Arbuscular Mycorrhizas: Producing and Applying Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculum
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A Symbiosis Between a Dark Septate Fungus, an Arbuscular Mycorrhiza, and Two Plants Native to the Sagebrush Steppe
A SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN A DARK SEPTATE FUNGUS, AN ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA, AND TWO PLANTS NATIVE TO THE SAGEBRUSH STEPPE by Craig Lane Carpenter A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biology Boise State University August 2020 Craig Lane Carpenter SOME RIGHTS RESERVED This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COLLEGE DEFENSE COMMITTEE AND FINAL READING APPROVALS of the thesis submitted by Craig Lane Carpenter Thesis Title: A Symbiosis Between A Dark Septate Fungus, an Arbuscular Mycorrhiza, and Two Plants Native to the Sagebrush Steppe Date of Final Oral Examination: 28 May 2020 The following individuals read and discussed the thesis submitted by student Craig Lane Carpenter, and they evaluated their presentation and response to questions during the final oral examination. They found that the student passed the final oral examination. Marcelo D. Serpe, Ph.D. Chair, Supervisory Committee Merlin M. White, Ph.D. Member, Supervisory Committee Kevin P. Feris, Ph.D. Member, Supervisory Committee The final reading approval of the thesis was granted by Marcelo D. Serpe, Ph.D., Chair of the Supervisory Committee. The thesis was approved by the Graduate College. DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my parents, Tommy and Juliana Carpenter, for their love and support during the completion of this work, for my life as well as the Great Basin Desert for all its inspiration and lessons. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS With open heart felt gratitude I would like to thank my committee for all their support and guidance. -
Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Communities at Forest Edges 93, 244–255 IAN A
Journal of Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. Ecology 2005 Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities at forest edges 93, 244–255 IAN A. DICKIE and PETER B. REICH Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA Summary 1 Ectomycorrhizal fungi are spatially associated with established ectomycorrhizal vegetation, but the influence of distance from established vegetation on the presence, abundance, diversity and community composition of fungi is not well understood. 2 We examined mycorrhizal communities in two abandoned agricultural fields in Minnesota, USA, using Quercus macrocarpa seedlings as an in situ bioassay for ecto- mycorrhizal fungi from 0 to 20 m distance from the forest edge. 3 There were marked effects of distance on all aspects of fungal communities. The abundance of mycorrhiza was uniformly high near trees, declined rapidly around 15 m from the base of trees and was uniformly low at 20 m. All seedlings between 0 and 8 m distance from forest edges were ectomycorrhizal, but many seedlings at 16–20 m were uninfected in one of the two years of the study. Species richness of fungi also declined with distance from trees. 4 Different species of fungi were found at different distances from the edge. ‘Rare’ species (found only once or twice) dominated the community at 0 m, Russula spp. were dominants from 4 to 12 m, and Astraeus sp. and a Pezizalean fungus were abundant at 12 m to 20 m. Cenococcum geophilum, the most dominant species found, was abundant both near trees and distant from trees, with lowest relative abundance at intermediate distances. 5 Our data suggest that seedlings germinating at some distance from established ecto- mycorrhizal vegetation (15.5 m in the present study) have low levels of infection, at least in the first year of growth. -
Mycorrhization Between Cistus Ladanifer L. and Boletus Edulis Bull Is Enhanced by the Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Migula
