Review of trade in Cactaceae from South America

(Version edited for public release)

Prepared for the

European Commission Directorate General E - Environment ENV.E.2. – Development and Environment

by the

United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre

April, 2010

UNEP World Conservation Monitoring PREPARED FOR Centre 219 Huntingdon Road The European Commission, Brussels, Belgium Cambridge

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CITATION UNEP-WCMC. 2010. Review of trade in Cactaceae from South America . UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.

Table of Contents

Summary ...... 4 1. Introduction ...... 5 2. Trade overview ...... 5 Reporting practices ...... 5 Terms in trade ...... 5 Sources in trade ...... 5 Trade trends ...... 7 Exporting countries ...... 7 Importing countries ...... 10 Species in trade ...... 10 3. Annex 1: Detailed trade tables by country ...... 18 4. Annex 2: Key to source and purpose codes ...... 18

Summary

415 Cactaceae taxa have been reported in trade from South American countries during 1999-2008. This trade included a total of ca. 1.9 and 2.8 million live and stems according to importers and exporters, respectively. However, trade levels decreased by around ten-fold during this period. Around three quarters of the trade involved and Eulychnia species, mainly in the form of wild-sourced stems (rainsticks) exported from Chile. The majority of the remainder of the trade involved artificially-propagated live plants, with Gymnocalycium species accounting for most of this trade. Trade in species classified as globally threatened by the IUCN involved mostly artificially propagated specimens of three species ( grusonii , Mammillaria zeilmanniana and Melocactus azureus ) traded in relatively low levels up to 2004. Chile, Brazil and were the main South American exporting countries of cacti 1999-2008. After 2003, however, virtually no exports were reported from Brazil. Globally, the United States was the main importer, accounting for over half of the global trade. EU Member states imported approximately one third of all cacti exported from South America, with Germany, the Netherlands and France being the main EU importers. The main taxa in trade into the EU included Echinopsis, Eulychnia and Gymnocalycium species, as well as Cephalocereus senilis and Parodia scopa ssp. scopa . Trade in the 13 taxa reported as being of concern is summarised in Tables 6 and 7.

1. Introduction At its 50 th meeting, the SRG agreed that a review of trade in Cactaceae from South America would be useful in order to provide an overview of the species, terms and sources in trade, the countries involved, to identify trends, and to assist Member States in identifying any patterns of potential concern. This report presents an overview of trade in Cactaceae from South American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana –France-, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela), together with more detailed trade tables (see Annex).

2. Trade overview

Reporting practices Information on trade in artificially-propagated Appendix-II and III plants is only entered into the CITES Trade database if it is submitted in a form that allows it to be loaded electronically. With regards to South American countries, most now report in a suitable format although Ecuador has not submitted any reports for 2006 onwards. In 2007, Chile changed the way they reported exports of rainsticks. Previously they had reported quantities but in 2007 and 2008 they reported the metric length. The United States reports shipments containing a mixture of Appendix II artificially propagated cacti species simply as ‘Cactaceae spp.’ They report to species level for wild-collected specimens, for taxa in Appendix I, and for shipments that contain only a single species.

Terms in trade During the period 1999-2008, the following terms were reported in trade for cacti exported from South America: bark, carvings, cultures, derivatives, dried plants, extract, flowers, fruit, leaves, live, powder, specimens, stems, timber, timber pieces, and unspecified. Only carvings, dried plants, and particularly live specimens and stems were reported in trade in significant quantities (Table 1).

Sources in trade Cacti from South American countries have been reported primarily as either wild-sourced or artificially propagated. The majority of live specimens were reported as artificially propagated, with a substantial minority (as reported by the importers) reported as confiscated. Virtually all stems were reported as taken from the wild (Table 2). Table 2. Direct global trade in Cactaceae live specimens and stems (number) from South American countries 1999-2008

1999-2003 2004-2008 Term Source Reported by importer Reported by exporter Reported by importer Reported by exporter

live A 441939 715893 24950 57437

I 15913 1136

W 581 539 60 282

- 40

stems A 5

I 1827 3

W 1033999 1420545 395812 482170

- 41

Table 1. Direct global trade in Cactaceae carvings, dried plants, live specimens and stems from South American countries 1999-2008

Term Units Reported by 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total carvings - Importer 2225 7210 4400 7775 4633 1738 2946 2418 36462 69807

Exporter 1 1

dried plants l Importer 2.25 2.25

Exporter

ml Importer 15 15

Exporter

- Importer 39 67 105 39 17 107 2690 5 1 934 4004 Exporter 114 47 303 76 63 17 1 621

live kg Importer 60 60

Exporter

- Importer 171544 119417 24782 114479 28211 13287 3908 2191 2846 3884 664385 Exporter 307789 106554 71831 119314 111094 18505 3370 22682 8273 4929 776195 stems kg Importer

