Istanbul, Turkey. Considering the ambitious targets proposed by the European Council, as well as the current level of RES share in European Union, all the member states and candidates countries must take major actions and move towards significant changes in the current RES approaches. In this light, the workshop was aimed to contribute to tackle the challenges of the ambitious proposed targets of 2020 that need changes in the development of RES support policies. The workshop focused on updating the existing data on RES deployment status, existing demonstration projects, costs as well as latest technologies changes and developments. One important point was to find- out which the country visions are for the future RES actions required, addressing the 2020 targets and what are their approaches for development, considering the national specific conditions as well as the success stories of several EU countries on RES development (Germany, Spain, Austria, Sweden, etc.). The workshop objectives were to look into detail on the following issues: Status, progress and trends for RES • Changes, general progress and new developments for RES • Latest info and new figures on the RES technologies deployment RES implementation issues • Status of planning and implementation of the RES technologies • Ongoing RES projects • Practical problems with implementation, barriers for deployment related to technical and economical (resources, technology and costs) or non-technical barriers (administrative, policies, etc.) Renewable energy policies • Policy definition, legislation, supporting measures • Good examples of renewable energy policies • Changes in the development of RES Policies Country visions for the future RES actions required, addressing the 2020 targets • Options available for achieving RES targets • Changes in the policies and actions planned. The key note speakers presented valuable information on the importance and general interest on RES at international level and provided all participants with a general view on the latest data on the trends and developments of RES at international level. They provided information on the status of RES at global level and in the Mediterranean region and on the current situation on RES, on data collection on RES and perspectives aiming to reach the targets for 2020. The participants at the meeting brought the latest data on RES potentials, development and planning for RES projects, status of the implementation of the RES technologies, providing latest data on the deployment of different RES technologies, including biofuels, compared with the targets in their countries. These also presented the RES policies and support schemes, including main financial incentives-tax incentives and investment subsidies. The experts from West Balkan Countries provided very new and important data on energy trends and interest in RES in their countries. The content of these proceedings are available on the website: http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/biof/
7 Key Messages from the meeting
Croatia. Recent Developments in the last year include the adoption of RES legislation including a package of five sublaws on RES electricity and cogeneration. A very generous feed in tariff for RES&C electricity was set in 2007, differentiated between technologies and applied for different plant size. A regulation was set on quality standards for biofuels and requirements and national indicative target of 5.75% by end of 2010. A new biofuels law is in preparation. For the moment, there are no incentives (tax exemption) regulations. Turkey. Energy generation in Turkey comes from natural gas (49 %), lignite (20%), hydro (19%) and fuel oil (4 %). The official targets in Turkey aims mainly at building 5000 MW nuclear plant, building lignite thermal power plants with capacity more than 1000 MW, full utilization of hydraulic resources, installation of minimum 3000 MW wind turbines and full utilization of geothermal resources in order to fill the gap in energy needs. Turkey is largely dependent on hydropower to meet its electricity needs and 40 percent of its total installed capacity is hydroelectric. Renewable energy law of Turkey allows the wind produced electricity to be supplied to the grid and require the payment of the average market price of electricity purchase. It provides conditions for implementation only in best wind potential sites. It does not support PV Implementation and wind energy in less favourable sites. On short-term, it is expected that wind power plants will play a major role in closing the electricity supply gap from 2007 to 2014. Malta. Studies have been carried on overall country potential and constraints and barriers. Wind, solar photovoltaic (PV), biomass wastes, landfill gases and sewage treatment plant gas offer some potential for RES-E exploitation in Malta. Tidal flow, geothermal, hydropower, biomass energy crops and wave do not appear to offer significant opportunities. There are some support schemes to promote micro- generation from RES (photovoltaic and micro wind), capital grants on PVs and micro-wind for domestic use and net metering and solar waters heaters – technology with highest development in Malta. Limited agricultural land and water are major constraints to growing of feedstock for biofuels. Biodiesel is produced from waste edible oil. The measures adopted to promote biofuels are the support scheme for biofuels through exemption of excise duty. In 2006 approximately 1.68 million litres of biodiesel sold. Slovenia. Feed in tariffs apply for RES, for producers who generate electricity in individual production facilities with higher-than-average actually achieved efficiency in the cogeneration of electricity and heat, or who use RES. For heat produced from RES, subsidies are in place for investment documentation for RES, financial incentives to households, and to companies and municipalities for RES investments. Biofuels used as motor fuels are exempted from the excise inspection and payment system when used in their pure form; when biofuels are blended with fossil fuels, a maximum 25% exemption from the payment of excise duty can be claimed. Czech Republic. Investment subsidies for RES are granted to entrepreneurs (small hydro, solar thermal, heat pumps etc.) or to municipalities, physical entities, NGO (PV, solar thermal, biomass heating) (subsidies between 15-40 % depending on technology), to for municipalities, NGO, church, etc. (for sustainable use of energy sources subsidies up to 90 %). For electricity, feed-in tariff and green bonuses apply for RES plants installed after January 1, 2007 and exemption for income tax for first 5 years. Financial incentives are provided as feed-in tariff or green bonuses. Biofuels production reached 110,000 t/year in 2006, but only 20,000 t were consumed in Czech Republic. Poland. The installed capacity of RES-E increased in Poland in the last year from 1307.5 MW to 1548.4 MW: biomass from 190 MW to 252 MW, biogas from 38.8 to 31.9 MW, wind from 83.3 MW to 176 MW, hydro from 1002.5 MW to 1082.8 MW, geothermal from 72.3 to 122.1 MW, solar thermal from 126,160 m2 to 167750 m2. RES electricity increased by 12 % to 4220 GWh (target for 2010: 12,000 GWh). There is a considerable development of solar thermal, with the support o national environmental funds (subsidies and low interest credits). RES support schemes are based on obligation to achieve quota (7,5%) and introduction of CoO (TGC) trade; penalty followed by voluntary charge for non-compliance (240 PL/MWh); biomass co-firing is eligible RET-E; distribution companies are obliged to buy “physical” green electricity by the market price of “black” electricity. Biofuels increased also from 42,200 to 84,300 t/year, biodiesel from 17,100 to 44,900 t/year.
8 Slovakia. In 2007, a new Strategy on higher RES utilisation was approved. It includes new binding internal targets for RES heat and electricity by 2010 and 2015 and a set of measures and consequent legislative actions. Certificates are issued by the Regulatory Office for Network Industries and are awarded to small power plants producing from RES with capacity up to 5 MW. Decree about fixed RES- E prices is issued for each one year and it is conditioned by the Guarantee of origin. A new RES-E price was set for 2008, depending on the RES source and plant capacity. For biomass, the RES-E price is between 66-90 €/MWh, for biogas is between 118-130 €/MWh, for solar is 255 €/MWh, for wind is 60- 90 €/MWh and for geothermal is 112 €/MWh. Macedonia. Some measures were adopted to create better conditions for introduction of RES. VAT for components of solar systems has been decreased from 18% to 5%. New, convenient tariff systems have been introduced for electricity produced by small hydro and wind power plants. A tender for completion of 40 small hydro power plants has been published. Governmental support is given for 500 thermal solar collector systems (up to 30%, not more than 300 €). A 30.000 t/yr biodiesel production plant has been completed in Skopje. Bosnia Several laws are in place within energy sector reform which gives positive treatment to RES for electricity production, but the relevant bylaws which should define implementation aspects, including national indicative targets, are not yet in place. The types of RES used in Bosnia and Herzegovina are hydropower for electricity production and biomass for heat production. An initiative for investigation of wind potential was completed and detailed plans for the establishment of three wind farms were made. There are limited financial resources available for implementation of RES projects, apart from regular commercial loans. Montenegro. Key renewable energy resources in Montenegro are considered hydro, wind, biomass and solar energy. A study on the assessment of RES potential – wind, solar energy and biomass was adopted in April 2007. A regulation on the connection of SHPPs to the electrical grid and instructions to determine price from SHPPs were adopted in May 2007. A tender for research and built SHPPs on 43 locations was launched. The energy development strategy of the Republic of Montenegro until 2025 is also in finalisation phase. Until 2025 it is foreseen that 4 wind power farms will be constructed, total power 20 MW (4 x 5 MW). Serbia. Tax policies regarding to RES include tax exemptions on investments in RES, income tax exemption, liberation from excise duty. There are no feed-in tariffs for electricity and heat produced from RES (Expected at the beginning 2008). A state warranty fund for RES facilities was set. The fund will subsidize the price of electricity produced from RES and delivered to consumers through the distribution network by 2 €cent/kWh. It will also subsidize with 1.0 €cent/kWh each the heat produced from RES and delivered by the heat distribution system. The State Fund and local authorities will subsidize the pure biodiesel or other biofuel that is sold through the official distribution network with 6 €cent/litre. From 2010 public passenger and goods transport must use at least 15% biofuel. A new biodiesel facility was built in Sid, with a capacity of 100,000 t/year, which produced 30,000 t biodiesel in 2007. Another biodiesel facility was built in Subotica, capacity of 10,000 t/year and produced 6,000 t of biodiesel. Retail price of biodiesel in Novi Sad is 0.9 €/l. Romania. Promotion system of RES in Romania is based on Green Certificates. RES eligible to receive GC are solar energy, wind energy, small hydro, biomass and geothermal. Solar PV systems account around 40 kW installed at two universities and several small households systems. There are several wind plants with a capacity of 7.65 MW. The hydro power is the most important RES in Romania, with an installed capacity of small hydro of 254 MW, all hydro producing around 29 % of electricity. Biomass is used on large scale for heating in households, using mainly fuel wood (4.5 Mt/year); five district heating plants were built to use sawdust (total capacity 35 MW). Wood residues are also largely used in wood industry to produce energy (mostly heat) for self consumption. Several biodiesel plants were constructed and other plants are under construction having a capacity of about 270,000 t /year. Financial support for biodiesel is provided by the single direct payment, complementary national funds, SAPARD Program and through tax exemption for biofuels. Bulgaria. The support scheme for electricity generated from RES and CHP is based on a feed-in tariff applied equally to different technologies and installed capacity, including for HPPs with up to 10 MW. It 9 is expected that after 2012 a common system for green certificates trading will be developed and implemented in the European Union and the Bulgarian generators will join that scheme. The energy legislation in force doesn’t foresee to provide direct investment subsidies or tax reduction for the RES producers. Hungary. The main RES sources in Hungary in 2006 are wood (47.4 %), other biomass (38.3 %), geothermal (6.6%), municipal waste (3.6 %) and other sources. The installed RES-E capacity increased since 2001 for wind, biomass and some biogas plants. RES-heat was produced in 2006 mainly from biomass (89.7 %), mainly forestry residues and wood and from geothermal (10.1 %). The biomass potential estimated in 2007 show a potential to produce 1,330,000 t bioethanol, 250,000 t biodiesel and 188 PJ biomass and 25 PJ biogas. Lithuania. In Lithuania the heat production from RES is based on biomass-wood, chips, wood waste, straw, biogas (440 MW). Electricity production from RES included mainly hydro, but the use of wind energy and biomass in CHP will increase in the future. Only in 2006 new 47.9 MW wind capacities were installed, reaching a total wind capacity of 54.3 MW. A National Energy Strategy was adopted in January 2007, setting the target of 20% RES in the primary energy balance by 2025, to increase the share of RES in primary energy balance by 1.5%/year until 2012 and to increase the share of biofuels for transport to 20% by 2025. The promotion of RES-E is through purchasing quotas. The feed in tariffs apply for RES, differentiated between technologies. For RES also grants and loans and tax exemptions and deductions are part of the promotion framework. A “Green certificates” system is planned to be introduced from 2021. For biofuels for transport, tax exemptions and deductions apply as well blending requirements. Estonia. Wind is one of the most important RES used in Estonia, with the capacity increased from 32.75 MW to 58.04 MW in 2006 and under development 18 projects with a capacity of 400 MW. The share of biomass is nearly two thirds of the total energy based on renewables, used mainly for heat production and cogeneration. Cultivation of energy crops on fallow arable lands and extended cultivation of oleaginous plants (rape, etc.) for biofuels production are expected to increase. There are a number of CHP plants under development on wood fuel with total capacity ca 120 MW. There are three biodiesel production plants with total annual production of 20,000 t and a bioethanol plant with annual production of 100,000 t is under construction. Latvia. Fuel wood is the most considerable local fuel in Latvia. Fuel wood part in Latvian balance of primary energy resources in the 2006 year was 24% of the total energy resources consumption. Straw obtained from agricultural activities in Latvia has not been considered a significant source of potential fuel. Wind generators with the total capacity 26.9 MW are installed in 2006 in Latvia. Electricity production from RES in Latvia (2005) comes from hydro (1534 MW) fuel wood CHP (2 MW), biogas (7.8 MW) and wind (26.9 MW). There are 3 biodiesel plants in Latvia now, with capacity about 10,000 t/year and 1 bioethanol production plant with capacity 9,600 t/year. Biofuels production is supported through tax exemption.
10
Acknowledgements
The Workshop: "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries" was held in Istanbul, Turkey on 13-15 November 2007. The organisers of the meeting were N. Scarlat (Renewable Energies Unit, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Joint Research Centre, European Commission), M. Moner-Girona (Renewable Energy Unit, Institute for Environment & Sustainability, Joint Research Centre, European Commission) and T. Uyar, Marmara University, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey. The Proceedings were prepared by N. Scarlat, J.F. Dallemand, M. Moner and T. Uyar. The organisers acknowledge the input from all the participants (see detailed list in Annex) who provided latest available information on RES development in their countries. Special thanks for the key-note speakers: • Ayla Uslu, Diana Barbu, European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark, • Paul Suding, REN21 - Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century, • Henri Boyé, MEDAD Ministère de L’Ecologie; Aménagement et Développement Durable, Conseil Général des Ponts et Chaussées, France, • Christine Lins, EREC - European Renewable Energies Council, Brussels, who contributed a lot to the success of the workshop and provided actual, valuable information on RES in their presentations. Special thanks to T. Uyar, (Marmara University, Faculty of Engineering) for his contribution to the preparation of the meeting. This meeting was possible thanks to the support of H. Ossenbrink (Renewable Energies Unit, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Joint Research Centre, European Commission) within the framework of the activities of the Renewable Energies Unit. The digital version of the Proceedings can be found on the Biofuel web site (http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/biof/).
Ispra, 2007
Nicolae Scarlat
European Commission, DG JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Renewable Energies Unit
11
12 Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries
13-15 November 2007 Istanbul, Turkey
Ayla Uslu-Dr. Anca-Diana Barbu
1
The European Environment Agency is the EU body dedicated to providing sound, independent information on the environment
http://www.eea.eu.int
2
13 EEA member and collaborating countries
Member countries
Collaborating countries
Total energy consumption by energy source in 2005, EU-27
Solar 0.7%
Other fuels 0.2% Hydro 21.9% Nuclear Natural gas 14.2% 24.6% Wind 5.0% Municipal Solid Waste 12.0% Biogas 5.3%
Coal and lignite Renewables 17.7% 6.7% Wood and Biomass and Wood Wastes Waste 67.9% 77.2%
Oil 36.7% Biofuels 5.5% Geothermal 4.5%
4
14 The EU share (6.7% in 2005) of renewable energy is still far below the indicative target for 2010 (12%) 80 EU target 12% in 2010 75 70 65 Above 12% in 2005 Below 12% in 2005 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25
Share of renewable energy (%) 20 15 10 5 0 Italy EEA Malta Latvia Spain EU-27 EU-15 Ireland Turkey Poland France Cyprus Iceland Austria Greece Finland Norway Estonia Sweden Belgium Bulgaria Slovakia Hungary Slovenia Portugal Romania Lithuania Denmark Germany Netherlands Luxembourg Czech Republic United Kingdom
5
Share of renewable energy in electricity in EU27 increased to 14% in 2005 (target is 21% in 2010), many MS are not on track
Other renewables 80 75 Large hydro 70 Indicative targets 2010 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20
Share of renewable electricity (%) 15 10 5 0 Italy Malta Latvia Spain EU-27 EU-15 Ireland France Poland Austria Cyprus Finland Greece Estonia Sweden Bulgaria Belgium Slovenia Slovakia Portugal Hungary Romania Denmark Lithuania Germany Netherlands Luxembourg Czech Republic United Kingdom
6
15 Binding 20% RE and min. 10% biofuels target by 2020
• RE-Electricity • Directive 2001/77/EC on the promotion of electricity from RE • feed-in tariffs, renewable obligations, fiscal incentives, tender scheme, • Biofuels • Directive 2003/30/EC on promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport
• RE-Heating & Cooling • Directive on the energy performance of buildings
7
EEA makes use of energy statistics
• Compiling the annual EU greenhouse gas inventory, based on the national GHG inventories (include underpinning energy data) submitted by countries to the European Commission and subsequently to UNFCCC. • Fact-sheet production: Emissions and Energy and environment indicators. • Core set of indicators. • State of the Environment Report and related integrated assessments. • EEA cooperates closely with Eurostat (e.g. Eurostat compiles for EEA estimates of CO2 emissions from fossil fuels using the IPCC Reference Approach and compares these with estimates submitted by countries).
8
16 9 Source: OECD/IEA/Eurostat energy statistics manual
Statistical implications of the 2007 policy package
Need for adequate data by sector:
Î RE electricity Î Heating and cooling from Renewables Î Liquid biofuels consumption for transport
Need for improved statistics on CHP
Î Type of fuels Î Efficiency Î Capacity Need for improved data on final consumption
10
17 Adequacy of reporting in view of the new requirements
RE electricity target Î Hydro Î Wind Adequate for all MS Î Biomass Î Solar PV Î Geothermal Heating and cooling from RE Î Cooling – no data Î Heating Î Heat pumps Î Wood in households/services Î Wood in industry Data quality varies among MS Î Municipal Wastes Î Biogas Î Geothermal heat Î Solar thermal Biofuels for transport Î Biodiesel Î Biogasoline Statistical system still weak Î Other liquid biofuels
11 Courtesy: Nikolaos Roubanis (Eurostat)
Working Group on Renewable Energy Statistics
Î First meeting on 30 November 2007
Î Participation: Î Relevant Commission services (DG TREN, DG ENV) Î Member States competent authorities (Statistical offices, Ministries, energy agencies) Î Industry/Associations’ experts
Î Agenda Î Biomass (solid and liquid fuels) Î Heat pumps Î Solar energy
Î Proposal for an Action Plan
12 Courtesy: Nikolaos Roubanis (Eurostat)
18 Austrian Statistical Office Energy Information Flow Chart
MOS,JODI, 2JQ, Monthly ESTAT, IEA Solids, Prices Ministry of Prices for electricity & nat. Economic 3JQ, Oil & coal gas, Monthly Affairs and prices electricity Labour EB, 2JQ E-Control Oil data Statistics Nat. gas, electricity & CHP data Austria Odyssee
EB, 5JQ Energy ETS 9 regional EB Agency Environmental Agency 9 Bundeslaender Ministry of ÉnvironmentEnvironment
13 Courtesy: Austrian Statistical Office
The shares of biofuels and wastes in Austria‘s energy consumption 2004
Î 11.3% or 156,967 TJ of gross energy consumption and Î 10.3% or 111,087 TJ of final energy consumption are biofuels and wastes Î 31.7% (17,754 TJ) of the overall heat for district heating and 64.6% (12,259 TJ) of heat for district heating from heat only plants and Î only 3.2% (6,491 TJ) of the overall electricity (including hydropower with 59,1%) but 14.0% (4,224 TJ) of CHP electricity are generated from biofuels and wastes
Courtesy: Austrian Statistical Office 14
19 What were 156,967 TJ biofuels and wastes 2004 used for?
Î Space heating (mainly household sector): 69,939 TJ (44.6%) Î Process heat production: 40,305 TJ (25.7%)
Î Traction: 842 TJ (0,5%)
Î Electricity production (mainly CHP): 23,927 TJ (15.2%) Î Heat production for district heating: 21,954 TJ (14.0%)
15 Courtesy: Austrian Statistical Office
Biofuel breakdown in the Austrian energy balances
Î Fuel wood: 60,734 TJ = 44.4% Î Wood waste (saw dust, bark etc.), Wood chips, pellets and wood briquettes: 33,741 TJ = 24,6% Î Black liquor : 24,239 TJ = 17.7% Î Biogases (sewage sludge gas, landfill gas, biogas): 1,887 TJ = 1,4% Î Biodiesel: 842 TJ =0.7% Î Other (straw, sewage sludge, meat and bone meal, nut shells etc.):15,463 TJ = 11.2%
16 Courtesy: Austrian Statistical Office
20 Waste breakdown in the Austrian energy balances
Î Industrial wastes (non renewable): 12,469 TJ = 62.2%
Î Municipal waste renewable: 2,481TJ = 12.4%
Î Municipal waste non renewable : 5,100 TJ = 25.4%
17 Courtesy: Austrian Statistical Office
Where does the data come from?
Î 6 surveys for consumption
Î 2 surveys for supply
Î 1 survey on installed plant capacity
Î 3 model based calculations
18 Courtesy: Austrian Statistical Office
21 The surveys relevant for biofuels and wastes
Î Household census: biannual Î CHP survey: annual Î Census in the private and public service sector: irregular, from case to case Î Census in the industry sector: biannual Î Input statistic survey: annual Î ETS – survey: annual Î Foreign trade statistics: monthly Î Forestry yield survey: annual but only used for plausibility checks Î Survey on installed Capacity of biomass fired district heating plants 1997 (2005)
19 Courtesy: Austrian Statistical Office
22 “Renewable Energy – REN21 Global Status Report”
Presentation to Workshop: "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries" 13-15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey Paul Suding, Head of REN21 Secretariat
Paul Suding 14.04.2008 1
Subjects of this presentation
• REN21, the network • REN21 Renewables Global Status Report: How it is done ? • Renewables GSR 2007 Some Results
Paul Suding 14.04.2008 2
23 REN2: new kind of initiative in international policy cooperation
¾ REN21 is an outcome of the Bonn 2004 International Renewable Energy Conference ¾ Established in Copenhagen 2005 after a series of preparatory meetings; Secretariat in Paris operational since January 2006; very active Steering Committee of around 30 personalities ¾ Objective: Promotion of policies for the rapid expansion of renewable energy in developing and industrial countries: ¾ REN21 is an open and expanding network. SUBSCRIBE AND PARTICIPATE!
Paul Suding 14.04.2008 3
REN21 is an informal type of international cooperation
¾ REN21 takes up several features of of “renewables 2004”, – Multi-stakeholder: Cooperation of Stakeholders from national and local Governments, Multilateral Organizations, Non governmental Organizations, Industry Associations, Financing actors and other – Multi-sectorial: Participants from Environment, Energy and Development Community – Global: Participants from All world regions ¾ Network, not an organization ¾ Type 2 partnership ¾ Close cooperation with other partnerships and initiatives: REEEP, JREC, ISPRE, Gleneagles Dialogue… .
Paul Suding 14.04.2008 4
24 REN21 Products and Services
• Inform about RE Status and Policies (Status Reports), • Inform about targets, plans and showcase successes (International Action Programme Follow-up); • Highlighting Benefits of Renewables: for Climate Change, Millenium Development Goals, Energy Security (issue papers) • Inform about renewable energy potentials (Input to Gleneagle Dialogue: large economies; Input to WIREC: Africa) • Point out relevant RE policy analysis and assessment work of stakeholders (IEA including implementing agreements, World bank, UNEP, UNDP, BMZ, BMU…) •Promote Knowledge Flow: Virtual library, political event calendar, reegle information gateway • Organise information exchange on RE stakes in international policy processes (UNCSD, UNFCC)
Paul Suding 14.04.2008 5
REN21 Renewables Global Status Report: Product Produce and make widely available ¾ annual global report on ¾ current status and recent development of Renewable Energy ¾ Markets ¾ Investment ¾ Industries and ¾ Policies ¾ up to date, factual, easy to read short version (brochure) ¾ in english and other languages ¾ publish data and detailed estimates, methodology in a supporting publication
Paul Suding 14.04.2008 6
25 REN21 Renewables Global Status Report Methodology
Issue Group within the REN21 network (over 100 contributors) • REN21 Steering Committee (concept, peer review and approval) • Lead Author, Research Director and Focal Point of Information (Eric Martinot) • Regional Correspondents • Country Correspondents • Topical Researchers and Contributors •Reviewers Sponsors: REN21; Federal German Ministries (Environment, Economic Cooperation and Development) Organisation: REN21 Secretariat and GTZ Production: World Watch Institute Disclaimer: REN21 issue papers and reports are released by REN21 to emphasize the importance of renewable energy and to generate discussion of issues central to the promotion of renewable energy. While REN21 papers and reports have benefited from the considerations and input from the REN21 community, they do not necessarily represent a consensus among network participants at any given point. Although the information given in this intermediate report is the best available to the authors at the time, REN21 and its participants cannot be held liable for its accurateness and correctness.
Paul Suding 14.04.2008 7
REN21 Renewables Global Status Report Methodology
Communication by email between • Lead author, correspondents and contributors • REN21 Secretariat, Lead author, Steering Committee and Sponsors
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Paul Suding 14.04.2008 8
26 Renewables Global Status Report: Results
REN21 Global Status Report 2007 preliminary: (to be released in November 2007) • Investment in renewable energy production assets other than large hydro power approximately $52 billion US in 2006. (Approx. $39 billion invested in 2005). Total (including large hydro) close to $70 billion. • Renewable power capacity totals close to 200 GW (excl. large hydro), and close to 5% of global power capacity. • Fastest growing energy technology is grid-connected PV, (50% per year from 2000–2006, from low basis). Second is wind power capacity (25% percent per year since a decade). • Ethanol production in US grown to equal that of Brazil. Stronger biodiesel growth in Europe.
Paul Suding 14.04.2008 9
Annual Investment in Renewable Energy 1995-2006 (billion USD)
About USD 52bn invested in RE capacity worldwide in 2006, up from USD 39bn in 2005. Large hydro additional USD 15–20bn.
Germany and China investment leaders, with USD 7bn each in 2005.
Paul Suding 14.04.2008 10
27 Renewable Power Capacities in 2006 (GW) for DC’s, EU, and Top Six Countries
Global renewable power capacity increased from 182 GW in 2005 to 202 GW in 2006 (excl. large hydro). This is 5% of total global power capacity.
Developing countries account for 45%
China has largest installed capacity, followed by Germany, US, Spain, Japan.
Fastest growing technology is grid-connected PV (60% / year from 2000–2005). Most installed in Germany, Japan, and US.
Second is wind (28% per year), led by Germany with 19 GW installed as of 2005.
Paul Suding 14.04.2008 11
Solar Hot Water/Heating Capacity Existing in 2006 (Total = 102 GWth) Total Existing Capacity as of 2006: 102 GWth. Added in 2006: 15.4 GWth.
China has a strong lead in both existing (65%) and added (80%) capacity, followed by EU, Turkey, Japan, Israel.
Rooftop solar collectors provide hot water to nearly 45m households worldwide, most of these in China. Biomass-fueled heating provides five times more heat worldwide than solar and geothermal combined.
Paul Suding 14.04.2008 12
28 Ethanol and Biodiesel Production, 2000- 2006 (billion litres/year)
38bn litres of ethanol produced in 2006, up from 33bn in 2005
6bn litres of biodiesel produced in 2006, up from 4bn in 2005
Together, annual biofuels production compares to some 3% of the 1,500 bn litres of motor fuel consumed globally.
Ethanol provided 41% of (non-diesel) motor vehicle fuel in Brazil in 2005. Ethanol was blended with 30% of all motor fuel sold in the US.
Paul Suding 14.04.2008 13
Average Annual Growth Rates of Renewable Energy Capacity, 2000-2004
Industry: Market capitalisation exceeded USD 100bn in 2007 for the 135 publicly traded RE companies (or divisions of major companies), that had a market capitalisation greater than USD 40m each. This was an increase from 85 companies in 2006 with market capitalisation of USD 50bn total.
Four big Initial Public Offerings in 2005-2006: Suntech (China), Suzlon (India), REC (Norway), and Q-cells (Germany)
Jobs: Over 1.7m jobs in the RE industry worldwide
Paul Suding 14.04.2008 14
29 Renewables GSR 2007: Policies are key
• The biggest growth is in countries, states and municipalities with RE deployment policies (market pull) • Promoting RE market deployment policies have mushroomed • At least 48 countries have national market transformation policies (feed in tariffs or quota obligations) in the electricity sector, including 14 developing countries. Over 10 states or provinces in countries with federal constitutions have such specific renewable electricity mandatory market policies. In addition, the US and other countries use strong fiscal policies. • At least 8 countries have already enacted national deployment policies for biofuels, mostly blending rules. Many more countries are preparing such policies. In some countries, bioethanol and biodiesel benefit from substantial fiscal incentives. • About 10 countries have enacted mandatory rules for utilizing renewable energy technologies in the heating sector, in particular solar water heating. Increasingly, such rules are also being enacted by municipalities and other local governments
Paul Suding 14.04.2008 15
GSR 2007 shows again: Policies are key
• Quantitative RE policy targets exist in over 70 countries (including 27 EU countries) worldwide, if all sector specific and also non-binding targets are included. In addition, many states/provinces in the US, Canada as well as India and others have targets, not to forget the increasing number of municipalities.
Paul Suding 14.04.2008 16
30 • REN21 is an open and expanding network.
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Paul Suding 14.04.2008 17
31 Institute for Environment and Sustainability 1
Succeeding or failing in Renewable Energies implementation: finding the way to successful RES deployment
Magda Moner, Nicolae Scarlat
European Commission Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Renewable Energies Unit
Institute for Environment and Sustainability 2 Content 1. Introduction to JRC 2. RES policy framework in EU 3. RE shares in EU •Biomass •Solar •Wind • Small Hydro • Geothermal 4. New mandatory targets for 2020 5. Factors to consider when adopting new RES options 6. Choosing policies instruments for achieving RES targets
32 Institute for Environment and Sustainability 3
The Institute for Environment and Sustainability
…a Research Based Policy Support Provider
IES Mission Statement
The mission of the Institute for Environment and Sustainability is to provide scientific-technical support to the European Union’s Policies for the protection and sustainable development of the European and global environment.