Mycorrhiza (2016) 26:161–168 DOI 10.1007/s00572-015-0657-0 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Mycorrhization between Cistus ladanifer L. and Boletus edulis Bull is enhanced by the mycorrhiza helper bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula Olaya Mediavilla1,2 & Jaime Olaizola2 & Luis Santos-del-Blanco1,3 & Juan Andrés Oria-de-Rueda1 & Pablo Martín-Pinto1 Received: 30 April 2015 /Accepted: 16 July 2015 /Published online: 26 July 2015 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 Abstract Boletus edulis Bull. is one of the most economically work was to optimize an in vitro protocol for the mycorrhizal and gastronomically valuable fungi worldwide. Sporocarp synthesis of B. edulis with C. ladanifer by testing the effects of production normally occurs when symbiotically associated fungal culture time and coinoculation with the helper bacteria with a number of tree species in stands over 40 years old, Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula. The results confirmed suc- but it has also been reported in 3-year-old Cistus ladanifer cessful mycorrhizal synthesis between C. ladanifer and L. shrubs. Efforts toward the domestication of B. edulis have B. edulis. Coinoculation of B. edulis with P. fluorescens dou- thus focused on successfully generating C. ladanifer seedlings bled within-plant mycorrhization levels although it did not associated with B. edulis under controlled conditions. Micro- result in an increased number of seedlings colonized with organisms have an important role mediating mycorrhizal sym- B. edulis mycorrhizae. B. edulis mycelium culture time also biosis, such as some bacteria species which enhance mycor- increased mycorrhization levels but not the presence of my- rhiza formation (mycorrhiza helper bacteria). Thus, in this corrhizae. These findings bring us closer to controlled B. -
Boletus Edulis and Cistus Ladanifer: Characterization of Its Ectomycorrhizae, in Vitro Synthesis, and Realised Niche
UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA ESCUELA INTERNACIONAL DE DOCTORADO Boletus edulis and Cistus ladanifer: characterization of its ectomycorrhizae, in vitro synthesis, and realised niche. Boletus edulis y Cistus ladanifer: caracterización de sus ectomicorrizas, síntesis in vitro y área potencial. Dª. Beatriz Águeda Hernández 2014 UNIVERSIDAD DE MURCIA ESCUELA INTERNACIONAL DE DOCTORADO Boletus edulis AND Cistus ladanifer: CHARACTERIZATION OF ITS ECTOMYCORRHIZAE, in vitro SYNTHESIS, AND REALISED NICHE tesis doctoral BEATRIZ ÁGUEDA HERNÁNDEZ Memoria presentada para la obtención del grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Murcia: Dra. Luz Marina Fernández Toirán Directora, Universidad de Valladolid Dra. Asunción Morte Gómez Tutora, Universidad de Murcia 2014 Dª. Luz Marina Fernández Toirán, Profesora Contratada Doctora de la Universidad de Valladolid, como Directora, y Dª. Asunción Morte Gómez, Profesora Titular de la Universidad de Murcia, como Tutora, AUTORIZAN: La presentación de la Tesis Doctoral titulada: ‘Boletus edulis and Cistus ladanifer: characterization of its ectomycorrhizae, in vitro synthesis, and realised niche’, realizada por Dª Beatriz Águeda Hernández, bajo nuestra inmediata dirección y supervisión, y que presenta para la obtención del grado de Doctor por la Universidad de Murcia. En Murcia, a 31 de julio de 2014 Dra. Luz Marina Fernández Toirán Dra. Asunción Morte Gómez Área de Botánica. Departamento de Biología Vegetal Campus Universitario de Espinardo. 30100 Murcia T. 868 887 007 – www.um.es/web/biologia-vegetal Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted. Albert Einstein Le petit prince, alors, ne put contenir son admiration: -Que vous êtes belle! -N´est-ce pas, répondit doucement la fleur. Et je suis née meme temps que le soleil.. -
Misconceptions on the Application of Biological Market Theory to the Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by St Andrews Research Repository Misconceptions on the application of biological market theory to the mycorrhizal symbiosis E. Toby Kiers1, Stuart A. West2, Gregory A.K. Wyatt2, Andy Gardner3 Heike Bücking4, and Gijsbert D.A. Werner1 1Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom. 3School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Dyers Brae, St Andrews KY16 9TH United Kingdom 4Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA Letter to Editor The symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has been described as a biological market based on evidence that plants supply more carbohydrates to fungal partners that provide more soil nutrients, and vice versa1–4. Walder & Van der Heijden’s (WH) recent paper challenges this view5. However, WH’s challenge is based upon misunderstandings of biological market theory, and evolutionary theory more generally. First, WH’s claim that biological market theory requires (or assumes) tightly-coupled direct resource exchange is incorrect. All that is required is that individuals have a preference on average for interacting with more beneficial partners6–9. Biological market theory makes no claim on understanding (proximate) mechanisms of transfer processes. This is not its aim. Instead, biological market theory addresses ultimate questions such as why partnerships remain stable over evolutionary time, even in the presence of less beneficial partners. Its usefulness lies in predicting how these exchanges will be affected by context, such as varying environmental conditions7,8,10–12. -