Exporter 125 125

m Importer

Exporter 59705.01 52365 112070.01

- Importer 249315 281782 151053 180882 172841 148543 67426 59949 103251 16676 1251882 Exporter 350943 421625 202113 230816 215048 188487 142833 138264 8394 4197 1900866

Trade trends The levels of trade in Cactaceae from South American countries both to the EU and to the rest of the world (RoW) have decreased more than ten-fold during the 1999-2008 ten-year period (Figure 1). Trade in both artificially-propagated and wild-sourced stems and live plants from all South American exporting countries declined during this period.

450000

400000

350000

300000

250000

200000

150000

100000

50000

0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Trade to EU (reported by importers) Trade to EU (reported by exporters) Trade to RoW (reported by importers) Trade to RoW (reported by exporters)

Figure 1. Levels of trade in artificially-propagated and wild-sourced live plants and stems of Cactaceae from South America to the EU-27 and to the Rest of the World (RoW), 1999-2008, as reported by importers and exporters.

Exporting countries The following South American countries have reported exporting cacti 1999-2008: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela. Chile, Brazil and Peru were the main South American exporters 1999-2008, with smaller quantities exported by Argentina and Colombia (Figures 2-5). After 2003, virtually all exports originated in Chile and Peru. Trade from Argentina 1999-2008 was relatively low volume (ca. 65,000 live plants). The majority of the trade reported from the country involved live artificially-propagated specimens of Gymnocalycium mihanovichii, Mammillaria humboldtii and exported to the rest of the world 1999- 2003 and in 2006 (see Tables 1-3 of Annex 1 for more details). Trade from Brazil was high volume 1999-2003 (ca. 600,000 live plants), but there were virtually no exports from the country 2004-2008. Virtually all trade reported was in live artificially-propagated specimens, around one quarter of which went to the EU. The taxa exported in the highest volumes from Brazil were Blossfeldia liliputana (over 60% of all trade), Echinopsis chamaecereus , Hylocereus undatus, Gymnocalycium mihanovichii and Parodia species (see Tables 4 and 5 of Annex 1 for more details). Trade from Chile 1999-2008 was very high volume (including more than 1.75 million stems), but trade levels decreased during the ten-year period. The majority of the trade reported from the country involved wild-sourced Eulychnia acida and stems. Around 35% of the trade reported from Chile 1999-2008 went to the EU (see Tables 6-8 of Annex 1 for more details). Trade from Colombia 1999-2003 was relatively low volume (ca. 13,000 live plants) and no trade was reported from the country 2004-2008. The majority of the trade involved live artificially-propagated specimens of Cactaceae spp., Cereus spp. and Gymnocalycium spp. None of this trade went to the EU (see Table 9 of Annex 1 for more details). Trade from Peru 1999-2008 was relatively high volume (including ca. 150,000 stems and 90,000 live plants), but trade levels decreased during the ten-year period. The majority of the trade reported from the country involved wild-sourced Echinopsis spp. stems and artificially-propagated Cactaceae spp. and Echinopsis spp. live plants. Around half of the trade went to the EU (see Tables 10-12 of Annex 1 for more details). Ecuador, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela reported very low volumes of trade 1999-2008, with the combined amount from these countries being less than 500 plants during the ten-year period. Exports from Bolivia 1999-2008 were also relatively low-volume, and consisted almost exclusively of 15,706 confiscated specimens of 35 taxa, mainly Rebutia spp., reported by the importers in 1999 and 2000 (see Tables 13 and 14 of Annex 1 for more details).

2000000

1800000

1600000

1400000

1200000

1000000

800000

stems (W) 600000 live (A) 400000

200000

0

Figure 2. Direct global trade in artificially propagated (A) and wild-sourced (W) stems and live specimens from the main exporting South American countries, 1999-2008.

800000 700000 600000 500000 400000 stems (W) 300000 200000 live (A) 100000 0 Brazil (reported Brazil (reported Chile (reported Chile (reported Peru (reported by importer) by exporter) by importer) by exporter) by importer)

Figure 3. Direct trade in artificially propagated (A) and wild-sourced (W) stems and live specimens from the main exporting South American countries into EU-27, 1999-2008, as reported by the importers and exporters.

