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Chapter 1

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3. Pugh, N., Poss, S.A., ElSohly, HN., ElSolhy, MA., Pasco, DS. (Nov. 2001). “Isolation of three high molecular weight polysaccharide preparations with potent immunostimulatory activity from Spirulina platensis, aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Chlorella pyrenoidosa.” Planta Med., 67(8):737-42.

4. Lu, HK., Hsieh, CC., Hsu, JJ., Yang, YK., Chou, HN. (Sep. 2006). “Preventive effects of Spirulina platensis on skeletal muscle damage under exercise-induced oxidative stress.” Eur J Appl Physiol., 98(2):220-6.

5. Zhang, HQ, et al. (Dec. 2001). “Chemo- and radio-protective effects of polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis on hemopoietic system of mice and dogs.” Acta Pharmacol Sin., 22(12):1121.-4.

7. Kalafati, M., Jamuartas, AZ., Nikolaidis, MG., Paschalis, V., Theodorou, AA., Sakellariou, GK., Koutedakis, Y., Kouretas, D. (Jan. 2010). “Ergogenic and antioxidant effects of spirulina supplementation in humans.” Med Sci Sports Exerc., 42(1):142-51.

8. Hernandez, E., Olguin, EJ. (Dec. 2002). “Bioabsorption of heavy metals influenced by the chemical composition of Spirulina sp. (Arthrospira). biomass.” Environ Technol., 23(12):1369- 77.

9. Capelli, B., Cysewski, G. (2010). “Potential health benefits of spirulina microalge* A review of the existing literature.” Nutrafoods, ,9(2):19-26.

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Chapter 2

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6. Huang, ZX., Mei, XT., Xu, DH., Xu, SB., Lv, JY. (Feb. 2005). “Protective effects of polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis and Sargassum thunbeergii on vascular of alloxan induced diabetic rats.” Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 30(3):211-5.

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9. Mishima, T., Murata, J., Toyoshima, M., Fujii, H., Nakajima, M., Hayashi, T., Kato, T., Saiki, I. (Aug. 1998). “Inhibition of tumor invasion and metastasis by calcium spirulan (Ca-SP), a novel sulfated polysaccharide derived from a blue-green alga, Spirulina platensis.” Clin Exp Metastasis, 16(6):541-50. 10. Kawanishi, Y., Tominaga, A., Okuyama, H., Fukuoka, S., Taguchi, T., Kusumoto, Y., Yawata, T., Fujimoto, Y., Ono, S., Shimizu, K. (Jan. 2013). “Regulatory effects of Spirulina complex polysaccharides on growth of murine RSV-M glioma cells through Toll-like receptor 4.” Microbiol Immunol., 57(1):63-73.

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12. Yang, F., Tang, Q., Zhong, X., Bai, Y., Chen, T., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Zheng, W. (2012). “Surface decoration by Spirulina polysaccharide enhances the cellular uptake and anticancer efficacy of selenium nanoparticles.” Int J Nanomedicin,. 7:835-44.

13. Oh, SH., Ahn, J., Kang, DH., Lee, HY. (Apr. 2011). “The effect of ultrasonificated extracts of Spirulina maxima on the anticancer activity.” Mar Biotechnol (NY)., 13(2):205-14.

14. Zhang, HQ., Lin, AP., Sun, Y., Deng, YM. (Dec. 2001). “Chemo- and radio-protective effects of polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis on hemopoietic system of mice and dogs.” Acta Pharmacol Sin., 22(12):1121-4.

15. Liu, XM., Zhang, HQ. (Aug. 2002). “Effect of polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis on hematopoietic cells proliferation, apoptosis and Bcl-2 expression in mice bearing tumor treated with chemotherapy.” Yao Xue Xue Bao., 37(8):616-20.

16. Hayashi, K., Hayashi, T., Kojima, I. (Oct. 10, 1996). “A natural sulfated polysaccharide, calcium spirulan, isolated from Spirulina platensis: in vitro and ex vivo evaluation of anti-herpes simplex virus and anti-human immunodeficiency virus activities.” AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses., 12(15):1463-71.

17. Hayashi, T., Hayashi, K., Maeda, M., Kojima, I. (Jan. 1996). “Calcium spirulan, an inhibitor of enveloped virus replication, from a blue-green alga Spirulina platensis.” J Nat Prod., 59(1):83-7.

18. Ayehunie, S., Belay, A., Baba, TW., Ruprecht, RM. (May 1998). “Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by an aqueous extract of Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis).” J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol, 18(1):7-12.

19. Hayashi, T. (Jan. 2008). “Studies on evaluation of natural products for antiviral effects and their applications.” Yakugaku Zasshi, 128(1):61-79.