Institute for Environment and Sustainability 4 Renewable Energies Unit
Core task Scientific support for EU policies on RE and energy efficiency for a sustainable energy supply with emphasis on: Research on Photovoltaic Solar Electricity Monitoring the implementation of RES Assessment of Biofuels
Activities Performance and Reliability testing of new Photovoltaic Devices EU reference system for Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency European Resources and Environmental Impacts of Biofuels
33 Institute for Environment and Sustainability 5 RES policy framework
RES White Paper (1997) To increase the share of renewable energy from 6% to 12% of the total energy consumption in EU by 2010
RES Electricity Directive (2001) To increase the share of renewable electricity from 14% to 22% of gross electricity consumption by 2010
Biofuels Directive (2003) To achieve a share of 5.75 % of biofuels for transport in the total amount of fuels in Europe by 2010
Biomass Action Plan (2005)
An EU Strategy for Biofuels (2006)
Institute for Environment and Sustainability 6 Renewable energy shares of primary energy consumption in EU [%]
45 40.0 40
35
30 29.6
25 22.9 21.2 20
12 15 13.9 12.8 11.1 10.8
10 8.9 6.0 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.4 5.4 4.9 4.8 4.4
5 2.6 2.7 2.4 1.6 1.5 1.1 0.3 0 6.38 EU Italy Spain Malta Poland Latvia Cyprus France Finland Estonia Greece Austria Ireland Belgium Sweden Hungary Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Germany Lithuania Denmark Luxembourg Netherlands 2005 Czech Republic United Kingdom
34 Institute for Environment and Sustainability 7 Share of different resources in the renewable primary energy production in EU 2005
Geothermal 5.5%
Hydro power 22.2%
Wind power Biomass 5.5% 66.1% Solar 0.7%
Institute for Environment and Sustainability 8 Renewable energy electricity shares in EU-2005 and indicative targets for 2010
80
70
60 60 49.3 50
40 39 31 33.6 29 29.4 31.5
30 25 64.2 21 55.8 20.1 21 20 49.9 12.5 13.2 9 8 10 7 7.5 6 6 27.4 27.4
10 5.7 24.5 5.1 5 3.6 18.3 16.1 15.9 13.9 13.97 11.6 7.2 10.4 10.3 6.4 5.0 1.8 4.3 3.6 2.4 2.9 2.5
0 3.4 EU Italy Spain Malta Latvia Poland France Greece Cyprus Finland Estonia Austria Sweden Belgium Ireland Portugal Slovenia Hungary Slovakia Germany Denmark Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Czech Republic Czech United Kingdom United
35 Institute for Environment and Sustainability 9 Renewable shares of electricity production in EU- 2005
Geothermal Biomass 1.2% 15.8%
Solar 0.3%
Wind power 16.3%
Hydro power 66.4%
Institute for Environment and Sustainability 10 Renewable energy electricity breakdown in EU
Electricity production in EU from different RES [TWh]
50 Geothermal
45 Biogas Municipal solid waste 40 Solid biomass 35 Small hydro 30 wind 25
20
15 10
5
0 UK Italy Spain Latvia Poland France Greece Finland Austria Estonia Ireland Belgium Sweden Portugal Hungary Germany Denmark Slovakia Slovenia Lithuania Czech Rep. Czech Luxembourg Netherlands
36 Institute for Environment and Sustainability 11 Biomass
Solid biomass Solid biomass use in 2005: 58.8 Mtoe Estimated biomass use in 2010: 78.6 Mtoe Action plan for Solid biomass in 2010: 103.5 Mtoe
Solid waste Solid waste use in 2005: 5.3 Mtoe Estimated waste use in 2010: 6.5 Mtoe Action plan for solid waste in 2010: 12.5 Mtoe
Biofuels Biofuels use in 2005: 3.3 Mtoe Biofuels use in 2006: 5.38 Mtoe Estimated biofuels use in 2010: 9.9 Mtoe Action plan for Biofuels in 2010: 18.0 Mtoe
Institute for Environment and Sustainability 12 Current trend in biomass use for energy and Biomass Action Plan [Mtoe]
Biofuels 160 Biogas 140 Solid waste 120 Solid biomass 100
80
60
40
20
0 2004 2005 2010 Biomass Estimated Action Plan Action
37 Institute for Environment and Sustainability 13 Biomass Electricity Production
Gross electricity production from solid biomass in EU in 2005 [TWh]
12
Combined Heat Power-HCP 10 Electricity only
8
6
4
2
0 UK Italy Spain Poland France Finland Sweden Ireland Belgium Austria Hungary Slovenia Slovakia Germany Portugal Denmark Lithuania Czech Rep. Netherlands
Institute for Environment and Sustainability 14 Biomass heat production
Gross heat production from biomass in EU in 2005 [toe]
2.0
1.8 CHP 1.6 Heat only 1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0 UK Poland France Finland Austria Sweden Hungary Slovakia Slovenia Denmark Germany Czech Rep. Czech Netherlands
38 Institute for Environment and Sustainability 15 Liquid biofuels
Biofuels in EU [Mt]
7000
6000 EU10 EU 15 5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0 1991 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Institute for Environment and Sustainability 16 Liquid biofuels
Liquid biofuels in 2006 [toe]
3500
Total 3000 628.5 Other Bioethanol 2500 Biodiesel
2000
1500 2408 1000 682
500 275 234 177 177 177 95 70 58 532 27 19 3 11 20 3 4 0.5 0.8 0.8 275 51 63 0 128 UK Italy Malta Spain Poland France Greece Finland Austria Ireland Sweden Portugal Hungary Germany Denmark Slovania Lithuania Czech Rep. Czech Netherlands Luxembourg
39 Institute for Environment and Sustainability 17 Solar
PV Installed capacity in 2005 1,791.7 MWp Estimated capacity for 2010 6,000 MWp White paper for 2010: 3,000 MWp
Solar thermal Installed capacity in 2005: 17.3 million m2 Estimated capacity for 2010: 32.1 million m2 White paper for 2010: 100.0 million m2
Institute for Environment and Sustainability 18 Photovoltaic capacity installed
1,537 PV systems in EU in 2005 [MWp] 51.8 50.8 Total off-grid 37.5 on-grid 33.0 24.0 23.3 10.7 5.4 4.2 4.0 3.3 2.6 1.8 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.003 37.6 45.9 25.2 13.0 23.3 21.1 9.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1,508.0 0.3 0.2 0 102030405060 UK Italy Malta Spain Latvia Poland France Cyprus Greece Finland Austria Ireland Estonia Sweden Belgium Portugal Hungary Germany Denmark Slovenia Slovakia Lithuania Netherlands Luxembourg Czech Republic Czech
40 Institute for Environment and Sustainability 19 Solar Thermal
Solar thermal plants in EU in 2005 [MWth]
2,500 4,976 2,133 2,000 1,819
1,500
1,000 640 371
500 383 350 375 181 243 141 86 48 88 56 8 9 45 74 2 2 1 14 10 34 0 UK Italy Spain Malta Poland Latvia France Cyprus Greece Finland Sweden Ireland Estonia Belgium Austria Hungary Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Germany Denmark Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Czech Republic
Institute for Environment and Sustainability 20 Wind EU 25 (2005) Installed wind capacity: 40,517 MW Electricity from wind: 69 TWh Estimated capacity for 2010: 70,000 MW White paper for 2010: 40,518 MW
41 Institute for Environment and Sustainability 21 Wind capacity installed
Wind capacity in EU in 2005 [MW]
20,000 18,000 18,428 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 9,911 8,000 6,000
4,000 3,129 1,639 1,224 816 1,047 756 1,565 573 493
2,000 480 167 72 35 32 24 20 18 5 1 0 82 UK Italy Spain Latvia Poland France Greece Finland Estonia Ireland Austria Sweden Belgium Portugal Hungary Slovakia Germany Denmark Lithuania Czech Rep. Czech Luxembourg Netherlands
Institute for Environment and Sustainability 22 Hydro
Small hydro Installed capacity in 2005 11,260 MW Estimated capacity for 2010 11,600 MW White paper for 2010: 14,000 MW
42 Institute for Environment and Sustainability 23 Small Hydro
Small hydro plants in EU in 2005 [MW]
2,500 2,406
2,000 2,060 1,788 1,584 1,500 1,062
1,000 905
500 318 306 267 277 158 143 89 70 11 9 7 58 21 25 19 19 0 0.4 UK Italy Spain Poland Latvia France Greece Finland Sweden Ireland Belgium Estonia Austria Hungary Portugal Slovenia Slovakia Germany Denmark Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Czech Republic
Institute for Environment and Sustainability 24 Geothermal
Geothermal electricity Installed capacity in 2005 842 MWe Estimated capacity for 2010 988 MWe White paper for 2010: 1,000 MWe
Low temperature capacity 2,109.1 MW Ground Source Heat Pump-SHP 5,378.6 MW
43 Institute for Environment and Sustainability 25 Geothermal
Geothermal thermal capacity in EU in 2005 [MWth]
2500
Low temperature Geothermal 2000 GSHP
1500 1038 909 768
1000 722 2017 607
500 335 254 198 805 188 716 746 64 66 80 75 13 21 14 31 20 48 0.2
0 120 UK Italy Latvia Poland France Greece Finland Ireland Estonia Austria Sweden Belgium Portugal Hungary Slovakia Slovenia Germany Denmark Lithuania Czech Rep. Czech Netherlands
Institute for Environment and Sustainability 26 Geothermal electricity
Geothermal electricity capacity in EU in 2005 [MWe]
900 810.5 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 14.7 16 1.2 0.2 0 Italy France Portugal Austria Germany
44 Institute for Environment and Sustainability 27
New mandatory targets for 2020
Renewable energy mandatory targets for 2020 Renewable energies share of 20 % in overall EU primary energy consumption Binding minimum target of 10 % share of biofuels in overall EU transport consumption GHG emissions reduction of 20 % Reducing energy consumption by 20 %
Ref. “An energy policy for Europe” COM(2007) 1 final
Institute for Environment and Sustainability 28 Difficulties of meeting RES targets Availability of resources Administrative barriers and discriminatory rules for grid access High initial costs of RES Inadequate information available Expressing RES targets versus primary energy–disadvantages for wind, solar and hydro energy The increase in energy consumption smooths the RES progress
RES heating Difficulties for monitoring and accounting Not single market for renewable heating Market is not regulated
45 Institute for Environment and Sustainability 29 Issues to consider when adopting new RES options
Availability of (local) resources Availability and maturity of technologies Sustainability of energy production and potential effects on environment, economy and society Existing infrastructure and local energy demand Acceptability of local population Economics of RES Potential Environmental Impacts
Institute for Environment and Sustainability 30 Issues to consider when adopting new RES options Biomass Availability of biomass resources Available technologies for biomass heating and power production; gasification, BTL, lignocellulosic biofuels need to improve Competition for land with raw material, food production, etc. Sustainable production Local energy demand Economics Wind Existing mature technology Limited (?) local potential Lack of appropriate infrastructure Environmental impact assessment Acceptability of local population Variability and unpredictability for energy production–grid effects
46 Institute for Environment and Sustainability 31 Solar Available potential in southern regions R&D effort needed High costs of the initial investments required Daily variation–grid effects Storage Integrated PV when appropriate Hydro Potential- low margin for further increase Available mature technology Local environmental concerns Favourable economics Geothermal Limited, localised potential Technological difficulties High costs
Institute for Environment and Sustainability 32 Options for increasing RES share
Adopt an adequate energy mix Use existing resources when and where available Maximise the efficiency of resource utilisation Cost-effectiveness Promote success stories for RES deployment Increase awareness in technology available and benefits RES deployment depends on a coherent, predictable, supportive political & legal framework Adopt coherent, supportive, long-term policies Adopt adequate policy support instruments for RES Reduce energy consumption
47 Institute for Environment and Sustainability 33 Choosing policies instruments for achieving RES targets
Promote adequate incentives for each technology feed in tariffs, quota obligations, tax exemptions Include environmental costs in fossil fuels Coordinate support mechanisms between Member States Adopt integrated policies promoting RES and reducing energy consumption Develop adequate long-term action plan for RES deployment Removal administrative barriers Harmonisation of standards at EU level
48 RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION: Situation and prospects
Dr Houda BEN JANNET ALLAL, RE&SD OME Eng. Henri BOYE, MEDAD
Workshop Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries 13-15 November 2007, Istanbul,Turkey
•OME • Context • Present situation and prospects • Recommendations
49 Demography in the Mediterranean Basin
400
350 SEMCs 300
250
200 NMCs 150
millions inhabitants millions 100
50
0 1950 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Source: Plan Bleu, OME
50 Economic Development in the Mediterranean
2005-2020 7000 SEMCs Average growth per year: NMCs Total MED. 3.0% NMCs 2.5%; SEMCs 4.9% 6000 2000-2005 23% Avg. growth per year: Total MED. 2.1% NMCs 1.7%; SEMCs 3.8% 5000 1971-2000 19% Avg. growth per year 4000 Total MED. 2.9% 17% rates (billion $2000) rates NMCs 2.7%; SEMCs 3.7% 16%
3000 14%
13% 2000 81% 77% 12% GDP usingGDP exchange 83% 84% 1000 86% 87% 88%
0 1971 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2020
Oil (Mt) & Gas (bcm) Reserves
Total Oil Reserves = 6145 Mt Total Gas Reserves = 8340 bcm
4580
400 370 1870 1500 1400 3900 445
Source: Reserves from BP & CEDIGAZ Oil Reserves Gas Reserves
51 High Renewable Energy Resources
• The SEMCs are located in the world’s solar belt and have an excellent solar availability. • The annual average global solar radiation over the region ranges from about 1300 kWh/m²/year on the Mediterranean coast to a more than 3200 kWh/m²/year in the South and desert areas. • The direct normal solar radiation reaches (2000-3200) kWh/m²/year with low levels of cloudiness. The total sunshine hours ranges between 2,650 and 3,600 hr/year.
High Renewable Energy Resources
Wind characteristics in the MEDREC region Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Tunisia Turkey Wind velocities 2 - 6 6 - 11 5 - 10.5 8 - 11 7 - 10 5-11 (m/s) Wind potential na 20,000 na 6,000 2,000 88000 (technical) and (MW) 10000 to 12000 economic Source: OME
52 High Renewable Energy Resources
• Biomass: – Total waste resources potential is very high in the region. Some tentative estimation for their energy valorisation potential has been carried out in Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia and Turkey indicating significant results. The potential for waste resources in Egypt is estimated at 47 Mt per year. In Morocco, urban wastes are estimated at 3 Mt per year. – Non-commercial biomass potential is also relatively important, especially in Morocco where one third of the country’s total energy requirements are currently met with biomass. The region is thus losing many thousands of forest each year (30,000 hectares per year in Morocco). But in general, biomass data for the region are not always available and when available, they are of poor quality
High Renewable Energy Resources
• Hydropower: – The most important technical potential of hydropower in the region is available in Turkey (433 GW), Egypt (2.8 GW) and Morocco (2.5 GW). Existing generating power capacity in Turkey is 12.9 GW. In Egypt, however, potential for small hydro is rather small and does not exceed 25 MW. On contrary, the large potential in Morocco concerns small hydro and should be exploited in the near future. In Turkey, 4,114 MW hydroelectric capacity are under construction • Geothermal: – Geothermal potential is still not explored in the region except in Turkey. According to the information gathered, important potential is available in Turkey and also in Algeria and Morocco. Some potentially exploitable sites have already been located in these countries
53 Mediterranean: Energy Demand by Primary Source (1970 to 2005)
945 Mtoe in 2005 1000 Hydro RE Coal Nuclear 2% 4% 12% 900 14%
800 Nat gas Oil 25% 43% 700
600
500 (Mtoe)
400
300
200
100
0 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
Share of RE in total primary energy consumption (North Africa) 2005
TPES = 218 Mtep Nat. Gas Other RE 36% 4%
RE 6%
Coal 14% Hydro Crude Oil 2% 44%
54 SEMCs: Energy Consumption by Sector
180000 SEMCs: Sectoral share in 2004
160000 Others Others Industries 11% 36% 11% Residential 140000 26%
Residential 120000 26%
100000 Transport 27%
x 1000 toe . toe x 1000 Transport 80000 27%
60000
40000 Industries 36% 20000
0
1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Mediterranean: Electricity Demand (1970 to 2005)
1800 1780 TWh in 2005
Hydro RE Coal 13% 4% 19% 1600 Oil 10%
1400
Nuclear 1200 28% Nat. Gas 26%
1000 (TWh) 800
600
400
200
0 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
55 Share of RE in electricity generation (North Africa) 2005
large hydro Small 18000 17 573 MW hydro Wind farm Geotherma 0,3% 2,0% l 16000 0,2% Biomass PV system 0,5% 0,1% 14000
12000
Large 10000 Total power generation = 55 TWh hydro
MW 97,0%
8000
6000
4000 Wind farm Small hydro 239 MW Biomass 2000 145 MW PV system 136 MW Geothermal 12 MW 15 MW
0 Large hydro Small hydro PV system Wind farm Biomass Geothermal
Access to Energy: important efforts for Rural Electrification in the SEMCs
120%
2000 2005
100%
80%
60%
40% Rural Electrification (%) .
20%
0%
l a a t a . d ia co on an y st A l s c eri n or ni c rd srae Syri ib Ea u o o I L Egyp lg e W T J A l Lati or Leban M idd M
Developing Asia Source: OME, IEA Outlook 2006
56 Mediterranean: Primary Energy Demand 2005 (953 Mtoe)
Hydro&RE Nuclear 4% Coal Electricity Production 13% 11% 2005 (1780 TWh)
Gas 28% gas 26% Oil 46% & 16% RE
2020 (1360 Mtoe)
Hydro&RE Electricity Production Nuclear 6% Coal 11% 12% 2020 (2750 TWh) 41% gas Gas Oil 31% 40% & 19% RE
Source: OME, 2007
Mediterranean: Electricity Demand
3000 SEMCs 2005-2020 NMCs Average growth per year: Total MED. 2.9% NMCs 1.6%; SEMCs 5.9% 2500 2000-2005 Avg. growth per year: 39% Total MED. 3.3% NMCs 2.6%; SEMCs 5.5% 2000
1971-2000 30% Avg. growth per year 25% Total MED. 4.5% 1500 NMCs 3.9%; SEMCs 8.3% 23% (TWh)
16% 1000 61% 70% 75% 11% 77% 500 8% 84% 89% 92%
0 1971 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2020
57 Electricity accounts for 40% of additional TPES
350
N.Gas Oil Coal 300 97 250
Mtoe Mtoe 22 200 77 80 150 22 71 41 100 60 205 41 47 136 50 23 47 94 57 57 33 21 0 3 7 1971 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2020
Mediterranean : Power Production (by source)
2750TWh (612 GW) 3000 Gas 41% RE 19% RE 2500 + 330 TWh 1780 TWh (412 GW) 2000 Gas 28% RE 16%
TWh 1500 Gas 1000 +520 TWh
500 Oil
1971 1980 1990 2005 2010 2020
Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Hydro &RE
58 RE Electricity Production
RE Electricity Production 180 NMCs SEMCs 160
140 2000-2005 Total additional capacity : 61000 MW 120 RE additional capacity : 13300 MW Wind : 7600 MW (mostly Spain) 100 TWh . 80
60 +42 TWh 27.2% per year 40
20
0 1971 1980 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2010 2020
SEMCs & NMCs : RE share in the Energy Balance 30 20% SEMCs 18% 17% 25 RE 16% Hydro 14% 20 13% % share of RE (incl. Hydro) e
14 % 12% Mto 15 10%
11 ( Share 8% 10 8% 7% 10 6% 6% 6% 10 5% 10 10 10 5% 4% 5 7 7 12 2% 4 4 5 2 3 0 1 0% 1971 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2020
70 9% NMCS RE 8% 60 Hydro 6,9% % share of RE (incl. Hydro) 7,0% 6,6% 6,8% 7% 50 6,1% 6,1% 6,0% 5,6% 6% e % o 40
Mt 5% 39 34 Share ( 30 31 4% 22 20 3% 20 12 18 13 2% 10 15 15 17 18 1% 12 12 14 14 0 0% 1971 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2020
59 Energy dependency is increasing …
100% Global Energy Dependency (%) 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% NMC Importers 40% 30% SEMC Importers 20% 10% 0% 1971 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2020
Oil Dependency (%) Natural Gas Dependency (%) 100% 100%
90% 80%
80% NMC Importers NMC Importers 60%
70% SEMC Importers SEMC Importers 40% 60% 20% 50%
0% 40% 1971 1980 2000 2005 2010 2020 1971 1980 2000 2005 2020
The region is also facing climate change problems …
Source : UNF, Sigma XI, 2007
60 …which are expected to be more challenging in the future
Source : IPCCC, 2007 WGI
CO2 Emissions from Energy Consumption in the Mediterranean
3000 SEMCs NMCs
2500 45%
2000 38%
33% 32% 1500 26% 16% CO2 EmissionsCO2 CO2) Mt (in 11% 1000 55% 62% 67% 68% 74% 84% 500 89%
0 1971 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2020
Source: OME
61 “On current trends, we are on course for an unstable, dirty & expensive energy future” quote from IEA Executive Director
• A more sustainable future is needed • A more sustainable future is possible • High potential for energy efficiency • The electricity interconnection may help • Renewable energy have also an important role to play • OME is working on these issues through its RESDC
62 No single solution…. a portfolio of technologies is required
Solutions depend on … Renewable energy Efficiency in buildings, technologies Industry and End-Use products Countries, Resources, Needs, Biomass, CHP Energy efficiency in the Choices, transport sector Market, Timing, Infrastructure … Advanced power generation CO2 Capture and Storage and grid
RE in SEMCs: high potential but relatively modest present situation
Characteristics of wind resources in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Tunisia Turkey Wind speed 2 - 6 6 - 11 5 – 8 - 11 7 - 10 5-11 (m/s) 10.5 Wind Na 20 000 Na 6000 2000 88000 (technical) and potential 10000 to 12000 (MW) economic
RE installed capacity 2006 in the SEMCs (excluding large hydro) MW Algeria Egypt Libye Morocco Tunisia Turkey Small hydro (321 85 - 30 30 176 MW) Wind (410 MW) 0.5 225 114* 20 50 PV systems (13.3 1 3 1 6 2 0.3 MW) Geothermal 20.4 Biomass 36 0.1 Source: OME * 2007 data (60 MW have been inaugurated on April 2007)
Source: OME
63 Relative Cost of Electricity Generation from Wind and Solar
CCGT
Coal Steam
Wind
Concentrated Solar Power
Solar PV on good sites
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 US cents per kWh
Wind power generation can already compete in certain locations, Concentrated solar power is not far away in the sunbelt. Solar photovoltaics has costs decreasing by up to 18% with every doubling of cumulative production, but as yet remains economic only in remote locations. Source: World Energy Outlook 2006 and IEA databases
RE added value to the energy mix
• enhancing security of supply - both for geopolitical- concentrated in few countries - and infrastructure- power plants, pipeline, sea straits… • allowing energy sources diversification & reducing imports for consumers/ deferring production for exporters • mitigating risks in current energy portfolio and trends, due to volatility and instability of fossil prices; •creating framework for investment, enhancing industrial competitiveness – and opportunities for export, creating new jobs, favouring economic development •advancing environmental targets; •providing unique access to energy services;
64 • Barriers need to be removed, particularly – Institutional and legal barriers: in most of the countries, there is no institutional and regulatory framework specific to RE
– Competing resources: RE are competing with conventional energies relatively abundant, widely deployed and subsidised in several countries of the region. But, RE are most often already competitive in isolated rural areas
• Regional and international context is favourable – Regional: EC, EIB, MEDREP, MEDENER, MEDITEP, OME – Kyoto Protocol: the Clean Development Mechanism, an opportunity not yet fully exploited – The Mediterranean Strategy for Sustainable Development: a framework in favour to RE and EE – RE perspectives are encouraging
65 RE perspectives are encouraging in the SEMCs
Orientations for RE in the SEMCs Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Tunisia Turkey RE specific Yes Ongoing No Ongoing Yes Yes law Targets 5% of 20% RE 6% of RE RE: 10% Yes, by 2006- power share in share in share in technology 2012: + (not generation electricity electricity TPES and (wind, 926 MW mandatory) based on demand demand 20% in SWH, …) RE solar by 2020 by 2020 electricity 2010- energy by generation 2015: + 2010 by 2012 625 MW Feed in tariffs Yes Yes No No No Yes RE funds Yes Foreseen RE subsidies Yes (SWH) R&D law Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Public Yes Yes awareness (strong) programmes
Source: OME
Conclusions
• A sustainable energy future is possible with a portfolio of clean and efficient technologies, RE definitely among them. • The task will take substantial time and it will require significant investments costs. But Business As Usual would cost more!! • The task is urgent: it must be carried out before a new generation of inefficient and high-carbon energy infrastructure is locked into place. Delaying action by 10 years would reduce the impact on emissions in 2030 by three-quarters • Implementing sustainable scenarios will require a transformation in: ¾ the way power is generated, ¾ the way homes, offices and factories are built and use energy, ¾ the technologies used for transport. • It will also require a strong co-operation between the North and the South countries to achieve the results implied
66 Recommendations -1-
• Realistic regional targets for EE, RE and access to electricity • Adapted institutional and legislative frameworks involving all stakeholders • Regional programme of implementation and measures strengthening in the fields of CC, RE and EE • Techno-economic studies for integrated euro- Mediterranean projects for solar and wind development in the SEMCS
Recommendations -2-
• Strengthened regional cooperation • Regional carbon fund • Regional programme for awareness and dissemination of information – Supervisory Board • The OME RESDC is working in this direction by initiating regional projects on several issues related to RE development in the region in cooperation with Euro-Mediterranean partners and with support of the EC
67 Renewable energies – trends and opportunities
Christine Lins Secretary General European Renewable Energy Council
Workshop « Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries
Istanbul, 13 – 15 November 2007
EREC – European Renewable Energy Council Umbrella organisation representingrepresenting all RES sectors:
9 AEBIOM European Biomass Association 9 EGEC European Geothermal Energy Council 9 EPIA European Photovoltaic Industry Association 9 ESHA European Small Hydropower Association 9 ESTIF European Solar Thermal Industry Federation 9 EUBIA European Biomass Industry Association 9 EWEA European Wind Energy Association 9 EUREC Agency European Renewable Energy Research Centres Agency
Associate members: 9 EU-OEA European Ocean Energy Association 9 EBIO European Bioethanol Industry Association 9 EREF European Renewable Energy Federation 9 ESTELA European Solar Thermal Electricity Association Representation of European RES industry, trade & research
68 EU Renewable Energy industry
9 Europe is global leader in RES development
9 350.000 jobs in Europe already now
9 Annual turnover of 25 billion € already now
9 Innovative Business Sector
9 Economic growth and regional development
Where to find us: Renewable Energy House
• Headquarters for the European renewable energy sector in Europe‘s capital Brussels
• Renewable energy and energy efficiency showcase in a 120 year old monument protected building in the heart of Brussels
• 100 % energy supply from renewable energy sources
• 2.000 m2 of modern office building hosting currently 75 staff from 20 countries
• More than 8.000 visitors in 1 year
69 Ambitious energy concept integrating renewable energy and energy efficiency measures – Insulation of roof and façade – Double glazing – High efficiency T5 fluorescent lamps – Ventilation with heat recovery – 100 % RES heating and cooling supply from RES: 80 kW pellets boiler 60 m2 solar thermal collectors 4 geothermal ground coupled heat pump with vertical borehole heat exchangers (4 x 115 m deep)
– Electricity production with PV (modules, semi-transparent, thin film)
Global trends that are likely to have the most profound impact on the energy sector over the coming 5 years all encouraging the further use of renewable energy sources: ¾ the price and security of supply of oil and gas ¾ the increased awareness for climate change ¾ the need for new energy generating capacity ¾ the global trend towards liberalised markets ¾ public opinion
70 Renewable energy today
• About 15% of all EU electricity supply is generated by renewable energy sources
• About 10% of heat demand is supplied by renewable energy sources
• About 1% of transport fuel demand by renewable energy sources Total: 7 %
Renewable energy targets 2010
• 22 % of all EU electricity supply is generated by renewable energy sources
• 16 % of heat demand is supplied by renewable energy sources
• 5,75 % of transport fuel demand by renewable energy sources Total: 12 %
71 THE KEY DRIVERS 20% by 2020 3x20% by 2020 EFFICIENCY
By 2020 20% EU GHG
By 2020 20% RENEWABLES
BIO-FUELS E-ELECTRICITY HEATING & COOLING
10 % 2020 binding
NATIONAL TARGETS and ACTION PLANS
RES Framework Directive must contain:
Electricity: • Existing RES-E Directive should form the minimum starting point. • Provisions on grid issues and administration procedures must be maintained or strengthened.
Heating/Cooling: Proper definition, removal of barriers, reliable statistics
Transport: Definition of sustainability standards of biofuels
In order to not to cause market instability around 2010 (ending of RES-E & Biofuels Directives) the new Framework Directive must be in place as soon as possible (before 2010).
72 Renewable energy in Europe – a success story Solar thermal
PV Wind
7000 70 GW 6000 60
5000 50
40 4000 EU 30
MWp GLOBAL 3000 20
2000 10
1000 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 EU 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.7 2.5 3.5 4.8 6.5 9.7 12.9 17.3 23.2 28.6 34.4 40.5 0 WORLD 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.8 3.5 4.8 6.1 7.6 10.2 13.6 17.4 23.9 31.1 39.3 47.6 59.1 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Global Wind Figures 2006
Annual installed capacity by region
8,000 54%54%
7,000
6,000
5,000 24%24% MW 4,000 21%21%
3,000
2,000 1%2% 2% 1% 0.7% 1,000 2003
2004 0 2005 Europe Asia North Latin Africa & Pacific 2006 America America Middle East Source: GWEC
73 Global Wind Figures 2006 MW % Top 10 cumulative installed capacity Germany 20,622 27.8 • (Dec. 2006) Spain 11,615 15.6 Rest of the wo rld US 11,603 15.6 India 6,270 8.4 France Germany P ortugal Denmark 3,136 4.2 UK China 2,604 3.5
Italy Italy 2,123 2.9
China UK 1,963 2.6
Denmark Portugal 1,716 2.3 France 1,567 2.1 India Spain Rest of world 11,005 14.8
US Total top 10 63,218 85.2 Total 74,223
Source: GWEC
Cumulative Installed PV Capacities
7000
6000
5000
4000 EU
MWp GLOBAL 3000
2000
1000
0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 EU 90 128 188 266 373 543 1089 1881 2730 GLOBAL 502 580 669 795 948 1150 1428 1762 2201 2795 3847 5152 6627
Source: EPIA
74 Solar thermal
Renewable Energy Technology Roadmap 20 % by 2020 incl. sectorial targets for electricity, heating/cooling & biofuels for transport
75 RES industry targets 2020
• The contribution of RES to electricity production will be around 35 % in 2020
• The contribution of RES to heat production will be 25 % in 2020.
• The contribution of biofuels can be more than 10% in 2020. Total: 20 %
Renewable Electricity Installed Capacity Projections
Annual Annual Annual Growth Growth Growth TYPE OF 2000 2004 Projection Projection Rate Rate Rate ENERGY Eurostat Eurostat 2010 2020 2000- 2004- 2010- 2004 2010 2020
Wind 13.2 GW 33.6 GW 26.3 80 GW 15.6 180 GW 8.5
Hydro 93 GW 107.5 GW 3.7 113 GW 0.8 120 GW 0.6
PV 0.18 GWp 0.86 GWp 47.8 8 GWp 45 52 GWP 20.6
13.1 Biomass 9.5 GWe 8.6 25 GWe 11.2 50 GWe 7.2 GWe
Geothermal 0.6 GW 0.66 GW 2.4 1 GW 7.2 2 GW 7.2
Source: EREC
76 Industry projection 2020 – Electricity Production from renewables
2004 2010 2020 Eurostat Projections Projections TWh TWh TWh Wind 58.5 194 530 PV 0.74 7.5 55 Biomass for electricity 67.9 138 300 Hydro 303.8 356 384 Geothermal 5.5 7 14 Solar thermal elect. - 2 9 Ocean - 3 15 TOTAL RES 435.9 707.5 1313 Total Electricity Generation EU-25 (Trends to 2030- 3178.6 Baseline) 3483 4006 (Combined RES and EE) 3314 3250 Share of RES 13.7% 20.3-21.3% 32.6-40.2%
Source: EREC
Industry projection 2020 – Renewable heat production
2004 2010 2020 Eurostat Projections Projections Mtoe Mtoe Mtoe
Biomass 48.4 65 105
Solar thermal 0.68 2 12
Geothermal 1.5 4 8
TOTAL RES HEAT 50.6 81 125
Total Heat Generation (Trends to 2030) 440 467 488
Share of RES 11.5% 17.3% 25.6%
Source: EREC
77 Industry projection 2020 – Biofuels production
2000 2004 Projection Eurostat Eurostat Projection 2020 2010
Mtoe Mtoe Mtoe Mtoe
Biofuels 0.63 2.1 18.0 40.0
Gasoline and oil demand 277.3 (Trends to 2030-Baseline) 290 313 332 (Combined RES and EE) 311.5 312
Biofuels’ Share % 0.2 0.72 5.75 12.0-12.8
Source: EREC
Geothermal technology roadmap for 2020
• Electric power production to step up significantly due to developments in Hot-Dry-Rock research
• Increase in the usable geothermal potential
• Improvements in plant efficiency, esp. in geothermal CHP
• Decrease in installation and operational costs
• Improved energy conversion efficiency for power plants
• Successful demonstration of EGS (Enhanced Geothermal Systems)
• Improved exploration methods, installation technologies and system components (pumps, pipes, turbines, etc.)
• Improved site assessment (incl. GIS-systems)
78 Biomass technology roadmap for 2020 • New fuel chains addressing more complex resources • New conversion routes such as gasification and pyrolysis • New applications – e.g. efficient lower-cost systems for electricity production requiring fuel upgrading, combustion and cycle improvement, and better flue-gas treatment • New pellet producing plants & growing market for pellet burners • District heating plants using, among others, agro-residues • Cogeneration plants, esp. small-scale CHP (based on Stirling engine) • Expected breakthroughs in the gasification process, the hot air turbine, micro steam engine of the Organic Ranking Cycle (ORC) • Better production of biofuels for transport through biological fermentation, thermochemical gasification with liquid fuel creation via Fisher-Tropsch reaction using syngas; also bioethanol production from lignocellulose, or biodiesel produced by hydrocracking of vegetable oil
Solar thermal roadmap for 2020
• Half a million jobs by 2010-2020 •Increased use of : – Combi-systems – Solar assisted cooling – Solar industrial process heat – Solar desalination • Larger share of low- to medium temperature heat demand covered by Solar Thermal • Advanced heat storage concepts (efficient storage of large amounts of thermal energy in smaller volumes)
79 PV technology roadmap for 2020 • Employment of 1.9 million people in 2020 • Global installed capacity of solar power systems reaching 259 GWp in 2020 • 325 TWh = 1.8% of total electricity consumption in 2020 • Prices of systems come down from 6EUR/Wp to 3-4EUR/Wp
• Crystalline silicon solar cells remain dominant; technol. aims by 2020:
– Efficiency increase for mono-crystalline silicon form 16.5% to 22%; – Efficiency increase for multi-crystalline silicon from 14.5% to 20%; – Ribbon efficiency from 14% to 19%
• Growth in thin-film technology, esp. amorphous silicon; Thin film aiming at efficiencies between 10-15%
• Building integrated PV with low cost per m2, price reduction of 75%
Small Hydropower roadmap for 2020
• Can create up to 28.000 jobs in 2020
• 2020 turnover of the sector expected 5.5 billion EUR
• better use of low-head and very-low-head sites;
• better integration of SHP plants into the environment; through:
– standardizing design and technology
– New generator designs
– Digital control systems and new concepts such as scheduled production, prediction of energy output and condition monitoring etc.
80 Wind technology roadmap for 2020
• 80 GW in 2010
• 180 GW in 2020, covering more than 12% of Europe’s electricity demand
• 1,000 MW wind power plants possible in the future
• 5 – 6 MW prototypes already on the market in 2007
• 153,400 jobs in manufacturing in wind power sector in 2020
• 27,400 jobs in installation in wind power sector in 2020
• 16,100 jobs in maintenance in wind power sector in 2020
Conclusions • Renewables will be a mainstream energy source of the future contributing to – Security of supply – Climate change as well as – Jobs and industrial growth
• Lots of opportunities in a portfolio of different renewable energy technologies providing – Electricity – heating & cooling as well as – biofuels for transport
• Europe is at the forefront of renewable energy technology & industry development.
81 Upcoming events
•29th January 2008 Renewable Energy Policy Workshop @ EUSEW, Brussels www.erec.org
• 11 – 13 June 2008 Hidroenergia 2008, Bled, Slovenia www.esha.be
Further information
EREC European Renewable Energy Council Renewable Energy House 63-67 Rue d’Arlon, 1040 Brussels, Belgium
www.erec.org
Thank you very much for your attention!
82 New Developments in the Renewable Energy Sector in Croatia
Velimir Šegon Julije Domac Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar Croatia
Workshop on "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries", 13-15 November, Istanbul, Turkey
Presentation Overview
• Energy in Croatia 2006: Current Situation
• RES Legislative framework – Electricity – Heat – Biofuels
• Regional Energy Agencies
83 Energy in Croatia 2006
Electricity Coal 5% 8% Fuelwood • Total Primary Energy Hydro 4% 15% Supply: 409.08 PJ – In 2005: 411.66 PJ
• RES other then Natural gas fuelwood: 0.06% 24% Liquid fuels 44%
Energy in Croatia 2006, con’t
RES 1% • Total electricity consumption: Net import Hydro 18,049.4 GWh 31% 33% – In 2005: 17,571.8 GWh
Industrial • RES: 0.68% cogeneration 3% – 0.54% small hydro Public – 0.11% wind cogeneration Thermal – 0.03% landfill gas 10% 22%
84 RES Utilisation in 2006
Th. capacity Th.production El. capacity El. production
Solar N/A N/A 49.96 kW 49.13 MWh
Wind 0 0 17.15 MW 18.96 GWh
Biomass 512 MW* 14 767 TJ ** 2 MW 6,0 GWh
Small hydro 0 0 32.76 MW 109.57 GWh
Geothermal 113.9 MW 558.52 TJ 0 0
*Only industrial heating plants **Total, includes fuelwood for households heating
RES Utilisation in 2006, con’t
• Pellets production: 6.000 t (complete production exported) • Briquettes production: 19.400 t (domestic consumption + export) • Charcoal production: 6.900 t • Fuelwood production: 1.430.000 m3 • Biodiesel production: 7.000 t (complete production exported)
85 RES Projects Completed in 2006 and 2007
• Wind PP: Trtar Krtolin (11.2 MW) • Landfill gas: Jakuševac (2 MW) • Biodiesel:
– MODIBIT (capacity 20 000 t/y, production in 2006: 7 000 t) – VITREX (capacity 6 000 t/y from recycled edible oil, production started in Dec. 2006)
Recent Developments: RES Electricity Legislation March and July 2007: Package of five sublaws on RES electricity and cogeneration
-Ordinance on RES&C utilisation -Regulation on the minimum share of RES&C electricity -Tariff system for RES&C electricity -Regulation on compensation for RES&C electricity incentives -Ordinance regarding eligible producer status
86 RES Electricity Legislation: Overview Ordinance on RES&C utilisation: -definition, RES&C category (type, capacity) -permits -RES&C projects registry Regulation on the minimum share of RES&C electricity: -2007: 1.8% RES, 0.6% cogeneneration (of total electricity consumption) -2010: 5.8% RES, 2% cogeneration (of forecasted electricity consumption)
RES Electricity Legislation: Overview, con’t Tariff system for RES&C electricity (feed-in), €c/kWh
<1 MW >1 MW Solar: < 10 kW 46.58 10-30 kW 41.10 > 30 kW 28.77 Small hydro 9.45 < 5000 GWh/y 9.45 5000-15000 GWh/y 7.53 > 15000 GWh/y 5.75 Wind 8.77 8.90 Biomass Forestry and Agriculture 16.44 14.25 Wood industry 13.01 11.37 Geothermal 17.26 17.26 Biogas 16.44 14.25 Liquid biofuels 4.93 4.93 Landfill gas 4.93 4.93 Others ( Wave, tidal…) 8.22 6.85
87 RES Electricity Legislation: Overview, con’t
Regulation on compensation for RES&C electricity incentives: -2007: 0.12 €c/kWh (total app. 18.3 M€) -2008: 0.27 €c/kWh (total app. 42.2 M€) -2009: 0.37 €c/kWh (total app. 59.5 M€) -2010: 0.48 €c/kWh (total app. 79.2 M€) Ordinance regarding eligible producer status: -all RES, small hydro up to 10 MW -only high-efficient cogeneration
Overview of Eligible Producer Status Procedure
Contract on Previous Building permit network use energy approval MZOPUG OPS/ODS MINGORP Usage permit MZOPUG Previous PP Location permit decision MZOPUG HERA Energy permit HERA
Contract on Energy approval purchase of MINGORP electricity PP decision HROTE HERA
88 Previous Energy Approval Requests
• By 31 August: 47 requests – 39 wind – 3 solar – 2 biogas – 1 biomass • By mid November: 75 requests, 60+ wind
RES Heat Legislation
• April 2005: Law on production, distribution and supply of heat – two sublaws on RES heat: -minimum share of RES heat -financial incentives • Work on concept development just started, should be finished by end of 2007 • Sublaws to be in place by end of 2008 (?)
