The Karaim Haggadah: Critical Edition of a Crimean Manuscript in Comparison with Northwest, Southwest and Egyptian Versions

THE KARAIM HAGGADAH: CRITICAL EDITION OF A CRIMEAN MANUSCRIPT IN COMPARISON WITH NORTHWEST, SOUTHWEST AND EGYPTIAN VERSIONS

Henryk Jankowski Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań

Abstract This paper is a critical edition of the Crimean Karaim Haggadah from a manuscript compared with two printed editions, one Crimean from Gözlöv/Eupatoria, the other Northwest Karaim from Vilna, and two manuscripts, one Northwest and another Southwest Karaim. The Turkic Karaim text was also compared with the Hebrew Karaim Haggadah. The Crimean Karaim Haggadah has not been yet the object of comprehensive study. Since for the most part the Karaim Haggadah is based on the Bible, the corresponding passages were identified with biblical verses and compared with а manuscript of Crimean Karaim Bible. The article also examines the relationship between the Karaim versions and the Egyptian Karaite Haggadah. Text analy sis demonstrates some interesting aspects of style and language.

Keywords Haggadah – Crimean Karaim – Northwest Karaim – Southwest Karaim – critical edition – English translation – facsimile

1. The Karaite Haggadah Hebrew title of Pirik 1901 (Haggadah o Hallel haq- Qaṭan ‘The Haggadah or the Lesser Hallel’) and natu- The Karaite Haggadah is different from the Haggadah rally in that of the Egyptian version (Sirghani 1903), of Rabbinic Jews (Trevisan Semi 1991: 100). For the while the Gözlöv (also Gözleve, undated) edition and most part, it is composed of biblical verses (Poznanski Pinahas Maletski (also Pinhas or Feliks Maletski, or 1909: 143). It was copied and printed in both prayer- Maletskii, 1900) as well as the Northwest manuscript use books and separate editions. According to NA (2003: the term The Lesser Hallel, i.e. Targum Hallel haq- 182), the text of the Haggadah is taken mostly from Qaṭan ‘Translation of the Lesser Hallel’, Seder Hallel Psalms, Genesis, Exodus, Ezekiel, Deuteronomy and haq-Qaṭan ‘Seder of the Lesser Hallel’, or just Hallel Leviticus. However, the Karaite Haggadah as known so haq-Qaṭan ‘The Lesser Hallel’, respectively. In Halych far is the one published by the Egyptian Karaites in 1879 and Lutsk the copyists also used the name Hallel haq- and 1903, reprinted and republished many times, either Qaṭan be-pešaṭ ‘The Lesser Hallel in translation’. Hebrew and/or translated into Arabic, French and Eng- While the first monolingual Hebrew printed Egyptian lish (Yaron and Qanaï 2000).1 Although the existence of text appeared in Budapest in 1903 (Poznanski 1909: Crimean Karaim2 Haggadah is a well known fact at least 143),3 the first monolingual Hebrew printed text in East since Poznański (1913: 46), nobody has studied it in European Karaim tradition appeared in Vilna in 1907 detail. (Walfish and Kizilov 2011: 464). This publication was In Eastern Europe, the Haggadah is known in North- preceded by a few bilingual Hebrew-Russian editions, west or Troki, Southwest or Lutsk-Halych and East or the first in Odessa in 1883, translated into Russian by Crimean Karaim dialects. The term Haggadah appears in Yuhuda (Yehuda) b. David Kukizov, reprinted in the Turkic title of the Edinburgh manuscript (Hagada 1889, the second in 1900 by Shemuel b. Abraham Pirik täfsiri ‘translation of the Haggadah’) as well as in the (S. A. Prik), the third in 1901 by the same author in Odessa, reprinted in 2002 in Ashdod by Abraham Kefeli,

1 For details, editions and translations including bilingual ones, see Walfish and Kizilov (2011: 462–463). 3 This publication was preceded by a Hebrew-Arabic bilingual edi- 2 Since the East European Karaites call themselves and their Turkic tion printed in Pressburg in 1879 by the same translator Jeshua Sirghani language Karaim, this name will be retained in this paper. (Poznanski 1909: 143).