20. El Sheekh, MM., Mahmoud, YA., Abo-Shady, AM., Hamza, W. (Jan. 2010). “Efficacy of Phodotorula glutinis and Spirulina platensis carotenoids in immunopotentiation of mice infected with Candida albicans SC5314 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 35.” Folia Microbiol (Praha), 55(1):61-7. 21. Grzanna, R., Polotsky, A., Phan, PV., Pugh, N., Pasco, D., Frondoza, CG. (Jun. 2006). “Immolina, a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide fraction of Spirulina, enhances chemokine expression in human monocytic THP-1 cells.” J Altern Complement Med., 12(5):429-35.

22. Pugh, N., Poss, S.A., ElSohly, HN., ElSolhy, MA., Pasco, DS. (Nov. 2001). “Isolation of three high molecular weight polysaccharide preparations with potent immunostimulatory activity from Spirulina platensis, aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Chlorella pyrenoidosa.” Planta Med., 67(8):737-42.

23. Lobner, M., Walsted, A., Larsen, R., Bendtzen, K., Nielsen, CH. (Jun. 2008). “Enhancement of human adaptive immune responses by administration of a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide extract from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis.” J Med Food, 11(2):313- 22.

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25. Selmi, C., Leung, PS., Fischer, L., German, B., Yang, CY., Kenny, TP., Cysewski, GR., Gershwin, ME. (May 2011). “The effects of Spirulina on anemia and immune function in senior citizens.” Cell Mol Immunol., 8(3):248-54.

26. Loseva, LP., Dardynskaya, IV. (Sep. 1993). “Spirulina-natural sorbent of radionucleides” Research Institute of Radiation Medicine, Minsk, Belarus. Paper presented at the 6th Int’l Congress of Applied Algology, Czech Republic.

27. Zhang, HQ., Lin, AP., Sun, Y., Deng, YM. (Dec. 2001). “Chemo- and radio-protective effects of polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis on hemopoietic system of mice and dogs.” Acta Pharmacol Sin., 22(12):1121-4.

28. Hernandez, E., Olguin, EJ. (Dec. 2002). “Biosorption of heavy metals influenced by the chemical composition of Spirulina sp. (Arthrospira). biomass.” Environ Technol., 23(12):1369- 77.

29. Yang, LL., Zhou, QJ., Wang, Y. Gao, Y., Wang, TQ. (2012). “Comparison of the therapeutic effects of extracts from Spirulina platensis and amnion membrane on inflammation-associated corneal neovascularization.” Int J Ophthalmol., 5(1):32-7.

30. Huang, ZX., Mei, XT., Xu, DH., Xu, SB., Lv, JY. (Feb. 2005). “Protective effects of polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis and Sargassum thunbeergii on vascular of alloxan induced diabetic rats.” Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 30(3):211-5. 31. Loke, MF., Lui, SY., Ng, BL., Gong, M., Ho, B. (Jul. 2007). “Antiadhesive property of microalgal polysaccharide extract on the binding of Helicobacter pylori to gastric mucin.” FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol., 50(2):231-8.

32. Tominaga, A., Konishi, Y., Taguchi, T., Fukuoka, S., Kawaguchi, T., Noda, T., Shimizu, K. (Dec 2013). “Autonomous cure of damaged human intestinal epithelial cells by TLR2 and TLR4-dependent production of IL-22 in response to Spirulina polysaccharides.” Int Immunopharmacol., 17(4):1009-19.

Chapter 3

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2. Reddy, CM., Bhat, VB., Kiranmai, G., Reddy, MN., Reddanna, P., Madyastha, KM. (Nov. 2000). “Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by C-phycocyanin, a biliprotein from Spirulina platensis.” Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun., 277(3):599-603.

3. Romay, CH., Gonzalez, R., Ledon, N., Remirez, D., Rimbau, V. (Jun. 2003). “C-phycocyanin: a biliprotein with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.” Curr. Protein Pept Sci., 4(3):207-16.

4. Iijima, N., Fugii, I., Shimamatsu, H., Katoh, S. “Anti-tumor agent and method of treatment there-with.” U.S. Patent Pending, Ref. No. P1150-726-A82679.

5. Hernandez-Corona, A., Nieves, I., Meckes, M., Chamorro, G., Barron, BL. (Dec. 2002). “Antiviral activity of Spirulina maxima against herpes simplex virus type 2.” Antiviral Res., 56(3):379-85.

6. Hirahashi, T., Matsumoto, M., Hazeki, K., Seaki, Y., Ui, M., Seya, T. (Mar. 2002). “Activation of the human innate immune system by Spirulina: augmentation of interferon production and NK cytotoxicity by oral administration of hot water extract of Spirulina platensis.” Int. Immunopharmacol., 2(4):423-34.

7. Remirez, D., Ledon, N., Gonzalez, R. (Apr. 2002). “Role of histamine in the inhibitory effects of phycocyanin in experimental models of allergic inflammatory response.” Mediators Inflamm., 11(2):81-5.

8. Karpov, LM., Brown, II, Poltavtseva, NV., Ershova, ON., Karakis, SG., Vasil’eva, TV., Chaban, luL. (May-Jun. 2000). “The postradiation use of -containing complexes and a phycocyanin extract in a radiation lesion in rats.” Radiats Biol Radioecol., 40(3):310-4. 9. Heinonen, OP. (Apr. 1994). “The effect of and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group.” N Engl J Med., 330(15):1029-35.