89 Biofuels Legislation
• Regulation of quality standards for biofuels (November 2005): – defines quality standards and requirements; – defines national indicative target of 5,75% by end of 2010 (premature – expert consultation missing!) • Missing: - incentives (tax exemption) regulation • Plan for putting biofuels on the national market for 2007 (MINGORP) • Preparation of a new Biofuels Law, in place by mid 2008 (?)
Regional Energy Agencies
• Before 2007: none • 2 approved within previous EIE call (October 2006): – Regional Energy Agency for North-western Croatia – Local Energy Agency for Medjimurje County • Contracts with EC signed in October (!) • 3 applications submitted under current EIE call (in evaluation)
90 Regional Energy Agency for North-western Croatia • Three counties: – Zagreb County –Krapinsko-zagorska County – Karlovacka County •City of Zagreb • Population app. 1.4 million • Partner agency: Arc-de- Seine, France • www.regea.org
Conclusions
• Some history: – 1997: Croatian Government starts 10 National Energy Programmes (5 on RES) – 2001: Package of 5 energy laws, introduce 2 sublaws for RES-E – 2001: Croatian Government starts ‘BIODIZEL’ project – 2003: Fund for Environment Protection and Energy Efficiency – 2004: Amendments to energy laws, 5 sublaws for RES-E – 2005: Law on Heat, introduces 2 sublaws for RES-H – 2005: Regulation on Quality of Biofuels (sets targets) – 2007: RES-E sublaws in place – 2007: Regional Energy Agencies –… • 10 years of ‘official’ activities regards RES in Croatia
91 Conclusions, con’t
• Future work to be done: – Legislative framework •RES-H •Biofuels – Targets for 2020 (no attention so far from the Government!) – Administrative barriers • For RES-E 10 different permits from 5 institutions (!) – Cooperation between various ministries • Biofuels: Ministry of Environment defined targets, Ministry of Economy defined plan, Ministry of Agriculture defined measures for rapeseed, Ministry of Finance should define incentives (tax exemptions)
92 Department of Mechanical Engineering Marmara University Faculty of Engineering Goztepe-Istanbul Turkey Tel:+90 532 7744525, Fax: +90 216 5891616, [email protected]
Recent State of Renewable Energy Implementation in Turkey
Tanay Sidki Uyar Marmara University Faculty of Engineering
Presentation to Workshop: "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries" 13-15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey
Department of Mechanical Engineering Marmara University Faculty of Engineering Goztepe-Istanbul Turkey Tel:+90 532 7744525, Fax: +90 216 5891616, [email protected] Total energy consumption-Turkey
90 Renewables
80
70 Coal and lignite 60
50
Gas 40
30 Million tonnes of oil equivalents 20 Oil
10
0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
93 Department of Mechanical Engineering Marmara University Faculty of Engineering Goztepe-Istanbul Turkey Tel:+90 532 7744525, Fax: +90 216 5891616, [email protected]
TURKISH ENERGY GENERATION Geothermal Fuel Oil Coal 0% 4% 2% Wind Diesel Imported coal Hydro 0% 6% LPG 0% 19% 0% Lignite 20%
NAFTA 0%
Ren+waste 0%
Natural gas 49%
INSTALLED CAPACITY OF TURKEY SOURCE: Turkish Electricity Transmission Company MW HYDROELECTRIC GENERAL SHARE
GEO RENEWA THE BLES & RMA WASTE OTHER L THERMAL Institutions . . RESERVOIR RIVER WIND TOTAL % Electricity Generation Co. Inc. 8.690,9 10.897,3 453,0 20.041,2 49,2 Other public sector generation companies 15,0 3.849,0 52,7 58,6 3.975,3 9,8 TOOR 620,0 30,1 650,1 1,6 Mobile 262,7 262,7 0,6 BOO 6.101,8 6.101,8 15,0 BOT 1.449,6 772,0 210,0 17,4 2.449,0 6,0 Private generation 8,0 8,0 3.163,8 356,0 109,6 3.645,3 8,9 Auto producers 34,7 3.013,2 540,0 22,8 1,2 3.611,9 8,9
TOTAL 23,0 42,7 27.151,0 12.262,0 1.130,5 128,2 40.737,3
SHARE (%) 0,1 0,1 66,6 30,1 2,8 0,3 %100
94 Average Energy Prices
Electricity Prices
95 Official Targets
• Building 5000 MW Nuclear • Building Lignite Thermal Power Plants with capacity > 1000 MW • Full utilization of hydraulic resources • Installation of minimum 3000 MW wind turbines • Full utilization of geothermal resources
Contribution of renewable energy sources to total energy consumption-Turkey
20.0
Solar 15.0
Wind
Geothermal 10.0
Hydro
Biomass and 5.0
Shares in totalenergy consumption (%) waste
0.0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
96 Wind Potential of Turkey The northwest Turkey, including the area around the Sea of Marmara and the western coast and south-eastern Anatolia have been identified as most promising locations for wind power generation.
Technical Potential : 88.000 MW Economic Potential : 10.000 MW
Wind Energy Resource Map of Turkey
97 Problems about wind energy based generation facilities • Financial problems • Construction and permission period is long • Insufficiency in transmission infrastructure • Turbine supply. Excessive demand and turbine prices increase about 20% in the past 2 years.
Market Players Operating Wind Farms 120MW
Güçbirliği - Alaçatı Altınyunus Hotel 1998 198x 6,00% 0,05% Sunjüt - İstanbul 2002 1,25% Demirer & Enercon - Çeşme 2006 ? 32,65% Bilgin - Bandirma 2006 24,99%
Demirer - Çeşme 1997 1,25%
Demirer & Enercon - Bozcaada Demirer & Ado - Intepe 2000 2006 8,50% 25,32%
98 Wind Energy
Lodos A.Ş. Bares A.Ş. Ertürk A.Ş. İstanbul-G.O.P. / 24 MW Balıkesir–Bandırma / 30 MW İstanbul–Silivri / 0,85 MW Sunjüt A.Ş. Doğal A.Ş. İstanbul-Hadımköy / 1,2 MW Ertürk A.Ş. Çanakkale-Gelibolu / 14,9 MW Sagap A.Ş. İstanbul–Çatalca / 60 MW Anemon A.Ş. Bilecik / 67 MW Çanakkale-İntepe / 30,4 MW
Bores A.Ş. Çanakkale-Bozcaada / 10,2 MW Baki A.Ş. Balıkesir–Şamlı /90 MW
Ak-El A.Ş. İzmir–K. Paşa / 66,66 MW
Alize A.Ş. İzmir-Çeşme / 1,5 MW Ares A.Ş. İzmir-Çeşme / 7,2 MW Mare A.Ş. İzmir-Çeşme / 39,2 MW
İnnores A.Ş. İzmir-Aliağa / 42,5 MW Rotor A.Ş. Sabaş A.Ş. Osmaniye–Bahçe / 130 MW Aydın-Çine / 19,5 MW
Doğal A.Ş. Manisa-Akhisar / 30,4 MW
Deniz A.Ş. Ezse A.Ş. Manisa-Akhisar / 10,8 MW Hatay–Türbe / 35,1 MW Ezse A.Ş. Finished Hatay–Samandağ / 22,5 MW Under construction Deniz A.Ş. BOT Hatay–Samandağ / 30 MW
How many kWh’s can be produced in Turkey with wind energy?
Limits of wind energy
• Wind • Land / offshore area • Electrical network • Investing environment
99 Electrical Network • App. 5000MW wind farms can be integrated to the existing network • Until efficient and economical energy storage system are developed
Cost break out Wind Natural Gas
investment investment fuel fuel operation operation
100 Effects of High Investment and no fuel cost
• High employment • Independent of oil price fluctuation • Independent of foreign suppliers • More dependent on investment environment and interest rates
Cumulative Production in Bozcaada Island GWh
40,000.00
35,000.00
30,000.00
25,000.00
20,000.00 2000 yılı 2001 yılı 15,000.00 2002 yılı 2003 yılı 10,000.00 2004 yılı
5,000.00
0.00
t t s ım ık ıs to s ak muz Ey lül Ek im a ral uba Mar muz us K A Oc Ş Nisan May m ğ m Te A Haziran Te
101 Hydro Power Turkey is largely dependent on hydropower to meet its electricity needs and 40 percent of its total installed capacity is hydroelectric. The current total capacity of hydroelectric plants is 12.4 GW. This capacity is projected to rise to 18.8 GW in 2010.
Hydroelectric Potential of Turkey Gross potential : 433 billion kWh/year, Technical potential : 216 billion kWh/year Economic Potential : 126 billion kWh/year
Utilization rate : % 36
102 Development of Hydroelectric Generation
Year Installed Capacity (MW) 1950 18 1970 725 1980 2131 1990 6764 2000 11175 2007 13392
126 billion kWh/year economical hydroelectrical potential current phases
İin operation % 35 (44388 GWh)
Different phases % 56 Being (70876GWh) constructed %9 (10845 GWh)
Share of Small Hydro is about 3 %
103 2004 Generation costs of solar electricity from large central PV power station (5 MWp)
EU25 Average Electricity Price
• system costs: 4 eur/Wp • capital investment payback time: 20 years • interest rate: 3% • inflation: 2% • yearly maintenance costs 1% of the investment • mounting at an optimum angle
Solar Thermal and solar PV Technical Potential in Turkey
Residences Office and Service Industrial Total Building Buildings Buildings Surface 324 km2 37 km2 33 km2 394 km2
potential for PV Installed power is 25 625 MWp Annual energy production 32.671 GWh This shows that we can supply 26 % of the consumption of the year 2002 by PV systems
104 GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL MAP FOR TURKEY
Electricity Space He. Greenhous Industry Heat Pump
Eris and Ozgur, 1994; Erisen et al., 1996; Mertoglu, 1998; Kocar and Eltez, 1998; Hepbasli and Ertoz, 1999 (Gunerhan, Kocar, Hepbasli, 2000)
Geothermal Facilities
Dardanel A.Ş. Çanakkale–Ayvacık / 7,5 MW
Gürmat A.Ş. Aydın-Germencik / 45 MW Menderes A.Ş. Aydın-Sultanhisar / 7,95 MW
Elektrik Üretim A.Ş. Denizli-Sarayköy / 15 MW Bereket A.Ş. Denizli-Sarayköy / 6,85 MW
Finished Under Construction
105 Law on Utilization of Renewable Energy Resources for the Purpose of Generating Electrical Energy • National Programme, Energy chapter • Published in Official Gazette on May 18, 2005 • Facilities based on RES commissioned before 2011 • 2 types of support 1. Investment period • Land, investment 2. Operation period • Purchase guarantee (Distribution companies holding retail sale license) • Price Guarantee (Turkish average wholesale electricity price-between 5 and 5.5 eurocents/kWh)
Renewable Energy Law of Turkey
• Allows the wind produced electricity to be supplied to the grid • Pays only the average market price of electricity purchase • Provides conditions for implementation only in best wind potential sites • Does not support PV Implementation and wind energy in less favourable sites • Needs to be improved
106 Legal Basis
Related legislation for Energy Market Law construction, environment, Law No.: 4628 expropriation, etc.
Electricity Market Regulation
Renewable Energy Support Law Law No.: 5346
Investment Models 1. Generation According to Article 17 of the License Regulation, the generation licensees may engage in the activities of construction and commissioning of genera-tion facilities, electricity generation, sale of the generated electricity to consumers.
2. Autoproduction According to Article 33 of the license regulation, autoproducer licensees may engage in the establishment of generation facilities in order to meet their own needs and, in cases of excess generation, the sale of up to 20% of the generated electricity to other licensees and eligible consumers
107 Arguments for Renewables
• High costs • Intermittent supply • Access to grid
RENEWABLE ENERGY LICENSE STATUTE
APPLICATION ASSESSMENT APPROVAL LICENSE TOTAL
# MW # MW # MW # MW # MW
WIND 3 39.6 125 5,844.7 1 20.0 54 1,957.1 183 7,861.4
GEOTHERMAL 5 82.00 5 82.00
WASTE GAS (LFG) 3 26.2 4 14.26 7 40.46 WASTE GAS (GASIFICATION) 1 0.59 1 0.59
BIOGAS 1 0.1 4 3.73 5 3.85
BIOMASS 2 7.00 2 7.00
BIOMASS+SOLAR 1 10.0 10.00
TOTAL 5 46.6 129 5,871.1 2 30.0 68 2,057.6 203 8,005.3
108 License Applications for Hydroelectric Generation
Application >100 Application 60-100 Application 20-30 Application 15-20 www.epdk.org.tr
License Applications Wind (6700 MW)
SAGAP 8% Deryalar 8%
Demirer Holding & Aff. Others 7% 41%
Bilgin 7%
Iberdrola 6%
AS-Makinsan 6% Bereket Borasco GY Danışmanlık Ataseven 4% 5% 4% 4%
109 Granted Licenses Wind(1420 MW)
Germania Windpark 20%
Others 34%
BEST A.Ş. 12%
Rotor A.Ş. AS Makinsan 10% 7%
Demirer Holding & Affiliates Kazancı Holding 8% 9%
1212 000000 MWMW
110 Applications based on wind energy taken on November 1, 2007
Province # MW
• 761 applications İzmir 113 12748,4
• 78000 MW Balıkesir 86 8626,1
• 171 applications more İçel 32 7799,2 than 100 MW Çanakkale 92 7712,4 • 1 application for 3000 İstanbul 47 7313,4 MW in İzmir Kırklareli 44 5565
Hatay 63 5023,5
Solutions and Opportunities • EU parliament’s resolution “2004/2153 (INI)" requires 20% of renewables in 2020, leading to approximately 12.000 MW of wind power in Turkey
• Short-term: Wind power plants will play a major role in closing the electricity supply gap from 2007 to 2014, leading to investment opportunities of more than 6 billion €
• Medium-term: “20% of renewables in 2020” obligation by EU, leading to investment opportunities of more than 12 billion €
111 Renewable Energy in Malta
Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries
Antoine Riolo 13- 15 November 2007 Malta Resources Authority
Overview
Background to Malta’s challenges and energy strategy;
RES Potential - outline of the work undertaken : Wind – onshore and offshore;
Solar photovoltaic; Solar thermal;
Biomass – waste; Biofuels.
112 Background
Malta’s geographical characteristics:
Land area: 316km2 – urban area 23%;
Population: 400,000 inhabitants;
High population density: 1266 persons/km2 compared to EU average: 112 persons/km2;
Malta totally dependent upon imported fossil fuels for its energy needs:
Currently over 63% of the primary energy used for power generation;
Total electrical capacity of power stations – 571 MW;
Small isolated system and with no existing interconnections;
Annual Consumption: 2,300 GWh;
Maximum Demand: 414 GWh
As yet Malta has no indigenous supplies of fossil fuels.
Malta’s energy challenges
Malta’s draft energy policy based on 3 main objectives:
Security of supply and diversification of the fuel mix; Competitive pricing of high quality energy services; Environmental protection and climate change.
Very much aligned with the EU’s new energy package for a sustainable, competitive and secure supply of energy.
Energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energy (RE) are important in assisting Malta to meet its energy challenges.
At the same time one needs to be realistic of the country’s potential and limitations in addressing these challenges.
113 Renewable Energy Sources
Studies have been carried out highlighting overall country’s potential as well constraints and barriers:
Wind, solar photovoltaic (PV), biomass wastes, landfill gases and sewage treatment plant gas offer some potential for RES-E exploitation in Malta.
Tidal flow, geothermal, hydropower, biomass energy crops and wave do not appear to offer significant opportunities for exploitation on a commercial scale. Other RES:
Solar thermal applications (for hot water requirements) is RES with highest penetration rate so far in Malta.
Also some biofuel production carried out.
RES - Wind
Wind - RE technology that can make a significant impact to the Maltese energy economy.
Onshore wind:
Mature technology and well developed - RE technology comparing favourably to conventional electricity generation and with cheapest ACP - € 0.05/kWh
Various constraints and limitations to large scale deployment; 9 Grid stability issues: severity depends on ratio of generated power in relation to grid load. Wind capacity limited to 40 MW - Require interconnection to Europe for larger scale utilisation; 9 Energy output depends on wind characteristics and no relation to energy demand patterns; 9 Other constraints - site specific studies carried out: Identification of sites with wind energy potential (wind speeds and elevation) and considering site specific constraints and EEA proposed methodology (2006); Approaches involved consultation with key stakeholders.
114 Mapping unconstrained potential onshore sites
Mapping unconstrained potential onshore sites (2)
115 Onshore Wind
Constraints to large scale onshore wind with respect to each specified site: Lack of access: 9 serious barriers at Qasam San Gorg, Gozo Airport interference analysis: 9 excludes Hal Far Airfield and Gebel Ciantar; 9 Ghemieri and Wardija Ridge highly compromised, 9 possible impacts at Bajda Ridge, Marfa Ridge, Ta’ Hammud and Qasam San Gorg; Ecology and landscape Impacts: 9 Least compromised sites: Ta’ Hammud, Marfa Ridge, Bajda Ridge 9 Maximum capacity at sites likely to be reduced by planning constraints, ecological value and landscape sensitivity; 9 Bajda Ridge limited by bird sanctuaries; 9 Marfa Ridge surrounded by various grades of designated landscape. Visual Impacts: 9 In view of characteristics of Maltese landscape and scale of development – visual impacts can be significant and likely to limit number of windfarms;
Onshore Wind: resource potential
Areas of zero potential based on adapted EEA criteria :
Infrastructures (roads); surface water bodies; touristic sites; military areas; woodland/ forests; water bodies; Natura 2000 sites; important bird areas.
Airports + 4 km buffer (based on ICAO requirements for physical obstacle limitation namely those included with ICAO Annex 14 Vol 1: Aerodromes – Chapter 4 (Obstacle Control and Removal);
Urban areas – buffer zone proposed 2 km – taking into account: 9 sensitivity of the Maltese landscape may be an important barrier to wind farms; 9 best sites in terms of wind speeds and elevations are located in sensitive landscape areas; 9 landscape is open with little tree cover affording long distance views; 9 Skyline dominated by the cupolas of churches and historic buildings. Tallest building rises some 70m from the ground and may be seen from any panoramic location within Malta and from high points in Gozo. 9 Weather in Malta characterised by low number of days with poor visibility and very good natural light; 9 All these factors suggest that large onshore wind farm development is likely to have a significant visual impact and likely to be prominent from a large number of areas.
116 Mapping areas of zero potential plus urban areas and buffer zones
Mapping of potential areas taking into account areas of landscape sensitivity, local visual (2km buffer around urban areas) and aviation concerns (4km buffer)
117 RES - Offshore Wind
Offshore wind - 2nd most economic option after onshore wind;
Few shallow water sites in Maltese waters & located within 4 km from coast;
Analysis of impacts of development of offshore wind on maritime and other activities as well as environmental impacts carried out to determine potential sites for Call for EOI for 75 – 100 MW offshore windfarm;
Stakeholder consultation: 9 Aviation: Department of Civil Aviation, Malta International Airport, Malta Air Traffic Services Ltd.; 9 Maritime: Malta Maritime Authority; 9 Environment: Malta Environment & Planning Authority; 9 Tourism: Malta Tourism Authority; 9 Fisheries: Fisheries Conservation and Control Division; 9 Military: Armed Forces of Malta; 9 Communications: Malta Communications Authority. 3 categories of zones/areas identified: 9 No go’ areas – any proposal in areas so designated not be accepted. 9 ‘Sensitive’ areas – before consent is given, certain investigations over and above that which is normally included in EIA are required. 9 ‘Other areas’ – normal EIA process.
“No Go” Areas
118 No Go areas & Bathymetry
RES - Offshore Wind
Examples:
‘No Go Areas’: 9 Harbour approaches, runway approaches, unacceptable impact on radar, marine protection areas, areas for military purposes, tourism perspective.
‘Sensitive Areas’: 9 Fisheries, VOR coverage, navigation, bunkering and related activities, environment, visual and tourism impact, telecommunications.
‘Other Zones’.
Malta actively following developments in deepwater offshore windfarm.
119 RES – E : Solar photovoltaic
Solar photovoltaic:
Unconstrained PV resource potential is high :
Annual mean of daily global; irradiation on inclined south facing solar panel – 5.49 kWh /m2 /day; Electrical potential of a 1 kWp PV system: 1600 kWh /annum; Flat rooftops and amenable to distributed generation; Realistic achievable potential mainly constrained by high capital costs of PV systems: 9 Average cost of power – € 0.33 / kWh; 9 Requires significant financial support ; 9 RES policy identifies targets of PV penetration to 2010 – 120-240 kWp /annum
Support Mechanisms : Micro-generation
Support schemes to promote micro-generation from RES (photovoltaic and micro wind);
Capital grants on PVs and micro-wind for domestic use;
Net metering with a spill tariff - € 0.07 / kWh;
Government leading by example (PV installations on public buildings and micro-wind installations);
Removal of planning barriers for solar PVs - fast track notification systems established for solar and micro wind;
Response so far slow and further measures necessary for increased uptake:
PV installations: 96 kWp; micro wind installations: 3.8 kWp. National education campaign on sustainable energy use: awareness raising on RES and Government support schemes;
Government has announced intention to allocate further funds to support RES-E from such installations.
120 RES – H : Solar thermal
Solar waters heaters – technology with highest penetration so far in Malta
Estimated capacity of total installations in Malta in 2006 = 16,700kWth;
Approx. 41.8 kWth/1,000 capita in 2006:
9 Compared to EU average & CH - 27 kWth/1,000 capita; 9 Local contribution of solar thermal in 2006 estimated as equivalent to 0.28% of Malta’s annual electricity consumption.
Other potential:
Solar thermal cooling technologies offer particularly strong potential for the future although widespread commercialisation of smaller units is still not fully developed.
Support Mechanisms: Solar Water Heaters
Various measures introduced to promote solar thermal:
Capital grants on solar water heaters for domestic use (25% grant on cost & capped at €233); Uptake in grants for SWHs increased from 360 installations in 2005 to 1,540 in 2006; Use also of solar water heaters in various public housing schemes;
121 RES - Biomass
Measures undertaken to date for electricity generation:
Preparatory work for the generation of electricity from landfill gas (Maghtab) and mechanical biological treatment plant (Sant Antnin) with a target for electricity generated from waste for 2010: 9 from biogas from Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT): 0.24%; 9 from landfill gas: 0.09%. 9 2010 potential: 0.33% of electricity consumption Additional - Post 2010 potential (with reference to estimated 2010 electricity consumption) (2.24% + 0.33% = 2.57%) 9 2 additional MBT plants are planned : 0.67 %; 9 Additional electricity generated from landfill gas : 0.30%; 9 RDF in waste to energy plant : 1.27%. Additional potential of electricity generated from waste which is being evaluated for Post 2010 (1.09%): 9 Energy recovery from sewage sludge : 0.24%; 9 Anaerobic digestion of animal waste : 0.85%.
RES - Biofuels
Biofuel production in Malta:
Limited agricultural land and water are major constraints to growing of feedstock for biofuels;
Biodiesel is produced from waste edible oil; Measures undertaken to date to promote biofuels:
Support scheme for biofuels through exemption of excise duty; 9 In 2005 the biofuels national target for Malta was 0.3% of total fuel used for road transport. This was exceeded and bio-diesel accounted for 0.52%. 9 In 2006 approximately 1.68 million litres of biodiesel sold.
122 RES - Biofuels
Other work being carried out.
Trials for use of biofuel for electricity generation being planned by Enemalta (main power generator). Possible studies which Malta would be interested:
Research into potential and impacts (environmental) of biofuel production from marine sources;
123 REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING Directorate for European Affairs and Investments Department for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Sources
Energy Policy in Slovenia - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Sources
Edvard Ipavec E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +386 1 478 7074 http://intranet.sigov.si/mop Workshop Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for Member States and Candidate countries Istanbul, 13-15 November 2007
U e č j Country overview i i n k rg ov ne ita raba e
• Slovenia is located between Austria on the north, Hungary on the east, Croatia on the south and Italy on the west • Population: 2 millions • Area: 20,000 square km • More than 10.000 of forests
• Annual consumption of electricity: 12 TWh • Electricity and gas markets are 100% opened • Till 1st July 2007 households were still tariff consumers • Regulated use of electricity networks • Price for use of networks (access) is set up an published by independent regulatory body (Agency for Energy)
124 U e č j Energy sector - overview i i n k rg ov ne ita raba e
• Electricity sector is vertically unbundled – Transmission company – Five distribution companies – Few electricity producers • Transmission company horizontally unbundled (TSO is the only activity) • Distribution horizontally unbundled from 1. July of 2007 • Separated accounts for network and market activities • All of them are (still) primarily state owned • All the mines are 100% state owned
U e č j Structure of energy supply i i n k rg ov ne ita raba e
EU-15 14,8% 40,0% 23,4% 15,6% 5,8%
2002
EU-25 18,2% 38,1% 23,0% 14,8% 5,7%
SLO 2004 21,3% 33,4% 13,7% 19,7% 11,7%
SLO 2000 20,7% 34,6% 13,8% 18,8% 11,8%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% STRUCTURE OF ENERGY SUPPLY [%]
Solid fuels Liquid fuels Natural gas Nuclear Renewables
125 U e č j Primary energy supply i i n k rg ov ne ita raba e
350 269 PJ 281 PJ 286 PJ 289 PJ 298 PJ 325 (6,4 Mtoe) (6,7 Mtoe) (6,8 Mtoe) (6,9 Mtoe) (7,1 Mtoe) 300 17,3 15,4 20,2 275 12,5 14,7 13,2 13,7 11,9 10,6 250 13,8 59,6 225 57,3 60,3 56,8 51,9 200 41,8 39,5 38,1 42,2 175 38,4
150
125 100,6 97,2 95,9 96,5 Rest* 100 94,4
Primary energy supply [PJ] Hydro 75 Nuclear 50 Natural gas
60,3 64,8 62,2 64,4 Liquid fuels 25 56,9 Solid fuels 0 20002001200220032004 * Renewables and electricity import
U e č j Energy consumption by sectors i i n k rg ov ne ita raba e
220 Mtoe = 41,868 PJ 200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
Final energy consumption[PJ] 40
20
0 Industry Transport sector Households and other TOTAL consumption
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
126 U e č j Electricity consumption growth i i n k rg ov ne ita raba e
14.000 13.000 12.000 11.000 10.000 9.000 8.000 7.000 6.000 5.000 4.000 3.000
Electricity [GWh] consumption 2.000 1.000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Manufacturing and construction Households Other consumption Transport sector Energy sector NEP
U e č j Installed capacity: ~ 2950 MWe i i n k rg ov ne ita raba e
2945 MWe Renewables Lignite 31% 22% Brown coal 8% Gas Nuclear Oil 7% 23% 9%
(50% of NPP owned by Croatia)
127 U e č j Energy import i i n k rg ov ne ita raba e
Electricity production 7% 94%
District heating 75% 25%
Industry 54% 46%
Heating 74% 26%
Transport sector 98% 2%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Share [%] Import Domestic
U e č j EU Directives – Energy Market i i n k rg ov ne ita raba e
Directive 2003/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 96/92/EC
Directive 2003/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas and repealing Directive 98/30/EC
128 U e č j EU Directives - RES i i n k rg ov ne ita raba e
Directive 2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 September 2001 on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal energy market
Directive 2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2003 on the promotion of the biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport
Directive on the promotion of heating and cooling from renewable energies (in preparation)
U e č j EU Directives – RUE i i n k rg ov ne ita raba e
Family of energy labelling directives Directive 2001/91/EC on of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004 on the Energy performance of buildings Directive 2004/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004 on the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market and amending Directive 9242EEC Directive 2006/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on energy end-use efficiency and energy services and repealing Council Directive 93/76/EC
129 U e č j Energy legislation i i n k rg ov ne ita raba e
• Energy act (Ur. l. RS št. 79/99 and 8/00): – energy market (old directives) – energy labelling • Amendments of Energy act 2004 (Ur. l. RS št. 51/04): – energy market (directives 2003/45/EC, 2003/55/EC) – electricity from RES • Amendments of Energy act 2006 (Parliament procedure): – Energy performance of buildings – Cogeneration • Resolution on National energy program (Ur. l. RS št. 57/04)
U e č j The basic targets of energy sector in Slovenia i i n k rg ov ne ita raba e
Qualitative energy services, based on better use of energy, should obtain optimal combination of reliability, competition and environment protection from the points of view of all implemented subjects.
On the base of upper sentence, three basic targets have been set: – reliable supply of energy, – consumer protection (the lowest possible prices), – environmental protection.
130 U e č j NEP – targets: Reliable supply i i n k rg ov ne ita raba e
• Differentiation and diversification of energy sources on long term, • Improve technical and economic operation of Slovenian producers of electricity, • Insure at least 75 % of electricity system services on the territory of Slovenia, • Have oil stocks for at least 90 days of consumption on the territory of Slovenia, • Preserve technically reliable functioning of energy networks
U e č j NEP – targets: Consumer protection i i n k rg ov ne ita raba e
• Opening of natural gas market for all consumers (2007), • Opening of electricity market for all consumers (2007), • To insure efficient and transparent functioning of energy markets, • To insure economic and technically efficient operation of energy public services.
131 U e č j NEP – targets: Environment i i n k rg ov ne ita raba e
1. ENERGY EFFICIENCY • Increasing energy efficiency in industry for 10 % until 2010 • Increasing energy efficiency in buildings for 10 % until 2010 • Increasing energy efficiency in public sector for 15 % until 2010 • Increasing energy efficiency in transport for 10 % until 2010 • Doubling the share of electricity from CHP until 2010 2. RENEWABLES • Increasing the share of renewables in primary energy consumption on 12 % until 2010 • Increasing the share of renewables for heat on 25 % until 2010 • Increasing the share of RES for electricity on 33,6 % until 2010 • Increasing the share of biofuels on 5 % until 2010
U e č j Measures in energy efficiency i i n k rg ov ne ita raba e
- Informing and educating, - Providing energy advice to households, - Subsidising of energy audits, local energy concepts, investment documentation for RUE, - Prescribing obligatory billing of heat consumption in households (Parliament procedure), - Financial incentives to households for RUE , - Financial incentives to companies and municipalities for RUE investments
132 U e č j Electricity from RES i i n k rg ov ne ita raba e
• Feed-in tariffs for RES • Producers who generate electricity in individual production facilities – with higher-than-average actually achieved efficiency in the cogeneration of electricity and heat, or – who use renewable energy sources • Network operators (TSO & DSOs) are responsible for purchasing all electricity offered by QP at the price determined by the Government
U e č j Heat from RES i i n k rg ov ne ita raba e
- Informing and educating, - Providing energy advice to households, - Subsidising of investment documentation for RES , - Financial incentives to households for RES, - Financial incentives to companies and municipalities for RES investments.
133 U e č j Biofuels i i n k rg ov ne ita raba e
The Excise Duty Act (Official Gazette 84/98, as last amended in 42/04) exempts biofuels used as motor fuels from the excise duty when used in pure form. When biofuels are blended with fossil fuels, a maximum 25% exemption from the payment of excise duty can be claimed. Rules on the content of biofuels in motor vehicle fuels determine: – the type of biofuels that can be used for transport, and – the minimum content of biofuels in motor vehicle fuels to be ensured by distributors for each calendar year up to 2010: • at least 1.2% in 2006, • at least 2% in 2007, • at least 3% in 2008, • at least 4% in 2009, and • at least 5% in 2010.
134 www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org
www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org
ContestContest
Czech RE Agency, o.p.s.
• RES targets and basic energy data
• Financial incentives, legislation
• RES in the Czech Republic 2006
135 www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org
CzechCzech RERE AgencyAgency GeneralGeneral InformationInformation • non-government organization for development of renewable energy sources (RES) established in April 2004
• representation of policy in RES area in the Czech Republic
• participation on development and amendments of legislation making process
• consulting and guidance services in the field of RES, especially photovoltaic
www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org
CzechCzech RERE AgencyAgency GeneralGeneral InformationInformation • holding exhibitions, conferences and workshops in order to promote RES and sustainable development
• close cooperation with plenty of Czech and foreign partners, organizations and scientific institutions
• creation and support R&D projects of new technologies and materials in the RES area
136 www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org
RESRES targetstargets andand basicbasic energyenergy datadata
www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org
NationalNational RESRES targetstargets
• RES in the gross consumption of electricity in the Czech Republic : 8% in 2010
• RES share in the primary energy sources (2010): 6 %
• RES share in electricity production 2030: 16- 17%
• RES share in the primary energy sources (2030): 15 – 16 %
137 www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org 20062006 ReachingReaching thethe TargetsTargets
RES in the gross consumption of electricity 8 %
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 4,04 4,48 4,91 ? ? 8%
RES share in the primary energy sources : 4,3 %
www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org 20062006 RESRES electricityelectricity productionproduction
Biogas Municipal Biomass 5,00% solid wastes 20,78% 0,32%
PV 0,02% Wi nd Hydro 1,40% 72,49%
Source: Ministry of Industry and Trade
138 www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org 20062006 ElectricityElectricity productionproduction CzechCzech RepublicRepublic
Electricity production (brutto) 2006 (GWh) 2005 (GWh) 06/05 (%) Combustion PP (steam, gas) 54 807,8 54 759,7 100,09% Hydro 3 256,7 3 027,0 107,59% Nuclear 26 046,5 24 727,8 105,33% Wind 49,0 21,3 230,05% Solar 0,0 0,0 Geothermal 0,0 0,0 Other (alternative) 128,0 42,8 299,07% Total 84 288,0 82 578,6 102,07%
Source: Ministry of Industry and Trade
www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org 20062006 PrimaryPrimary energyenergy balancebalance
RES 81,90 Other PJ 243,50 PJ
Coal 840,90 PJ Gas 356,80 PJ
Oil 380,70 PJ
Total Primary Energy supply: 1903,8 PJ
139 www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org 20062006 EnergyEnergy productionproduction
Total energy production ? Total electricity production 84 360,9 GWh Total electricity consumption: 71 729,5 GWh Total heat production ? Total installed capacity (electricity) 17 507,6 MW Total installed capacity (heat) ? Total RES electricity production 3 518,8 GWh Total RES heat production 45 792,3 TJ
Source: Ministry of Industry and Trade
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LegislationLegislation andand financialfinancial incentivesincentives
140 www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org
FinancialFinancial incentivesincentives
• Subsidies – National Programme (no legal claim, low budget) • Subsidies – Operational programmes => OP Enterprise and Innovations, OP Environment
Electricity production: • feed-in tariff and green bonuses • no income tax in the year of putting in operation and for following 5 years (could be changed , removal of tax exceptions)
www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org NationalNational programmeprogramme • The National Programme for the Energy Effective Management and the Utilisation of Renewable and Secondary Sources of Energy (elaborated by the Ministry of Industry and Trade and the Ministry of the Environment - Part A, B)
• investment subsidy, soft loan X no legal claim • announced on a yearly basis • Part A – subsidies mainly for entrepreneurs ( small hydro, solar thermal, heat pumps etc.) •Part B –subsidies for municipalities, physical entities, NGO`s…(photovoltaics, solar thermal, biomass heating..)