Journal Asiatique 308.1 (2020): 23-61 doi: 10.2143/JA.308.1.3287669 24 HENRYK JANKOWSKI the fourth in 1907 in Vilna by M. Ya. Firkovich, and the verso page. The writing is a typical Crimean Karaim fifth and the last in 1913 by Maletski in Vilna (Walfish semi-cursive. The writing style and vocalization is simi- and Kizilov 2011: 464–465). lar to many other Crimean manuscripts with the transla- There are only two Turkic Karaim printed editions of tions of the TaNaKH. the Haggadah, the aforementioned Crimean Karaim 2. The Gözlöv (henceforth G) edition is undated. of Gözlöv and the Northwest Karaim publication by Poznański (1913: 46) assumes that it is earlier than Maletski (1900) of Vilna (Poznański 1913: 46, Zającz- Maletski’s edition, i.e. before 1900. Walfish (2003: 938) kowski 1926: 9, Kowalski 1929: lxxviii, Walfish 2003: supposes that it could have been published in 1840. As 938, Walfish and Kizilov 2011: 465, and Jankowski Walfish and Kizilov (2011: 465) say, the copies they saw 2019: 37). As far as manuscripts are concerned, Sklare are without a title page. The copy which was used for (2003: 914) mentions only one among the holdings of this article6 does not have a title page, too. This copy .in a frame תרגום הלל הקטן the Edinburgh University Library. It is manuscript starts on 1a and has the title Or.Ms. 629, a miscellany. Sklare describes it as ‘a trans- It contains seven leaves numbered from 2 to 7 (there is lation of Chronicles in Judeo-Tatar4 with some other no number on the first leaf) in Hebrew numerals, i.e. Judeo-Tatar texts appended (responsa on religious ques- thirteen text pages (the text ends up on 7a). Each verse tions and a translation of Hallel)’. As could be establish, is preceded by an unvocalized Hebrew incipit except for this is a Crimean Karaim manuscript. However, the num- the first verse which starts with the vocalized incipit in ber of manuscripts which contain the Karaim Haggadah large size. Poznański (1913: 46) quoted the first verse is much higher. At present, I know one Northwest Karaim (Psa 71:16) from both Maletski (1900) and the Gözlöv manuscript, held in the Wroblewski Library of The Lith- edition in the original Hebrew characters. Jankowski uanian Academy of Science, shelf mark F 305-49, and (2012: 60) has come to the conclusion that the language four Southwest manuscript from Lutsk and Halych.5 of the Gözlöv edition is archaic, similar to Targum Seliḥot known from Sulimowicz’s edition (1972). 1.1. Versions used for this edition 3. Maletski’s edition (1900) published in Vilna (henceforth M) was described by Poznański (1913: 44), In the following, we will discuss the Edinburgh man- Kowalski (1929: lxxviii), Walfish (2003: 942), and uscript, the Gözlöv and Maletski’s editions, manuscript Walfish and Kizilov (2011: 465). The booklet has F 305-49, one Halych manuscript, Pirik’s (1901) publi- 26 pages (3–26 text pages). The Karaim text ends on cation, and the Egyptian Karaite Haggadah (Sirghani p. 15 with Isa 60:22, pp. 15–21 contain Hebrew texts 1903). similar to Pirik (1901: 22–30), while pp. 22–26 contain 1. The Haggadah in the Edinburgh manuscript, shelf the Haphtarah. The Karaim text is available in a tran- mark Or.Ms. 629 (henceforth E) is the fourth text in this scription in Jankowski’s publication (2019) in which miscellany (folios 103a–113b). The language of both the pages 3–15 of the original publication are also reprinted. biblical and non-biblical verses is Middle Crimean 4. Manuscript F 305-49 (henceforth T) is a miscel- Karaim, which may be called Crimean Kipchak Karaim lany and the Haggadah takes up its initial part. The or just Crimean Karaim. The text is vocalized, copied by Karaim text is found on ff. 1–18. 