10. Capelli, B., Cysewski, G. (2010). “Potential health benefits of spirulina microalgae* A review of the existing literature.” Nutrafoods, 9(2):19-26.

11. Puertollano, MA., Puertollano, E., de Cienfuegos GA, de Pablo MA. (2011). “Dietary antioxidants: immunity and host defense.” Curr Top Med Chem., 11(14):1752-66.

12. Nantz, MP., Rowe, CA., Nieves, C Jr, Percival, SS. (Oct. 2006). “Immunity and antioxidant capacity in humans is enhanced by consumption of a dried, encapsulated fruit and vegetable juice concentrate.” J Nutr., 136(10):2606-10.

13. Stahl, W., Sies, H. (May 2005). “Bioactivity and protective effects of natural carotenoids.” Biochem Biophys Acta., 1740(2):101-7.

14. Heinrich, E., Getoff, N. (Mar.-Apr. 2003). “Mitomycin C-activity affected by B1, C, E, and beta-carotene under irradiation with gamma-rays.” Z Naturforsch C., 58(3-4):244-8.

15. Fujii, T., Takatsuka, N., Nagata, C., Matsumoto, K., Oki, A., Furuta, R., Maeda, H., Yasugi, T., Kawana, K., Mitsuhashi, A., Hirai, Y., Iwasaka, T., Yaegashi, N., Watanabe, Y., Nagai, Y., Kitagawa, T., Yoshikawa, H. (Dec. 2013). “Association between carotenoids and outcome of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a prospective cohort study.” Int J Clin Oncol., 18(6):1091-10.

16. Polesal, J., Negri, E., Serraino, D., Parpinel, M., Barzan, L., Libra, M., Bosetti, C., Garavello, W., Montella, M., La Vecchia, C., Franceschi, S., Talamini, R. (Oct. 2012). “Dietary intakes of carotenoids and other nutrients in the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a case-control study in Italy.” Br J Cancer, 107(9):1580-3.

17. Zhao, X., Aldini, G., Johnson, EJ., Rasmussen, H., Kraemer, K., Woolf, H., Musaeus, N., Krinsky, NI., Russell, RM., Yeum, KJ. (Jan. 2006). “Modification of lymphocyte DNA damage by carotenoid supplementation on postmenopausal women.” Am J Clin Nutr., 83(1):163-9.

18. Millen, AE., Tucker, MA., Hartge, P., Halpern, A., Elder, DE., Guerry D. 4th, Holly, EA., Sagebiel, RW., Potischman, N. (Jun. 2004). “Diet and melanoma in a case-control study.” Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev., 13(6):1042-51.

19. Ribaya-Mercaod, JD., Blumberg, JB., (Dec. 2004). “Lutein and zeaxanthin and their potential roles in disease prevention.” J Am Coll Nutr., 23(6Suppl):567S-587S.

20. Selmi, C., Leung, PS., Fischer, L., German, B., Yang, CY., Kenny, TP., Cysewski, GR., Gershwin, ME. (May 2011). “The effects of Spirulina on anemia and immune function in senior citizens.” Cell Mol Immunol., 8(3):248-54. 21. Devaki, PB., Chandra, RK., Geisser, P. (2007). “Effect of oral supplementation with (III)-hydroxide polymaltose complex on the immunological profile of adolescents with varying iron status.” Arzneimittelforschung., 57(6A):417-25.

22. Liu, W., Jiang, A., Guo, C. (Nov. 1997). “Cellular immunity in childhood iron deficiency anemia with recurrent respiratory infections.” Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi, 18(11):556-7.

23. Ahluwalia, N., Sun, J., Krause, D., Mastro, A., Handte, G. (Mar. 2004). “Immune function is impaired in iron-deficient, homebound, older women.” Am J Clin Nutr., 79(3):516-21.

24. Carlson, ES., Magid, R., Petryk, A., Georgieff, MK. (Oct. 2008). “Iron deficiency alters expression of genes implicated in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis.” Brain Res., 1237:75-83.

25. Khedr, E., Hamed, SA., Elbeih, E., El-Shereef, H., Ahmad, Y., Ahmed, S. (Dec. 2008). “Iron states and cognitive abilities in young adults: neuropsychological and neurophysiological assessment.” Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci., 258(8):489-96.

26. Murray-Kolb, LE., Beard, JL. (Mar. 2007). “Iron treatment normalizes cognitive functioning in young women.” Am J Clin Nutr., 85(3):78-87.

27. Bhate, V., Deshpande, S., Bhat, D., Joshi, N., Ladkat, R., Watve, S., Fall, C., de Jager, CA., Refsum, H., Yajnik, C. (Dec. 2008). “Vitamin B12 status of pregnant Indian women and cognitive function in their 9-year-old children.” Food Nutr Bull., 29(4):249-54.