Mycorrhiza, Bacteria and Plant an Organized Model of Rhizoshere Interaction Faten Dhawi A,B
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 2, February-2016 61 ISSN 2229-5518 Mycorrhiza, Bacteria and Plant an Organized Model of Rhizoshere Interaction Faten Dhawi a,b a Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA b Biotechnology Department, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Correspondence: [email protected] Running title: Microorganism and plants a model of rhizoshere interaction Abstract: The first step to analyze and understand plant growth and development is to understand the environmental factors that can modulate it. The rhizoshere soil is a rich environment of interaction between plants and soil organisms that may enhance its growth and production. Plant’s roots, mycorrhiza, and bacteria are three elements of rhizoshere soil interaction. Plant’s root exudates encourage mycorrhiza to colonize with the root system internally or externally. The roots secretions, provide some nutrients, and are considered as recognition signals to host mycorrhiza in species- specific manner, whereas mycorrhiza secretes other compounds to attract bacteria. Bacteria produce several compounds that increase mycorrhiza production and formation which benefit the plants indirectly by mediating mycorrhiza exudates and directly by changing soil characteristics. The bacteria that help mycorrhiza are called mycorrhiza helper bacteria (MHB). The interaction between mycorrhiza, bacteria, and plant’s roots creates symbioses that influence rhizoshere soil. The changes induced by chemical fertilizer are harmful to the environment and soil microflora, despite the benefit for plant production. Changing soil characteristics such as pH, water, and elements availability, through the use of mycorrhiza and bacteria, combination as biofertilizer is an environmentally safe approach. Using biofertilizer designed to specific plant growth, can improve plant production and tolerance especially in poor or contaminated soil. -
Chapter 20: Mycorrhiza Management in Bareroot Nurseries
Chapter 20 Mycorrhiza Management in Bareroot Nurseries R. Molina and J. M. Trappe potential use of selected beneficial fungi for mycorrhizal Abstract inoculation of seedlings will help ensure the successful 20.1 Introduction production of vigorous planting stock. 20.2 Mycorrhizae Defined 20.2.1 Ectomycorrhizae 20.1 Introduction 20.2.2 Ectendomycorrhizae Nursery managers have long recognized the importance of 20.2.3 Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae well-developed root systems for producing resilient planting 20.2.4 Benefits of mycorrhizae stock. We now realize that adequate development of mycorrhi- 20.3 Mycorrhiza Management zae on seedling roots is equally important—indeed, essential— 20.3.1 Mycorrhiza development and occurrence in for healthy seedling growth in the nursery and desired per- bareroot nurseries formance after outplanting. 20.3.2 The nursery soil system In this chapter, we focus on the major benefits seedlings 20.3.3 Uses and abuses of soil fumigation and other derive from mycorrhizae, how environmental factors and man- pesticides agement practices affect mycorrhizal fungus populations and 20.3.4 Hazards of crop rotation subsequent development of mycorrhizae, and methods to 20.3.5 Seedling manipulations foster mycorrhiza development in bareroot nurseries. We also 20.3.6 Managing VA mycorrhizal hosts provide an update on prospects for artificially inoculating seed- 20.4 Mycorrhizal Inoculations in Bareroot Nurseries lings with selected, highly beneficial mycorrhizal fungi. 20.4.1 Ectomycorrhizal inoculation 20.4.1.1 Soil inoculum 20.4.1.2 "Nurse" seedlings 20.2 Mycorrhizae Defined 20.4.1.3 Spores and sporocarps Mycorrhiza is a Greek word meaning "fungus-root." Nearly 20.4.1.4 Pure fungus cultures all land plants form some type of mycorrhiza with specialized 20.4.1.5 Selection criteria soil fungi. -
Patterns of Root Colonization by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Dark Septate Endophytes Across a Mostly-Unvegetated, High-Elevation Landscape