2b and 8b are blank. a hand similar to the second text in the volume. The text The Karaim text is written by two different hands. The is written neatly, it is easy to read, including pointing basic copyist has written folios 3a–7b and 9a–18a on (vocalization). There are from 17 to 20 lines per page, which there are seventeen lines per page. Folios 1a–2a only page 1 (103a) has 22 lines of which first four lines were probably damaged or lost and the text was copied are introductory. The first line on this page is written later on different paper by another copyist. There is no later in 19th-century Crimean Turkish Karaim by another difference in language and style between the original hand, the second line contains the Turkish title Hagada copy and the folios added later. None of these copyists is täfsiri and the next three lines are in Hebrew, see below. known and the manuscript is undated. Leaf 8 has been There are unvocalized catchwords at the end of each added later by the basic copyist, but cut off to a smaller size on which he wrote the text in nine lines. This addition is a correction, for the fourth plague on 7b was con- 4 The term Judeo-Tatar employed to define Karaim (also Walfish and Kizilov 2011: 465), although based on pre-modern Karaim tradi- fused with the fifth plague and the catchword showed tion, is not a good one, for West Karaim and Crimean Karaim used in plague six. Therefore, 8a contains the fourth plague and translations from Hebrew is very different from any kind of Tatar and the initial part of the fifth plague with the correct num- is incomprehensible to both the Tatars and the Turks, as established ber. The manuscript is damaged, the ink is faded and already by Henderson (1826: 335). 5 All Southwest manuscripts are held in the private collection of Anna Sulimowicz-Keruth. I owe the debt of gratitude to her for infor- 6 My best thanks for sharing this rare publication with me go to mation on them and sharing scanned copies of these manuscripts. Dan Shapira. THE KARAIM HAGGADAH 25 grey. The contents and the language are similar to text, most typically by possessive pronouns anyn ‘his’, Maletski, but not identical, they must go to similar, but ałarnyn ‘their’, biznin ‘our’ etc., but not only. different earlier manuscripts. At least the basic part of 6. Pirik’s edition (1901) published in Odessa (hence- this manuscript is certainly earlier than Maletski. The forth O) comprises 30 pages (3–30 are text pages). The text is vocalized apart from the Hebrew incipit, explicit contents of the basic text, which ends on p. 22, are iden- and Hebrew names for the plagues. Except for the first tical to the Edinburgh manuscript. After it there are and the last verses, there are no Hebrew incipits. There Hebrew formulae of blessing, praise and thanksgiving, are various mistakes in the text. The copyist never used prayers before and after the Passover meal, and the addi- the over-stroke raphe to show fricative pronunciation, tional ritual for the Passover if it falls on the Sabbath neither applied dagesh to show plosives or double con- day. sonants. Therefore, it was decided to render the letter qof 7. The Egyptian Haggadah (Sirghani 1903, hence- as k, not χ. This manuscript was critically edited by forth Eg), described by Walfish and Kizilov (2011: 462), Jankowski (2019).7 comprises 14 pages. The basic text ends on p. 11 with 5. Manuscript JSul.I.17 from the collection of Józef Exo 12:42, after which there are formulae of blessing, Sulimowicz, owned by Anna Sulimowicz-Keruth (hence- praise and thanksgiving pronounced at the Passover forth H) is also a miscellany, copied by a few copyists. meal, some of which are also found in Maletski (1900: The Haggadah is contained on folios 178a–194b. There 16) and Pirik (1901: 23), but in general they are differ- are 17–20 lines per verse, the text is written in black ink ent. This Haggadah continues with the ritual for the