28. Becker, M., Axelrod, DJ., Oyesanmi, O., Markov, DD., Kunkel, EJ. (Dec. 2007). “Hematologic problems in psychosomatic medicine.” Psychiatr Clin North Am., 30(4):739-59.

29. Chalouhi, C., Faesch, S., Anthoine-Milhomme, MC., Fulla, Y., Dulac, O., Cheron, G. (Aug. 2008). “Neurological consequences of vitamin B12 deficiency and its treatment.” Pediatr Emerg Care., 24(8):538-41.

30. Fusaro, M., Crepaldi, G., Miozzo, D., Gravellone, L., Gallieni, M. (May 2012). “Effects of intake on gamma-carboxylated proteins, bone fractures, and vascular calcifications.” Osteoporos Int., 23(5):1637-8.

31. Apalset, EM., Gjesdal, CG., Eide, GE., Tell, GS. (Nov. 2011). “Intake of vitamin K1 and K2 and risk of hip fractures: The Hordaland Health Study.” Bone., 49(5):990-5.

32. Ebina, K., Shi, K., Hirao, M., Kaneshiro, S., Morimoto, T., Koizumi, K., Yoshikawa, H., Hashimoto, J. (Sep. 2013). “Vitamin K2 administration is associated with decreased disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.” Mod Rheumatol., 23(5):1001-7.

33. Iwamoto, J., Takeda, T., Sato, Y. (Jan. 2006). “Role of vitamin K2 in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.” Curr Drug Saf., 1(1):87-97. 34. Merli, GJ., Fink, J. (2008). “Vitamin K and thrombosis.” Vitam Horm., 78:265-79.

35. Allison, AC. (Aug. 2001). “The possible role of vitamin K deficiency in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and in augmenting brain damage associated with cardiovascular disease.” Med Hypotheses., 57(2):151-5.

36. Lamson, DW., Plaza, SM. (Aug. 2003). “The anticancer effects of vitamin K.” Altern Med Rev., 8(3):303-18.

37. Yaguchi, M., Miyazawa, K., Katagiri, T., Nishimaki, J., Kizaki, M., Tohyama, K., Toyama, K. (Jun. 1997). “Vitamin K2 and its derivatives induce apoptosis in leukemia cells and enhance the effect of all-trans retinoic acid.” Leukemia, 11(6):779-87.

38. Shiomi, S., Nishiguchi, S., Kubo, S., Tamori, A., Habu, D., Takeda, T., Ochi, H. (Apr. 2002). “Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) for bone loss in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.” Am J Gastroenterol., 97(4):978-81.

39. Tamori, A., Habu, D., Shiomi, S., Kubo, S., Nishiguchi, S. (Sep. 2007). “Potential role of vitamin K-2 as a chemopreventive agent against hepatocellular carcinoma.” Hepatol Res., 37 Supple 2:S303-7.

40. Geleijnse, JM., Vermeer, C., Grobbee, DE., Schurgers, LJ., Knapen, MH., van der Meer, IM., Hofman, A., Witteman, JC. (Nov. 2004). “Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study.” J Nutr., 134(11):3100-5.

41. Beulens, JW., Bots, ML., Atsma, F., Bartelink, ML., Prokop, M., Geleijnse, JM., Witteman, JC., Grobbee, DE, van der Schouw, YT. (Apr. 2009). “High dietary menaquinone intake is associated with reduced coronary calcification.” Atherosclerosis, 203(2):489-93.

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Chapter 4

1. Parikh, P., Mani, U., Iyer, U. (Winter 2001). “Role of Spirulina in the Control of Glycemia and Lipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.” J Med Food, 4(4):193-199. 2. Mao, TK., Van de Water, J., Gershwin, ME. (Spring 2005). “Effects of a Spirulina-based on cytokine production from allergic rhinitis patients.” J Med Food, 8(1):27- 30.

3. Cingi, C., Conk-Dalay, M., Cakli, H., Bal, C. (Oct. 2008). “The effects of spirulina on allergic rhinitis.” Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 265(10):1219-23.

4. Capelli, B., Bagchi, D., Cysewski, G. (2013). “Synthetic astaxanthin is significantly inferior to algal-based astaxanthin as an antioxidant and may not be suitable as a human nutraceutical supplement.” Nutrafoods, ,9(2):19-26.

5. Pugh, N., Ross, SA., ElSohly, HN., ElSohly, MA., Pasco, DS. (Nov. 2001). “Isolation of three high molecular weight polysaccharide preparations with potent immunostimulatory activity from Spirulina platensis aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Chlorella pyrenoidosa.” Planta Med., 67(8):737-42.

6. Selmi, C., Leung, PS., Fischer, L., German, B., Yang, CY., Kenny, TP., Cysewski, GR., Gershwin, ME. (May 2011). “The effects of Spirulina on anemia and immune function in senior citizens.” Cell Mol Immunol., 8(3):248-54.