141 www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org OperationalOperational ProgrammeProgramme EnterpriseEnterprise andand InnovationsInnovations
• EKO-ENERGY programme
• 1st call (1.6. – 31.12.07) – only for SME
• subsidies – min 0,5 mio CZK – max 100 mio CZK (cca 18 000 EUR – 3,6 mio EUR)
• budget – more than 4 bil CZK for 2007 -2013 (revised to 6 bil CZK)
www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org EkoEko EnergyEnergy ProgrammeProgramme
Subsidy mio Subsidy mio Subsidies up Priorities Applications CZK € to…% Energy efficiency 133 947 34,19 40% Small hydro 73 940 33,94 35% Biomass 21 1 024 36,97 30% Landfill gas 6 30 1,08 30% Biogas 66 1 659 59,89 30% Photovoltaics 213 5 163 186,39 30% RES heat 16 61 2,20 30% Pellets 7 28 1,01 15% TOTAL 535 9 852 355,67 Budget 2007-13 old 850 31 6 000? bil CZK Budget (1st call) revised 1 700 61 217? mio EUR
Source: Ministry of Industry and Trade
142 www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org OperationalOperational ProgrammeProgramme EnvironmentEnvironment
•Priority axes 3 –Sustainable utilisation of energy sources • budget – cca 673 mio EUR 2007 – 2013 • first call 3.9 – 26.10. 2007 – subsidies only for heat production from RES • municipalities, NGO`s, Church… • subsidy up to 90 % (just theory…75-85%) • electricity production – max 20 %
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LegalLegal regulationregulation ActAct ofof PromotionPromotion ofof UseUse ofof RenewableRenewable SourcesSources
• promote the use of renewable energy sources
• contribute to economical use of natural resources and sustainable development of society
• create conditions for fulfilment of the indicative target for the share of electricity from RES in the gross consumption of electricity in the Czech Republic amounting to 8% in 2010
143 www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org
LegalLegal regulationregulation ActAct ofof PromotionPromotion ofof UseUse ofof RenewableRenewable SourcesSources • preferential connection to the transm. system or to the grid systems plants for green el. plants • obligation for operators of the regional grid systems and the operator of the TS to purchase all electricity from renewable sources • two main financial incentives – feed-in tariff or system of green bonuses (producers can choose if they sell electricity for purchase prices or offer it to trader for „market-price“ and simultaneously get extra green bonuses – paid by the operator of the relevant regional GS or the operator of TS)
www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org
LegalLegal regulationregulation ActAct ofof PromotionPromotion ofof UseUse ofof RenewableRenewable SourcesSources
• purchase prices as well as green bonuses are set up by Energy Regulator (ERÚ) on a yearly basis (5% degression rule)
• purchase prices guarantied for 15 years (in contrast to green bonuses), taking into account the price index of industrial products (increase of 2 - 4%/year)
• fifteen-year period of recovery of investment should be “guaranteed”
144 www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org EnergyEnergy RegulatorRegulator EdictsEdicts • Edict Nr. 150/07 Sb., purchase prices and green bonuses are applied for the lifetime of RES • Edict Nr. 475/05 Sb., lifetime of RE technologies (now being revised) RE technology Lifetime Hydro 30 Biomass 20 Biogas 20 Lanndfill, other gases 15 Wind 20 Geothermal 20 PV 15
Source: Energy Regulator
www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org 20072007 FeedFeed--inin tarifftariff XX GreenGreen bonusbonus
RES Feed-in Green Feed-in tariff Green bonus (installed after tariff bonus €ct/kWh €ct/kWh 1.1.2007) CZK/kWh CZK/kWh Small hydro 2,39 9 1,34 5 Gases (bio,landfill…) 2,27 - 3,04 8-11 1,15 - 1,92 4-7 Wind 2,46 9 1,95 7 Geothermal 4,50 17 3,51 13 Biomass 2,34 - 3,38 9-13 0,24 - 2,26 1-8 Photovoltaics 13,46 50 12,75 47
Exchange rate 1EUR=27 CZK
Source: Energy Regulator
145 www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org
RenewableRenewable energyenergy sourcessources inin thethe CzechCzech RepublicRepublic
www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org 20062006 TotalTotal RERE productionproduction
TOTAL RE (GJ) RES share in PES Structure % Biomass 25 529 8961,34% 31,16% Biomass (household) 40 138 138 2,11% 48,99% Water 9 182 520 0,48% 11,21% Solid mun. waste* 2 641 430 0,14% 3,23% Biogas 2 655 572 0,14% 3,23% Liquid biofuels 798 606 0,04% 0,97% Heat pumps 676 499 0,04% 0,83% Solar thermal 127 637 0,01% 0,16% Wind 176 400 0,01% 0,22% PV 1 944 0,00% 0% Total 81 928 644 4,31% 100,00%
Source: Ministry of Industry and Trade
146 www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org ProductionProduction ofof electricityelectricity (RES)(RES) -- 20062006
Share Share Share of Gross Grid of green on the gross gross RES production supply electricity domestic production consumption GWh GWh % % % Hydro-elect r i c 2550,7 2 540,1 72,49 3,56 3,02 power plants Solid biomass 731 285,7 20,78 1,02 0,87 Biogas 175,8 99,8 5,00 0,25 0,21 Municipal wastes 11,3 4,4 0,32 0,02 0,01
Wind power plants 49,4 49,1 1,40 0,07 0,06 (up 100 kW) Photovoltaic 0,54 0,2 0,02 0,00 0,00 systems (e) Liquid biofuels 0,022 0,021 0,00 0,00 0,00 TOTAL 3 518,8 2 979,4 100 4,91 4,17
Source: Ministry of Industry and Trade
www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org HeatHeat ProductionProduction (RES)(RES) -- 20062006 Self - Gross consumption Share of RES Supply production (inclusive RES heat energy loss) TJ TJ TJ % Biomass total 41 759,66 40 214,64 1 545,02 91,19 Biomass 16 369,79 14 824,77 1 545,02 35,75 Biomass 25 389,87 25 389,87 - 55,45 (household) Biogas 918,51 842,62 75,89 2,01 Solid municipal 2 309,8 2 309,8 - 5,04 wastes (ind. w.) Heat pumps 676,49 676,49 - 1,48 Solar thermal 127,63 127,63 - 0,28 Liquid biofuels 0,163 0,163 0,0 0,00 TOTAL 45 792,3 42 687,4 3 104,8 100 Source: Ministry of Industry and Trade
147 www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org EnergyEnergy ofof WindWind 20062006
Most of generated electricity supplied into the grid, self-consumption is rather rare • Gross electricity production – 49,4 GWh • Total installed capacity – 43,5 MW (annual increment 21,5 MW) Barriers: • limited number of suitable locations • strong public resistance
Source: Ministry of Industry and Trade
www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org EnergyEnergy ofof WindWind 20062006 SeasonalSeasonal MeanMean WindWind SpeedSpeed inin AutumnAutumn [[m/sm/s]]
(c) 2005 Czech Hydro-meteorological Institute
148 www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org EnergyEnergy ofof WindWind 20062006 TheThe mostmost appropriateappropriate plplacesaces forfor windwind energyenergy inin thethe CzechCzech RepublicRepublic
149 www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org EnergyEnergy ofof WaterWater 20062006 Traditional type of (natural) energy source for long time
• Gross electricity production - 2 550,7 GWh, (annual increment about 7 %) • Total installed capacity -1 028,5 MW (cca 1360 power plants)
Barriers: nearly no locations for new plants
Source: Ministry of Industry and Trade
www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org EnergyEnergy ofof WaterWater 20062006 ProductionProduction ofof electricityelectricity inin hydrohydro--electricelectric powerpower plantplant Up to 1 MWe 13% 10 and more MWe 62%
1 – 10 MWe 25%
150 www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org EnergyEnergy ofof SunSun 20062006 PhotovoltaicPhotovoltaic • Gross electricity production -0,2GWh • Total installed capacity 2006 -0,2 MWp • Total installed capacity (10.10.07) –2,9MWp (only systems with licence) Czech RE Agency data: • Total installed capacity 2006 - 0, 869 MWp • Total estimated installed capacity 2007 –5,3 MWp Plenty of installations are without licences - situated at the universities (VŠB v Ostravě, ZČU v Plzni, TU v Liberci, MF UK v Praze and so on), installed within the frame of programme „Sun to schools“
www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org
AnnualAnnual meanmean sumsum ofof GlobalGlobal RadiationRadiation [kWh/m2][kWh/m2]
(horizontal surface)
PVGIS - Photovoltaic Geographical Information System http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/index.htm © European Communities, 2001-2007
151 www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org EnergyEnergy ofof SunSun 20072007 PhotovoltaicPhotovoltaic PVPV -- installedinstalled capacitycapacity (e)(e)
6 000 kWp 5 349 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 869 1 000 72 124 155 289 363 469 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 GOFF GON Total
152 www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org EnergyEnergy ofof SunSun 20062006 SolarSolar thermalthermal • Energy production - cca 127 TJ • Total area of glazed c. 2006 – cca 105 000 m² (2005–84 694, 2004–69 170, 2003–58 955) Total cumulative Sold or installed Supplied on Collector area (chosen firms) Czech market 2006 (m²) 2006 (m²) 2006 (m²) Flat 90 647 5 402 16 879 Vacuum tube 13 663 673 3 542 Concentrator 805 0 0 Not glazed not included 2 330 Total 105 115 8 405 20 421
Source: Ministry of Industry and Trade
www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org EnergyEnergy ofof SunSun SolarSolar thermalthermal • more than 200 firms on the small market, another still coming • wide variety of products (Czech, Slovak, German, Austrian – Chinese, Turkish, Greek) • State programme 2006: subsidised 2 investment projects and 535 installations in households Subsidised collectors 2006 (m²) Households Investment p. Flat 3491 351 Vacuum tube 745 0 Concentrator 9 0
153 www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org BiomassBiomass 20062006 Most often used fuel – wood waste, wood chips, cellulose leach, bark, plant materials, pellets (502 000 t) • Gross electricity production - 731 GWh in 2006, (annual increment 171 GWh)
• 19 producers, 39 % supplied to the grid, 57 % self- consumption (incl. losses), 4 % supplied directly to other subjects
•349 GWh co-firing (coal), 373 GWh heating plants, 9 GWh new bioplants
Source: Ministry of Industry and Trade
www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org BiomassBiomass 20062006 Most often used fuel – cellulose leach (900 000 t), wood waste, wood chips, bark, plant materials, pellets (total 1 839 578 t)
• Heat production - 16 370 TJ (without households)
• plant materials! – very slight growth, used only 12,000 t (10,000 t in 2005) • 91 % of energy self – consumed, 9 % sold to other subjects • briquettes and pellets – production of 26 868t, almost everything exported (24,124 t)
154 www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org BiogasBiogas 20062006 Most used method - anaerobic fermentation in municipal waste treatments plants, boom of biogas stations (14) and landfill gas utilisation (feed-in tariff) • Electricity production - 175 837 MWh • Heat production – 918 511 GJ • (municipal and industrial waste treatments plants, biogas stations, landfill gas) • Biogas cogeneration (111 plants) – 64 % of total produced electricity and 60 % of total heat • for energetic needs used 122 902ths m3 (14%/05) • energy almost used for self-consumption, only 10 % direct delivery Source: Ministry of Industry and Trade
www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org GeothermalGeothermal EnergyEnergy –– heatheat pumpspumps 20062006
• Delivered and probably installed (2006) – cca 2 500 pcs of heat pumps (40 MW) Estimation: Pcs Heat rate (kW) Air - air 122 470 Air - water 964 17 968 Soil - water 1362 18 593 Water - water 84 3015 Total 2532 40 046 • SFŽP subsidised 219 installations (1994,6 kW) • marketing research provided by MPO – 2149 pcs (firms with market share of 80-85 %) Source: Ministry of Industry and Trade
155 www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org LiquidLiquid biofuelsbiofuels 20062006 • share of fuels from RES 2010 - 5,75 % (Directive 2003/30/ES ) • goal for 2007 – 2 % at minimum (generally for fuels supplied on the market), 2009 – 4,5% diesel oil, 3,5 % petrol • addition of biomaterial is obligatory for producers, distributors, importers
Production Consumption Producers Production (t) Export (t) Import (t) capacity (t) FAME 15 194 500 t 110 152 110 515 22 532 20 228 Bioethanol 3 220 000 hl 1790
•production capacity (bioethanol) according to Ministry of Agriculture – 1,6 mio hl
Source: Ministry of Industry and Trade
www.czrea.orgwww.czrea.org Czech RE Agency, o.p.s.
Residence: Televizní 2618 756 61 Rožnov pod Radhoštěm
Office: Americká 17, 120 00 Praha 2, Tel: 222 512 764, Fax: 222 512 774
E-mail: [email protected]
156 Data gathering on renewable energies for New EU Member States and Candidate Countries Workshop organised by: EC Joint Research Centre- Institute for Environment and Sustainability with the support of Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University
Istanbul, Turkey, 12-15 November ‘2007 Renewable energy development in Poland status for ‘2006 and forecast for 2020
by Grzegorz WIŚNIEWSKI Institute for Renewable Energy (EC BREC IEO) Warsaw-Gdansk, Poland
Starting point after EU enlargement: General economic and sustainability indicators for Poland’2004 as percentage of EU 25 ‘2003 or factor EU25/PL Poland „EU 25” % or factor
Population (mln) 38 231 451 864 8,46 GDP (bln €) 202 9 599 2,10 Employment (mln) 13 782 196 772 7,00 Expenditure on research (bln €) 1,2 169 0,70
Energy intensity, (kg of oe/1000€ 650,1 209,9 factor 3,10 GDP)/(factor EU25/PL)
Share of green electricity cons. 2,0 12,7 factor 6,35 (%)/(factor EU25/PL) Expected production/share of biofuels 0,5 1,2 factor 2,40 ‘2005 (%)/(factor EU25/PL))
157 Technical potential of RES in Poland EC BREC ‘2004
Technical potential Share by Resources [PJ/rok] resources [%] Biomass 755 43,1
Hydro 49 2,8
Geothermal 220 12,6
Wind 281 16,1
Solar 445 25,4
Total 1750 100,0
Structure and trends of RES production
179 991 1 000 000
100 000 Solar energy 10 000 Wind energy
1 000 Geothermal energy Biogas 100 Biofuels Source: EC BREC IEO 167 Hydro energy 10 Biomas 1 180 000
160 000 1995 2000 2001 140 000 2002 2003 2004 Logarithmic scale 2005 120 000 100 000 80 000 60 000 40 000 20 000 0 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Poland Decimal scale
158 Structure of primary energy use in 2005
RES Oil 5% 21%
Gas 13% Hard coal Lignite 50% 11%
Structure of renewable energy sources in 2005
Biomass - electricity Landfill biogas 0,3% 6,5% Biomass - district heating Waste water treatment 2,9% plant biogas 0,8% Animal origin biogas 0,1% Biomass - local heat Others Hydro 83,8% 6,8% 4,3% Wind 0,3% Ethanol 0,7% Biodiesel 0,3% Primary energy use – 3932 PJ, within 187 PJ (4,76%) from RES
159 Primary production of solid biomass in TJ Sources: EC BREC IEO for EUObserv’ER
2005 2006
Wood/Wood Waste/Other Solid Waste 175 000 180 000 of which
Wood (logs,…) 106 700 108 450 Wood pellet 7 300 7 980 Short rotation coppice 1000 1300 Wood Waste 58 000 60 000 Other Vegetal Materials and Waste, of 2 000 2 270 which: -Straw combustion 1 500 1 700 -Animal wastes ( bones mills) 500 570
Electricity from RES in 2006
Biomass & Hydro biogas 48% 46%
Wind 6%
Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Poland
160 RES support schemes development in tariff Feed- 2000 Feed in tariffs, obligation for utilities to buy green electricity from sources <5MW, price same as for final consumers
Quota obligation 2001 Quota obligation (7,5% in final sale balance) for electricity suppliers and distribution companies, no strict penalty
INVESTMENT SUPPORT 2002 Obligation to achieve quota (7,5%) and to prove origin of electricity for suppliers and distribution companies, no strict penalty defined 2003 Obligation to achieve quota (7,5%) and to prove it (CoO) for electricity 2004 suppliers and producers (TPA) , penalty defined 30%, introduction of biomass co-firing as eligible RET-E
Quota obligation +TGC Quota obligation 2005 Obligation to achieve quota (7,5%) and to prove it (CoO) for electricity 2006 suppliers and producers (TPA) , introduction of CoO (TGC) trade; penalty followed by voluntary charge for non-compliance (240 PL/MWh); biomass co- firing as eligible RET-E but demand for increasing of biomass use from energy crops and wastes by 2014; increased quota (from 7,5 do 9% in 2010), distribution companies obliged to buy “physical” green electricity by the market price of “black” electricity 2007 Increase of the quota obligation from 9% in 2010 to 10,4% (compliance with EU 2001/77/EC directive).
The TGC system in Poland, since 2006 -income for independent power producers
400,00 110 350,00 95 Penalty, 130% of substitute fee 300,0080 250,0065 Substitute fee, in 2006 64 Euro/MWh 200,0055 150,0040 Price [Euro/MWh] 100,0027 15 + = 50,00 0,000 Electricity price (yearly CoO price - market Total income of RES mean balancing market related owner price, in 2006 31,5 Euro/MWh)
161 Comparison of green energy prices for utilities with final black electricity prices for wholesale market and with electricity for households and industry
Average income from green electricity supply to the grid
0,09
0,08
0,07
0,06
0,05 Hauseholds 0,04 Industry euro/kWh 0,03 Whole sale black 0,02 electricity prices 0,01 on balancing 0 market 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Economics of green electricity production in ‘2005 (source: EP) Type of 2004 2005 RES-E Price Mean Differen Price of Price of Total Extras, technology price ce electricity TGC. income 2004-2005 zł/MWh zł/MWh zł/MWh zł/MWh zł/MWh zł/MWh zł/MWh SHP < 5MW 300 239 -39 118 200 318 18
Wind 292 239 -53 118 200 318 26 (30MW) Large 237 239 2 118 200 318 81 hydro (100MW) Biomass 214 239 25 118 200 318 104 CHP (10MW) Biomass 133 239 106 118 200 318 185 co-firing (2000 MW)
162 Installed capacity of RES-E
RES 2005 [MW] 2006 [MW] Biomass 189,8 252,8 Biogas 31,9 36,8 Wind 83,3 176,0 Hydro 1002,5 1082,8 Co-firing In power-blocks with capacity at about 1700 Total 1 307,5 1 548,4
Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Poland
Electricity generation from RES
RES 2005 [MWh] 2006 [MWh] Biomass 467 976 503 846 Biogas 104 465 116 692 Wind 135 292 256 345 Hydro 2 175 559 2 028 984 Co-firing 877 009 1 314 337 Total 3 760 301 4 220 203
Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Poland
163 Green electricity production 2000-2005 [ GWh/year], according to changes in the support schemes Target for 2010 4500 12 000 GWh 4000 3500 2000 3000 2001 2500 2002 2000 2003 1500 2004 2005 1000 2006 500 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Current visions for RES-E in ‘2010
MG ‘2005* Updated vision of EC BREC IEO ’2006 Too slow development of energy plantations and to • Biomass 4,0% 2,5% little time remaining to 2010 • Hydro 1,2% 2,0% • Wind 2,3% 2,5% • Biogas - 0,5% Total 7,5% 7,5% * Report of the Ministry of Economy MGiP to the European Commission, 31.08.2005
164 Liquid fuels sector in Poland Key figures for ‘2004
¾ Oil refineries: 7 refineries with the capacity 18 mln t of crude oil/year; domestic production of crude oil - 4% only ¾ Concessions of the Energy Regulator (URE) in the oil sector: • 78- for fuels production, • 122- for fuels storage, • 6488 for fuels distribution ¾ Oil sector (medium and large companies only) gross income: 21 bln PLZ (app. € 5 bln)/year ¾ Major players; two oil groups: PKN ORLEN (app. 55% of vehicle fuels market), LOTOS Group S.A. (app. 27% of vehicle fuels market) and others: refineries & importers
Final consumption of vehicle fuels in Poland 1995-2006
9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 Gasoline 5,000 Di esel oi l 4,000 LPG 3,000 Usage (ktoe) 2,000 1,000 0
95 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Particular years
165 Production of agriculture distillate (raw spirit) and the usage of bioethanol and the number of open agriculture distilleries (source EC BREC) Year Agriculture Distillate Number of open Bioethanol [mln l] agriculture distilleries [mln l] 1994 210 n.a. 27,0 1995 245 950 63,0 1996 278 900 100,9 1997 240,6 840 110,6 1998 208 700 99,8 1999 167,2 620 88,5 2000 173,3 380 51,5 2001 181 350 69,4 2002 210 330 82,8 2003 210- 219,6 300 76,2 2004 195 242 45,2-48,5 2005 230-241,5 220 110,8 2006 259 217 161,0
Usage and the indicators of biofuels usage
Petrol Drive oil Esters Indicator acc. to Bioethanol Year Thousand thousand thousand energy value thousand Tons tons tons (%)tons
2000 4841 2343 40,6 0 0,35 2001 4484 2562 52,4 0 0,46 2002 4109 2940 65,3 0 0,57 2003 3941 3606 60,1 0 0,49 2004 3953 3886 38,3 0 0,30
2005 3919 4747 42,2 17,1 0,48 2006 4040 6036 84,3 44,9 0,92
166 Forecast of the biofuels use up to 2010 (Ministry of Agriculture ‘2006)
Consumption unit 2007 2008 2009
Gasoline mln t 3,980 3,920 3,860
Diesel mln t 7,830 8,220 8,630
Share of biofuels % 3,5 4,25 5,000 energy Ethanol mln t 0,236 0,282 0,327
Biodiesel (RME) mln t 0,301 0,384 0,475
Historical cumulative and yearly growth of solar thermal collectors in PL [m2] (source EC BREC IEO)
180000 167750 160000
140000 126160 120000 98507 100000 yearly 80000 69610 cumulatively 60000 43243 40000 30104 21010 13610 20000 8220 1995 2935 4651 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
167 Main geothermal district heating plants in PL (sources: B Kempinska, for EC BREC IEO)
Geothermal year of only Total operation capacity capacity, place start MWt MWt Podhale 1993 38,0 42,0 Pyrzyce 1996 13,0 48,0 Mszczonów 1999 3,8 10,2 Uniejów 2001 3,2 5,6 Słomiki 2002 0,3 2,3 Strogard 2004 14,0 14,0 TOTAL 72,3 122,1
Utilisation ‘2005 (in PJ) and utilisation of technical potential of RES (in%) in Poland
Use of energy from RES Resources PJ % of potential Biomass 177,7 23,5 Hydro (excluding 7,8 16,2 pumped storage) Geothermal (incuding 0,9 0,4 heat pumps) Wind 0,5 0,2 Solar 0,15 0,03 TOTAL 187,112 10,7 (av.) Current RES contribution to the primarily energy balance 4,74
168 RES potential limitation: Natura 2000 Approved + officially submitted – ca. 18% Approved + officially submitted + Shadow List – ca. 20%
Special Areas of Conservation Special Protection Areas (Officially submitted plus Shadow List (Approved plus Shadow List 2004, 2006, WWF Polska) OTOP)
Technical potential limitations – case study wind energy Investment Potential concentrated on Diversified activities not areas of highest distribution of uniform – environmental potential on challenge for grid value country area on specific areas
9500
800 7500 2500
600
500 500 www.ieo.pl 20
100 1000
2000 500 500 Potencja³ techniczny energii wiatru, GWh 500 2000 0 - 100 500 100 - 500 500 - 2000 2000 - 5000 5000 - 10000 10000 - 20000 20000 - 26000 Overlapping of NATURA 2000 with areas of highest potential and concentration of investment activities
Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Poland
169 „National Energy Policy 2025”, approved 2005 Primary energy use in Poland until 2025 [Mtoe] (reference –”coal” scenario)
160
140 7,5% Export-import 7% 120 9,2 Others 100 7,3 Renewables 80 Nuclear 60 Naural gas 40 Crude oil 20 Brown coal 0 Hard coal -20 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
RES forecasts (1996-2004) for Poland ‘2020
Documents Primary energy Electricity 2010 2020 2010 2020 Targets Ministry of Environment, National RES strategy, 2000 7,5 14,0 - -
EU enlargement treaty, 2003 – directive 2001/77/WE - - 7,5 -
Forecasts EC- DGXVII, TERES II Country Report. Poland, 1996 1,7-5,5 2,2-8,4 - -
EC BREC, ES: SFIRE modelling for Poland up to 6,1- 2020, 2001 5,5-8,2 8,2-11,2 8,8-13,0 10,8
ARE: Environmental energy scenario, 2002 5,2-8,4 5,5-13,5 2,1-7,7 1,8-11,8
Fraunhofer ISI, EEG, KEMA, ECOFYS, REC, 8,2- FORRES 2020: Analysis of the renewable energy’s - - 7,6-14,3 10,7 evolution up to 2020, 2003 Ministry of Economy, Energy policy up to 2025, 2004 4,9-5,8 5,9-6,1 - -
170 National Renewable Energy Strategy ‘2001 Overall target: 7.5% RES in TPE in 2010 & 14% in 2020 general note 1: bioenergy technologies marked in green general note 2: large scale hydro excluded from the balance & support Total production of energy & fuels in 2010, in TJ Solar water collectors
Solar air collectors
Geothermal heating plants
Bioethanol Note 1: bio- ethanol from lignocelluloses materials – not considered
Rape oil methyl esters Note 2: small scale agro- refineries considered only
Individual biomass-fired boilers
Automatic straw-fired heating plants Automatic wood-fired heating plants Wood-fired CHP plants Note 3: co- firing excluded from financial support 5%, id biofuels: Landfill gas are of liqu : 72% in Total sh nd bio-heat icty: 18% a fuels Farm biogas plants bioelectr and green reen energy TJ) the total g 010 (235 000 Co-fermentation biogas (RES) in ‘2 production tion in RES rgy contribu Photovoltaic systems Total bioene tion –95% ources for Small hydro-electric power plants genera iomass res tition over b fuels =» compe nsportation Wind power plants ity and tra heat, electric 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000
Conclusions
1. Poland has considerable bio-resources availability; 2. In 2004-2005 Poland improved support scheme for green electricity, but it is not yet optimised and future bioelectricity/bioheat prospect is unclear 3. Biomass co-firing with coal in power plants is substantially supported and encourages farmers for production of energy crops but required better attention for sustainability in the full processing chain 4. Supporting scheme based on quotas/TGC needs active use of others policies and measures (RTD policy, subsidies, tenders or feed-in-tariffs for some RETs) to support small scale (to compensate „TGC privilege” for large scale) 5. Support for transportation biofuels based on a mixture of tax exemption and obligation for blending gives better opportunity for biodiesel development than for traditional bioethanol 6. There is a considerable development of solar thermal, with support of national environmental funds (subsidies and low interest credits)
171 Current status and development scenarios of RES in Slovakia.
Ing. Roman Doubrava Energy Centre Bratislava Ambrova 35, 831 01 Bratislava 3 e-mail: [email protected] www.ecb.sk
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
Slovakia
The Slovak Republic (SR) ¾Founded as an independent country on 1 January 1993 (split of the former Czech and Slovak Federal Republic) ¾Since 1. May 2004 a member of the European Union.
Table: Basic data about Slovakia
Area Total surface area 48,845 km2 Land surface area 48,800 km2 Water surface area 45 km2 Forested surface area 15,630 km2 (32%) Population Total 5,399,000 (in 2000) Capital city Bratislava 450,000 inhabitants
BRATISLAVA ¾ The cultural, industrial and economical centre of Slovakia ¾ Very important role in the Slovak economy - about 30% of GDP and about 46% of exports are produced by residents of the district of Bratislava.
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ page 2 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
172 GDP Development in Slovakia
Vývoj HDP SR v rokoch 1993 až 2005 Development of GDP in Slovakia between 1993 - 2005
1 000 000 10% 900 000 9% 800 000 8% 700 000 7% y 600 000 6% 500 000 5% 400 000 4% 300 000 3% 200 000 2% 100 000 1% 0 0% 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
GDP,HDP SR Sk MedziroShare increasečný nárast v %
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
173 Analysis of current status of energy intensity Comparison of EU-27
Energy intensity of procuction of GDP (2002 - 2004)
80 70 60 50 2002 40 2003 30 2004 20 Energy intensity
(TJ/ th EUR f.p. 1995) EUR th f.p. (TJ/ 10 0 sko ľ Írsko Litva Malta arsko EU-27 EU-25 EU-15 EU-10 EU-12 ď Fínsko Po ovstvo Grécko Cyprus Dánsko ľ Belgicko Rakúsko Švédsko Taliansko Lotyšsko Estónsko Nemecko Slovinsko Ma Bulharsko Holandsko Slovensko Španielsko Rumunsko Francúzsko Portugalsko Luxembursko eská republika Č Spojené krá Spojené
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
Past and future trends in Slovak energy sector
Figure: Primary energy sources consumption Developement of Primary Energy Sources Consumption in Slovakia 900
800 Obnoviteľné zdroje energie / 700 Renewable Energy Sources 600 Teplo z jadrových elektrární / Nuclear Heat 500 Ropa / Crude Oil PJ 400
Zemný plyn / 300 Natural Gas
200 Uhlie / Coal 100
0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Source: Ministry of Economy
Final energy consumption is in steady decrease in Slovakia year by year. The reason is gradual implementation of saving measures on demand site (consumption).
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
174 Energy consumption in Slovakia Table and figure: Final Energy Consumption By Sector, 2003 (TJ) Non-energy use 2 6% Sector National IEA statistics1 Transport 16% FEC, Total 443 980 471 613,23 Industry 39% Industry 174 597 196 557,90 Residential 117 966 118 060,47 Services 10% Agriculture 10 051 10 142,22 Agriculture 2% Services 42 809 42 622,47 Transport 71 492 92 746,83 Residential 27% Non-energy use 27 066 11 483,34 Figure: Final energy sources consumption by the sectors
Final energy consumption by the sectors
600 Sources: 1Statistical Office of Slovak Republic, Energy statistics 2003; 500 Agriculture 2 International Energy Agency, Country statistics, 2003. 400 Transport
PJ 300 Comercial sector and services 200 Households 100 Industry 0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 200 200 200 200 200
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
Figure:Domestic sources of electricity production
Electricity production in 2005:
¾ Nuclear energy: 17,7 TWh ¾ Water energy: 4,5 TWh ¾ Thermal el. Energy: 4,2 TWh Slovak domestic electricity production in 2005 ¾ Others: 2,1 TWh
¾ Slovakia - More than 90% of primary energy sources imported
Aim: to reduce primary energy sources import
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
175 Heat supply in 2005
Heat from heating plants and DH boiler rooms [%]
Brown coal and lignite 2% Other fossil fuels Hard coal 8% Other RES 0% Wood and wooden wastes Biogas 12% Hard heating oil 6% 0% 2%
Industrial waste 0%
Solid municipal waste 0% NOTE: Natural gas Other RES = Black Liquor - 70% byproduct formed during the pulping of wood in the papermaking industry.
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
RES electricity production in GWh, 2002 – 2005
2002 2003 2004 2005 Years Sources [GWh] [GWh] [GWh] [GWh] Hydro power plants total 5 483 3 671 4 207 4 741 out of which pumping HPP 215 192 107 103 Hydro power plants (without 4 638 Pumping HPP) 5 268 3 479 4 100 Wind power plants 0 2 6 7 Biomass 159 84 3 4 Biogas 1 2 2 4 Total 5 428 3 567 4 111 4 653
RESe share on electricity consumption 18,6 % 12,4 % 14,4 % 16,3 %
Source: Strategy for higher RES utilisation, approved on April 25, 2007
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
176 RES heat supply in GWh, 2002 – 2005
2002 2003 2004 2005
Source [TJ] [TJ] [TJ] [TJ]
Biomass 474 643 1 354 1 673
Biogas 1 0 0 116 140 Geothermal 159 139 144
Solar 36 40 45 50
Total 670 822 1 543 1 979
Source: Strategy for higher RES utilisation, approved on April 25, 2007
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
Current utilisation of RES
Heat production in 2005 [TJ] Electricity production in 2005 [GWh]
2500 2246 4500 4207 4269 4000 2000 3500 1673 3000 1500 2500 2000 1000 1500 1000 500 0 18 115 113 140 205 500 4 4 7 47 0 0 l s e e e o s age u r as ge rma d b e w i wind wast yd total total h s d h sidue t re li al waste e eo m se d i g o o her bio d r fr t rom sewa geothermal o o o f ustr w ipal so s d as d c in g ga d wo n ni n io a u io a b d m b municipal solidd wast oo oo w w
For comparison, in 2005, total heat production in Slovakia was 376 407 TJ and electricity production 31 436 GWh. RES share on heat production was app. 0,59 % and on electricity production 13,6 %, mainly exclusively thanks to LHPP.
RES share on gross domestic energy consumption was 4,3% in 2005.