Pass- on yellowish paper. As established by Sulimowicz- over when it falls on the Sabbath day. Keruth, it was copied by Jeshua Joseph Mordkowicz The basic version in this edition is E. This is because (1802–1884) from Halicz in the latter half of the 19th cen- it is the closest to the original Hebrew text. G is very tury. The Karaim text starts on 178a with the word Kele- similar, but it is not a manuscript and was modified by ḿen ‘I am coming’ in large size. It is preceded by the the editors according to their language preferences. As -I will for the West Karaim versions, T and H have many com‘ ועתה אכתוב פשט להלל הקטון copyist’s inscription This is its mon features, but they are more distant from the original‘ וזהו פשטו translate the Lesser Hallel’ and translation’. In addition, there is an inscription in the Hebrew Haggadah. M was slightly modified by the .editor פשט :heading written by another hand in another ink The translation of the Haggadah’. The last verse‘ להגדה of the Karaim translation is repeated in Hebrew on 194b. 1.2. Relations between the versions examined At the beginning of each verse (with several omissions) there is a Hebrew incipit in brackets and a colon after the The table below shows the comparison of the Hagga- last word of the verse. This text is relatively consistent dah contents in the East European Karaim versions (E, in rendering the consonant change š → s, though š is G, M, T, H and O) and the Egyptian Karaite text (Eg). sometimes retained in loanwords. In the position before Identical fragments are highlighted. Although similar in and after i, the consonant s is written š even in the words structure, the East European and the Egyptian versions in which s is original. This must reflect palatalized artic- are different. ulation and it will be transcribed as ś, e.g. ḱeśti ‘he cut’ The East European Karaim Haggadah is composed of (only once written ḱesti in H 181b) or H 178b birǵeśine 158 biblical and 43 non-biblical verses, putting aside ‘with him’. A characteristic feature of this copy is lack some repeating short phrases. 79 verses are from Exodus, of the distinction between the consonants c and ʒ, both 54 from Psalms, 10 from Deuteronomy, 4 from Jeshua are written with the letter ṣade. Typical Southwest and 4 from Nehemiah, 3 from Genesis and 3 from Eze- Karaim vowel changes are fully represented in writing. kiel, and 1 from Isaiah, in addition to a few partial verses. This translation shows a tendency to amplify the original As usual with such a study, we should ask a question to what degree the versions are correlated. To answer this question, we have to compare the versions within the 7 There is also another modern publication of the Haggadah Karaim dialects. With regard to the Northwest dialect, T Romanized by Firkovičius (1999: 31–46), including a few formulae of and M are very similar. Their similarity is so high that it blessing provided in M only in Hebrew. The Haggadah published by Firkovičius is very similar to T and M, except for some words dis- is certain that M used a manuscript which was closely cussed in Urbaniak (2001: 15–20). It is unknown what was the source related to T. H is more distinct. This may be explained of Firkovičius’s publication. He indicates the Vilna Siddur (vol. iv, by the fact that the copyist of H tried to give a more 13–20), but the printed Siddur is Hebrew, expect for a supplement with individual character to his work. This is because there are Karaim prayers in volume iii. Therefore, we can assume that Firkovičius used a handwritten translation of this prayerbook. For the Siddur, also some manuscripts written in the Southwest dialect that edited by Maletski, see Poznanski (1909: 142) and Walfish and Kizilov are similar to both each other and the Northwest (2011: 454). versions. 26 HENRYK JANKOWSKI