120000 Brazil (live, A) 100000 Chile (live, A) Chile (stems, W) 80000 Peru (live, A)

60000 Peru (stems, W)

40000

20000

0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Figure 4. Direct trade in artificially propagated (A) and wild-sourced (W) stems and live specimens from the main exporting countries in South America (Brazil, Chile, Peru) into EU-27, 1999-2008, as reported by the importers.

180000 Brazil (live, A) 160000 Chile (live, A) 140000 Chile (live, W) 120000 Chile (stems, W) 100000 Peru (live, A) 80000 Peru (live, W) 60000 Peru (stems, W) 40000 20000 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Figure 5. Direct trade in artificially propagated (A) and wild-sourced (W) stems and live specimens from the main exporting countries in South America (Brazil, Chile, Peru) into EU-27, 1999-2008, as reported by the exporters. The 2007 and 2008 Chile wild stem figures refer to meters, not number of individuals.

Importing countries According to importer-reported figures, the main importing countries in the EU were Germany, the Netherlands and France, followed by Italy, Spain and the UK (Figure 6). Globally, the main importing country was the United States (Figure 7).

250000

200000

150000

100000 live (A) 50000 stems (W)

0

Figure 6. Direct trade in artificially propagated (A) and wild-sourced (W) stems and live specimens from South America into EU-27, 1999-2008, as reported by the importers.

1800000 1600000 1400000 1200000 1000000 800000 stems (W) 600000 live (A) 400000 200000 0 Argentina Canada Chile Japan United Venezuela Other States

Figure 7. Direct trade in artificially propagated (A) and wild-sourced (W) stems and live specimens from South America into RoW, 1999-2008, as reported by the exporters.

Species in trade 415 cactus taxa were reported in trade globally, with 171 taxa imported to the EU, from South American countries 1999-2008. Only one Appendix I species, Astrophytum asterias , was reported in trade, which comprised just eight confiscated dried plants. No trade in Appendix I cactus species was reported into the EU. The majority of the trade in Cactaceae from South America, both globally and into the EU, referred to rainsticks ( Echinopsis and Eulychnia species) exported from Chile, with Eulychnia acida being the species most frequently reported in trade and accounting for nearly half the total volume of trade in cacti from South America 1999-2008. Echinopsis chiloensis was the second most traded species. The taxa traded in the highest volumes globally (over 10,000 live specimens and/or stems traded 1999-2008, according to either importer or exporter figures) were: Blossfeldia liliputana, Cactaceae spp ., Cephalocereus senilis, Corryocactus brevistylus, Echinopsis chamaecereus, Echinopsis chiloensis, , , Echinopsis peruviana ssp. puquiensis, Echinopsis silvestrii, Echinopsis spp. , Echinopsis/Eulychnia spp ., Eulychnia acida, Gymnocalycium mihanovichii, Gymnocalycium spp. , Hylocereus undatus, Mammillaria decipiens, Mammillaria hahniana, Mammillaria humboldtii, , Parodia magnifica, Parodia scopa ssp. scopa and Rebutia spp. Similarly, the taxa traded in the highest volumes into the EU (over 5,000 live specimens and/or stems traded 1999-2008, according to either importer or exporter figures) were: Cactaceae spp., Cephalocereus senilis, Echinopsis chamaecereus, Echinopsis chiloensis, Echinopsis peruviana, Echinopsis peruviana ssp. puquiensis, Echinopsis silvestrii, Echinopsis spp., Echinopsis/Eulychnia spp., Eulychnia acida, Gymnocalycium spp., and Parodia scopa ssp. scopa . Trade data for the most highly traded taxa 1999-2008 are presented in tables 3 and 4. Trade in these 12 taxa accounted for ca. 98% and 82% of all trade in Cactaceae from South America during this period as reported by the importers and exporters, respectively. Of the 415 taxa reported in trade globally, only four have been evaluated by the IUCN: Echinocactus grusonii (Critically Endangered), Epiphyllum phyllanthus (Least Concern), Mammillaria zeilmanniana (Endangered) and Melocactus azureus (Endangered). A summary of trade in the three globally threatened species is presented in Table 5. Trade levels in Cactaceae decreased substantially between 1998 and 2008. However, species in trade in the most recent years (2004-2008) may give an indication of which taxa are currently in demand and potentially more likely to be involved in illegal trade. As concerns have been raised over illegal trade in live cacti, Table 6 presents a summary of trade into EU-27 in taxa traded in quantities over 100 live specimens into the EU between 2004 and 2008. These taxa include: Rebutia spp., Cereus hexagonus, Echinopsis chiloensis, Blossfeldia liliputana, Copiapoa cinerascens, Copiapoa cinerea, Copiapoa cinerea ssp. haseltoniana, Corryocactus brevistylus, Echinopsis pachanoi, Echinopsis peruviana, Echinopsis peruviana ssp. puquiensis, Eriosyce islayensis, Matucana haynei, Matucana intertexta, Matucana paucicostata, Neowerdermannia vorwerkii, Oroya peruviana, Pygmaeocereus familiaris, . Eight of the taxa in Table 6 were also reported by one Member State as being of concern at SRG 50: Blossfeldia liliputana, Copiapoa cinerascens, Copiapoa cinerea, Echinopsis pachanoi, Echinopsis peruviana, Matucana haynei, Matucana paucicostata and Oroya peruviana. In addition, at SRG 50 one Member State also reported the following five taxa as being of concern: Echinopsis ancistrophora, Gymnocalycium spegazzinii spp. cardenasianum, Gymnocalycium pflanzii, and . A summary of the trade in these five taxa into the EU is presented in Table 7.