7. Karkos, PD., Leong, SC., Karkos, CD., Sivaii, N., Assimakapoulos, DA. (Sep. 2008). “Spirulina in Clinical Practice: Evidence-Based Human Applications.” Evidence Based Complement Alternat Med., 2011:531053.

8. Mao, TK., Van de Water, J., Gershwin, ME. (Fall 2000). “Effect of spirulina on the secretion of cytokines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells.” J Med Food., 3(3):135-40.

9. Huang, LX., Lu, XC., Yang, B., Lin, JS. (2000). “Effects of Spirulina plantensis on exercise- induced muscle damage in rats.” Sport Sci., 20(2):58-59.

10. Lu, HK., Hsieh, CC., Hsu, JJ., Yang, YK., Chou, HN. (Sep. 2006). “Preventive effects of Spirulina platensis on skeletal muscle damage under exercise-induced oxidative stress.” Eur J Appl Physiol., 98(2):220-6.

11. Kalafati, M., Jamuartas, AZ., Nikolaidis, MG., Paschalis, V., Theodorou, AA., Sakellariou, GK., Koutedakis, Y., Kouretas, D. (Jan. 2010). “Ergogenic and antioxidant effects of spirulina supplementation in humans.” Med Sci Sports Exerc., 42(1):142-51.

12. Juarez-Oropeza, MA., Mascher, D., Torres-Duran, PV., Farias, JM., Paredes-Carbajal, MC. (Feb. 2009). “Effects of dietary Spirulina on vascular reactivity.” J Med Food., 12(1):15-20.

13. Torres-Duran, PV., Ferreira-Hermosillo, A., Juarez-Oropeza, MA. (Nov. 2007). “Antihyperlipemic and antihypertensive effects of Spirulina maxima in an open sample of Mexican population: a preliminary report.” Lipids Health Dis., 6:33. 14. Mazokopakis, EE., Starakis, IK., Papadomanolaki, MG., Mavroeidi, NG., Ganotakis, ES. (Jun. 2013). “The hypolipidaemic effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation in a Cretan population: a prospective study.” J Sci Food Agric., 10.1002/jsfa.6261. [Epub ahead of print].

15. Park, HJ., Lee, YJ., Ryu, HK., Kim, MH., Chung, HW., Kim, WY. (Aug. 2008). “A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study to establish the effects of spirulina in elderly Koreans.” Ann Nutr Metab., 52(4):322-8.

16. Samuels, R., Mani, UV., Iver, UM., Navak, US. (Summer 2002). “Hypocholesterolemic effect of spirulina in patients with hyperlipidemic nephrotic syndrome.” J Med Food, 5(2):91-6.

17. Capelli, B., Cysewski, G. (2010). “Potential health benefits of spirulina microalgae* A review of the existing literature.” Nutrafoods, ,9(2):19-26.

18. Wang, Y., Chang, CF., Chou, J., Chen, HL., Deng, X., Harvey, BK., Cadet, JL., Bickford, PC. (May 2005). “Dietary supplementation with blueberries, spinach, or spirulina reduces ischemic brain damage.” Exp Neurol., 193(1):75-84.

19. Miranda, MS., Cintra, RG., Barros, SB., Mancini Filho, J. (Aug. 1998). “Antioxidant activity of the microalgae Spirulina maxima.” Braz J Med Biol Res., 31(8):1075-9.

20. Reddy, MC., Subhashini, J., Mahipal, SV., Chat, VB., Srinivas Reddy, P., Kiranmai, G., Madyastha, KM., Reddanna, P. (May 2003). “C-Phycocyanin, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, induces apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.” Biochem Biophys Res Commun., 304(2):385-92.

21. Stromberg, I., Gemma, C., Vila, J., Bickford, PC. (Dec. 2005). “Blueberry- and spirulina- enriched diets enhance striatal dopamine recovery and induce a rapid, transient microglia activation after injury of the rat nigrostriatal dopamine system.” Exp Neurol., 196(2):298-307.

22. Wang, Y., Chang, CF., Chou, J., Chen, HL., Deng, X., Harvey, BK., Cadet, JL., Bickford, PC. (May 2005). “Dietary supplementation with blueberries, spinach, or spirulina reduces ischemic brain damage.” Exp Neurol., 193(1):75-84.

23. Yasuhara, T., Hara, K., Maki, M., Masuda, T., Sanberg, CD., Sanberg, PR., Bickford, PC., Borlongan, CV. (Feb. 2008). “Dietary supplementation exerts neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke model.” Rejuvenation Res., 11(1):201-14.

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38. Misbahuddin, M., Islam, AZ., Khandker, S., Ifthaker-Al-Mahmud, Islam, N., Anjumanara. (2006). “Efficacy of spirulina extract plus in patients of chronic arsenic poisoning: a randomized placebo-controlled study.” Clin Toxicol (Phila), 44(2):135-41.

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46. Yakoot, M., Salem, A. (Apr. 2012). “Spirulina platensis versus silymarin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. A pilot randomized, comparative clinical trial.” BMC Gastroenterol., 12:32.