Table 1: Comparison of the contents of the Haggadah in E, G, M, T, H, O, and Eg

E, G, M, T, H, O Eg Psa 71:16, Psa 45:18, Psa 77:12–16, Neh 9:7–10, 1 NB, Psa 111:1–10, Psa 77:12–16, Neh 9:7, 1 NB, Gen 15:13–14, Gen 15:13–14, Gen 15:18, Psa 105:23–25, Exo 1:11–14, Psa 105:23–25, 1 NB, Exo 1:14, 2 NB, Exo 1:15–16, 2 NB, Exo 1:15–16, 1 NB, Exo 1:17, 1 NB, Exo 1:22, 1 NB, Exo 1:22, 1 NB, Eze 16:6, Psa 105:42, Exo 2:24–25, Eze 16:4–5, 1 NB, Eze 16:6, Psa 105:5–15, 1 NB, Jos 24:2–5, 1 NB, Exo 3:7, Exo 3:10, Psa 105:26–27, Psa 135:9, 1 NB, Exo 2:24–25, Exo 3:7–8, Exo 3:10–12, Psa 105:26–27, 11 NB, Exo 12:29–30, Isa 26:14, Psa 69:29–31, Jer 20:13, Exo 3:19–20, Exo 6:5–8, Exo 4:22–23, Exo 7:4, 1 NB, 1 NB, Exo 10:2, Deu 26:6–8, Psa 78:43–51, Psa 105:37, Exo 7:20, Exo 8:2, Exo 3:13, Exo 8:20, Exo 9:6, Exo 9:10, Psa 105:43, Psa 66:8–9, Psa 126:3, Psa 126:34, Psa 124:6, Exo 9:23, Exo 10:13, Exo 10:12, Exo 12:29–32, Psa 66:9, 1 3 NB, Psa 35:9–10, Psa 148:14, Psa 113:1–9, Psa 114:1–8, NB,8 Deu 26:5–8, Psa 105:1, Psa 78:41–49, Exo 11:10, Psa 115:1, Psa 111:4, Psa 145:4, Psa 79:13, Psa 115:18, Exo 12:1–20, Exo 12:42–49, Exo 12:21–28, Exo 13:6–10, Psa 119:4, Lev 23:44, Lev 23:4, Exo 12:15–16, Exo 12:18, Deu 6:20–25, Exo 10:2, Psa 78:3–4, Exo 135:8, Exo 12:42 Psa 136:10–12, Psa 107:15, Psa 99:3, Psa 9:2–6, Psa 124:6, Psa 68:20–21, 30 NB, Psa 35:9–10, 4 NB, Isa 60:22

Notes: 1. 1 NB means ‘one non-biblical verse’, 2 NB ‘two non-biblical verses’, etc. 2. Short phrases like nečik ki yazïlġandïr and its variants ‘as is written’ are not listed. 3. Numbering of verses in some books of the Karaite TaNaKH, basically the Psalms, differs from that of the Christian Bible. 4. Exo 3:9 is absent from E, T and H, it was added on the basis of G and M in E 6 after line 1. 4. Psa 136:11–12 are wanting in M and Psa 136:11 in T. This is because they are ending with a similar phrase ki dun- jaɣa dejiń š́evaɣaty anyn ‘for his compassion endures forever’ and a copyist may easily overlook one of them.

As far as the Crimea is concerned, the comparison (T 1a, M 3) Ḱelajim kotarma baɣatyrłykłaryn H Teńriniń demonstrates that E is very similar to G in language and saɣyndyrajym rastłyɣyjny śeniń jałɣyznyn. style and it is certain that both go back to a common (H 178a) Ḱeleḿen kotarma baɣatyrłykłaryn H Tenrinin Crimean tradition, though the editor of G has made many saɣyndyrajym rastłyɣynny senin ej H bijim jałɣyz changes adapting the words and forms to Turkish. It is a ezinnin. pity that we do not have more Crimean manuscripts. As is seen, there are some differences, but the words Now we can try to examine similar features of the and the forms are similar. T and M are identical. H is three groups in relation to each other. Naturally language slightly different. It contains the amplified phrase ej H differences must be ignored in this comparison. As can bijim ‘O my Lord’ and the word ezinnin ‘(of) his’, but be assumed from the proximity of the dialects, the simi- ezinnin corresponds to G özüŋnüŋ ‘id’. larity between Northwest and Southwest versions is (2) Psa 45:18 ‘I will make your name to be remem- higher than between each of them and the Crimean ver- bered in all generations; therefore nations will praise you sions. Some Crimean verses are very different from west- forever’. ern ones. However, there are also similar and even identical verses. We will compare the first two verses (Psa (E 1) Saġïndïrayïm atïŋnï ḥär dävürdä anïŋ učïn uluslar χ 71:16 and Psa 45:18, Christian Bible 45:17) and the last ma tarlar seni dunyadan dunyaġa degin. verse (Isa 60:22) of the Haggadah, marking different (G 1a) Saġïndïrayïm adïŋnï här dävirdä anïŋ učun uluslar maχtarlar seni dunyadan dunyaġa degin. forms and words grey. (T 1a) Saɣyndyramyn šemijni har bir dorda anyn üčuń (1) Psa 71:16 ‘I will come to proclaim the power of ułusłar šukur etedirlar šemija dunjadan da dunjaɣa dejiń. the Lord God; I will make your righteousness to be (M 3) Saɣyndyramyn šemijni har bir dorda anyn üčuń remembered, yours alone’. ułusłar šuḱur beradirlar saja dunjadan da dunjaɣa dejiń. (H 178a) Saɣyndyrajym šeminni senin har bir dorda anyn (E 1) Keläyim baġatïrlïqlarï bilän H Täŋriniŋ saġïndï- icin ułusłar śikir berirler sana dunjaɣa dejin da emirǵe rayïm rastlïġïŋnï yalġïz. dejin. (G 1a) Keläyim baġatïrlïqlar bilän ey H Taŋrı saġïndï- rayïm doġruluġuŋnï yalġïz özüŋnüŋ. In this verse, the number of differences is higher. As above, E is almost identical to G and T is very similar to M. H is more different, but it is more similar to M and T 8 This verse is wanting in H. than to the Crimean versions. THE KARAIM HAGGADAH 27