Table 3. Direct trade into EU-27 in the most highly traded Cactaceae species from South American countries 1999-2008. Only artificially-propagated and wild-sourced live specimens and stems are included in the table.

Taxon Term Source Reported by 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Cactaceae spp. live A Importer 63520 5 63525

Exporter

stems W Importer 8417 5854 1 14272

Exporter

Cephalocereus senilis live A Importer 1200 1200

Exporter 6500 6500

Echinopsis chamaecereus live A Importer

Exporter 71000 71000

Echinopsis chiloensis live A Importer 900 900

Exporter

stems W Importer 27404 10522 13837 12572 10578 8928 1293 3170 5773 3225 87832 Exporter 4280 6584 6400 15378 19647 6043 8796 9225 3534 2823 82710

Echinopsis peruviana live A Importer 440 440

Exporter 13100 5050 18150

stems W Importer 1298 1650 2948

Exporter 510 10810 400 11720 Echinopsis peruviana ssp. puquiensis live A Importer

Exporter 700 930 1630

stems W Importer 475 1050 1340 1998 2550 930 8343

Exporter 14816 650 1660 17126

Echinopsis silvestrii live A Importer 16000 16000

Exporter

Echinopsis spp. live A Importer 1500 16 1516

Exporter 1040 110 1150

stems W Importer 920 1800 2680 1000 540 450 150 110 7650

Taxon Term Source Reported by 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Exporter 1235 15480 1425 504 16799

Echinopsis/Eulychnia spp. stems W Importer

Exporter 92071 68786 19669 180526

Eulychnia acida stems W Importer 76750 65933 25676 50517 47220 32890 19663 15407 29796 12101 365413 437971.0 Exporter 54397 49683 39977 63674 69707 52430 36265 46226 13587.01 12025 1

Gymnocalycium spp. live A Importer 1300 1300

Exporter 12200 12200

Parodia scopa ssp. scopa live A Importer

Exporter 7000 7000

Table 4. Direct trade to RoW in the most highly traded Cactaceae species from South American countries 1999-2008. Only artificially-propagated and wild-sourced live specimens and stems are included in the table.

Taxon Term Source Reported by 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Cactaceae spp. live A Importer 77982 109835 22721 109600 24891 11896 1276 6 525 610 359342 Exporter 1000 1000 2000

W Importer 61 61

Exporter

stems W Importer 1616 1600 600 280 1750 5846

Exporter

Cephalocereus senilis live A Importer

Exporter 2300 600 555 3300 2600 9355

Echinopsis chamaecereus live A Importer

Exporter 33150 19240 14228 17904 13500 98022

W Importer

Exporter 30 30

Echinopsis chiloensis live A Importer 30 30

Exporter 1 1

Taxon Term Source Reported by 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total stems W Importer 14171 22961 9674 21182 41494 38265 17872 16832 22407 204858

Exporter 560 82 4286 23807 47785 45534 26516 27440 11559 10880 198449

Echinopsis peruviana live A Importer 270 270

Exporter 270 10268 3040 123 13701

W Importer

Exporter 80 80

stems W Importer 1070 1330 950 3350

Exporter 18000 350 110 18460

Echinopsis peruviana ssp. puquiensis live A Importer

Exporter 1515 1515

stems W Importer 900 7568 4433 115 13016

Exporter 9030 1980 850 1800 1536 2000 17196

Echinopsis spp. live A Importer 70 100 170

Exporter 120 104 3933 2 4159

stems W Importer 86 720 4520 500 1256 6582

Exporter 13658 21357 6465 41470

Echinopsis/Eulychnia spp. stems W Importer

Exporter 142970 213768 69064 425802

Eulychnia acida stems W Importer 119950 171487 88116 81725 60302 62358 24708 19189 43115 502343

Exporter 56665 39811 19559 88497 77909 84474 60693 55373 31025 26637 540643

Gymnocalycium spp. live A Importer

Exporter 13000 9500 2216 15780 10700 7 51203

Parodia scopa ssp. scopa live A Importer

Exporter 2900 1600 3800 1000 9300

Table 5. Direct global trade in threatened Cactaceae species from South American countries 1999-2008. All trade was in live specimens.

