Achieving Gender Equality in Public Offices in Pakistan Shirin M. Rai, Nafisa Shah and Aazar Ayaz Copy © 2007 United Nations Development Programme Pakistan Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested. Printed by PanGraphics (Pvt) Ltd. Islamabad-Pakistan This Publication is available from Gender Support Programme United Nations Development Programme PMSU (Programme Management Support Unit) House No. 12 Street No. 7 Sector F-7/2 House No. 4B, Street No. 29, Sector F-7/1 Islamabad - Pakistan Islamabad - Pakistan Website: www.un.org.pk/undp Tel: +92 - 51 2652551, 2653760 Fax: +92 - 51 2652551, Ext. 111 E-mail:
[email protected] UNDP 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Boxes iv List of Tables v List of Abbreviations vi Acknowledgements vii Executive Summary viii INTRODUCTION 1 Research Framework 2 Research Methodologies 5 Chapter 1: QUOTAs IN CONTEXT: MAPPING THE NUMBERS GAME 1.1 The Progress of Pakistani Women 7 1.1.1 Girls in Schools 7 1.1.2 Health 9 1.1.3 Combating Violence Against Women 10 1.1.4 Women’s Representation in Public Life 11 1.2 Pakistan’s Political Economy and Governance – Issues for Gender Equality in Public Life 13 1.2.1 Women’s Contribution to the Economy 17 1.2.2 Pakistan’s PRSP and Addressing Gender Gaps 19 1.2.3 Mainstreaming Gender in Economic Analysis 20 1.3 Political Culture and Political Participation 21 1.4 Leadership and Gender Equality 22 Chapter 2: QUOTA PROVISIONs TO ACHIEVE GENDER EQUALITY IN PUBLIC OFFICE 2.1 Effectiveness of Quotas 25 2.2 Historical Context 26 2.2.1