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50. Sinanoglu, O., Yener, AN., Ekici, S., Midi, A., Aksungar, FB. (Dec. 2012). “The protective effects of spirulina in cyclophosphamide induced nephrotoxicity and urotoxicity in rats.” Urology, 80(6):1392.

51. Kuhad, A., Tirkey, N., Pilkhwal, S., Chopra, K. (2006). “Renoprotective effect of Spirulina fusiformis on cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and renal dysfunction in rats.” Ren Fail., 28(3):247-54.

52. Farooq, SM., Asoka, D., Sakthivel, R., Kalaiselvi, P., Varalakshmi, P. (Oct. 2004). “Salubrious effect of C-phycocyanin against oxalate-mediated renal cell injury.” Clin Chim Acta., 348(1-2):199-205.

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54. Karaeniz, A., Yildirim, A., Simsek, N., Kalkan, Y., Celebi, F. (Nov. 2008). “Spirulina platensis protects against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicy in rats.” Phytother Res., 22(11):1506-10.

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57. De, M., Halder, A., Chakraborty, T., Das, U., Paul, S., De, A., Banerjee, J., Chatterjee, T., De, S. (May 2011). “Incidence of anemia and effect of nutritional supplementation on women in rural and tribal populations of eastern and northeastern India.” Hematology, 16(3):190-2.

58. Simpore, J., Zongo, F., Kabore, F., Dansou, D., Bere, A., Nikiema, JB., Pignatelli, S., Biondi, DM., Ruberto, G., Musumeci, S. (Nov-Dec. 2005). “ rehabilitation of HIV-infected and HIV-negative undernourished children utilizing spirulina.” Ann Nutr Metab., 49(6):373-80. 59. De, M., Halder, A., Chakraborty, T., Das, U., Paul, S., De, A., Banerjee, J., Chatterjee, T., De, S. (May 2011). “Incidence of anemia and effect of nutritional supplementation on women in rural and tribal populations of eastern and northeastern India.” Hematology, 16(3):190-2.

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61. Selmi, C., Leung, PS., Fischer, L., German, B., Yang, CY., Kenny, TP., Cysewski, GR., Gershwin, ME. (May 2011). “The effects of Spirulina on anemia and immune function in senior citizens.” Cell Mol Immunol., 8(3):248-54.

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63. Chiu, HF., Yang, SP., Kuo, YL., Lai, YS., Chou, TC. (Feb. 2006). “Mechanisms involved in the antiplatelet effect of C-phycocyanin.” Br J Nutr., 95(2):435-40.

64. Hsiao, G., Chou, PH., Shen, MY., Chou, DS., Lin, CH., Sheu, JR. (Oct. 2005). “C- phycocyanin, a very potent and novel platelet aggregation inhibitor from Spirulina platensis.” J Agric Food Chem., 53(20):7734-40.

65. McCarty, MF. (Aug. 2010). “Practical prevention of cardiac remodeling and atrial fibrillation with full-spectrum antioxidant therapy and ancillary strategies.” Med Hypotheses, 75(2):141-7.

66. Selmi, C., Leung, PS., Fischer, L., German, B., Yang, CY., Kenny, TP., Cysewski, GR., Gershwin, ME. (May 2011). “The effects of Spirulina on anemia and immune function in senior citizens.” Cell Mol Immunol., 8(3):248-54.

67. Pugh, N., Poss, S.A., ElSohly, HN., ElSolhy, MA., Pasco, DS. (Nov. 2001). “Isolation of three high molecular weight polysaccharide preparations with potent immunostimulatory activity from Spirulina platensis, aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Chlorella pyrenoidosa.” Planta Med., 67(8):737-42.

68. Marcel, AK., Ekali, LG., Eugene, S., Arnold, OE., Sandrine, ED., von der Weid, D., Gbaguidi, E., Ngogang, J., Mbanya, JC. (Jul. 2011). “The effect of Spirulina platensis versus soybean on insulin resistance in HIV-infected patients: A randomized pilot study.” Nutrients, 3(7):712-24.

69. Lee, JB., Srisomporn, P., Hayashi, K., Tanaka, T., Sankawa, U., Hayashi, T. (Jan. 2001). “Effects of structural modification of calcium spirulan, a sulfated polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis, on antiviral activity.” Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 49(1):108-10.

70. Kumari, RP., Sivakumar, J., Thankappan, B., Anbarasu, K. (Jan. 2013). “C-phycocyanin modulates selenite-induced cataractogenesis in rats.” Biol Trace Elem Res., 151(1):59-67. 71. Lim, BJ., Jeong, JY., Chang, YK., Na, KR., Lee, KW., Shin, YT., Choi, DE. (2012). “C- phycocyanin attenuates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice.” Ren Fail., 34(7):892-900.

72. Saini, MK., Vaiphei, K., Sanyal, SN. (Feb. 2012). “Chemoprevention of DMH-induced rat colon carcinoma initiation by combination administration of piroxicam and C-phycocyanin.” Mol Cell Biochem., 361(1-2):217-28.