Taxon Exporter Importer Source Reported by 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Total Echinocactus grusonii Brazil Japan A Importer

Exporter 500 500

Netherlands A Importer

Exporter 1800 1800

Switzerland A Importer 1 1

Exporter 1 1

United States A Importer

Exporter 500 500 900 1900

Uruguay A Importer 60 60

Exporter 120 120

Colombia Costa Rica A Importer

Exporter 30 30

Peru Chile W Importer

Exporter 10 10

Spain A Importer 2500 2500

Exporter 2500 2500

Mammillaria zeilmanniana Colombia United States A Importer

Exporter 5 5

Melocactus azureus Brazil Japan A Importer

Exporter 700 700

Netherlands A Importer

Exporter 1700 1700

Spain A Importer 1 1

Exporter 1 1

United States A Importer

Exporter 1100 700 1700 3500

Table 6. Direct trade in live cacti from South America into EU-27, 1998-2008. Only taxa traded into the EU in quantities ≥ 100 live specimens during 2004- 2008 have been included. * reported as being of concern at SRG 50 .

Exporter Taxon Source Reported by 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Bolivia Rebutia spp. I Importer 5458 6620 100 12178

Exporter

Brazil Cereus hexagonus A Importer

Exporter 200 200

Chile Echinopsis chiloensis A Importer 900 900

Exporter

Peru Blossfeldia liliputana* A Importer 15 15 80 110

Exporter 15 84 99

Copiapoa cinerascens* A Importer 40 41 145 79 305

Exporter 30 161 62 253

Copiapoa cinerea* A Importer 20 80 129 175 404

Exporter 23 72 153 143 391

Copiapoa cinerea ssp. haseltoniana A Importer 30 60 90

Exporter 23 24 2 59 108

Corryocactus brevistylus A Importer

Exporter 1238 1238

Echinopsis pachanoi* A Importer 530 350 75 788 1743

Exporter 15 455 75 400 945

Echinopsis peruviana* A Importer 440 440

Exporter 13100 5050 18150

- Importer

Exporter 40 40

Echinopsis peruviana ssp. puquiensis A Importer

Exporter 700 930 1630

Eriosyce islayensis A Importer 5 5 50 115 175

Exporter 5 35 115 155

Matucana haynei* A Importer 260 100 360

Exporter 6 60 100 166

Matucana intertexta A Importer 60 59 119

Exporter 4 44 59 107

Matucana paucicostata* A Importer 2 70 35 107

Exporter 2 10 4 26 35 77

Neowerdermannia vorwerkii A Importer 3 5 60 100 162 330

Exporter 3 35 27 140 205

Oroya peruviana* A Importer 4 8 5 530 175 722

Exporter 4 60 8 306 170 548

Pygmaeocereus familiaris A Importer 95 10 105

Exporter 45 10 55

Rebutia neocumingii A Importer 10 10 120 140

Exporter 35 10 125 170

Table 7. Direct trade in Echinopsis ancistrophora, Gymnocalycium spegazzinii spp. cardenasianum, Gymnocalycium pflanzii, Matucana aurantiaca and Rebutia mentosa from South America to EU-27, 1998-2008. These taxa were reported as being of concern at SRG 50.

Exporter Taxon Source Reported by 1999 2005 2007 2008 Total Gymnocalycium spegazzinii ssp. Bolivia cardenasianum I Importer 31 31

Exporter

Rebutia mentosa I Importer 292 292

Exporter

Brazil Gymnocalycium pflanzii A Importer 1 1

Exporter

Peru Echinopsis ancistrophora A Importer 6 50 56

Exporter

Gymnocalycium pflanzii A Importer 40 40

Exporter 40 40 Gymnocalycium spegazzinii ssp. cardenasianum A Importer 50 10 60

Exporter 55 25 80

Matucana aurantiaca A Importer 40 20 60

Exporter 4 30 20 54

Rebutia mentosa A Importer 35 10 45

Exporter 100 40 140

3. Annex 1: Detailed trade tables by country See separate document (separated due to the length of the Annex and to avoid unnecessary printing).

4. Annex 2: Key to source and purpose codes See separate document.