UC Riverside UC Riverside Previously Published Works Title Patterns of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and dark septate endophytes across a mostly-unvegetated, high-elevation landscape Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4ng7j0m1 Authors Bueno de Mesquita, CP Sartwell, SA Ordemann, EV et al. Publication Date 2018-12-01 DOI 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.07.009 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Fungal Ecology 36 (2018) 63e74 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Fungal Ecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funeco Patterns of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and dark septate endophytes across a mostly-unvegetated, high-elevation landscape * Clifton P. Bueno de Mesquita a, b, , Samuel A. Sartwell a, b, Emma V. Ordemann a, Dorota L. Porazinska a, f, Emily C. Farrer b, c, Andrew J. King d, Marko J. Spasojevic e, Jane G. Smith b, Katharine N. Suding a, b, Steven K. Schmidt a a Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0334, USA b Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450, USA c Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA d King Ecological Consulting, Knoxville, TN, 37909, USA e Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA f Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, PO Box 110620, USA article info abstract Article history: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSE) are two fungal groups that Received 5 March 2018 colonize plant roots and can benefit plant growth, but little is known about their landscape distributions. -
Occurrence and Ecological Significance Of
Acta Bot. Neerl. November 457-467. 35(4), 1986, p. Occurrence and ecological significance of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza in the salt marsh environment J. Rozema W. Arp J. van Diggelen M. van Esbroek R. Broekman andH. Punte Vakgroep Oecologie enOecotoxicologie, Biologisch Laboratorium, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087,1081 HV Amsterdam SUMMARY The infection by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAM) of various salt marsh plant species has been estimated and compared.This kind of infection appeared to be high or intermediate and Aster maritima frequent in tripolium, Plantagomaritima, Glaux and Festuca rubra ssp. litoralis.rare or absent in Spartinaanglica, Triglochin maritima, Juncus gerardii, J. maritimus, Atriplex hastata maritima S. and Suaeda and variable orintermediate inSalicornia dolichostachya and brachystachya. The sodium ofshoots of Aster lower than of content mycorrhizal tripolium plants was nonmycorr- hizal when at 300 mM NaCl. The and content of the shoot plants grown potassium phosphorus was notsignificantly affected by the presence ofmycorrhiza. Improved growthofmycorrhizal plants of Aster tripolium under salinity stress could be related to increased leaf elongation and to smaller diurnal changes in the leaf thickness. Both parameters indicate increased water uptake by mycorrhi- of discussed terms of zal roots. The causes increased water uptake in mycorrhizal plants are in reduced resistance and its for stomatal root to water transport consequences prolonged opening and increased photosynthesis. 1. INTRODUCTION The occurrence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) is widespread in many plant species from different habitats, including agricultural plant species (Mosse 1975, Sanders et al. 1975). The association between the particular soil fungi involved and plant roots is symbiotic with limited inter and intracellular fungal spread within the root system, usually leading to improved growth of the host et al. -
Impact of Introduction of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Root Microbial Community in Agricultural Fields
Microbes Environ. Vol. 34, No. 1, 23-32, 2019 https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jsme2 doi:10.1264/jsme2.ME18109 Impact of Introduction of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Root Microbial Community in Agricultural Fields TURGUT YIGIT AKYOL1, RIEKO NIWA2, HIDEKI HIRAKAWA3, HayatO MARUyama4, TAKUMI SatO5, TAKAE SUZUKI6, AyaKO FUKUNAGA7, TAKASHI SatO8, SHIGENOBU YOSHIDA2, KEItaRO TAWARaya5, MASANORI SAITO6,9, TatsUHIRO EZAWA4, and SHUSEI SatO1* 1Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980–8577, Japan; 2Central Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2–1–18 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305–8666, Japan; 3Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu 292–0818, Japan; 4Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060–8589, Japan; 5Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997–8555, Japan; 6Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Osaki 989–6711, Japan; 7Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Ayabe 623–0035, Japan; 8Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010–0195, Japan; and 9Department of Innovation Research, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, 