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
177 RES potenial in Slovakia
Tab. and figure: Overview of the different potential for the various sources of renewable energy Overal potential Technical potential Source TJ GWh TJ GWh Water energy: 23 760 6 600 23 760 6 600 Large HPP 20 160 5 600 20 160 5 600 Small HPP 3 600 1 000 3 600 1 000 Biomass 120 300 33 400 120 300 33 400 Forest biomass 16 900 4 700 16 900 4 700 Agricultural biomass 28 600 7 950 28 600 7 950 Biofuels 7 000 1 950 7 000 1 950 Biogas 6 900 1 900 6 900 1 900 Other biomasses 60 900 16 900 60 900 16 900 Wind energy * * 2 160 600 Geothermal energy 174 640 48 500 22 680 6 300 Solar energy 194 537 000 54 038 000 34 000 9 450 Source: for utilisation,Source: Strategy higher AprilRES 2007 TOTAL 194 855 700 54 126 500 202 900 56 350
Wind energy potential is much higher, there are requests for connection of 2100 MW inst. capacity
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
RES potenial in Slovakia
40000 35000 biomass for biofuels
30000 manure 25000 wood industry 20000 forest biomass [GWh] 15000 10000 agricultural biomass 5000 energy crops 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 biomass solar hydro geothermal wind PJ
technical potential current use unused potential energy potential used
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
178 Targets vs reality
¾Accession treaty of Slovakia – indicative RESe target- 31% share on domestic electricity consumption in 2010; ¾Government came with 3 development scenarios, proposition to decrease the target to 19% in 2010;
642 MW
353 MW
144 MW
I. Scenario – 19% RESe!!! only 1,35% growth of RES compared to 2002 II. Scenario – 21,4% RESe
III. Scenario – 24,6% RESe
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
New development?
On April 25, 2007, new Strategy on higher RES utilisation was approved by government - New binding internal targets for RES heat and electricity by 2010 and 2015 - Set of measures and consequent legislative actions - RES Law by the end of 2007 - Biomass action plan by the end of November, 2007 - Support programme for solar thermal and biomass boilers for households - alocation of 100 mio SKK annually - Information campaign - RTD in line with FP7
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
179 RESe targets by 2010 and 2015
Production Installed Investment Production 2005 2010 increase capacity costs 2015 increase Source/ Year [GWh] [GWh] [GWh] [MW] [mio SKK] [GWh] [GWh]
SHPP 250 350 100 20 1800 450 100
Biomass 4 480 476 90 950 650 170
Wind energy 7 200 193 100 4000 750 550
Biogas 6 180 174 30 4200 370 190
Geothermal energy 0 30 30 4 400 70 40
PV 0 0 0 0 0 10 10
Total 267 1 240 973 244 11350 2 300 1 060 - To reach 4% RESe (without large hydro) share on total electricity consumption 31 000 GWh in 2010 (1 240 GWh) and 7% share on total electricity consumption 32 900 GWh in 2015 (2 300
GWh) Výroba elektriny z OZE 800 700 600 -This is 4, resp 7 times higher RESe production than in 2005 500 Výroba 2004 400 Výroba 2010 GWh 300 Výroba 2015 200 100 0 Malé vodné Biomasa Veterné Bioplyn elektrárne elektrárne
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
In 2002, there were 201 SHPPs in operation with installed capacity of 70 MW. There are 25 LHPPs in Slovakia.
LHPPs (>10MW) 2004 Cummulated capacity (MW) 1 588 Electricity production (GWh) 3 990
SHPPs (up to 10 MW) 2004 Cummulated capacity (MW) 70 Electricity production (GWh) 247
Perspective new large HPP: LHPP Sereď on river Váh (51,4 MW) LHPP Nezbudská Lúčka on river Váh (22,5 MW) pumping LHPP on river Ipeľ (600 MW) LHPP Wolfsthal on Danube river 74 MW)
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
180 Wind energy as in November 2007 Installed capacity: 5,16 MWe Production in 2006: 9,1 GWh
Total electricity produced in SR in 2005: 31 455 GWh (cca 0,3 ‰) Estimate for 2010: 200 MWe
Wind farm Start-up Number of Installed Power Operator plants [MW]
Cerova October 2003 4 2.64 Obec Cerova
Ostry vrch July 2004 1 0.5 Green Energy Slovakia
Skalite 4 2 Green Energy Slovakia
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
Project name Region 1. Wind park Hradište pod Vrátnom Trnavský, Trenčiansky 2. Wind park Vráble Nitriansky 3. Veterný park Jaslovské Bohunice, Malženice, Radošovce Trnavský 4. Wind park Sereď Trnavský 5. Wind park Telgárt - Dobšiná Banskobystrický, Košický 6. Wind park Šaľa - Močenok Nitriansky 7. Wind park Holíč - Radimov Trnavský 8. Wind park Podhájska Nitriansky 9. Wind park Lovčica -Trubín Banskobystrický 10. Wind park Hlohovec - JUH Trnavský 11. Wind park Holíč, lokalita Chrastové pole Trnavský 12. Wind park Senica Trnavský 13. Wind park Orechová Potôň Trnavský 14. Wind park Nitra, lokalita Lehota - Veľké Zálužie Nitriansky 15. Wind park Myjava, lokalita Ostrý vrch II. Trenčiansky 16. Wind park Nitra, lokalita Zbehy Nitriansky 17. Wind park Nitra, lokalita Čab Nitriansky 18. Wind park Myjava, lokalita Vesný vrch Trenčiansky 19. Wind park Poprad - Hôrka pri Poprade Prešovský 20. Wind park Poprad - Stráže pod Tatrami Prešovský 21. Wind park Poprad - Švábovce II. Prešovský 22. Wind park Poprad - Švábovce I. Prešovský 23. Wind park Cerová II, lokalita Kopánky Trnavský 24. Wind park Myjava, lokalita Surovín Trenčiansky 25. Wind park Makovica Prešovský, Košický 26. Wind park Skalité Žilinský 27. Wind park Myjava, lokalita Poľana Trenčiansky 28. Wind park Myjava - lokalita Ostrý vrch Trenčiansky 29. Wind park Žalostiná Trenčiansky 30. Wind park Želiezovce Nitriansky
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
181 RES heat targets by 2010 and 2015
Source Heat production in Heat production in 2010 2015 TJ TJ Biomass 25 000 37 000 Biogas 2 000 4 000 Geothermal 200 1 000 Solar 300 1 000 Heat pumps (low potential heat) 200 800 Total 27 700 43 800
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
Biofuels targets by 2020
Year 2006 2010 2020 targets for biofuels 2% 5,75% 10% Amounts of biofuels needed* (acc. to motor fuels consumption as in 38 ktoe 110 ktoe 190 ktoe 2006)
*Motor fuels consumption in 2006 (diesel and gasoline) = 1 896 ktoe Source: MoE SR, Energy security strategy, draft
Biofuels consumption 200
150
100 2 generation ktoe biodiesel bioethanol 50
0
5 6 7 8 9 0 5 0 0 2 200 200 200 200 20 201 201 20
Estimated biofuels consumption in 2010 and 2020 Source: MoE SR *in 2007, it is estimated to reach the 2% level of biofuels utilisation
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
182 RES related LEGISLATION support
PRIMARY RES LEGISLATION FRAMEWORK in Slovakia ¾RES Matters in Act on Energy; ¾RES Matters in Act on Heat Energy; ¾RES Matters in Act on Regulation in Network Industries; ¾RES Matters in Act on Energy Performance of Buildings;
SECONDARY RES LEGISLATION FRAMEWORK in Slovakia ¾Ordinance of the Government of the Slovak Republic No. 124/2005; ¾Decree of the RONI No. 2/2005 and No. 2/2006;
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RES Matters in Act on Energy
Responsibility of the Ministry of Economy:
¾ to accept measures to ensure purposes in production of electricity based on RES; ¾ to analyse the fulfilment of accepted measures to ensure the electricity production based on RES; ¾ to publish each 5 years a report on the intents in RES electricity production and on the accepted measurements focused on ensuring purposes in RES electricity production; report to be published in bulletin and on the official web-site of the Ministry of Economy; ¾ to publish each 2 years a report on state in RES electricity production purposes fulfilment and measurements accepted to ensure the reliability of certificates about the source of electricity (green certificates); report and measurements to be published in bulletin and on the official web- site of the Ministry of Economy.
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
183 RES Matters in Act on Energy Responsibility of electricity trader: ¾ provide to purchaser the information about the shares of PES used in electricity production and supply for previous year including supply of electricity imported from other EU member states and third countries; information should be provided on demand to executive administration too; ¾ provide to purchaser the information about the impact of produced and supplied electricity on the environment or provide the reference on public source of these information; information should be provided on demand to executive administration too.
Business license in energy sector is not requested for these activities: electricity production in facility with total installed capacity up to 5 MW; ¾ electricity production in facility based on RES with total installed capacity up to 5 MW: a) small hydro power plants; b) wind power plants; c) solar plants; d) facilities based on geothermal energy utilisation; e) facilities based on biogas utilisation; f) facilities based on biomass utilisation.
¾ gas production from biomass; ¾ gas production from biogas; ¾ sale of compressed natural gas for motor vehicles powering; ¾ transfer of the oil; ¾ and other activities (not relevant for RES).
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
RES Matters in Act on Energy
Protection of the environment and utilisation of RES, CHP and domestic coal sources in electricity production is defined as responsibility in public economy interest. In case of “General Economy Interest on RES utilisation” declaration Ministry of Economy can oblige the producer of electricity, the system and network operator, the supplier of electricity and the gas and storage operator to ensure RES or CHP utilisation in electricity production; or to ensure priority in access, connection, transfer, distribution and RES-E supply.
Special forms of electricity production:
¾combined heat and power (CHP); producer of CHP electricity has a priority to transfer and distribution of electricity;
¾electricity produced from RES; producer has a priority in transfer, distribution and supply of electricity; producer has a right to publish a confirmation about the source of produced electricity; confirmation will include identification of the source of produced electricity, date and place of production and in case of hydro-power plants also their capacity.
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
184 RES Matters in Act on Heat Energy
Act No. 657 / 2004 in the Collection of Laws of the Slovak Republic on Heat Energy - parts dealing with RES:
Obligation to purchase heat:
Holder of license in heat distribution has to purchase heat from holder of license in heat production who is producing heat from RES or CHP unit, if he:
- is not a producer or purchaser of RES / CHP heat himself; - will not increase the price for his purchasers; - cooling medium used in RES / CHP heating unit is identical that is used in public heating system; - purchasing of heat from RES / CHP unit is economically equal with purchasing heat from other heat sources (in the point of heat distribution license holder’s view). -
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
RES Matters in Act on Regulation in Network Industries
Act No. 658 / 2004 on Regulation in Network Industries in the Collection of Laws of the Slovak Republic - parts dealing with RES:
• Subject of prices regulation: ¾ Producing of energy based on RES, CHP and domestic coal sources.
• Regulatory Office responsibilities: ¾ Regulatory Office for Network Industries (RONI) is responsible to issue a confirmation about the source of produced electricity based on RES; ¾ Range of prices regulation and proceeding details will be published by RONI through specific obligation decree.
RES Matters in Act on Energy Performance of Buildings
Act on Regulation in Network Industries in the Collection of Laws of the Slovak Republic - parts dealing with RES:
In case of new building technical, environmental and economical feasibility of alternative energy sources utilisation has to be assessed. It means mainly CHP electricity and heat or district heating supply; also possibility of local renewable energy sources supply application, e.g. heat pump. This institute is referred in law as “Energy opinion”.
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
185 Secondary RES legislation framework - Ordinance of the Government of the Slovak Republic No. 124/2005
Certificates are issued by the Regulatory Office for Network Industries and are awarded to small power plants producing from renewables with capacity up to 5 MW. Until January 2006 RONI has issued 120 certificates: ¾3 wind power plants; ¾2 biogas power plants; ¾2 biomass power plants; ¾over 100 small hydro power plants.
The large hydro power plant, owned by Slovenské Elektrárne, does not need a certificate.
Regarding supply of electricity from renewable sources of energy, from combined generation of electricity and heat, and from domestic coal following parts of Ordinance are important:
(1) To cover losses in transmission of electricity and distribution of electricity, the systems operators shall preferentially purchase electricity generated from renewable sources of electricity, from combined generation equipment, from domestic coal.
(2) The preferential transmission, distribution, and supply of electricity generated from renewable sources of energy, from combined generation equipment, and electricity from domestic coal is performed pursuant to a special regulation (Decree of RONI No. 2/2005 and 2/2006).
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
Decree of the RONI No. 2/2007
Decree about fixed RES-E prices is issued by RONI annually for each one year and it is conditioned by the Guarantee of origin. 130 certificates about guarantee of origin have been issued by RONI yet. The application process for prices regulation for the next year is being repeated annually. This approach enables RONI to adapt other regulations, mainly regarding distribution companies which will purchase RES-E and due to fact that the purchase of RES-E is not obligatory in Slovakia.
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186 Decree of the RONI No. 2/2007 Tab: Prices regulation of RES-E production in Slovakia for 2008 (Decree of the Regulatory Office for the Network Industries No. 2/2007)
Technology Specification Operation start Fixed price (SK/MWh) Fixed price* (Euro/MWh) Hydro power plant Up to 5 MW Till January 1st 2005 2,000 60.6 Up to 5 MW Later than January 1st 2005 2,820 85.5
Increase of capacity (up to Reconstructed later than January 2,520 76.4 5 MW) 1st 2005
Solar power plant 8,410 254.8
Wind power plant Till January 1st 2005 2,630 79.7 Later than January 1st 2005 2,940 89.1
Facilities older than 3 years with 2,000 60.6 operation start later than January 1st 2005
Geothermal plant 3,680 111.5
* Exchange rate - 1 EUR = 33SK
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
Decree of the RONI No. 2/2005 and No. 2/2007 Tab: Prices regulation of RES-E production in Slovakia for 2008 (Decree 2/2007 of the Regulatory Office for the Network Industries)
Technology Specification Operation start Fixed price (SK/MWh) Fixed price* (Euro/MWh)
Biomass firing Cultivated biomass 3,150 95.5
Waste biomass Till January 1st 2005 2,190 66.4 Waste biomass Later than January 1st 2005 2,960 89.6
Biomass or waste co-firing Till January 1st 2005 2,190 66.4 with fossil fuels Biomass or waste co-firing Later than January 1st 2005 2,650 80.3 with fossil fuels Waste water treatment 2,630 79.7 biogas firing
Biogas – anaerobic 4,310 130.6 fermenting technology with capacity up to 1.0 MW Biogas – anaerobic 3,900 118.2 fermenting technology with capacity over 1.0 MW
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
187 Strategy of energy security of Slovakia, 2007 At the end of 2006, 880 MW of installed capacity was shut down (1. block EBO V1 a four blocks EVO). Until 2010, further 490 MW is expected to be shut down. Total capacity decrease shall be 1370 MW. Trend of shutting down the obsolete infrastructure is likely to continue in future. Until 2015, 2057 MW and until 2030, 3855 MW. This represents the loss in production about 56% compared to 2006.
Decommissioning of production capacities in Slovakia Rok 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Jadrové elektrárne MW 880 880 880 1760 1760
Tepelné elektrárne MW 490 1177 1607 1875 2095
Celkom MW 1370 2057 2487 3635 3855
In the longer perspective until 2030, taking into account refernce increase of electricity consumption 1,6% annually and decommissioning of Capacities it will be necessary to secure for Slovakia about 6600 MW of new capacities to cover the deficit of 29 TWh.
Požiadavky na pokrytie deficitu vo výrobe v ES SR 60 50
40 h 30 TWh 29 TW 29 20
10
0 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 rok
zníženie výroby vysoký sc. spotreby el. referenčný sc. spotreby el. nízky sc. spotreby el.
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
How much it will cost?
500 S 450 hydroPVE Ipeľ mld. 400 Celkové investič né náklady na zabezpeč enie Totalvyrovnanej investment spotreby needed elektriny for do covering roku 2030 350 consumptionpredstavujú okolo until2030 464 mld. are Sk 464 bln. Sk 300 Obnoviterenewableľné zdroje 250 200 Tepelnéthermal elektrárne 150 100
50 Jadrovénuclear elektrárne 0 2005Východiská 2010 2015 SEB.doc 2020 - _Hlk182767993 2025 2030 rok
100%
Jadrové nuclear Jadrovénuclear 38,3% 80% 38,6% Jadrovénuclear 55,5%
60% Tepelnéthermal 14,3% thermalTepelné 26,2% 40% Tepelnéthermal Obnoviterenewableľné 26,0% 20% 47,4% Obnoviterenewableľné 35,2% Obnoviterenewableľné 18,6% 0% Investícieinvestment Výkony Výroba Source: background fo Strategy for energy security of Sovakia until 2030
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
188 RES framework and next actions
- Law on RES electricity to be prepared by end of 2007 - Support programme for households and housing associations for solar thermal and biomass technologies installation - Biomass action plan under preparation, end November 2007
- Platform for higherVýchodiská RES SEB.docutilisation -_Hlk182767993 – 57 members - Support from Structural funds and EEA grants - EBRD SEFF - Top runner programme for heat pumps (EE AP, 2007) - Information campaign
Source: background fo Strategy for energy security of Sovakia until 2030
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
Thank you for your attention.
CONTACT: Ing. Roman Doubrava Energy Centre Bratislava Ambrova 35 831 01 Bratislava 3 Slovakia e-mail: [email protected] www.ecb.sk
Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries“ 13-15 November 2007, in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy Centre Bratislava, 00421-2-593 000 91, www.ecb.sk, [email protected]
189 Workshop “Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries” 13-15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey CURRENT STATUS OF RES IMPLEMENTATION IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Semra Fejzibegović, B.Sc. In Mech. Eng. Hydro-Engineering Institute Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina
Energy in B&H 1991, 2006 Source: Ministry of energy,mining and industry of Federation of B&H
66% Consum. Product. Export Consum. Energy 34% Consum Import Export TPES/1991 (7.8 Mtoe) Reexport 2006 (~5.3 Mtoe) TFC/ 1991 (4.80 Mtoe) c=61.5% PETROLEUM 2006 (3.3 Mtoe) c=62.3% PRODUCTSTE ČNA GORIVA Ostali Poljop. HYDRO- HIDRO- 26.0% 26,0% Agricul 6% 8,0%Other Domać. 6% ENERGIJA Households ENERGY 7 % Households28% 8% 7% 28%
Saobr. PRIRODNI GAS NATURAL Traffic2% 8% 2% GAS 8 % UGALJ IndInd. & i rud. Min 56 % COAL59,0% 59.0 % 56,0%
190 Share of the energy sources in total energy consumption in B&H (for 2004)
Heat 5,48% Coal 32,20%
Share of the electricity production in total energy production in B&H and power production in B&H (for 2004)
191 Policy barriers for RES implementation in B&H
¾ At the moment, there is no National Energy Strategy for Bosnia and Herzegovina. ¾ However, the project Energy Sector Study in Bosnia and Herzegovina, supported by the World Bank, is expected to provide the foundations for the formulation of the Energy Strategy – planned to be completed in November 2007.
Energy strategy in B&H
¾ Parliament of B&H has made the decision on the preparation of energy strategy in accordance with the relevant documents such as PRSP and European patrnership for B&H ¾ The consensus has still not been reached between the Entity governments in order to give the support to the State Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations to work on the energy strategy
192 Energy strategy in B&H
¾ The agreement with the WB and EC required WB to finance the preparation of the Energy Sector Study which would be the expert basis for the preparation of the Energy Strategy. ¾ The preparation of Energy Strategy on State level began under the EU /EuropeAid CARDS “TASED” project in 2006, which was stopped for several months and then reactivated again from October 2007 ¾ Ministers responsible for energy sector have agreed to prepare first Entity Energy sector Strategies and then the State one
Energy Sector Study for B&H
¾ The Energy sector Study is expected to be adopted by March 2008. ¾ The study will give the energy demand forecasts to 2020 for three scenarios with environmental impacts of each form of energy ¾ The study will also estimate the potential of energy production from RES
193 Energy strategy in B&H
¾ Prior to the establishment of targets for RES use within the future Energy Sector Strategy, it is necessary to perform Feasibility Studies on RES usage (wind and solar energy) ¾ The procedure for obtaining the concession and licenses for the construction of RES installations should be simplified and should stimulate private investments as well.
Regulatory barriers for RES implementation
¾ Several laws are in place within the energy sector reform which give positive treatment to RES for electricity production, but the relevant bylaws which should define implementation aspects, including national indicative targets, are not yet in place. ¾ The following gives an overview of current legislation relevant to RES electricity.
194 The legislation on State level
¾ Law on electricity transmission, system regulator and operator in B&H (Of. Gazette B&H, No 7/02, 13/03)
¾ Law on establishment of electricity transmission company in B&H (Of. Gazette B&H No 35/04)
The legislation on Entity level
¾ Law on electricity in FB&H (Of. Gazzette FB&H 41/02,24/05,38/05)
¾ Law on electricity in RS (Of. Gazzette RS 66/02, 29/03, 86/03,111/04)
¾ Law on electricity in Brčko District (Of. Gazzette BD, br.36/04)
¾ One of the objectives of these laws is RES use
195 Support schemes for RES electricity
¾ Decision on methodology for determination the level of purchase prices of electric power from RES with installed power up to 5 MW (Of. Gazette FB&H 32/2002, Of. Gazette RS 71/2003)
Financial barriers for RES implementation
¾ There are limited financial resources available for implementation of RES projects, apart from regular commercial loans ¾ Interest rates for long term loans range from 6 to 12 % ¾ Not many companies are ready to accept these terms (RE project rather expensive, while economically risky due to lack of regulatory framework
196 Administrative procedures
¾ Entity laws for electricity define procedures for the construction of new capacities for electricity generation
¾ Licence for the use of facilities for electricity generation is issued for a period of 30 years and a licence for use of facilities for electric power distribution shall be issued for a period of 50 years
The types of RES in use in B&H
¾ Hydropower for electricity production and
¾ Biomass for heat production
197 Hydropower in B&H
¾ Among the existing 27 HPPs with total installed capacity of 2,160 MW, there are 12 small HPPs: 5 small and mini HPPs in territory of Republic of Srpska and 8 in Federation of B&H
¾ Only 35% of B& H hydropotential is currently in use
Review of small HPPs in operation (constructed after 2002)
Name River Municipality Power KW Energy GWh Investment mil KM
TOTAL
198 Potential of small HPPs
Hydropotential
¾ The total hydropower potential is estimated at 23,395 GWh annualy, i.e. at about 6,500 MW of installed capacity ¾ Plans for 8 large HPP in Federation of B&H with planned installed capacity of 927.5 MW (capacity of single HPP ranges from 21 to 300 MW), and for small HPPs the total planned installed capacity is 74 MW. ¾ In Republic of Srpska, 34 candidate HPPs have been identified, with possible total installed capacity of 2,014 MW; the Government has allocated concessions for 102 locations for construction of micro and small HPPs with installed capacity up to 5 MW.
199 Biomass in B&H
¾ Biomass is usually used for heating in households across the country ¾ Data on existing and planned power plants are very limited ¾ According to one study from 2003, there is one power plant in Zavidovići that uses wood waste from furniture factory “Krivaja” with installed thermal capacity of 15 MW and electricity production of 4.5 MW. ¾ Potential of biomass in B&H is significant, evaluated at 1 mill. m3/annualy
Wind potential in B&H
¾ Currently not utilized ¾ Certain progress has been obvious especially in the southern part of the country. ¾ An initiative for investigation of wind potential and possible locations of wind farms was launched in 2001; measurements were performed during 2004 and 2005.
200 Wind potential in B&H
¾ On the basis of collected data on the wind potential and further analysis, detailed plans for the establishment of three wind farms were made ¾ Three wind farms: Borova Glava, Mesihovina and Velika Vlajna will comprise 26, 22 and 16 generating units, respectively. ¾ Planned installed capacity of a single unit is 2 MW and the total installed capacity of three farms would be 128 MW with the expected gross annual production of 367.5 GWh.
Wind potential in B&H
¾ Start-up is expected in 2008 for the units built in the first phase, and 2009 and 2012 for those built in second and third phase ¾ There are ten other locations which have been identified as adequate for wind power utilisation; the planned timeframe for the establishment of wind farms on these locations is 2009-2016 ¾ If all wind farms are established, the total installed capacity would be 624 MW, with an annual electricity production of 1,755.9 GWh.
201 Geothermal potential in B&H
¾ 33 MWth
¾ Currently under consideration: three locations for heat production - need for feasibility studies for the utilisation of geothermal springs at Bosanski Šamac, Kakanj and Sarajevo
¾ Exploration of potential locations is limited due to the lack of funds
Solar energy in B&H
¾ The theoretical potential is evaluated at 74.65 PWh, and the technical potential at 685 PJ. ¾ Solar thermal panel are used only in limited extent in the southern part of the country, with installed 4,000-6,000 m2 of solar collectors only. ¾ The average annual heat production is about 3.3. GWh ¾ The evaluation of installed photovoltaic systems in B&H is less than 2 kW.
202 Conclusions
¾ Institutional framework related to RES is rather poorly developed in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
¾ Two most important barriers are lack of unique energy policy and strategy and regulation framework for RES use ¾ B&H energy sector has a considerable potential and might become a significant exporter in the region
203 MACEDONIAMACEDONIA COUNTRY UPDATE ON RES POLICY, IMPLEMENTATION AND PLANNING
Prof. Kiril Popovski Macedonian Geothermal Association
MAGA - Skopje 1
REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
204 GROSS
ENERGY BALANCE OF MACEDONIA 2006
SOURCE: Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Macedonia, March 2007
CONTENTS
1. STATUS, PROGRESS AND TRENDS FOR RES 1.1. Changes, general progress and new developments for RES 1.2. Latest info and new figures on the RES technologies deployment 2. RES IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES 2.1. Status of planning and implementation of the RES technologies 2.2. Ongoing RES projects 2.3. Practical problems with implementation, barriers for deployment related to technical and economical (resources, technology and costs) or non- technical barriers (administrative, policies, etc.) 3. RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICIES 3.1. Policy definition, legislation, supporting measures 3.2. Good examples of renewable energy policies 3.3. Changes in the development of RES Policies 4. COUNTRY VISIONS FOR THE FUTURE RES ACTIONS REQUIRED, ADDRESSING THE 2020 TARGETS 4.1. Options available for achieving RES targets 4.2. Changes in the policies and actions planned
205 MACEDONIA - COUNTRY UPDATE ON RES POLICY, IMPLEMENTATION AND PLANNING
1. STATUS, PROGRESS AND TRENDS FOR RES
1.1. Changes, general progress and new developments for RES
There were no significant changes and progress in the development of RES in Macedonia during the last year. However, the government made some steps to create a more convenient environment for some RES. VAT for solar systems components has been reduced from 18% to 5%. New, attractive tariff systems have been introduced for electricity produced by small hydro and wind power plants. A foreign donation has been used to support wider introduction of solar panels for production of hot water. Tender for giving concession rights for using the water flows for the completion of 40 small hydro power plants has been published.
206 1.2. Latest info and new figures on the RES technologies deployment
-Within the frame of the project “Solar Water Heaters”, financed by ADA (Austrian Development Agency), a test station for solar collectors will be finalized until the end of 2007. It will enable introduction of quality labeling of solar collectors and components on the Macedonian market. -The project “Ecological Sanitation and Energetic Rationalisation of the Geothermal System “Geoterma” in Kocani”, financed by ADA, aims at geothermal energy use, enabling more efficient energy use and better environmental protection of negative impacts of the ef-fluent water. - The firm “Makpetrol” completed a biodiesel production plant in Skopje with capacity of 30.000 t/yr. This should initiate a wider introduction of this fuel in transport and agricultural sector. It is expected that until of 2008 a new one shall be also completed in Shtip (Eastern Macedonia).
1.2. Latest info and new figures on the RES technologies deployment
- A proposal to ICE (Italian Cooperation Agency) for preparation and, later on, realization of the geothermal system “Bansko” should enable introduction of newer technologies for organization and exploitation of geothermal district heating systems and increased security of energy supply while doubling the number of present consumers connected. - An action is carried out to demonstrate the positive possibilities of electricity production with wind turbines with the support of German government; first plants should be installed until the end of 2007 in the Southern part of the country. - Establishment of the first ESCO company for increasing energy efficiency and introduction of renewable energies should enable easier approach to possible users. First results shall be available until the end of 2007.
207 MACEDONIA - COUNTRY UPDATE ON RES POLICY, IMPLEMENTATION AND PLANNING
2. RES IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES
2.1. Status of planning and implementation of the RES technologies
In 2007 some initial activities have been completed or began, such as: a) Establishment of State Energy Committee, with the initial financial support of GEF, through the World Bank. It shall be followed by establishment of a special Fund for sustainable energies, through which new projects for RES application shall be co-financed; b) Establishment of the first ESCO company, also with the initial financial support of GEF, through the World Bank; c) Initialization of preparation of the study for the Renewable Energies Development in Macedonia, with the financial support of the Swiss Confederation. Within the study, an estimation of the influence of European legislation shall also be made;
208 2.1. Status of planning and implementation of the RES technologies
d. A small biomass plant has been completed in the factory “Lozar” AD Veles, where the existing boilers using crude oil have been replaced by boilers using dry grape branches. e. A 30.000 t/yr biodiesel production plant has been completed in Skopje. It uses import raw materials and organization of local production of biofuel crops is only in the initial phase. f. Tender for concession rights for using the water of the rivers Vardar, Strumica and Crn Drim for electricity production from 60 small hydropower plants. Tender successfully completed for 14 projects to be completed during the next three years.
2.2. Ongoing RES projects a. Ecological Sanitation and Energetic Rationalisation of the Geothermal System “Geoterma”, Kocani, Macedonia. A project of 1,540,000 €, financed by ADA (Austrian Development Agency), Ministry of Ecology and Space Planning and Municipality of Kocani. Project should be finished at 2009. b. Development project Solar Water Heaters. A 300.000 € project for training of administration, professionals and producers in order to enable wider introduction of solar energy use. A test station shall be completed in order to enable use of equipment and completes according to EU standards. Donation of ADA. c. Governmental support for buying 500 thermal solar systems. Up to 30% (but not more than 300 €) of the investment should be returned to the users. Project completed until the end of August 2007. Second similar action is planned for the year 2008.
209 2.2. Ongoing RES projects
The following RES studies are under preparation: a. Project “Acceleration of the Cost-Competitive Biomass Use for Energy Purposes in the Western Balkan Countries” – ACCENT, FP6-2002-INCO-WBC/SSA-3, Specific Support Actions, 2006-2007 b. Project “Renewables for Isolated Systems – Energy Supply and Waste Water Treatment” – RISE FP6 – 2002-INCO- WBC-1, Specific Target Research Project, STREP 2004-2007 c. Project “Rural Sustainable Development through Integration of Renewable Energy Technologies in Poor European Regions” - RES INTEGRATION, FP6-2002-INCO-WBC-1, Integrating and strengthening the European Research Area, Specific Measures in support of International Cooperation (INCO) – 2004-2007
2.3. Practical problems with implementation
Difficulties in the implementation of European Directives for renewable energies use in Macedonia can be summarized as follows: a) Absence of priority treatment in the state development policy; b) Absence of Strategy for development, adapted to the possibilities and economic strength of the country; c) Change of a significant number of laws and sub-laws in the Republic of Macedonia and introduction of new ones; d) Low capacity of administration and other state institutions; e) Absence of financial support for improving the RES development; f) Low price of electricity and local fossil fuels; g) Low level of adequate education of professionals in different sectors.
210 MACEDONIA - COUNTRY UPDATE ON RES POLICY, IMPLEMENTATION AND PLANNING
3. RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICIES
3.1. Policy definition, legislation, supporting measures
Some improvements in policy definition, legislation and sup-porting measures have been made: a) Decision for introduction of new tariff system for electricity, produced from small hydro power plants (Off. Gazette of RM Nº63/06) b) Decision for introduction of new tariff system for electricity, produced from wind power plants (Off. Gazette of RM Nº63/06) c) Decision for introduction of new tariff system for heat produced from geothermal energy sources (Off. Gazette of RM Nº47/07) d) Commitment for preparation of the Strategies for Energy Sector Development and RES Development are in progress. It is expected that both shall be contracted until the end of 2007.
211 3.2. Good examples of renewable energy policies
Macedonian Solar Energy Association was founded in May 2007 and already initiated several successful solar projects in combination with the running of ADA project. Biomass Energy Association (MAIEB) has been also founded in February 2007. Both associations, in collaboration with already existing Macedonian Geothermal Association (MAGA) and Macedonian Association for Energy Efficiency (MACEF), shall be able to improve the public opinion for their renewables introduction in the country and to initiate new projects.
3.3. Changes in the development of RES Policies
There are no significant changes lately in the development of RES policies in Macedonia. Thanks to the efforts of different NGO’s, renewables are kept under the attention of the press and electronic media, however there are no substantial activities illustrating that they are considered as one of the development priorities of the country.
212 MACEDONIA - COUNTRY UPDATE ON RES POLICY, IMPLEMENTATION AND PLANNING
4. COUNTRY VISIONS FOR THE FUTURE RES ACTIONS REQUIRED, ADDRESSING THE 2020 TARGETS
4.1. Options available for achieving RES targets
The available options for achieving RES targets in Macedonia are, more or less, determined with the technically available RES sources and economy strength of the country. They can be summarized in: a) Supporting the development of a system of small hydro power plants to reach at least 30% of the technically feasible capacity during the next 5 years and up to 70% during the next 10 years. This should result in an annual production of 300 GWh/yr and 700 GWh/yr, which is 2,9% and 7,5% of the present electricity consumption, respectively; b) Supporting reorganization and development of biomass for energy production sector to stabilize the present consumption during the next 5 and to increase the present utilization of wood at 600 GWh/yr during the next 5 years and 1.400 GWh/yr during the next 10 years through the introduction of production of pellets, briquettes and chips, followed with organization of energy wood cropping.
213 4.1. Options available for achieving RES targets
Biodiesel production in plants with a capacity up to 100.000 t/yr during the next year and 200.000 t/yr during the next 10 years, representing 12,1% and 22,2% of the present consumption of oil products; c) Supporting development of geothermal energy use in order to reach at least 120 MWt during the next 5 years and 240 MWt during the next 10 years, i.e. production of 250 GWh/yr during the next 5 years and 600 GWh/yr during the next 10 years, which is 3% and 7,3% of the present consumption of oil derivates; d)Supporting development of solar heating systems for hot water preparation and space heating in order to reach at least 200 GWh/yr during the next 5 and 600 GWh/yr during the next 10 years, which is 2,4% and 7,1% of the present electricity consumption;
4.1. Options available for achieving RES targets e) To support the introduction of wind electricity production, aiming to reach at least 30 GWh/yr during the next 5 and 100 GWh/yr during the next 10 years, representing 0,4% and 7,1% of the present electricity production respectively. The overall feasible target of electricity production from RES is 530 GWh/yr within 5 years and 1.400 GWh/yr within 10 years, i.e. 6,24% and 16,5% of the present consumption; RES substitution of oil derivates is 124.000 t/yr for the next 5 years and 260.000 t/yr for 10 years, i.e. 15% and 31,6% of the present consumption; increased production of energy wood for 600 GWh/yr within 5 and 1.400 GWh/yr within ten years, i.e. 7,1% and 16,5% of the present electricity consumption. This certainly underlines that RES are an important energy source which deserve a priority treatment for development, particularly if taking into account higher possibilities for further development of geothermal and solar energy.
214 4.2. Changes in the policies and actions planned
Some positive changes can be expected after the new government has been installed. The preparation of the Strategies for Energy Sector and RES Development will begin, Energy Agency is completed and first ESCO company for RES began to work. Real changes in the policies and planning concrete actions are expected during the next two years, after the Strategy is completed and conditions for its implementation created. It is also expected that the public opinion and particularly the one of decision makers shall be improved and ready to accept necessary changes.