73. Oh, SH., Ahn, J., Kang, DH., Lee, HY. (Apr. 2011). “The effect of ultrasonificated extracts of Spirulina maxima on the anticancer activity.” Mar Biotechnol (NY)., 13(2):205-14.

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75. Torres-Duran, PV., Ferreira-Harmosillo, A., Ramos-Jimenez, A., Hernandez-Torres, RP., Juarez-Oropeza, MA. (Aug. 2012). “Effect of Spirulina maxima on postprandial lipemia in young runners: a preliminary report.” J Med Food, 15(8):753-7.

76. De, M., Halder, A., Chakraborty, T., Das, U., Paul, S., De, A., Banerjee, J., Chatterjee, T., De, S. (May 2011). “Incidence of anemia and effect of nutritional supplementation on women in rural and tribal populations of eastern and northeastern India.” Hematology, 16(3):190-2.

77. Hernandez, E., Olguin, EJ. (Dec. 2002). “Bioabsorption of heavy metals influenced by the chemical composition of Spirulina sp. (Arthrospira). biomass.” Environ Technol., 23(12):1369- 77.

78. Zhang, HQ., Lin, AP., Sun, Y., Deng, YM. (Dec. 2001). “Chemo- and radio-protective effects of polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis on hemopoietic system of mice and dogs.” Acta Pharmacol Sin., 22(12):1121-4.

79. McCarty, MF., (Dec. 2007). “Clinical potential of Spirulina as a source of phycocyanobilin.” J Med Food, 10(4):566-70.

80. Shih, CM., Cheng, SN., Wong, CS., Kuo, YL., Chou, TC. (Apr. 2009). “Anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic activity of C-phycocyanin.” Anesth Analg., 108(4):1303-10.

81. Yang, LL., Zhou, QJ., Wang, Y. Gao, Y., Wang, TQ. (2012). “Comparison of the therapeutic effects of extracts from Spirulina platensis and amnion membrane on inflammation-associated corneal neovascularization.” Int J Ophthalmol., 5(1):32-7.

82. Remirez, D., Ledon, N., Gonzalez, R. (Apr. 2002). “Role of histamine in the inhibitory effects of phycocyanin in experimental models of allergic inflammatory response.” Mediators Inflamm., 11(2):81-5. 83. Rasool, M., Sabina, EP., Lavanva, B. (Dec. 2006). “Anti-inflammatory effect of Spirulina fusiformis on adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice.” Biol Pharm Bull., 29(12):2483-7.

84. Moorhead, K., Capelli, B., Cysweski, G. (2012). Spirulina Nature’s Superfood. Kailua-Kona, HI: Cyanotech Corporation.

85. Capelli, B., Cysewki, G. (2013). The World’s Best Kept Health Secret- Natural Astaxanthin. Kailua-Kona, HI: Cyanotech Corporation.

86. Wu, LC., Ho, JA., Shieh, MC., Lu, IW. (May 2005). “Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of Spirulina and Chlorella water extracts.” J Agric Food Chem., 53(10):4207-12.

87. Dartsch, PC. (May 2008). “Antioxidant potential of selected Spirulina platensis preparation.” Phytother Res., 22(5):627-33.

88. Kim, MY., Cheong, SH., Lee, JH., Kim, MJ., Sok, DE., Kim, MR. (Apr. 2010). “Spirulina improves antioxidant status by reducing oxidative stress in rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet.” J Med Food, 13(2):420-6.

89. Hassan, AM., Abdel-Aziem, SH., Abdel-Wahhab, MA. (May 2012). “Modulation of DNA damage and alteration of gene expression during aflatoxicosis via dietary supplementation of Spirulina (Arthrospira) and Whey protein concentrate.” Ecotoxicol Environ Saf., 79:294-300.

90. Chu, WL., Lim, YW., Radhakrishnan, AK., Lim, PE. (Sep. 2010). “Protective effect of aqueous extract from Spirulina platensis against cell death induced by free radicals.” BMC Complement Altern Med., 10:53.

91. Mahendra, J., Mahendra, L., Muthu, J., John, L., Romanos, GE. (Oct. 2013). “Clinical effects of subgingivally delivered spirulina gel in chronic periodontitis cases: a placebo controlled clinical trial.” J Clin Diagn Res., 7(1):2330-3.

92. Schwartz, J., Shklar, G., Reid, S., Trickler, D. (1988). “Prevention of experimental oral cancer by extracts of Spirulina-Dunaliella algae.” Nutr Cancer, 11(2):127-34.

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Chapter 5

1. Tragut, V., Xiao, J., Bylina, EJ., Borthakur, D. (1995). “Characterization of DNA restriction- modification systems in Spirulina platensis strain pacifica.” Journal of Applied Phycology. 7(6):561-564. 2. Skrzycki, M., Czeczot, H. (Jul. 2004). “Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD)— structure, properties and functions.” Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online), 58:301-11.