102–0076, Japan (Received July 31, 2018—Accepted October 22, 2018—Published online December 22, 2018) Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are important members of the root microbiome and may be used as biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture. To elucidate the impact of AM fungal inoculation on indigenous root microbial communities, we used high-throughput sequencing and an analytical pipeline providing fixed operational taxonomic units (OTUs) as an output to investigate the bacterial and fungal communities of roots treated with a commercial AM fungal inoculum in six agricultural fields. AM fungal inoculation significantly influenced the root microbial community structure in all fields. -
Unraveling Arbuscular Mycorrhiza-Induced Changes in Plant Primary and Secondary Metabolome
H OH metabolites OH Review Unraveling Arbuscular Mycorrhiza-Induced Changes in Plant Primary and Secondary Metabolome Sukhmanpreet Kaur and Vidya Suseela * Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 18 June 2020; Accepted: 12 August 2020; Published: 18 August 2020 Abstract: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is among the most ubiquitous plant mutualists that enhance plant growth and yield by facilitating the uptake of phosphorus and water. The countless interactions that occur in the rhizosphere between plants and its AMF symbionts are mediated through the plant and fungal metabolites that ensure partner recognition, colonization, and establishment of the symbiotic association. The colonization and establishment of AMF reprogram the metabolic pathways of plants, resulting in changes in the primary and secondary metabolites, which is the focus of this review. During initial colonization, plant–AMF interaction is facilitated through the regulation of signaling and carotenoid pathways. After the establishment, the AMF symbiotic association influences the primary metabolism of the plant, thus facilitating the sharing of photosynthates with the AMF. The carbon supply to AMF leads to the transport of a significant amount of sugars to the roots, and also alters the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Apart from the nutrient exchange, the AMF imparts abiotic stress tolerance in host plants by increasing the abundance of several primary metabolites. Although AMF initially suppresses the defense response of the host, it later primes the host for better defense against biotic and abiotic stresses by reprogramming the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Additionally, the influence of AMF on signaling pathways translates to enhanced phytochemical content through the upregulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway, which improves the quality of the plant products. -
Mycorrhiza-Induced Resistance: More Than the Sum of Its Parts?
Opinion Mycorrhiza-induced resistance: more than the sum of its parts? 1 2 3 1 Duncan D. Cameron , Andrew L. Neal , Saskia C.M. van Wees , and Jurriaan Ton 1 Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK 2 Centre for Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK 3 Plant–Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 800.56, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands Plants can develop an enhanced defensive capacity in growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that possess the response to infection by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi capacity to enhance plant growth and suppress pests and (AMF). This ‘mycorrhiza-induced resistance’ (MIR) pro- diseases. Some of these mycorrhizosphere-inhabiting bac- vides systemic protection against a wide range of attack- teria can act as ‘mycorrhiza-helper bacteria’ and promote ers and shares characteristics with systemic acquired the efficiency of mycorrhizal symbiosis [6] (Box 1). As a resistance (SAR) after pathogen infection and induced consequence of these interactions, it has been suggested systemic resistance (ISR) following root colonisation by that the benefits of AMF on whole-plant physiology are at non-pathogenic rhizobacteria. It is commonly assumed least partially determined by biological activities in the that fungal stimulation of the plant immune system is mycorrhizosphere [6–8]. solely responsible for MIR. In this opinion article, we AMF can suppress plant pests and diseases through present a novel model of MIR that integrates different induction of systemic resistance [9–11]. Nutrient supply aspects of the induced resistance phenomenon. We experiments have revealed that MIR cannot be attributed propose that MIR is a cumulative effect of direct plant to improved nutritional status [12].