215 Montenegro Ministry for Economic Development
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN MONTENEGRO
Istanbul, Novembar 13-15, 2007
Energy sector in Montenegro
Strategic branches of Montenegrin economic development:
¾ tourism ¾ energy ¾ agriculture ¾ wood-processing industry.
Energy – crucial sector for national economy in macro-economic context:
Main energy undertakings:
¾ Electric Power Company of Montenegro, Holding company – Nikšić (EPCG – Nikšić)
¾ Coal Mine, Holding company - Pljevlja
¾ Brown Coal Mine “Ivangrad”- Berane
¾ “Jugopetrol”, Holding company - Kotor
¾ “Montenegro Bonus” - Cetinje
2
216 Characteristics of energy sector:
¾ extremely high import dependence (entire needs for liquid and gas fuels and about 1/3 of electric power)
¾ huge potential non-utilized, but energetically qualitative potential, particularly hydro-potential
¾ great possibilities for utilization of renewable energy resources
¾ predominance of electric power in energy balance
¾ energy inefficiency and high energy intensity 3
Energy sector reform:
¾ Energy Law (passed in June 2003) ¾ Energy Regulatory Agency (established in January 2004) ¾ Energy Policy of the Republic of Montenegro (adopted in February 2005) ¾ Energy Efficiency Strategy (adopted in October 2005) ¾ Small Hydro Power Plants (SHPPs)Development Strategy (adopted in April 2006) ¾ Energy Community Treaty (ratified in October 2006) ¾ Decree of concession for SHPPs (adopted in November 2006) ¾ Kyoto Protocol (ratified in March 2007) ¾ Study on Assessment of Renewables Potential – wind, solar energy and biomass (adopted in April 2007) ¾ Regulation for connect SHPPs on the electrical-distribution grid (adopted in May 2007) ¾ Instructions for determine price from SHPPs (adopted in July 2007) ¾ EPCG’s restructuring (functional and legal unbundling) ¾ Tender for research and built SHPPs on 43 location (in finalisation phase) ¾ Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Montenegro until 2025 (in finalisation phase)
4
217 The aims of Energy Policy of the Republic of Montenegro
¾ Qualitative, reliable and diverse energy supply ¾ Maintenance and rehabilitation of the existing and construction of the new energy infrastructure ¾ Reduction of import energy dependence of the Republic of Montenegro ¾ Establishment of adequate legislative, institutional, financial and regulatory framework for private capital investments ¾ Creating conditions for higher utilisation of renewable energy resources, cogeneration and clean technology using fossil fuels ¾ Establishment of competitive energy market ¾ Provision of institutional and financial incentives in order to improve energy efficiency and reduce energy intensity in all sectors ¾ Sustainable production and consumption of energy in relation to environmental protection, and international cooperation, especially in the field of reduction of green house gas emissions ¾ Support to scientific researches, development and introduction of new, clean and efficient technologies
5
Renewable energy resources in Montenegro
Renewable energy resources could have an important role in energy balance of Montenegro
Key renewable energy resources in Montenegro:
¾ water flows hydropotential
¾ wind
¾ biomass
¾ solar energy
Necessary to research more intensively the possibilities how to use renewables and create conditions for their commercial utilisation
6
218 Hydro power potential (1)
Hydro power potential of Montenegro: ¾ ~10 000 GWh/year in main water flows ¾ 800 ÷ 1000 GWh/year in small water flows ¾ utilised ~17% of total hydro power potential
Existing small hydro power plants (sHPPs): ¾ Share of the hydro power plants in total power in the Republic of Montenegro is 1.1 % ¾ Production share in total average annual production is 0.9%
Realistically usable potential to construct sHPPs estimated at ~ 400 GWh/year ¾ Potential sites for sHPPs construction are characterized by relatively small flows and high slopes
7
Hidro power potential (2)
Hydro power potential of small flows assessed on 70 locations: ¾ Total installed power: 231 MW ¾ Annual electric power production: 644 GWh
Explorations for sHPPs construction in 15 potential locations are in finalisation phase: Planned explorations for new 15 potential locations
It is planned to construct several sHPPs until 2025: ¾ Total installed power: 30 MW ¾ Annual electric power production: 78 GWh
8
219 Projected sHPPs
Potential sHPPs with highest level of elaborated documentation:
¾ HPP »Buča« and »Vukovo Vrelo« (outline project - 1984)
¾ HPP »Šavnik - 2« (concept - 1992)
¾ HPP »Krupac« and »Slano« (general project - 2002)
¾ HPP »Otilovići« (outline project and Tender documents - 2001)
9
Wind energy (1)
According to the Study for assessment of renewables potential (wind, solar energy and biomass), wind speed values in Montenegro are: in major part of Montenegrin territory < 5 m/s ¾ in central and coastal region 5÷7 m/s ¾ in certain areas along sea coast 7÷8 m/s Typical values of wind energy potential 100÷300 W/m2 In the most windy areas, wind energy potential > 400 W/m2 (on the slopes and peaks of the mountatins)
Overall wind energy potential in Montenegro ~ 400 MW (most windy areas + zones with average potential) Wind energy potential in the most attractive regions in the Republic of Montenegro ~ 100 MW
10
220 Wind energy (2)
According to the Study, the most attractive sites for utilisation of wind energy potential in Montenegro (taking into account technical, economic and ecologic limitations) are:
¾ Coastal region (having mid wind speed over 6 m/s), with the most interesting areas as follows:
mountain of Rumija
hills over Petrovac
mountain zones over Herceg Novi and Orahovac ¾ Hills around Nikšić (mid wind speed in the range of 5.5 - 6.5 m/s) Under Draft Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Montenegro until 2025:
¾ 4 wind power farms are predicted to be constructed, total power 20 MW (4 x 5 MW)
Necessary: undertake detailed measurements, determine micro-locations for potential projects, develop feasibility studies for concrete projects, realize pilot projects
11
Solar energy
According to the Study, Montenegro has one of the greatest potentials for solar energy in South East Europe Assessment of solar energy potential is made only on the basis of satellite data Research results – number of sunshine hours: > 2000 hours/year for major part of Montenegrin territory > 2500 hours/year along sea coast Yearly quantity of solar energy in Podgorica of 1602 kWh/m2 (more than in Rome or Athens) The Study recommends: application of solar collectors for water heating and space heating in households and tourist facilities Necessary to carry out: research market and all relevant sectors, evaluate potentials related to heating and cooling by application of solar systems in households, tourism, industry and public buildings
12
221 Biomass energy According to the Study, Montenegro has high biomass energy potential (forestry sector, wood-processing industry and agriculture) Potentially available wood in the forests of the Republic of Montenegro is assessed to 2.6 m3/ha/year Current rate of utilisation of forest wood amounts to approximately 1 m3/ha/year Assessment of wood residues at national level: 3 ¾ wood residues for energy needs >30,000 m /year 3 ¾ saw mill residues >33,000 m /year 3 ¾ total 64,000 m /year Based on the estimated biomass potential from forestry and wood industry, preliminary economic analysis is made for three biomass power plants of 2 MW, 5 MW and 10 MW Necessary: to gather additional data, develop feasibility studies and assess possibilities for realization of concrete projects, both from technical and economic aspects
13
Geothermal sources and solid waste
Until now, in Montenegro: ¾no substantial geothermal water sources have been discovered ¾solid waste has not been used as fuel
Strategic master plan for waste management will not allow waste discharge onto several regional landfill areas The assessment shows that 200.000-250.000 t/year of solid waste is formed in Montenegro
Needs to examine in details the possibility to construct industrial plants to incinerate the waste and produce heat and electric power (potential sites – in the vicinity of big cities)
Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Montenegro until 2025 foresees construction of one power plant on solid waste, with a capacity of 10 MW
14
222 Future activities
Under the Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Montenegro until 2025, the following activities are to be undertaken in the next period in Montenegro:
¾ Intensive explorations on the sites assigned for the construction of small hydro power plants
¾ Design Study for wind power plants development
¾ Work to eliminate barriers preventing fast and comprehensive utilisation of renewable energy resources
¾Intensive activites to exploit water from lake "Bileća“ (25% is on territory of Montenegro, other on territory of R.Srpska (Confederation Bosnia i Hercegovina) in HPPs "Boka“ (hidropower plant on Adriatic sea, near town "Risan“-Boka Kotorska). In accordance with the provisions of the Treaty establishing Energy Community of SEE, Montenegro will prepare the Action Plan for implementation of the EU Directives on renewable energy resources
15
223 NEWS IN RES POLICY, PRODUCTION AND USE IN SERBIA 2007
Miloš Tešić, Milan Martinov, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad
Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies Istanbul 13-15th. Oct. 2007
Situation in 2007
The way of current usage of biomass is well known for 25 years in Vojvodina/Serbia
Under the current financial and market conditions they are not economically viable
224 There are no proper LEGAL and TECHNICAL REGULATIONS, NO INCENTIVES for production and usage of biomass and other RES
MAIN OBSTACLES
• Low price of electricity • Lack of conceptual plan regarding the utilisation of RES and equipment development • Lack of incentives and proper legal regulative • Undeveloped institutions, insufficient number of expert in the field • Low economic and financial strength of domestic economy and population • Insufficient information of public
225 NPEE – Favorable environment?
• Energy and fuel prices relations • Laws • Policy rules and standards • Incentives • Penalties • Tax reductions • State funds for co-financing institutions, and businessmen • Institutions, education, training, informing
How should the state contribute to the advancement of biomass usage?
• Laws, regulations, policy rules, standards • Creation of favourable and stimulating environment for long-term economic development and use of RER (which should ultimately lead to domestic and international integration of all parties interested in biomass use: - agriculture, forestry, domestic industry, research institutions, • Increased level of awareness and knowledge of potential investors and equipment manufacturers, regarding the state-of-the-art in the neighboring countries • Pilot and demo-facilities built through National program for energy efficiency
226 CAPABILITY OF STATE APPARATUS AND GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES
• Government employees lack sufficient knowledge on the use of renewable energy resources (RER) • Low eco-awareness • No personnel – from municipal to state level – with training to calculate economic, environmental and energy benefits from biomass use
NEW POLICY
1. “Memorandum of Understanding on the Regional Energy Market in South East Europe and its Integration into the European Community Internal Energy Market” Signed, December 2003 and December 2005
2. Kyoto Protocol Signed (ratificated) in October 2007. 3. Decision of Government from January 2007 to stimulate usage of RES
227 Program for the implementation of the “Strategy for the development of energetic of Serbia for the period of 2006-2015” (adopted by Serbian Government on January 19th, 2007) targets the following objectives: • adoption of necessary legislatives, • adoption and realization of FINANTIAL and FISCAL measurements for stimulating the usage of RES, • realization of investment projects regarding to RES, • founding educative, training and research institutions, • monitoring and controlling the realization of Strategy regarding to RES.
Important policy changes in Serbia!
Tax policies regarding to RES: • Tax exemptions on investments in the field of RES • Income tax exemption • Liberation from excise duty
• 10 % of State Warranty Fund for RES facilities
228 Important policy changes in Serbia! Changes in Energy Law (on March 1st, 2007, deadline: 3 months) Aims: • Creation of a Governmental Fund for the financial instigation of the National Energy Efficiency and Production Programme based on Renewable Energy Resources (RER). • The required resources for the Fund will be secured from electricity bills, price of petroleum and coal, car registration fees, taxes, charity, international funds and donations, etc.
Important policy changes in Serbia! Establishing long term guaranteed production prices for the energy gained using RES (June 1st 2007, deadline 9 months). Aims: • The State Fund will subsidize the price of electricity produced from RES and delivered to consumers through its distribution network by 2 €cent/kWh. • A State Fund and a competent local government organ, or organ of a city, based on the half/half principle, will subsidize with 1,0 €cent every kWh heat (energy) that is produced using RES and that is delivered to consumers by the heat distribution utility system
229 Important policy changes in Serbia! • A State Fund and a competent local government organ, or organ of a city, based on the half/half principle, will subsidize each litre of pure biodiesel (or other fuel produced from RES) that is sold on the territory of the Local Authority through the official distribution network with 6 €cent.
• A State Fund and a competent local government organ, organ of a city, or the city of Beograd, based on the half/half principle, will subsidize with 6 €cent each litre of biodiesel or other fuel produced from RES blends that is sold on the territory of the Local Authority through the official distribution network.
Important policy changes in Serbia! Changes in Transport and Highway Traffic Law
(March 1st 2007, deadline 9 months) Article 10 was supplemented with paragraph 2, which states: „From 2010 public passenger and goods transport can be conducted only by transport companies whose fuel consumption in the previous year consisted of at least 15% of biofuel.”
230 Important results of the policy changes in Serbia! The expected positive effects of
The National Development Strategy until 2012:
• 24,000 new workplaces in Serbia, from which: • 4,000 maintenance workers on newly built RES facilities, • 18,000 workers on projecting and operating of the RES facilities, • 2,000 workers at associated activities, • At least half of them in Vojvodina (approximately 14,000)
News and prospects • There are no feed-in tariffs for electricity and heat gained from RES (Expected at the beginning 2008)
• „Green” electricity prices in Croatia from April 2007- a good example
231 Tab.1. Selling prices of electricity gained from biomass in Croatia, May 2007. (for less than 1 MW production capacity) Selling prices of electricity Type of facility din/kW kn/kWh €/kWh h 4. Biomass power station 4.1. Solid biomass from forestry and agriculture 1,20 0,163 13,57 (straw, cornstalk, branches...) 4.2. Solid biomass from wood processing industry 0,95 0,129 10,74 (sawdust, bark…) 6. Biogas power station: biogas from agricultural production (maize silage...) and organic waste and residues from agriculture and food- 1,20 0,163 13,57 processing industry (manure, slaughterhouse residues...) 7. Liquid fuel power station 0,36 0,049 4,07 8. Power station on gas from dump and waste water 0,36 0,049 4,07 treatment
MINISTRY OF SCIENCE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY- NPEE Director Prof. Dr. Simeon Oka PROGRAM 1.7 ALTERNATIVE AND RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES PROJECTS AND STUDIES Program directors: prof. dr Marija Todorović prof. dr. Miloš Tešić
232 DIRECT GOALS OF THE PROGRAM Development of domestic made constructions, Development of facilities for model investigation, Optimization of constructions for specific locations, Training & equipping domestic producers Launching the domestic production, For DEMONSTRATION PLANTS on chosen sites: - Feasibility studies, - Projecting and engineering, - Construction and testing.
7th PUBLIC CALL MINISTRY OF SCIENCE (2006) RES PROJECTS
Solar energy: Development of data basis, solar energy collectors (solar panels), solar energy usage for heating, ventilation, cooling and lighting Wind energy and integrated energetic systems: Project regarding the development and wider usage of wind energy and integrated energetic systems Geothermal energy: Projects regarding the development and wider usage of geothermal energy Mini hydroelectric power station and integrated energetic systems: Research of the combined utilisation of several station on the same water current Biomass energy: Production of biomass for biofuels, the usage of solid, liquid and gaseous biomass, biomass for cogeneration
233 7th PUBLIC CALL (2006) 79 projects applied EE in the field of electrical energy production 9 EE in the field of electricity transfer and distribution 11 EE in industry 3 EE in public (communal) systems 9 EE in households 6 Heating by non-electricity means 5 The usage of alternative and RES 23 EE in building sector 5 EE in transport sector 6
RES projects finances by Ministry of Science 2007 • Development of the new multi-processing Otto-Diesel engine for the efficient utilisation of biodiesel and bioethanol; • Development of stationary hybrid-concentrators for production of electrical and thermal energy; • Research of lamination creation, development and demonstration of the device for decreasing effect of lamination in geothermal water installations; • Development and construction of the hot water boiler with thermal power up to 1 MW for biomass combustion; • Development and demonstration of hybrid active and passive system for energy production for heating and ventilation for residential ambience from solar energy; • Development and analyzing of thermal and hybrid collector with concentrated solar radiation; • Development of applications of solar systems and windmills for rural areas in Serbia; • Research of the wooden biomass in the area of middle Ponisavlje (Study of material, economic and environmental balances); • Research of techno-economic potentials of electrical energy produced by windmills on the location of TE Kostolac; • Research of possible production of biomass for energy purposes in areas with degraded exploitation of coal;
234 RES projects finances by Ministry of Science 2007
• Development and demonstration of the energy efficient system for utilisation of geothermal energy in combination with heat accumulator; • Research of feasibility of construction of mini hydroelectric power stations in the region of northern Kosovo and defining of their coupled exploitation; • Analysis of the low potential hydro-thermal potentials with possibility of thermal and electrical energy production; • Renewable energy sources – justification of utilisation and stimulations; • Techno-economic assessment of utilisation of biomass in CHP systems; • Improvement of material-energetic balance and development of preconditions for implementation of utilisation of biomass in PK Mitrosrem in Sremska Mitrovica; • Techno-economic assessment of utilisation of biomass in dryers in „Bag Deko”, Bačko Gradište. • Development and analyzing of the rotating hybrid collector with concentrated solar radiation; • Research of possibilities and justification of substitution of fossil fuels with solar energy for production of sanitary warm water; • Research and development of hybrid active and passive system for utilisation of solar energy for illumination of residential and ambience; • Monitoring of energy efficient photo-voltaic systems for irrigation of raspberry fields in mountainous
Warehouse for cornstalk bales
235 Hot water boiler 3MW
“TARKETT” Bačka Palanka
Steam boiler on sunflower shell and soybean straw capacity 15 t/h, 15 bars
Oil factory “MLADOST” Šid
236 Tab. 3 Heating areas, required power for boilers, installed power of boilers on working units of DPP Mitrosrem in Sremska Mitrovica (2007)
Required Installed Heating Working unit boiler boilers Manufacturer Fuel areas kW kW m2 „Martinci” 2.528 500 250+150 Ekoprodukt Straw „Laćarak” 972 194 300 Ekoprodukt Straw „Veliki Radinci” 1.425 285 400 Terming Straw „Sr. Mitrovica” 1.637 327 300 Terming Straw „Svinjogojska 750 Nigal Straw 7.827 1564 farma” 250 Ekoprodukt Straw 120 Ekoprodukt Straw „Bosut” 210+316 42+36 50 Terming Straw „Divoš” 817 163 80 Terming Straw „Sremska Rača” 35 Štadler Wood, coal Ukupno (Total): 15.714 3.112 2.685
Biodiesel in Serbia (2007) 1. New Biodiesel facility in Sid, annual capacity of 100,000 t In 2007. it was produced 30,000 t of biodiesel
2. New Biodiesel facility in Subotica, annual capacity of 10,000 t In 2007. it was produced 6,000 t of biodiesel
• Retail price of biodiesel at gas station in Novi Sad 72.6 d/l (0.9 €/l) which is equal to price of D2 mineral fuel
237 Minimal share of biofuels in all diesel fuels distributed in Serbia D2, Eco-diesel, Euro-diesel)
Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 Minimal share of bio 2345 component in diesel fuels [%]
Basic technical requirements for small power stations connecting to the Serbian electro distributive system
• Approval from the Serbian electro distributive system and the necessary documentation • Connection plan (scheme) • First connecting of the small power station to the distributive network • Beginning the production in the small power station
238 Proposed course of action ? To develop initiative and create regulations (Ministry and provincial secretariats for energy, agriculture, environment and economy)
• Expert team (from Novi Sad, Belgrade and ABROAD) • Projects of international co-operation with those who have already gained experience in the process. (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, Romania)
Conclusions
• To put into effect all law modifications and amendments in accordance with the governmental decision on January 17th, 2007. • The decision regarding to the guaranteed purchase prices for electricity gained using biomass • Projects of international co-operation (e.g. biogas) • Expert education and training courses, dissemination of information • We can be a good partner in the field of environmental protection
239 Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
Workshop on Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies 13-15 November, Istanbul, Turkey
Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
• Territory – 110,944 km2 • Population – 7.74 mio. • Capital city - Sofia • Official language - Bulgarian • Currency – Lev = 1/2 Euro
240 Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
General economic indicators for Bulgaria
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006e
GDP (€bn) 13.7 15.2 16.5 17.7 19.4 21.10 22.38
GDP growth (% change YOY) 5.4 4.1 4.9 4.5 5.6 5.2 6.1
GDP per capita (€) na na 1 978 2 538 3 101 3 396 3656
Industrial output growth 2000=100 100.0 na 108.0 112.6 118.4 129.8 140.2
Unemployment (EOY, %) 18.0 17.9 16.27 13.52 12.16 10.73 9.12
Inflation (avg % change ЕOY) na na 103.8 105.6 104.0 106.5 106.5
Foreign direct investments €m 1.103 903 980 1.851 2.736 3.103 4.105
Population (m) 8.2 8.0 7.87 7.82 7.81 7.74 7.70
Sources : Bulgarian National Bank, National Statistical Institute, Ministry of Finance, National Employment Agency, Agency for Economic Analysis and Forecasts
Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
Balance of the primary energy resources, thousand toe
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Coal 6725 7120 6464 7253 7081 6969
Solid fuels - RES 584 689 753 821 819 750
Oil and oil distillates 5453 5457 5365 5291 5761 6568
Oil products -1233 -1365 -892 -638 -1372 -1573
Natural gas 2932 2738 2404 2500 2517 2818
Nuclear and hydro-power 5154 5426 5652 4854 4716 5257
Electric power -397 -595 -541 -472 -505 -652
Total 19218 19470 19205 19609 19017 20137
241 Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
Forecast of final energy consumption structure, Мtoe
Energy carrier/resource 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Coal 0.86 0.85 0.78 0.69 0.54
Liquid fuels 3.49 3.58 3.63 3.77 3.71
Natural gas 1.26 1.54 1.76 2.06 2.05
Electric power 2.63 3.09 3.67 3.97 4.21
Thermal energy (steam 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 and hot water) RES 0.77 0.82 0.88 0.95 1.03
Total 9.94 10.81 11.64 12.36 12.47
Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
Gross power generation in Bulgaria
2000 2005 45 Installed Capacity (MW) -Thermal 6,566 5,499 44 44,25 43,97 - Nuclear 3,760 2,880 43 - Hydroelectric 2,863 2,828
42,68 42,6 CoGen 1,053 923 42 - TOTAL 13,189 12,130 41,62 41 Total Electricity Generation 40,92 (GWh) 40,927 44,248 40 Imports (GWh) Na 799.5
39 Exports (GWh) na 8,380 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Final Consumption (GWh) na 27,093
Source: MEE., 2005; Eurostat, 2004
242 Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
Renewable and Alternative Energy Sources and Biofuels Act
The basic objectives of this Act are:
• Environment protection •To diversify energy supplies. • To set the grounds for sustainable local and regional development. • To promote development and implementation of technologies for production and use of energy generated by renewable and alternative energy sources. • To promote the use and development of technologies for production and consumption of biofuels and other renewable fuels in the transport sector.
Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
Renewable and Alternative Energy Sources and Biofuels Act (continuation)
The basic objectives can be achieved through:
• Introducing mechanisms for promoting production and use of energy generated from renewable and alternative energy sources, as well as production and use of biofuels and other renewable fuels in the transport sector. • Regulating the rights and responsibilities of executive authorities and local governments in implementing the state policy measures towards promoting use of renewable and alternative energy sources, biofuels and other renewable fuels. • Creating a public national information system covering: – Available renewable energy resources, biofuels and other renewable fuels; – Producers of energy generated from renewable and alternative energy sources; – Producers of biofuels and other renewable fuels. • Supporting research and development activities related to production and use of renewable and alternative energy sources and biofuels.
243 Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
Renewable and Alternative Energy Sources and Biofuels Act (continuation)
Rights and obligations of Council of Ministers to achieve the basic objectives:
• To determine the state policies for promotion of production and use of energy generated from renewable and alternative energy sources, as well as the production and use of biofuels and other renewable fuels. • To determine the national indicative targets for use of electricity generated from renewable energy sources and define the periods for their implementation. • To define the national indicative targets for use of biofuels and other renewable fuels and determine the period for its achievement. • To adopt long and short-term national programs for promotion of renewable energy sources; • To adopt long and short-term national programs promoting the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels in the transport sector.
Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
Renewable and Alternative Energy Sources and Biofuels Act (continuation)
Rights and obligations of the Minister of Economy and Energy :
•To implement the state policies towards promotion of the production and use of energy generated from renewable and alternative energy sources, as well as the production and use of biofuels and other renewable fuels in the transport sector. • To develop and present to the Council of Ministers for adoption national indicative targets and prepare annual implementation reports. • To define and present for adoption by the Council of Ministers the long- and short-term national programs promoting the use of renewable energy sources and the use of alternative energy sources. • To organize the establishment and maintenance of the national public information system related the use of renewable and alternative energy sources and biofuels.
244 Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
Renewable and Alternative Energy Sources and Biofuels Act (continuation)
Rights and obligations of Regional governors: •To work for implementation of the state policy promoting production and use of energy generated from renewable and alternative energy sources, as well as the production and use of biofuels and other renewable fuels in the transport sector on the territory of the region. •To coordinate the activities pertaining to the implementation of policy measures promoting production and use of energy generated from renewable and alternative sources, as well as production and use of biofuels and other renewable fuels in the transport sector within their region. •To submit information to the Minister of Economy and Energy about the implementation of the programs for promotion of renewable and alternative energy sources and use of biofuels and other renewable fuels in the transport sector on the territory of their region. • To organize the update and maintenance of the public information system on the territory of their region.
Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
Renewable and Alternative Energy Sources and Biofuels Act (continuation)
Rights and obligations of Mayors:
• To prepare and present to the Municipal Councils for approval long and short-term municipal programs for promotion of renewable and alternative energy sources and use of biofuels and other renewable fuels in the transport sector, and monitor the implementation of such programs. • To develop and implement mechanisms promoting the use of renewable and alternative energy sources and biofuels suitable for the specific needs and conditions of their municipality. • To organize public campaigns in line with the national programs for promotion of renewable and alternative energy sources, and biofuels in the transport sector. •To submit information about the programs implementation to their respective regional governors. • To organize and update the public information system on the territory of their municipality.
245 Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
Renewable and Alternative Energy Sources and Biofuels Act (continuation)
Mechanism promoting production of energy from renewable and alternative energy sources – main principles: •With view of the characteristics of the various renewable and alternative energy sources and the technologies for generation of electricity. •With view of mechanisms of the energy market. •Providing equal preferential treatment to the producers of electric power in respect of their income per unit of electricity produced in case of change in the mechanisms promoting the energy generated from renewable and alternative energy sources. • Preferential connection to the grid of power plants generating electricity from renewable and alternative energy sources. • Setting up feed-in tariff for purchasing energy generated through the use of renewable and alternative energy sources. • Reducing the administrative burdens for the producers of energy from renewable and alternative energy sources and on construction of relevant facilities.
Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
Rights and obligations of participants on the renewable and alternative energy market: - TSO and DSO
• While preparing their investment and maintenance programmes, the TSO and DSO shall allocate resources for grids development aiming to promote production of electric power from renewable and alternative energy sources. • All costs pertaining to the expansion and reconstruction of the transmission and/or distribution network with regard to the connection of the producer’s power plant, shall be borne by the transmission or distribution company, respectively, and may not be included in the connection fee. • The transmission and distribution companies shall be obligated to connect all renewable and alternative energy sources power plants, as the period for connecting may not exceed the term specified by the producer for putting the energy plant into operation. • The obligation for connecting a producer of electric power generated from renewable energy sources shall arise for the transmission company or the relevant distribution company, which is located in the closest proximity to the energy plant.
246 Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
Renewable and Alternative Energy Sources and Biofuels Act (continuation)
Rights and obligations of participants on the renewable and alternative energy market:
• The public provider or the final suppliers, respectively, shall purchase the entire quantity of electric power, for which there is a certificate of origin in place, except the contracted quantities in accordance with the free market or the quantities subject to balancing transactions, as well as the quantities generated for producer’s self consumption. • The public provider or the final suppliers, respectively, shall purchase the entire quantity of energy generated from renewable and alternative energy sources, except for the power generated by hydroelectric power plants with installed capacity over 10 MW, at preferential purchase prices.
Renewable Energy Policies in Bulgaria
Renewable and Alternative Energy Sources and Biofuels Act (continuation)
Prices of Electricity Generated from Renewable Energy Sources:
• Each year, the State Energy and Water Regulatory Committee (SEWRC) shall determine preferential prices for sale of electricity generated from renewable or alternative energy sources. • The preferential price of electricity generated from renewable energy sources shall be determined at least 80 percent of the average sale price for public utilities or final suppliers for the preceding calendar year plus an addition determined by the SEWRC depending to the type of primary energy source. • The addition for the next calendar year is individual and may not be less than 95 percent of the addition for the current year.
247 Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
RES Support: National Policy Instruments I • The scheme of financial support and encouraging the consumption of electricity generated from RES and cogeneration, which is included in the active legislation, foresees the use of preferential price forming: feed-in tariff. • The system of preferential price forming will be applied: – Until 2018 for the existing electricity generators using RES, including HPPs with installed capacity up to 10 MW; – For all the new electricity generators using RES during the next 12 years after starting commercial generation, however starting not later than 31.12.2011; – Until 2018 for the existing generators of electricity from highly efficient cogeneration of electricity and heat; – For all the new generators of electricity from highly efficient cogeneration of electricity and heat during the next 8 years after starting electricity generation, however starting not later than 31.12.2011.
Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
RES Support: National Policy Instruments II
• The support scheme for electricity generated from RES has no limitations with respect to technologies and size of installed capacity in the power plant, including for HPPs with up to 10 MW. At the highly efficient cogeneration of electricity and heat, the support scheme is valid for electricity quantities up to 50 MW per hour, corresponding to the DER definition. • The regulatory basis foresees for the preferential prices forming to be differentiated by technologies and to be not lower than 80% of final sale prices for household costumers in the past calendar year. • It is expected that after 2012 a common system for green certificates trading will be developed and implemented in the European Union and the Bulgarian generators will join that scheme.
248 Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
REN Support: National Policy Instruments III
• The feed-in tariff, differentiated by technologies and resources will be published by the Commission for a 12-year period with evaluation of the estimated production costs, the national indicative targets and the annual indexation with the inflation index. • Following the general order, administrative preferential modes are applied, in relation with investments size and tax preferences related with “green field investments”, as well as investments in regions with high degree of unemployment and providing of new jobs. • However, there are already several active credit lines for financing the construction of installations for generation of electricity and/or heat energy from RES, providing up to 20% grant from: • Kozloduy International Decommissioning Support Fund – KIDSF.
Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
REN Support: National Policy Instruments IV
• The energy legislation in force does n’t foresee to provide direct investment subsidies or tax vacation for the RES generators;
• No special administrative preferential modes for investment in RES are applied;
249 Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
Share of RES and CHP in the total gross output, GWh
1995 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Total gross output 41789 38248 40927 43969 42701 42554 41515 44249
incl. RES-e 1751 2753 2673 1736 1656 2956 3296 4761
Share of RES-e, % 4.2 7.2 6.5 3.9 3.9 6.9 7.9 10.8
Wind turbines 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 4.6
HPP < 10 MW 150 150 150 352 373 450 528 1094
Cogeneration, DH- 5574 3475 3795 4054 3610 N/A N/A 3818 IPP
Cogeneration, 2824 2130 1845 1711 1425 N/A N/A 2140 industrial IPP
Cogeneration total 8398 5605 5640 5765 5035 N/A N/A 5958
Sources: МЕ, MEE, BSEC
Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
Forecast of electric power generation by RES for 2010 and 2015
till 2010 till 2015 Electric power generation by RES GWh кtoe GWh кtoe
Biomass 418 36.0 849 73.0
HPP total 2976 256.0 2988 257.0
Wind turbines 8 0.7 256 22
Photovoltaic 7 0.6 43 3.7
Geothermal 15 1.3 30 2.6
SUM 3426 294.6 4166 358.3
Annual increment over 2002 56% (7% per annum) 90% (7% per annum)
Sources: МЕ, MEE, BSEC
250 Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
Main obstacles for RES development
• Regulatory and Administrative Barriers
• Technical Limitations
• Regulatory Practices
Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
Regulatory and Administrative Barriers
The main obstacles to RES are mainly of regulatory and administrative character, as follows: • Slow and heavy procedure under the Territory Structure Law, which delays the construction of a power plants. • Slow and heavy procedure under the Land Protection Law and the Environmental Safety Law. • Not clear rights and obligations between the central and local authorities. • Lack of administrative capacity in the responsible institutions. • Frequent changing of strategic documents, national programs and indicative targets. • Unreliable support schemes, in the investors’ opinion. • Small and non-liquid heat and power market segment. • The investors share the opinion that the administrative procedures are too many, too complex and with a long duration, moreover they are held by different institutions. This results in delays and unspecified decisions by the state authorities.
251 Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
Technical Limitations
• Part of the main equipment and machines are not manufactured in the country. • Some of the technologies are not perfect and create difficulties in respect to environmental safety, animal species, vegetation variety, etc. This results in conflicts with environmental protection institutions, especially during public hearings and when water permits and terrains for construction of wind parks are requested. • Apart from the local impacts, wind energy also has a number of system-wide impacts because it affects: – Power system stability; – Reactive power and voltage control; – Frequency control and load following/dispatch of conventional units. • The solution of this conflict should be searched in the balancing of economic, social and environmental requirements through technologies improvement, their prices reduction as a result of market extension and introducing of market principles for RES.
Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
Regulatory Practices
• The preferential prices, as well as the existing long-term regulatory obligation of the transmission and distribution companies to purchase the energy generated from RES and cogeneration, create comfort and security to the investors that they will be able to return their investments. This policy however cannot be accepted as a long-lasting one, since it not only breaks the market principles, but it results in increase of costs and prices. • The Regulators and governments should decide whether to socialize all RES costs or charge them entirely or partly to the ones who cause the costs. • These issues are still under discussion, as well with different EU member states.
252 Renewable Energy Policy in Bulgaria
Summary GHG emissions in Bulgaria, Gg, CO2-eq.