3. Afonso, V., Champy, R., Mitrovic, D., Collin, P., Lomri, A. (Jul. 2007). “Reactive oxygen species and superoxide dismutases: role in joint diseases.” Joint Bone Spine, 74(4):324-9.

4. Yu, DH., Kim, MO., Kim, SH., Shin MJ., Kim, BS., Kim, HJ., Lee, SR., Lee, SG., Yoo, SA., Kim, WU., Hyun, BH., Park, YS., Kim, TY., Ryoo, ZY. (2008). “The therapeutic effect of extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) on collagen- induced arthritis (CIA) mice.” Cell Transplant, 17(12):1371-80.

5. Zhao, Y., St Clair, DK. (2003). “Detection of the content and activity of the transcription factor AP-1 in a multistage skin carcinogenesis model.” Methods Mol Biol., 218:177-84.

6. Di Mambro, VM., Fonseca, MJ. (Jun 2007). “Assessment of physical and antioxidant activity stability, in vitro release and in vivo efficacy of formulations added with superoxide dismutase alone or in association with alpha-tocopherol.” Eur J Pharm Biopharm., 66(3):451-9.

7. Choung, BY., Byun, SJ., Suh, JG., Kim, TY. (Nov. 2004). “Extracellular superoxide dismutase tissue distribution and the patterns of superoxide dismutase mRNA expression following ultraviolet irradiation on mouse skin.” Exp Dermatol., 13(11):691-9.

8. Galenko-Yaroshevskii, VP., Galka, VV., Stoyalova, ON., Agadzhanova, AV., Lapina, IV., Gaivoronskaya, TV., Popkova, LV., Churilova, IV., Gorelashivili, AS., Antelava, NA., Berberashvili, TM., Sukoyan, GV. (Oct. 2006). “Antinecrotic and antioxidant effects of superoxide dismutase during skin ischemia.” Bull Exp Biol Med., 142(4):447-9.

9. Koizumi, T., Goto, H., Tanaka, H., Yamaguchi, Y., Shimazaki, S. (Mar-Apr. 2009). “Lecithinized superoxide dismutase suppresses free radical substrates during the early phase of burn care in rats.” J Burn Care Res., 30(2):321-8.

10. Park, HJ., Lee, YJ., Ryu, HK., Kim, MH., Chung, HW., Kim, WY. (Aug. 2008). “A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study to establish the effects of spirulina in elderly Koreans.” Ann Nutr Metab., 52(4):322-8.

11. Kuhad, A., Tirkey, N., Pilkhwal, S., Chopra, K. (2006). “Reno-protective effect of Spirulina fusiformis on cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and renal dysfunction in rats.” Ren Fail., 28(3):247-54.

12. Thaakur, S., Sravanthi, R. (Sep. 2010). “Neuroprotective effect of Spirulina in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.” J Neural Transm., 117(9):1083-91.

13. Karadeniz, A., Yildirum, A., Simsek, N., Kalkan, Y., Celebi, F. (Nov. 2008). “Spirulina platensis protects against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.” Phytother Res., 22(100):1506-10. 14. Karadeniz, A., Cemek, M., Simsek, N. (Jan. 2009). “The effects of Panax and Spirulina platensis on hepatotoxicity induced by cadmium in rats.” Ecotoxicol Environ Saf., 72(1):231-5.

15. Jevaprakash, K., Chinnaswamy, P. (Sep. 2005). “Effect of spirulina and Liv-52 on cadmium induced toxicity in albino rats.” Indian J Exp Biol., 43(9):773-81.

16. Tayag, CM., Lin, YC., Li, CC., Liou, CH., Chen, JC. (May-Jun. 2010). “Administration of the hot-water extract of Spirulina platensis enhanced the immune response of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus.” Fish Shellfish Immunol., 28(5-6):764-73.

17. Kumari, RP., Sivakumar, J., Thankappan, B., Anbarasu, K. (Jan. 2013). “C-phycocyanin modulates selenite-induced cataractogenesis in rats.” Biol Trace Elem Res., 151(1):59-67.

18. Dasgupta, T., Baneiee, S., Yaday, PK., Rao, AR. (Oct. 2001). “Chemomodulation of carcinogen metabolizing enzymes, antioxidant profiles and skin and forestomach papillomagenesis by Spirulina platensis.”Mol Cell Biochem., 226(1-2):27-38.

19. Sinanoglu, O., Yener, AN., Ekici, S., Midi, A., Aksungar, FB. (Dec. 2012). “The protective effects of Spirulina in cyclophosphamide induced nephrotoxicity and urotoxicity in rats.” Urology, 80(6):1392.

Chapter 6

No references

Chapter 7

No references

Chapter 8

1. Nakazawa, D.J. 2006. AARP Magazine, Sept/Oct 2006: 78-82.

2. The UN Food and Agricultural Organization Report on Spirulina, 2008.

3. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, June 8, 1993.

4. Henrikson, R. (1989). Earth Food, Spirulina. Laguna Beach, CA: Ronore Enterprises, Inc.