GHG 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
CO2 incl. forests 93 169 79 126 60 308 53 689 56 139 53 963 57 219 56 931
CO2 excl. forests 98 302 85 283 67 944 61 101 63 615 61 265 64 744 63 449
CH4 21 864 18 703 16 417 15 185 13 602 12 598 12 390 11 502
N2O 12 061 10 450 7 793 6 377 5 671 5 805 5 838 5 757 HFCs 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.95 109.30 PFCs 75.55 47.31 21.32 27.92 19.03 45.83 46.94 45.88
SF6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.26 1.31 Total 132 303 114 483 92 175 82 690 82 907 79 714 83 022 80 864 GHG 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
CO2 incl. forests 54 794 47 559 43 537 41 200 42 383 40 765 46 739 45 130
CO2 excl. forests 61 665 54 419 50 736 50 176 51 851 49 083 53 795 53 096
CH4 9 945 9 268 8 901 9 035 8 317 8 480 9 358 9 766
N2O 5 404 4 400 4 473 4 911 4 568 4 443 4 434 4 395 HFCs 188.15 576.65 102.80 96.02 97.50 89.59 121 217 PFCs 37.26 69.44 43.55 33.14 16.29 21.42 21 33
SF6 1.75 1.83 1.88 2.23 2.29 2.51 3 4 Total 77 241 68 736 64 259 64 254 64 852 62 119 67 731 67 511 Source: Energy Institute JSC, National Inventory Report 2004
253 RES Policy in Hungary Huba Bence Energy Center Istanbul 15. 11. 2007
Magyarország célba ér
1. About the Energy Centre 2. Present Situation 3. Hungarian Energy Policy 4. Support scheme 5. Energy efficiency 6. Development 7. Different kinds of RES 8. Electricity, heating-cooling 9. Conclusions
Magyarország célba ér
254 Energy Centre Energy Efficiency, Environment and Energy Information Agency Non-Profit Company
Department for Department for Department for Strategy Grants Statistics and Environment
Magyarország célba ér
Activities - Statistics
DataData collectioncollection andand analysisanalysis forfor nationalnational andand internationalinternational goalsgoals inin thethe fufullll scale scale of of the the energetics energetics
nationalnational StatisticsStatistics (Hungarian(Hungarian Statistical Statistical Office, Office, Ministries, Ministries, Government) Government)
EUEU StatisticsStatistics (Eurostat)(Eurostat)
InternationalInternational StatisticsStatistics (IEA(IEA – – International International Energy Energy Agency) Agency)
Magyarország célba ér
255 Activities – Granting programs
CoordinationCoordination allall grantsgrants inin HungaryHungary concerningconcerning energyenergy efficiency efficiency and and RES RES
NationalNational grantsgrants (for(for thethe residentialresidential sector,sector, RES&EE)RES&EE)
EUEU grantsgrants ¾¾ EIOPEIOP (Environment(Environment undund Infrastructure)Infrastructure) ¾¾ EEOPEEOP (Environment(Environment andand Energy)Energy) 2007-132007-13 EEEE 150 150 Mio.Mio. EuroEuro RESRES 250 250 Mio.Mio. EuroEuro
Magyarország célba ér
Activities – Strategical Dep.
SupportingSupporting thethe HungarianHungarian governmentgovernment byby thethe preparationpreparation andand implementationimplementation allall decisionsdecisions concerning:concerning:
EnergyEnergy efficiency efficiency
RenewableRenewable energiesenergies
Magyarország célba ér
256 Hungarian Energy Strategy 2008-2020
Reliability reducing the import dependency RES&EE (Mix opt, diversif., storage, infrastr.)
Competitiveness cost reduction RES&EE (Liberalisation, real prices, R&D)
Sustainability environmental protection RES&EE (climate change)
Magyarország célba ér
Actual questions of the Hungarian energy politics The governmental decision is prepared:
¾RES Strategic Development Plan ¾Energy efficiency strategy and action plan ¾National climate change strategy ¾Changes in the legislation ¾Electricity law
¾Gas law Magyarország célba ér
257 Final energy consumption 1994-2005 (1.000 toe)
Magyarország célba ér
Trends of the energy consumption
2005 2010 2015 2020
Total primary PJ 1,153 1,180 1,235 1,235 energy consumption ktoe 27,544 28,184 29,497 29,497 Total electricity GWh 41,982 45,540 48,914 52,289 consumption
Transport sector PJ 164 182 189 196
Magyarország célba ér
258 Energy intensity [PP corrected GDP, in EU%] Energy consumption [PJ TPES/capita] 270 240 210 180 150 120 90 60 30 0 UK Italy Malta Spain Czech Poland Ireland Austria Letonia Finland France Estonia Cyprus Belgium Greece Sweden Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Hungary Lithuania Denmark Germany Netherlands Luxembour Luxembourg 379.3 Sweden 373.9 Finland 286.8 Belgium 230.7 Netherlands 202.2 France 186 Germany 175.8 Czech Rep. 171.2 Ireland 163.7 UK 160.4 Austria 158.3 Denmark 153.7 Slovenia 148.2 Slovakia 144.4 Spain 135.7 Italy 124.8 Greece 111.9 Portugal 106.3 Magyarország célba ér Hungary 100.9 Poland 97.5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
National energy efficiency action plan
Obilgation as EU Member State
Target 2016 (2006/32/EK ) 9 years 1%/year ((sumsum 63 PJ/year, financed by EEOP 11 PJ/year (estimated)(estimated)))
EU Target 2020 20 %
Final consumption (without ETS) 695 PJ/year
DifficultyDifficulty:: 2016-2020 next 11 % reduction Magyarország célba ér
259 Support of RES&EE
Feed-in Tariff
Grants EHA since 1991 (functioning) PHARE (2008 will close) EHP programs (1997-1999) SZTEN-NEP (2000-2005) EU EIOP (2004-2006)
Sum of the past activities in EE (1991-2007) 76 Mio. Euro grant 100 Mio. Euro special credit 17,23 PJ/year (1,5 %) EU EEOP 2007-2015
Magyarország célba ér
RES targets for 2010 were set comfortable
80
70
60
50 % 40 2004 2010Cél 2010 30
20
10
0 A T SE LV PT SL FI SK ES DK IT FR EL IE DE UK NL CZ PL LT BE CY LU EE MT HU
Magyarország célba ér
260 Electricity and gas prices
120,00
100,00
Villamos,Electricity, nem háztartási non 80,00 átlagárresidential Ft/kWh [HUF/kWh] Villamos,Electricity, háztartási residential átlagár Áfa-val Ft/kWh 60,00 [HUF/kWh] Földgáz,Gas, non nem residential háztartási átlagár[HUF/m Ft/m33] 40,00 FölgázGas, háztartásiresidential átlagár Áfa-val[HUF/m Ft/m33]
20,00
0,00
4 0 6 90 9 96 0 02 0 9 0 1 1992 19 19 1998 20 2 2004 20
Magyarország célba ér
Energy mix in Hungary (TPES)
2,6 3,7 100% 2,1 0,4 13,1 19,9
75% 14,4 Megújuló 15,8 RES EgyébOther SzénCoal 50% 31,0 44,8 AtomNuclear GázGas 25% OlajOil
28,7 23,7
0% 1990 2004
Magyarország célba ér Import dependency (67,3%) 78,5 %
261 Distribution of RES 2006
Települési hulladék GeothermalGeotermikus biológiailagMunicipal EgyébOther biomassza biomass 6.6% lebonthatówaste része 38.3% 3.6% BioüzemanyagBiofuel 1.7%
VízenergiaHydro 1.2% BiogasBiogáz 0.8%
SzélenergiaWind 0.3%
NapenergiaSolar WoodTűzifa 0.2% 47.4% Magyarország célba ér
RES by consumption areas PJ , 60
55 motorhajtóBiofuel üzemanyag célú 50 villamosenergiaRES-E termelésre
45 hRES-Hőtermelésre
40
35
30
25
20
15
10 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Magyarország célba ér
262 Proportion of RES-E
Országos villamosenergia igény és GWh The Hungarian electricity a megújuló bázisú termelés részaránya % 44000 consumptionMagyarországon and RES-E proportion 6
42000 5 Target for 2010 4.5 40000 3.7 4
38000 3
36000 2.3 2
34000 0.8 1 0.7 0.6
32000 0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Magyarország célba ér
Sum of feed-in costs
FinancialA támogatott burden áron due történ to őthe kötelez feed-in-tariffő átvételi system rendszer MrdBln. Ft pénzügyi(current terhei prices) (folyó kifizetés) 60
50 kapcsolt+hulladék+nyomásejtcombined+waste+pumping ő
40 megújulórenewable
30
20
10
0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 várharóMagyarország célba ér
263 The development of the RES-E production
GWh Magyarországon 2000 1800 KommunálisMun. waste hulladék 1600 FotovillamosPV 1400 SzélenergiaWind 1200 VízenergiaHydro
1000 BiogázBiogas
800 BiomasszaOther biomass egyéb forrásból 600 TWoodűzifa 400 200 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Magyarország célba ér
The development of the RES-E by sources
Megújuló és hulladék bázisú MW villamosenergiaInstalled RES-E termelő kapacitásokcapacity 400
350
300 2001 2002 250 2003 2004 200 2005 150 2006
100
50
0 VízenergiaHydro SzélenergiaWind KommunálisM. waste BiomasszaBiomass Biogas BiogázMagyarország célba ér hulladék
264 Fuel mix - heating Decentralised heat market 2005
firewood, heating oil renewable other 7.3% 5.3% 0.4%
solid 8.7%
District heating 2005
wood chips, propan/ butan geothermal 1.1% heating oil 1.5% other natural gas 1.4% 5.0% 77.3%
solid 9.3%
Magyarországnatural célba gas ér 82.8%
RES-H fuel mix 2006 (37.5 PJ)
Geotermikus ForestryErdészeti waste Geothermalenergia 10,1% 10.1% hulladékand other és egyéb biomasszabiomass 49,0%49.0% BiomassBiomassza 89.7% 89,7%
TüzifaWood 37,8% 37.8%
BiogázBiogas 0,5% 0.5%
NSolarapenergia 0.2% 0,2% TelepülésiM. waste Szilárd 2.4% Hulladék 2,4%
Magyarország célba ér
265 Targets for the increase of RES until 2020 RES Electricity form RES PJ GWh BAU POLICY BAU POLICY (2020%) (11%) (15%) (14,5%) (18%)
2005 55 55 1570 1570
2015 115 149 6070 7120
2020 136 186 7560 9470
Increase until 2015 60 94 4500 5550
EEOP (estimated) 41 1170
Increase until 2020 81 131 5990 7900 Magyarország célba ér
Potential of RES
Estimation of the Used in RES Type HAS (PJ) 2006 (PJ)
solar 1838 0.1
hydro 14.4 0.7
geothermal 63.5 3.6
biomass 203-328 49,2
wind 532.8 0.16
Sum-total 2600-2700 53.8
Magyarország célba ér HAS – Hungarian Academy of Sciences
266 Biomass potential estimated by the Ministry of Agriculture (5/2007)
Biomass for energetic use Biofuels Bioethanol 1330 kt/year = 36 PJ Biodiesel 250 kt/year = 9.5 PJ Solid biomass (combustion) 188.26 PJ Biogas 25 PJ Total sum ~260 PJ EEA estimation for the Hungarian biomass potential 145 PJ
(sustainableMagyarország use) célba ér
Analysis of the renewable energy sources’ evolution up to 2020
Magyarország célba ér Source: Forres
267 Estimated development of RES-E gypj 16.0%
14.0%
12.0%
10.0%
8.0%
6.0% Policy (-EVHAT) 4.0% Policy facttény prognosisprognózis BAU (-EVHAT) 2.0% BAU
0.0%
3 4 5 6 4 5 6 7 8 0 0 0 0 13 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2 2 2 2 2 2 2019 2020 Magyarország célba ér
Estimated use of RES in 2020 PJ 200
180 MotorhajtóBiofuels üzemanyag célú 19.6 160 HRES-Hőtermelés Villamosenergia-termelésRES-E 140 16.3 120 87.1 100 10.5 70.9 80 50.2 60 0.2 40 79.7 28.3 62.3 20 43.0 21.4 0
2005 2010 2015 2020Magyarország célba ér
268 Planed mix of RES in 2020 (policy)
wind solar small hydro 3.3% 0.9% 0.5%
biofuel 10.5%
renew able part of w aste 1.8%
biogas 6.7% biomass Magyarország célba ér 70.2%
Future RES-E development by energy sources Megújuló alapú villamosenergia-termelés várható GWh alakulása energiaforrásonként (Policy forgatókönyv) 10,000 9,000 Hulladékwaste megújuló része Biogázbiogas 8,000 Biomasszabiomass 7,000 Geotermikusgeothermal Napenergiasolar (napelem) 6,000 Szélwind Vízenergiahydro 5,000 4,000 3,000
2,000 1,000 0 2005 2010 2015 2020Magyarország célba ér
269 Planed RES-H mix in 2020 1.9% 1.7% 10.3%
7.0%
Solar (thermal)
Geothermal
Biogas
Biomass, wood 79.0% Waste Magyarország célba ér
Estimated production from RES in 2020
RES-E 2005 2010 2015 2020 Total GWh 1,803 4,023 6,912 9,470 Hydro GWh 202 196 219 243 Wind GWh 10 560 1,122 1,700 Solar (PV) GWh 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.5 Geothermal GWh 0 128 370 656 Biomass GWh 1,506 2,809 4,579 6,011 Biogas GWh 25 229 500 717 Waste GWh 59 100 121 142 RES-H 2005 2010 2015 2020 Total PJ 28.30 50.15 70.95 87.05 Solar (thermal) PJ 0.08 0.53 1.10 1.66 Geothermal PJ 3.63 5.14 7.07 9.00 Biogas + biometan PJ 0.07 1.84 4.56 6.12
Wood, biomass PJ 23.94 41.58 56.95Magyarország68.79 célba ér Waste PJ 0.57 1.05 1.27 1.49
270 ROMANIAN AGENCY FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
ARCE HEADQUARTERS Tel.: +40213145929 Fax: +40213123197 Renewable Energy Sources A continuous challenge for Romania 16 Nicolae Balcescu Boulevard , 1st district RO 010052 Bucharest 37 e-mail:[email protected] Author: Irina NICOLAU www.arceonline.ro Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries 13-15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey
ROMANIAN AGENCY FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
Renewable energies
→ considerable energetic potential
→ improvements in the security of supply
→ offers unlimited resources of use on local and national plan
→ reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions
→ improvement in the economic and social prospects of rural and isolated regions
Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries 13-15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey
271 ROMANIAN AGENCY FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
Primary Energy Resources
[Romanian Statistical Yearbook 2006]
Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries 13-15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey
ROMANIAN AGENCY FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
Legislation regarding renewable energy sources
Romania transposed in national legislation the provisions of:
• Directive 2001/77/CE regarding promotion electricity produced from renewable energy sources GD 958/2005
• Directive 2003/30/EC for promoting the use of bio-fuels and other renewable fuels for transport GD1844/2005
• G.D 199/2000 - regarding the efficient use of energy, with further modification, G.D 56/2006 • G.D 1535/2003 - Strategy for the renewable energy use • G.D 1892/2004 - regarding establish the promotion system for electricity produced from renewable energy sources
Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries 13-15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey
272 ROMANIAN AGENCY FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
Within the “STRATEGY FOR THE UTILISATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES” is highlighted the energy potential of RES in Romania
Final energy consumption in 2005 = 25,102 thou toe [Romanian Statistical Yearbook 2006]
potential of RES = 47% of consumption
Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries 13-15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey
ROMANIAN AGENCY FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
The present situation:
The RES energy quota from the total of energy consumption is: 11 % (including big hydro)
The RES electricity quota from the total electricity consumption is: 29 % (including big hydro)
Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries 13-15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey
273 ROMANIAN AGENCY FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
Objective of strategy for the renewable energy sources
2010 – Renewable energy sources - a share of 11% on the total primary energy sources;
2010 – A share of 33% from total of generated electricity produced from renewable energy sources; The target on the share of electricity produced from renewable in the gross internal electricity consumption is: 2,22% for 2006, 3,74% for 2007, 5,26% for 2008, 6,78% for 2009 and 8,35% for 2010-2012.
2015 – Renewable energy sources - a share of 15% on the total primary energy sources.
Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries 13-15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey
ROMANIAN AGENCY FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
Promotion system of renewable energy sources in Romania
Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries 13-15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey
274 ROMANIAN AGENCY FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
Renewable Energy Sources eligible to receive GC
Solar energy Wind energy Hydro power plant ≤ 10MW Biomass Geothermal energy
Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries 13-15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey
ROMANIAN AGENCY FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION SOLAR ENERGY
-Polytechnic University of Bucharest - Valahia University (10 kW) (30 kW)
ROMANIAN SOLAR RADIATION MAP
In accordance with the solar energy potential 5 areas have been identified in Romania, (0, IV), differentiated by energy values
Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries 13-15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey
275 ROMANIAN AGENCY FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
WIND ENERGY
Several wind plants operate now, in Romania, in Tulcea, Bistrita and Cluj.
Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries 13-15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey
ROMANIAN AGENCY FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
The hydro power is the most important RES in Romania
Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries 13-15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey
276 ROMANIAN AGENCY FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
BIOMASS
The biomass energy potential amounts to 84.74 TWh /year, – 15.5% waste materials from wood processing industries and fuel wood, – 6.4% sawdust and other wood wastes, – 63.2 % agricultural wastes, – 7.2 % municipal wastes – 7.7% biogas.
Development of energetic potential biomass could cover 70% from Romanian commitment regarding the percentage of renewable energy in total energy consumption.
Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries 13-15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey
ROMANIAN AGENCY FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
Project “Sawdust 2000”
Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries 13-15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey
277 ROMANIAN AGENCY FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
BIODIESEL (1)
Investments:
- Auto Elite Baia Mare –50.000 t biodiesel/year - Lehliu Gara, Biomart investments (47 mil.€ - Martifer Portugal) -refinery and oil processing plant, 100.000 t biodiesel/year, capacity:50.000 ha rape seed crop - Ultex Ţăndărei processes 175.000 tones of grains soy, 4500 t biodiesel/year - Ulerom Vaslui 18 mil. € investment 60.000 t biodiesel/year, with further possibilities to attain 120.000 t biodiesel/year. - Rompetrol Refinary –investments in 60.000 t /year capacity
Under construction: – PRUTUL Galaţi - 25 mil. € investment
Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries 13-15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey
ROMANIAN AGENCY FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
BIODIESEL (2) Foreign investments
- Lehliu Gara, Biomart investments (47 mil.€ - Martifer Portugal) rafinery and oil processing plant, 100.000 t biodiesel/year - Expur Urziceni - 20 mil. € investment - Swiss firm ALIMENTA - ATEL, LOAMNES, Sibiu, 133 mil. € investment - MAN Ferrostaal Germany, 400 t /day
Financial support for BIODIESEL SAPS – The direct unique payment on area – UE funds; 50,55 euro/ha CNDP – The complementary national on area– national funds SAPARD Program Relief from Excises (FISCAL CODE art. 201)
Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries 13-15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey
278 ROMANIAN AGENCY FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL IN ROMANIA A PILOT PROGRAM runs at Ministry of Administration and Interior: 10 schools will be equipped with heat pumps replacing stoves.
Applications:
– West Plain (Oradea – Bors) – Olt valey (Calimanesti – Caciulata) –Bucuresti Nord Area (Otopeni)
Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries 13-15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey
ROMANIAN AGENCY FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
Financial support for renewable projects
The National program for the reduction of energy costs for households, by increasing energy efficiency and using renewable sources of energy 2006-2007-development of district heating networks for: Vatra Dornei and Vlăhita. 2006 - the utilisation of geothermal energy in housing from Livada and Săcueni . - commissioning of the micro hydro power plants to power the public lighting in the city of Geoagiu.
Environmental Fund is a fund supplied by penalties for pollution and state budget.
Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries 13-15 November 2007, Istanbul, Turkey
279 Latest developments on RES policy, implementation and planning in Estonia Workshop “Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for New Member States and Candidate Countries” jointly organised by the IES of the JRC of the European Commission and the Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey, 13-15 Nov 2007
Prof., Ph.D. Peeter Raesaar Tallinn University of Technology Department of Electrical Power Engineering
Estonia • Total area 45 227 km2 • 1 342 000 million inhabitants (01.01.2007) • Capital: Tallinn – 400,4 thousand inhabitants • Mean annual temperature 4.2-7.0 °C • The main domestic fuels - oil shale, peat http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eesti and wood
280 Some Key Facts
Annual 2005 2006 change GDP* 9,07 billion € 10,08 billion €* + 11,1 % GDP per capita** 7800,0 € 9846,4 € + 26,2 % Primary energy supply 214,6 PJ 208,2 PJ -2,98 %
Energy efficiency of economy 42,2 €/GJ 48,4 €/GJ 14,7 % Energy intensity of economy 85,3 kWh/€ 74,5 kWh/€ -12.7 % Final energy consumption 112513 TJ 114693 TJ** + 1,94 % Heat consumption 32 217 TJ 31 792 TJ -1,32 % Electricity consumption 6403 GWh 6901 GWh -1,26 %
* at 2000 actual prices ** at current prices * 157,95 billion EEK ** 31861,7 GWh = 31.86 TWh
Primary energy resources, 1990–2006 PJ 600
500
400
300
Gas 200 Liquid fuels Peat and firewood
100 Oil shale
Source: Energy Balance 2006. Statistics Estonia Yearbook 0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
281 Primary energy production in 2003-2006 (TJ)
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0 Wind&hydr Import- Oil-shale Peat Firewood* Other fuel o power export 2003 132096 3531 26592 68 113 59203 2004 124121 2678 27080 108 84 66902 2005 129423 3550 26662 270 150 59704 2006 125022 4726 24150 323 150 66972
* Including wood chips and wood waste.
Primary Energy Balance
Import- 2005 Import- 2006 export export 27,17% 30,26% Wind&hydro Wind&hydro power power 0,15% 0,12%
Other fuel Other fuel 0,07% 0,07% Oil-shale Oil-shale 56,48% Firewood* 58,89% Firewood* Peat 12,13% Peat 10,91% 2,14% 1,62%
During the last ten years, the share of the domestic fuels has remained at the level of 65%. The main domestic fuel is oil shale, which covers over half of the primary energy supply
• reserves over 600 Mt • mining about 13 Mt/a • all consumed in Estonia
282 Hydro and wind Coal and coke energy Other fuels 0,40% 0,14% Primary Energy 6,40% Liquid fuels Balance in 2006 16,15%
Oil shale 53,00% Natural gas 14,44% Wood Domestic fuels in primary energy 8,63% Peat % resources, 1990–2006 0,84% 68 66 2006: TPES 57,1 TWh = 64 62 = 208,2 PJ = 4,92 Mtoe 60 Share of domestic resources ca 65 % 58 56 Share of RES: 10,91 %; 54 Wood still prevails in RES 52 Source: Energy Balance 2006. Statistics Estonia Yearbook 50 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
TWh 14 Source: Energy Balance 2006. Statistics Estonia Yearbook 13 Heat Energy production, 12 1996–2006 11 10 Electricity 9
8 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Solid fuels (coal, coke, oil shale, peat, firewood, Heat Final energy wood chips, 28% wood waste) consumption in 2006 15% (excluding consumption of fuels for non-energy use, losses in transport, preservation and distribution)
Electricity Liquid fuels 20% (heavy fuel oil, Gaseous fuels light fuel oil, (natural gas, motor fuels) liquefied gas, 33% oil-shale gas) 4%
283 Energy Sector - Heat GWh 12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Heat production 10454 10533 10256 10617 10514 10335 District heating 7379 7500 7112 7491 7638 7497
Production: in 2005 - 10 514 GWh; in 2006 - 10 335 GWh ¾63 % in boiler houses 3 909 boilers ¾37 % in CHP plants 40 turbines
Share of fuels for heat production in boiler houses: oil shale electricity coal 0,00% 0,25% 0,66% other fuels peat 0% wood 4,88% 25,80%
gaseous liquid fuel fuel 16,57% 51% District heating covers over 70% of total heat need in buildings From RES: 2245 GWh in 2005 Î 1986 GWh in 2006 ¾ wood - 1922 GWh in 2005 Î 1677 GWh in 2006 ¾ wood residues, biogas, black liquor - 323 GWh Î 309 GWh
284 Energy Sector - Electricity
GWh 10000 hydro natural gas peat energy 8000 wind energy 5,56% 0,16% 0,14% 6000 0,78% shale oil other 4000 gas renewables 2000 2,50% 0,39% 0 shale oil Net production Consumption Export-Import 0,29% 2003 9101 6013 1896 2004 9232 6326 1794 2005 9114 6403 1608 oil shale 2006 8728 6901 750 90,18%
Capacity, MW Fuel Narva Power Plants 2380 Oil-shale Installed capacities Iru Power plant 190 Natural gas Natural gas, oil-shale, in 2006 Î Other CHP plants 163 wood, wood residues TOTAL 2733 Plants on RES 35 Wind, hydro, biogas, wood, black liquor
Energy Sector - CHP
16 CHP plants with 40 units are in operation in 2006: ¾ electricity generation – 1043 GWh Î 11,4 % from the total generation ¾ heat production – 3 218 GWh Î 37,0 % from the total production
CHP stations at the 2 500 beginning of the 2007: 2 000
1 500
1 000
500
0 oil shale, shale oil, natural gas, renewables shale oil gas, peat, 1000 t 1000 t 1000 t million m3 TJ TJ 2005 1 200 32 2 215 1 550 2 200 Renewables: wood chips, 2006 1 049 45 2 213 1 485 2 373 biogas, black liquor
285 Energy Sector – Electricity from RES
Black Landfill gas In 2006 production from RES 122,8 GWh: Hydro liquor 1% ¾ wind – 76,3 GWh 26% 5% ¾ hydro – 13,5 GWh ¾ wood chips – 27.8 GWh ¾ black liquor – 4,1 GWh ¾ landfill gas – 1,1 GWh Wind 68% GWh Share of electricity from RES: 100 % 76,3 80 1,40 1,20 60 53,9 1,00 0,80 40 22,4 21,5 0,60 20 12,8 13,5 0,40 7,4 5,6 6,1 7,6 0 1,4 0,20 0 0,00 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2003 2004 2005 2006 hydroenergy wind energy
Source: Energy Balance 2006. Statistics Estonia Yearbook
Energy Sector – capacities of plants on RES 80 MW 60
40
20
0 2004 2005 2006 Hydro 3.943 5.36 5.51 Wind 6.00 32.75 58.04 Other 2.87 3.45 4.33 Other Hydro 6% 8%
Wind 86%
286 Wind energy developments One of the most important RES – potential according to different assessments ranges from 3 up to 10 TWh/a Most rapidly developing area: ¾ 32.75 MW Î 58.04 MW; ¾ 55.1 GWh Î76.3 GWh Recently commissioned wind farms: Tüükri 24 MW, Rõuste 8 MW, Esivere 8 MW Currently under development:18 projects - ca 400 MW Under planning: ¾2 projects on the mainland – 206 MW ¾3 off-shore projects – 1,600-2,100 MW ¾The biggest on west coast of Hiiumaa – 600-1,000 MW
Wind energy developments
Existing wind farms
Connection offers – for 668 MW; applications – 1900 MW Technical restrictions: ¾ Integrating capacity of the present grid – 750 MW ¾ Lack of quickly start-up generating units to compensate wind power fluctuations ¾ Use of the off-shore resource is hampered by icing problems Social restrictions
287 RES potentials: Biomass
Total annual potential ~ 10 TWh The share of biomass is nearly two thirds of the total energy based on renewables Mainly - for heat production and local cogeneration Forests - about 50% of territory (2,27 Mha) ¾Heat production in 2006 – 2.8 TWh (~ 27%) ¾Firewood - ca 75% of total energy need in households Total possible annual primary energy resource is about 5,72 TWh Main unused resources - grey alder, logging residues, municipal wastes In 2005, 237,000 t pellets and wood briquettes were produced. 230,000 t were exported (mainly to Scandinavian countries)
RES potentials: Biomass
A quarter of Estonian territory - agricultural land Cultivation of energy crops is restricted due to undeveloped markets and lack of experience Prospective resource - cultivation of energy crops on fallow arable lands (400,000 ha) Extended cultivation of oleaginous plants (rape, etc.) for bio fuels production Probative cultivation of reed canary grass on depleted milled peat fields
Peat fuels 8.3 TWh/a
288 RES potentials: Biomass A number of CHP plants on wood fuel under development, with total capacity around 120 MW (Väo, Lohkva, Kuressaare) Addition of a new 100 MW unit on municipal waste in Iru CHP plant Renovation Ahtme CHP into biomass unit (60 MW) Under development - a CHP plant of 12 MW at Kehra Horizon Pulp and Paper Feasibility study for 10-12 small CHP plants on farm’s biogas, two plants on landfill gas (Jõelähtme and Uikala) and a plant on biogas from a sewage plant Tartu There are three biodiesel production plants (ATKO Õlitööstus, A&O BioD, Bio Oil) with total annual production of 20,000 t. A plant in Paldiski (100000 t/a) is under construction; Narva, Sillamäe and Kunda plants are at planning phase. A bioethanol plant with annual production of 100,000 t is under construction A biogas production plant AS Saare Economics
RES potentials: Small hydro
Technical potential is moderate ~ 40 MW, ~ 0,3 TWh/a At present: 41 SHP plants (10…1,100 kW), a number of micro plants (<10 kW) Total capacity 5.8 MW (13.5 GWh) 5 plants (~ 620 kW; ~ 3.6 GWh/a) under development; 4 plants (~ 2,000 kW; ~ 10 GWh/a) in planning Forecast: about ~7 MW (35 GWh) by 2010; ~9 MW (45 GWh) by 2015 Main restrictions – environmental aspects (fish protection, waterfalls)
289 Kotka 160kW Joaveski 300kW Vihula 55kW Kaunissaare 25kW Kunda 400kW Linnamäe 1126kW Kunda-Silla 336kW Keila-Joa 365kW Sillaoru 220kW Saunja 100kW Jägala 1574kW Harjumaa Kundaküla 200kW Soodla 170kW Tammiku 60kW Lääne-Virumaa Ida-Virumaa Vetla 110kW Lilli 250kW Tudulinna 150kW Pikaveski 60kW Järvamaa Hiiumaa Läänemaa Raplamaa Jändja 100kW Koseveski 40kW Jõgevamaa Väike-Kamari 200kW Tõrve 60kW
Tartumaa Pärnumaa Viljandimaa Tõravere 20kW Saesaare 240kW Orajõe 10kW Saaremaa Pikru veski 3kW Linnaveski 15kW Õisu 20kW Põlva 30kW Leevaku 210kW Kösti 80kW Peri 4kW Räpina 75kW Tamme 90kW Hellenurme 40kW Põlvamaa Räpina2 365kW Kaarli 3kW Tõrva 92kW Valgamaa Utita 50kW Leevi 250kW Sangaste 75kW Võrumaa Lauküla 50kW Paidra veski 52kW Kakkoveski 20kW Oruveski 18kW Existing plants 2006 Rõuge 10kW Saarlasõ 30kW Plants under development and planning
Source: Eesti Energia; Rein Levo
RES potentials: other sources Geothermal energy - ¾ Over 3,700 heat pumps, total heat production 81 GWh ¾ Aim for 2013: 12,000-13,000 heat pumps, total capacity 110 MW; total heat production 300 GWh/a ¾ Growth rate of the heat produced by heat pumps is 25-30%/a. Source: Jüri Miks, ESPEL Solar energy
¾Not new implementations during the last year ¾Intensive research of PV-s in TUT
290 Fuel prices
In 2006, the average prices of almost all fuels have grown for the end-users From the domestic fuels the prices of oil shale and woodfuel grew most From the imported fuels the price of natural gas grew most (1396 Î1720 kroons/thousand m3 )
Average prices of liquid fuels, 2003–2006:
Shale oil 2006
2005 Heavy fuel oil 2004
Light fuel oil 2003
Diesel
. Gasoline kroons/t 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 Source: Energy Balance 2006. Statistics Estonia Yearbook
National strategic targets
Increase the use of renewables by 2010: ¾ 12 % of gross national energy consumption ¾ 5.1% of gross national electricity consumption (8 % by 2015) ¾ share of biofuels in transport – 5.75 % Reduce the greenhouse gases emission by 8 % compared to 1990 level Keep the primary energy consumption at the level of 2003 Keep the growth rate of electricity consumption at half of the GDP growth rate level Reduce the end-use energy consumption by 1%/a during 9 years The share of electricity production in CHP plants 20 % of total consumption by 2020
291 Promotion of use of RES
Purchasing obligation - feed-in tariff 5.2 Î7.34 €cents/kWh Promotion of wider application of CHP technologies Supports on cultivation of energy crops Excise tax exemption for biofuels
CO2 taxation Supports to energy projects linked with the use of RES Participation in EU energy-related programmes and projects A number of non-profit organizations for RES promotion
292 CURRENT STATUS AND PROSPECTS OF RES USE FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION IN LITHUANIA
Vladislovas Katinas Renewable Energy Unit Lithuanian Energy Institute
Current Status and Progress of RES Use
Gross inland consumption of primary energy and RES in Lithuania
293 Current Status and Progress of RES Use
Table 1. Gross inland consumption of primary energy and RES in Lithuania
Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Gross inland consumption, ktoe 8222.1 8783.2 9164.7 9284 8737.6 8600 RES, ktoe 682.4 701.8 706.9 738 758.7 790.8 Share of RES, per cent 8.3 8.0 7.7 7.9 8.7 9.1
2001 2006 Renewable Renewable Natural Natural energy energy gas gas 8.3% 9.1% 26.1% 28.5%
Nuclear Nuclear energy energy 33.2% 26.2%
Oil and oil Coal and Oil and oil Coal and products other solid products other solid 31.3% fuel 31.3% fuel 4.9% 1.1% Total: 8.60 Mtoe Total: 8.22 Mtoe
Structure of energy gross inland consumption in Lithuania
Sources of RE Used for Energy Production
294 Trends for RES Use in Lithuania
Firewood and wood Agriculture waste waste Biogas 92.1% 0.2% 0.3% Small HPP 0.6% Large HPP 3.7% Wind 0.2% Geothermal 0.2% Bioethanol Biodiesel 0.9% 1.8%
RES used for energy production breakdown by kinds in 2006
Current Status and Prospects of RES Use
Renewable energy production breakdown by source and feasible production using total potential RES for future utilization in 2025
295 Current Status and Prospects of RES Use
Table 1. Current status prospects of RES use and gross inland consumption of primary energy in Lithuania (Thous.t. of oil equivalent)
Gross consumption Prospects Sort of RE sources 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2010 2025 Firewood and wood waste 654.4 659.3 672.3 694.7 708.7 728.6 817 842.8 Agriculture waste (straw) 2.9 3.8 3.9 2.7 1.7 43 308.7 Bioethanol (used to mix with - - - 0.1 0.8 7.4 20.5 71 gasoline) Biodiesel (methyl-ester) - - - 0.7 2.8 14.0 35.2 122.4 Biogas 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.8 2.0 12 24.1 Landfill gas ------8.6 Wind energy - - - 0.1 0.2 1.2 23.9 73.1 Geothermal energy - 9.5 3.0 2.9 2.9 1.7 9.5 68.8 Small HPP 3.5 3.1 3.5 5.3 5.9 4.8 11.5 43 Large HPP 24.5 27.3 24.5 30.9 32.9 29.4 28 86 Solar energy* 112 Municipal waste ------68.8 Total RES 682.4 703.6 708.9 740.2 758.7 790.8 1000.6 1829.2 Gross inland consumption of 8222.1 8783.2 9164.7 9284.0 8737.6 8600 9200 9400 primary energy * There are only pilot equipments HPP is Hydro Power Plant
Renewable Energy Policy in Lithuania
Role of Governmental institution
Parliament - National Energy Strategy; - Law on energy.
Government - National Energy Efficiency Programme 2006-2010; - Programme on promotion of Biofuel Production and Use in 2004-2010; - Procedure for Promotion of Generation and Purchase of RES Electricity’
Coordination 1. Ministry of Economy. 2. Ministry of Environment. 3. Ministry of Agriculture. 4. Municipalities.
296 Energy Legislation Structure for RES
National Energy Strategy. Lithuanian Seimas. No X-1046 of 18 January 2007 Targets: - RES must be 20% in the primary energy balance by 2025; - Efforts will be made to increase the share of RES in primary energy balance by 1.5% each year until 2012; - To increase the share of biofuels (for transport) up to 20% by 2025.
Legislations base: - Law on Energy; - Law on Electricity; - Law on Biofuel, Biofuels for Transport and Bio-oils; - Law on Heat and - Others.
Governmental acts: - National Energy Efficiency Programme 2006-2010. Governmental resolution No.443 of 11 May 2006. - Programme for the Promotion of the Production and Use Biofuels in 2004-2010. Governmental resolution No.1056 of 26 August 2004. - Promotional rules for generate and purchase of the electricity produced by RES and waste sources of energy. Governmental resolution No.1474 of 13 January 2004.
Targets for RES Use by 2025
0,25
20% 20% 0,220
0,15 12% 10% 9.2% 0,110 Per cent Per 7% 5.75% 0,05 3.6% 1.6%
0 2006 2010 2025 2006 2010 2025 2006 2010 2025 RES gross inland RES electricity Biofuel gross consumption production consumption
297 Promotion of Renewable Energy
Electricity - State target plus Purchasing quotas;
- Feed in tariffs: Wind – 6.37 ctEuro/kWh. Small hydro energy (N<10MW) – 5.79 ctEuro/kWh. Bioenergy – 5.79 ctEuro/kWh. Without quota for wind turbine capacity less as 250 kW. Solar/other – to be set by public utilities commission individually. 40% discount for wind turbines connection to the grid. Since 2021 “Green certificates” system is planned.
Biofuels for transport: - tax exemptions and deductions; - blending requirements.
There are: - grants and loans; - tax exemptions and deductions.
Status of Implementation of the RES Technologies
Implementation of the RES technologies for energy production.
There are installed such capacities for
Solid biomass fuel: Heat production 440 MW; Electricity production 16 MW
Hydro energy: Small HPP (N<10 MW) 27 MW; Kauno HPP 105 MW
Wind energy: Total end 2005 6.4 MW Installation in 2006 reached 47.9 MW Total end 2006 54.3 MW
298 Conclusions
Primary energy resources of Lithuania consist mainly of imported fossil and nuclear fuel. For this reason, Lithuania faces the problem of the power structure change, with the main emphasis on local and RE sources.
In Lithuania the main installations for heat production from RES are based on biomass (wood, chips, wood waste, straw, biogas). The total capacity of installed wood-chip-fuelled boilers reached more than 440 MW and installation of wind turbines reached 54.3 MW. No serious obstacles can be seen for the extension of wood fuel use.
Until now, hydro energy was the main energy source.
The use of wind energy and biomass in CHP for power production will increase in the future.
The minimum share of biofuels must be 5.75% and 20% from total consumption of transport fuels in the 2010 and 2025, respectively. Biofuels are blended with oil products.
Other RE sources: biogas, geothermal, solar energy and others are used only in pilot plants.
299 RES in Latvia: policy and strategy
Prof. Dr.habil.sc.ing Peteris Shipkovs Energy Resources Laboratory Institute of Physical Energetics E-mail: [email protected] http:/www.lza.lv/scientists/shipkovs.htm
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
Presentation content:
RES in Latvia: Biomass; Hydroenergy; Wind energy; Solar energy; Household waste; Geothermal energy; Cogeneration; Electricity production; RES potential in Latvia; Energy Policy and Strategy.
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
300 Dynamic of share of renewables (RES) and structure of primary energy resources
250 40.00%
200 Biogas 35.00% Wind energy
150 Peat 30.42% 31.20% 30.90% Fuel wood
PJ 29.20% 29.60% 30.00% 29.10% Hydroenergy 100 Electricity import
Coal 25.00% 50 Oil products
Natural gas
RES share 0 20.00% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Source: Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. “Energy Balance 2001 - 2006” Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
Structure of RES in Latvia. 2006
0.6% 82.7%
0.9%
16.4% 0.3%
Large hydro Fuel wood Wind Biogas
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
301 Biomass
Fuelwood (1) Latvia is one of the wooded states in Europe – approximately 1.23 ha forest per one inhabitant, which is 4.5 times more than middling in Europe. The total increment of wood of the Latvia forests is 578 mil. m³ (in the year 2005).
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
Fuelwood (2)
Wood fuel in Latvia was used since immemorial time for energy needs. In the middle of 20th century, mainly wood and peat was the main local energy source. Later on, fossil fuels – coal, oil, and natural gas were increasingly used. Thus, the importance of wood fuel and other indigenous energy resources decreased. The situation has changed essentially after the restoration of independence of Latvia. The sharp increase in prices of energy resources and rising concerns regarding global climate change and environment protection stimulated the change of energy policy toward local and renewable energy sources. As a result, wood fuel was started to use not only in the households but in district heating sector as well. The average wood volume is 174 m³/ha. The average yearly growth of wood is 16.5 mil. m³. A large part from this growth comes from bushes, which it is not utilized in the present, and not valuable wood.
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
302 Fuelwood (3)
Fuelwood potential
Fuelwood Potential. Potential. mln. m³ /year PJ Fuelwood (round) 1.8 – 2.4 12-16 Forest logging residues 1.8 – 2.7 12 - 18 Fuelwood from bushes 0.3 – 0.75 2-5 Stumps 0.1 – 0.4 0.7 -3 Wood-processing residues 1.6 – 4.5 14 - 37 The second wood from waste disposal sites ~ 0.3 -2 Total 6.2 – 11.35 44.5 – 82.5
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
Fuelwood (4)
Fuelwood is the most important local fuel in Latvia. The share of fuelwood in Latvian balance of primary energy resources was 24 % of the total energy consumption in the 2006 year. Since the middle of 90th years. Fuelwood is exported to various European states and fuelwood export volumes have an increasing trend.
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
303 Fuelwood (5) Fuelwood export and utilization for energy. PJ
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Fuelwood 3.86 5.1 9.87 14.41 11.8 8.5 9.8 13.1 16.2 15.7 16.1 16.9 export Total 42.1 44.0 44.1 43.5 42.7 39.7 44.0 43.7 47.0 49.4 49.4 49.7 consumption Transformation 5.2 6.0 7.6 6.7 5.9 5.1 5.6 6.2 7.8 8.0 7.1 7.4 sector Losses and 0 0 0.03 0.03 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Energy sector Final 36.9 38.0 36.5 36.8 36.8 34.5 38.3 37.3 39.1 41.3 42.2 42.2 consumption
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
Biogas (1)
Total installed capacity of electricity production plants based on biogas is now 7.5 MW. It is possible to obtain approximately 290 mln.m3 biogas /year, which is approximately 5 PJ. The total annual biogas potential which can be obtained is as much as 121 mln. m³, which can produce about 2 PJ of energy.
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
304 Straw (1)
Straw obtained from agricultural activities in Latvia has not been considered a significant source of potential fuel. The total annual amount of excess straw in Latvia is 150 - 570 thousand tons and has a distinctly regional character; the greatest amount of excess straw is produced in Zemgale region. The forecast for the year 2010 is 280 thousands tons or 3.0 PJ. The total energy value of the above mentioned amount of straw is 2.2 – 8.2 PJ.
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
Straw (2)
The major part of straw is used in agriculture production as bedding in livestock housing systems, etc. The Project “Straw Heat Plant’’ in Latvia was started up in 1997 in Saulaine in Agriculture College. This heat plant was designed as a boiler plant for burning whole bales of straw. Total installed capacity is 1.2 MW. Yearly straw consumption is 1,350 t.
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
305 Biofuel
There are 3 biodiesel productions companies now, with a capacity of about 10,000 t/year and 1 bioethanol production company with a capacity of 9,600 t/year. The program “Biofuel Production and Use in Latvia for 2003- 2010” is a framework document for forecasting biofuel use and the related production and trade issues. Biofuel share of 5.75% of total energy consumption in 2010 will require the consumption of 75,000 tons of biofuel – 32,000 tons of bioethanol and 43,000 tons of biodiesel.
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
Hydroenergy (1)
The main water source used for electricity production is Daugava River in Latvia with the cascade of Daugava Hydro Power Plants (HPP) - Keguma HPP, Plavinu HPP and Riga HPP), with a total capacity of 1,534 MW. The 149 small hydropower stations also produce electricity in Latvia (26.2MW). The use of small hydropower plants and mills in Latvia is a tradition with a long story. Since the beginning of the nineties, intensive reconstruction of small HPPs and mills has been started.
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
306 Hydroenergy (2)
The estimated potential of electricity produced by small HPPs is 150-300 GWh annually. The practically utilized potential is considerable lower, due to certain limitations and landscape protective requirements for water use for power generation. Modernization can increase the electricity production of the existing small HPP by 10-20%, taking in account the financial and technical possibilities to use new technologies for existing HPP. The total hydroenergy potential is estimated at ~ 100 MW.
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
Wind energy
Wind generators, with the total capacity 26.9 MW, are installed now in Latvia, which produced 46 GWh (2006). The wind map was elaborated for Latvia. The strongest wind zones are at the Baltic Sea and in eastern part of Riga Bay with various wind speed – from 3.5 m/s up to more than 5.0 m/s. The average annual theoretical energy potential is 250-1,250 mln kWh. Offshore wind plants can be also installed in Latvia. However, the costs for equipment and installation are much higher.
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
307 Solar energy
There solar radiation in Latvia has low intensity. The total solar energy potential is 1,109 kWh/m² year. A solar energy utilization period is from the last ten-days of April, when solar radiation intensity is 120 kWh/m², until first ten-days of September. In this period (approximately 1,800 hours) it is possible to use profitably the solar energy.
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
Household waste
The increasing amount of the household waste can have an important contribution at total primary resources. Household wastes as an energy resource could be utilized for burning and for biogas production. This utilization is linked with a process of improvement of household waste logistics and modernization of combustion technologies according to environmental protection standards. Estimated potential of household waste is approximately 4.5 PJ.
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
308 Geothermal energy
The main potential of the geothermal water comes from the south-west part of Latvia and the temperature of underground water at the depth of 1,300 – 1,800 m is 30 - 45°C. Thermal water, classified as low temperature water, can be used as a source of heating and for spa resorts, covering a territory of 12,000 km².
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
Cogeneration (1)
Consumption of primary energy resources in boilers and cogeneration plants for heat production, 2006. PJ % Natural gas 40.2 82.5 Heavy fuel oil 1.2 2.5 Diesel 0.0 0.0 Fuel wood 6.9 14.2 Peat 0.1 0.2 Coal 0.2 0.4 Other oil products 0.1 0.2 Total 48.7 100
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
309 Cogeneration (2)
Latvia heat supply system is based on municipal heat utilities. The heat which is produced in cogeneration amounts up to 50% from the total heat production in the district heating or 15% from the total heat which is produced in Latvia. Heat for district heating is produced in Combined Heat and Power Plants (CHP) (Riga CHP1 – 377 MW and Riga CHP2 – 1,237 MW – these plants produce 33% of the total district heat production), in a certain number of cogeneration plants, district heating boilers and industrial boilers. Outside Riga, energy production in cogeneration is insignificant. Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
Cogeneration (3)
The cogeneration potential of the district heating system is approximately 550 MWth, which divided as follow: cogeneration potential in Riga 50 MWth; Latvian biggest cities – 250 MWth (Daugavpils – 100 MWth, Liepaja – 80 MWth, Ventspils – 40 MWth, Rezekne – 30 MWth); other cities (with an at least 4,000 inhabitants).
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
310 Electricity production (1)
Electricity supply in Latvia¹ (billion kWh) Components of electricity supply 2006 Total electricity supply 7.399 Electricity generation - total 4.891 of which: HPP² 3.072 CHP³ 1.399 other CHP 0.312 small HPP 0.062 wind generators 0.046 Import of electricity 2.508 / 34%
¹Source: state JSC Latvenergo. Ministry of Economics. CSB ² Daugava cascade and Aivekste HPP (HPP of state JSC Latvenergo ³ CHP of state JSC Latvenergo Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
Electricity production (2)
Electricity production from RES in Latvia (2005)
Biomass Biogas HPP Small cogeneration WPP cogene-ration HPP stations stations (fuel wood) Number of plants 3 149 3 41 3 Installed capacity, 1534 26.2 2.0 26.9 7.8 MW Electricity produced, 4,544.8 58.2 4.0 45.5 42.5 GWh
Source: Ministry of Economy
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
311 Electricity production (3)
Share of Electricity Producers which Produce Electricity from Renewable Energy Resources in Latvian Electricity Market (Directive 2001/77/EC) Renewable Energy Sources and type of Power 2007 2008 2009 2010 Station Hydro Power Station with installed capacity over 5 41.28 % 39.32 % 37.35 % 35.39 % MW Hydro Power Station with installed capacity under 5 1.04 % 1.06 % 1.08 % 1.10 % MW Wind Power Station 1.48 % 2.78 % 4.08 % 5.37 % Biogas Power Station 0.38 % 1.07 % 1.77 % 2.46 % Biomass Power Station and Biomass and Fossil Fuel 0.44 % 1.95 % 3.46 % 4.97 % Power Station Total 44.62 % 46.18 % 47.74 % 49.30 %
Source: Ministry of Economy
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
RES potential in Latvia
Renewable Energy resources Potential Fuelwood: 44.5 – 82.5 PJ fuelwood (round) 12-16 PJ forest exploitation residuals 12 - 18 PJ fuelwood from bushes 2-5 PJ stumps 0.7 -3 PJ wood-processing residuals 14 - 37 PJ Straw 2.2 – 8.2 PJ Hydroenergy ~ 100 MW Biogas 2 PJ Wind energy 0.8 – 4.5 PJ Biofuel: biodiesel 43,000 t bioethanol 32,000 t
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
312 RES Policy
The main RES policy goals are: - Electricity produced from RES should be 49.3% from the production until 2010; - RES share in the Energy Balance should be 37%; - Share of biodiesel in the transport fuel will be 5.75% until 2010.
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
Energy Policy
Energy law (1997 and later changes)
Electricity market law – support for CHP and use of RES
Target - RES-E = 49.3% in 2010 – implementation of Directive 2001/77/EC on the Promotion of Electricity Produced from Renewable Energy Sources in the Internal Electricity Market
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
313 Energy Policy
Bio fuel Law Mandatory target - 5.75% of total fuel consumption must be bio fuel in 2010
Law On Natural Resources’ Tax
Law On Excise Duties (Harmonized “Energy tax” – encouraging for CHP. RES. energy efficiency)
Regulations – CHP. RES-E, Reserves of oil products, On energy efficiency requirements for equipment, On limitation of sulphur content in fuels
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
Energy Policy and Strategy
Strategy of Energy sector development 2007-2016
Strategy of Renewable energy resources use 2006-2013 (31.10.2006).
Law on Energy Performance of Buildings – implementation of Directive 2002/91/EC on the Energy Performance of Buildings
Regulations on Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy Sources (RES) 24.07.2007.
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
314 Priorities of the Energy Policy
The main priorities of the policy-planning document “Strategy of Energy sector development 2007-2016” are to ensure security of supply in the country; to increase self sufficiency and facilitate diversity of supplies as well as reducing dependency of external suppliers of primary energy resources; to implement energy efficiency activities in the consuming sector; to increase effective use of renewable sources for energy and energy production in cogeneration (CHP) processes;
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
Energy Policy
The main objectives of the Energy Policy: The objective of the Latvian Governmental Policy is to reach a balance between electricity demand and supply from local Power Plants by years 2011 – 2012. to further develop and implement support schemes for highly efficient cogeneration and use of renewable energy resources in the power generation; to improve facilitation activities for bio-fuel production and consumption; to implement energy efficiency measures; to actively participate in EU and other international R&D projects.
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
315 Energy Policy
Harmonization of normative acts with EU directives The key fields in harmonization of legal acts with EU legislation are oil and oil product reserves, security of supply, energy efficiency, and continuous introduction of market principles in the energy sector; - electricity sector: on July 2007, the Cabinet of Ministers adopted “Regulations on Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy Sources (RES)” that ensures a mandatory procurement of power generated from RES (wind, small hydro, biomass and biogas) with fixed purchase price (a feed-in tariff system).
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
Investments in the energy sector
State support in the energy sector is only given to Projects related to improvement in the heat supply system. The priorities for the use of EU Structural Funds are listed in the Development Plan; these priorities are sub-divided into measures, which in turn are sub-divided into activities. It is planned to allocate approximately EUR 140 million in the energy sector from the Cohesion Fund and Structural Funds in the next period of 2007-2013. This amount will be distributed to measures for increasing of efficiency of district heating systems, for development of cogeneration plants that use biomass and development of wind farms in Latvia.
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
316 Financial sources for development of RES use (2006-2013)
183.54 200
150
83.83 92.89 100
50 1.28 Investments, mln Euro mln Investments, 0 State and Eiropean Bilaterial Private municipal funds Latvian- financing budget Norvegian agreement
Source: ‘’Basic statement for RES in 2006-2013’’.
Workshop on “Data Gathering for the New Member States and Candidate Countries on Renewable Energies”. 13-15 November. Istanbul. Turkey
Conclusions
Latvia has a clear RES Policy framework for reaching the national targets.
Additional, some Regulations were approved for the mobilisation of activities on sustainable RES USE IN LATVIA.
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Workshop Motivation
"Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries"
Place: Istanbul, Turkey
Date: 13-15 November 2007
Background This Workshop is organised by the Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES) of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission (http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu), in collaboration with the Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey. The JRC-IES Scientific Technical Reference System on Renewable Energy and Energy End-use Efficiency (REFREE) and Biofuels Actions organise the fourth workshop on Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for the New Member States and Candidate Countries, after the ones hold in Malta, Cyprus and Croatia. The aim of the workshop is gathering the latest information on the status of the development and implementation of RES technologies, as well as on the status of RES support policies at national level in the New Member States (NMS), Candidate Countries (CC) and Western Balkan Countries (WBC).
Motivation The European Union has the target achieving 12 % of total energy consumption from renewable energy sources by 2010. In addition, in 2010, renewables should contribute by 21 % of gross inland electricity consumption. Biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport should reach the target of 5.75 % of all petrol and diesel consumption for transport (on the basis of energy content) by 31st December 2010. The European Council endorsed on 9th March 2007 a binding target of a 20 % share of renewable energies in overall EU energy consumption by 2020 and stressed the objective of saving 20 % of the EU energy consumption compared to projections for 2020 estimated in the Green Paper of Energy Efficiency of the European Commission. Concerning the biofuels, all Member States should achieve a 10 % binding minimum target for the share of biofuels in overall EU transport consumption by 2020, in a sustainable way. In order to tackle the challenges of Climate Change, a strategic objective of limiting the global average temperature increase to not more than the 2º C above pre-industrial levels is seen as of vital importance, which should be achieved through an integrated approach to climate and energy policy. Addressing this objective, the European Council also made a commitment to achieve at least 20 % reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2020, compared to 1990 level.
Expected outcome This workshop aims at bringing together researchers and professionals in the energy field active in the energy production from Renewable Energies Sources in New Member States (NMS), Candidate Countries (CC) and Western Balkan Countries (WBC).
319 The workshop aims at the improvement of the quality of the RE data collection, to increase the amount of data gathering and to establish a data harmonisation on Renewable Energy in the New Member States, Candidate Countries and Western Balkan Countries. The workshop focuses on updating the existing data on RES deployment status, existing demonstration projects, costs as well as latest technologies changes and developments. The compilation of the new data will support to identify the new deployment figures for RES technologies. Of big importance on the agenda will be the issues related to practical problems with implementation and barriers for deployment related to technical and economical (technology, resources and costs) or non-technical barriers (administrative, policies, etc.). When addressing to the RE perspectives, the workshop will focus on collecting detailed information and perspectives for development of RES technologies, and examine the New Member States, Candidate Countries and Western Balkan Countries planning for the development and implementation of the RES technologies in each country. As a result of the interactive technical discussions, the workshop should enable the assessment and comparison of the evolution trends and the progress made in the last year of the RES sector within the New Member States and Candidate Countries, and finally conclude with the perspectives for the future. Considering the ambitious targets proposed by the European Council, as well as the current level of RES share, all the member states and candidates countries must take major actions and move forwards significant changes in the current RES approaches. In this light, the workshop is also aimed to help to tackle the challenges of the ambitious proposed targets of 2020 that need changes in the development of RES support policies. Of main importance is to find-out which are the country visions for the future RES actions required, addressing the 2020 targets and what are their approaches for development, considering the national specific conditions as well as the success stories of several EU countries on RES development (Germany, Spain, Austria, Sweden, etc.). The outcome of the Workshop will be summarized in proceedings, focusing on the proposed topics and based on the contribution of the meeting participants.
Experts This Workshop intends to include participants from New Member States, Candidate Countries and Western Balkan Countries, national experts and key representatives of New Member States and Candidate Countries that are involved and interested to support the promotion of RES within their own countries. Experts will mainly come from regulatory bodies, renewable energy agencies, renewable energy and environmental institutes, universities, research centres and energy companies. The national experts are invited to prepare for the Workshop a presentation covering the following issues: Status, progress and trends for RES • Changes, general progress and new developments for RES • Latest info and new figures on the RES technologies deployment RES implementation issues • Status of planning and implementation of the RES technologies • Ongoing RES projects
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• Practical problems with implementation, barriers for deployment related to technical and economical (resources, technology and costs) or non-technical barriers (administrative, policies, etc.) Renewable energy policies • Policy definition, legislation, supporting measures • Good examples of renewable energy policies • Changes in the development of RES Policies Country visions for the future RES actions required, addressing the 2020 targets • Options available for achieving RES targets • Changes in the policies and actions planned.
Contacts - Nicolae Scarlat (Biofuels Action, Institute for Environment & Sustainability, Joint Research Centre, European Commission) Tel: +39 0332 78 6551, Fax: +39 0332 78 9992, E-mail: [email protected] - Magda Moner-Girona (Scientific Technical Reference System on Renewable Energy and Energy End-use Efficiency Action, Institute for Environment & Sustainability, Joint Research Centre, European Commission) Tel: +39 0332 78 5408, Fax: +39 0332 78 9992, E-mail: [email protected] - Tanay Sidki Uyar, Marmara University, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey Tel: +90 532 7744525, Fax: +90 216 4142997, E-mail: [email protected]
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Workshop Agenda
Tuesday 13th of November 2007
13.30 Registration of the participants. Lunch
15.00 Welcome address and scope of the meeting Nicolae Scarlat, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy 15.15 Opening addresses of Turkey Authorities Mehmet Caglar, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources
Session 1: Update on ongoing international RES Chair: Nicolae Scarlat, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy 15:30 Invited key-note speaker: “Meeting the 20% target for renewables: some policy and data questions”, Ayla Uslu, Diana Barbu, European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark. 16:00 Invited key-note speaker: “Renewable Energy – REN21 Global Status Report”, Paul Suding, REN21 - Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century. 16:30 "Succeeding or failing in Renewable Energies implementation: finding the way to successful RES deployment " Magda Moner, Nicolae Scarlat, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy. 17:00 Coffee Break
Session 2: Candidate Countries Chair: Ayla Uslu, European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark. 17:30 "New Developments in Renewable Energy Sector in Croatia", Velimir Segon, Energy Institute Hrvoje Pozar, Dept. of Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Efficiency, Zagreb, Croatia. 18:00 "Recent state of renewable energy implementation in Turkey " Tanay Uyar Sidki, Marmara University, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Wednesday 14th of November 2007
Session 3: Mediterranean New Member States Chair: Henri Boyé, MEDAD Ministère de L’Ecologie; Aménagement et Développement Durable, Conseil Général des Ponts et Chaussées, France. 09:00 Invited key-note speaker: "Renewable energy in the Southern Mediterranean region: status and prospects" Henri Boyé, MEDAD Ministère de L’Ecologie; Aménagement et Développement Durable, Conseil Général des Ponts et Chaussées, France. 09:30 "Renewable Energy in Malta" George Cassar, Malta Resource Authority, Malta. 10:00 "Energy policy in Slovenia – energy efficiency and renewable energy sources" Edvard Ipavec, Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning, Department for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Slovenia. 10:30 "Latest developments in Renewable Energy in Cyprus" Ioannis Chryssis, Energy Service Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism, Nicosia, Cyprus. 11:00 Coffee Break
European RES roadmap for 2020 11:30 Invited key-note speaker: "20 % RES by 2020 - the roadmap of the European RES industry", Christine Lins, General Secretary of the European Renewable Energies Council, EREC, Brussels
Session 4: Central Europe New Member States Chair: Grzegorz Wiśniewski, EC BREC Institute for Renewable Energy, Warsaw, Poland. 12:00 "Latest developments on RES policy, implementation and planning in the Czech Republic", Petr Klimek, Czech RE Agency, Czech Republic. 12:30 "Renewable energy development in Poland: status for '2006 and forecast for 2020", Grzegorz Wiśniewski, EC BREC Institute for Renewable Energy, Warsaw, Poland. 13:00 "Current status and development scenarios of RES in Slovakia", Roman Doubrava, Energy Centre Bratislava, Slovakia. 13:30 Lunch
Session 5: Western Balkan Countries Chair: Uyar Tanay Sidki, Marmara University, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey. 15:00 "The current status of the RES implementation in Bosnia and Herzegovina", Semra Fejzibegovic, Hydro-Engineering Institute Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herzegovina. 15:30 "Macedonia: Country update on RES policy, implementation and planning", Kiril Popovski, St Kliment Ohridski University, Skopje, Macedonia. 16:00 Coffee Break
16:30 "Renewable Energy Resources in Montenegro" Danilo Bozovic, Ministry for Economic Development Podgorica, Department for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Montenegro. 17:00 "News in RES policy, production and use in Serbia 2007", Milos Tesic, Faculty of Engineering, Novi Sad, Serbia. 17:30 Discussions
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Thursday 15th of November 2007
Session 6: Central Europe New Member States Chair: Christine Lins, General Secretary of the European Renewable Energies Council, EREC, Brussels 09:00 “Renewable energy policy in Bulgaria” Angel Minev, Black Sea Regional Energy Centre (BSREC), Sofia, Bulgaria. 09:30 "RES policy in Hungary", Bence Huba, Energy Centre Environment and Strategic Department, Budapest, Hungary. 10:00 "Renewable Energy Sources - A continuous challenge for Romania", Irina Nicolau, Romanian Agency for Energy Conservation, Romania. 10:30 Coffee break
Session 7: Baltic New Member States Chair: Nicolae Scarlat, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy 11:00 "Latest developments on RES policy, implementation and planning in Estonia", Peeter Raesaar, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia. 11:30 “Current status and prospects of RES use for energy production in Lithuania”, Katinas Vladislovas, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Renewable Energy Unit, Kaunas, Lithuania 12:00 "RES in Latvia: policy and strategy", Peteris Shipkovs, Institute of Physical Energetics, Latvian Academy of Sciences, Riga, Latvia. 12:30 Final wrap-up discussion round
13:00 Lunch
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List of Participants
Barbu Diana European Environmental Agency Kongens Nytorf 6, DK-1050 Copenhagen Denmark E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +45 3336 7174 Boyé Henri MEDAD Ministère de l’Ecologie, Développement et Aménagement Durables CGPC Conseil Général des Ponts et Chaussées, Tour Pascal B, Paris La Défense Cedex Email [email protected] and [email protected] Tel: 33 (0) 1 7276 6704 Fax: 33 (0) 1 4336 7776 Bozovic Danilo Department for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Ministry for Economic Development Address: Rimski trg 46 81000 Podgorica Montenegro E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +382 81 482 207 Fax +382 81 234 131 Cassar George Malta Resource Authority Block A, Mt – Floriana Malta Tel.: +356 2295 5121 Fax: +356 2295 5200 E-mail: [email protected] Doubrava Roman ECB Association Ambrova 35, SK-831 01 Bratislava 37 Slovakia Tel: +421 2 593 000 91 Fax: +421 2 593 000 97 E-mail: [email protected] // [email protected] Website: www.ecb.sk Fejzibegovic Semra Hydro-Engineering Institute Sarajevo Stjepana Tomica 1 71000 Sarajevo Bosnia & Herzegovina Tel/fax: +387 33 212466, 212467 E-mail: [email protected]
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Huba Bence Energy Centre Environment and Strategic Department Ráday u. 42-44, H-1092 Budapest Hungary Tel: +36 1 4564335 Fax: +36 1 4564304 Email: [email protected] Ipavec Edvard Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning Department for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Dimičeva 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana Slovenia Tel. +386 1 478 70 74 Fax: +386 1 478 72 49 E-mail: [email protected] Katinas Vladislovas Lithuanian Energy Institute, Renewable Energy Unit 3 Breslaujos Str. 44403 Kaunas Lithuania Tel: +370 37 401841 Fax:+370 37 351271 E-mail: [email protected] Klimek Petr Czech RE Agency, o.p.s. Americká 17, 12000, Praha 2 Vinohrady Czech Republic Tel: + 420 575 750 090 Fax: +420 575 750 098 E-mail: [email protected] Lins Christine European Renewable Energy Council Renewable Energy House 26, Rue du Trone B-1000 Bruxelles Belgium Tel. +32-2-546-1933 Fax: +32-2-546-1934 E-mail: [email protected] Minev Angel Nikolov Black Sea Regional Energy Centre BSREC Dondukov bld 7A Sofia 1000 Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected] Tel +35929808477 Moner Magda European Commission DG Joint Research Centre, IES Renewable Energies Unit Via Fermi 2749, T.P. 450, I-21027 Ispra (VA) Italy Tel.: +39 0332 785408 Fax: +39 0332 789992 E-mail: Madga.Moner@ ec.europa.eu 328
Nicolau Irina Romanian Agency for Energy Conservation Bd. Nicolae Balcescu nr. 16, sector 1, Bucuresti Romania Tel: 40 213 14 59 29 Fax: 40 213 12 31 97 Email: [email protected] Popovski Kiril St Kliment Ohridski University ul. Dame Gruev br.1-3/16 1000 Skopje Macedonia Phone: +3892 3119 686 Mobile: +3897 0262 044 E-mail: [email protected] Raesaar Peeter Tallinn University of Technology 5 Ehitajate Road EE - 19086 Tallinn Estonia Tel.: 372 620 3766 Tax: +372 620 3751 E-mail: [email protected] Scarlat Nicolae European Commission DG Joint Research Centre, IES Renewable Energies Unit Via Fermi 2749, T.P. 450, I-21027 Ispra (VA) Italy Tel.: +39 0332 786551 Fax: +39 0332 789992 E-mail: Nicolae.Scarlat@ ec.europa.eu Segon Velimir Energy Institute Hrvoje Pozar Dept. of Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Efficiency Savska 163, 10000 Zagreb Croatia Tel: +385 1 6326 182 Fax: +385 1 6040 599 E-mail: [email protected] Shipkovs Peteris Institute of Physical Energetics Latvian Academy of Sciences Energy Resources Laboratory Aizkraukles iela 21, Riga, LV 1006 Latvia Phone: +371 755 8620; +371 755 3537 Fax: +371 755 3537 E-mail: [email protected]
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Suding Paul Renewable Energy – REN21 REN21 Secretariat 15 rue de Milan, 75441 Paris Cedex 9 France Tel: +33 1 44 37 50 94 Fax: +33 1 44 37 50 95 E-mail: [email protected] Tesic Milos University of Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovica 6, 21000 Novi Sad Serbia Tel. +381 21 485 2369 Fax. +381 21 6350 592 E-mail: [email protected] Ünver Işın Energy Market Regulatory Authority Electricity Market Regulation, Monitoring and Assessment Department Ziyabey Caddesi, No:19, 06520 Balgat Ankara Turkey Tel: +90 312 2872560 / 221 Fax :+90 (312) 2878416 E-mail: [email protected] Uslu Ayla European Environmental Agency Kongens Nytorf 6, DK-1050 Copenhagen Denmark E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +45 3336 7298 Uyar Tanay Sidki Marmara University Faculty of Engineering Goztepe Kadikoy, Istanbul Turkey Tel : +90 532 7744525 Fax: +90 216 4142997 // +90 216 348 0293 E-mail: [email protected] Wiśniewski Grzegorz EC BREC Institute for Renewable Energy 4/6 Mokotowska Str. 00-641, Warsaw Poland Tel: +48 22 825 4652 Tel/Fax: +48 22 875 8678 E-mail: [email protected]
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Energy Units and Terms
J = Joule kJ = kilojoule (103 J) MW = megajoule (106 J) GJ = gigajoule (109 J) TJ = terajoule (1012 J) PJ = petajoule (1015 J)
Wh = Watt-hour kWh = kilowatthour (103 Wh) MWh = megawatthour (106 Wh) GWh = gigawatthour (109 Wh) TWh =terawatthour (1012 Wh)
W = Watt kW = kilowatt (103 W) MW = megawatt (106 W) GW = gigawatt (109 W) TW = terawatt (1012 W) kWp = photovoltaic electrical capacity (103 Wp) MWe = megawatt (106 W electrical capacity) MWth = megawatt (106 W thermal capacity) kWh = kilowatt-hour (103 Wh) MWh = megawatt-hour (106 Wh) GWh = gigawatt-hour (109 Wh) TWh =terawatt-hour (1012 Wh) Mtoe = million tonnes of oil equivalent
Conversion factors: 1 TJ = 0.2778 GWh 1 TJ = 2.388 x 10-5 Mtoe 1 GWh = 3.6 TJ 1 GWh = 8.6 x 10-5 Mtoe 1 Mtoe = 41868 TJ 1 Mtoe = 11630 GWh 331
332 European Commission
EUR 23558 EN – Joint Research Centre – Institute for Energy Title: Proceedings of the Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for New Member States and Candidate Countries" Author(s): N. Scarlat, M. Moner-Gerona, T. Sidki Uyar Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 2007 – 334 pp. – 21 x 29.7 cm EUR – Scientific and Technical Research series – ISSN 1018-5593 ISBN 978-92-79-10407-7 DOI 10.2790/20188
Abstract This document contains the Proceedings of the Workshop "Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for New Member States and Candidate Countries", which was held on 13-15 November 2007 in Istanbul, Turkey. This workshop was the fourth workshop dedicated to data collection on the Renewable Energies in New Member States and Candidate Countries, after the ones held in Malta, Cyprus and Croatia in 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively. Considering the ambitious targets proposed by the European Council, as well as the current level of RES share in European Union, all the member states and candidates countries must take major actions and move towards significant changes in the current RES approaches. In this light, the workshop was aimed to contribute to tackle the challenges of the ambitious proposed targets of 2020 that need changes in the development of RES support policies. The workshop focused on updating the existing data on RES deployment status, existing demonstration projects, costs as well as latest technologies changes and developments. The workshop objectives were to look into detail on the following issues: status, progress and trends for RES, implementation issues, renewable energy policies and support schemes and country visions for the future RES actions required, addressing the 2020 targets.
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LD - NA 23558 – EN C The mission of the JRC is to provide customer-driven scientific and technical support for the conception, development, implementation and monitoring of EU policies. As a service of the European Commission, the JRC functions as a reference centre of science and technology for the Union. Close to the policy-making process, it serves the common interest of the Member States, while being independent of special interests, whether private or national.