(3) Isa 60:22 ‘A little one shall become a thousand, However, the lack of Psa 136:11 in both T and M is an and a small one a strong nation; I the Lord will hasten it additional evidence for the close relation of these two in its time’. versions. Another proof for a common origin may be a characteristic mistake. There is only one mistake of this (E 22) Ol kiči bolïr biŋgä da ol kiči ulu ulusqa men H vaχtïnda ašïqtïrïrmïn anï. kind, it is ašaɣyšłyk for ašyɣyšłyk ‘hurry’ in T 11b and (G 7a) Ol kiči bolur biŋgä da eŋ kičisi küčlü ulusqa men Halych manuscript JSul.I11 (16a–16b), not used in this H vaχtïnda ašïqtïrïrmïn anï. edition for the lack of space. Therefore, these proofs are (T 18a) Oł kiči uma bołur minǵa da andan kičirak ḱučlu weak. After the evaluation of similarity of words, forms χanłyχka men H ajtaḿeń eǵer χźe utłu bołsałar Jisra᾿el and word order, it can be confirmed that there is close vaχtyndan burun ḱeltirirmiń meleχ mašijaχny da eǵer relationship between T and M. źeχutłu bołmasałar da vaχtynda ǯaχtłatyrmyn any. It is not surprising that the Egyptian Karaite Hagga- (M 15) Oł kiči umma bołur minǵa da andan kičirak ḱučlu dah is different. The Karaite community in Egypt existed χ χ χ χ anły ka meń H va tynda ǯa tłatyrmyn bu naviliḱni. in a quite different societal, political and linguistic reality (H 195b) Oł kici ševet bołur minǵe da andan kicirek bołur and the two communities were separated for centuries. kicli χanłykka men H vaχtyndan da burun ʒaχtłarmen any ułusuma Jisra᾿elǵe ajtadyr H oł klivci jaχsysyn The Egyptian Karaite Haggadah is composed of 94 bib- ułusunun. lical and 23 non-biblical verses. Among the biblical verses, 66 are taken from Psalms, 18 from Exodus, As in the case of (1) and (2), E and G are similar. E 3 from Deuteronomy, 2 from Genesis and Leviticus, is more truthful to the original expect for ulu ‘great’, 1 from Nehemiah, Ezekiel, Isaiah and Jeremiah. There- since küčlü ‘stronger’ is closer to it. T and M differ in fore, it is shorter than the East European Karaim Hagga- more points. M has replaced any ‘it’ with bu naviliḱni dah. It is especially evident from the comparison of the ‘this prophecy’ and T has added a long phrase ajtaḿeń ten plagues. While each plague is described in West eǵer źeχutłu bołsałar Jisra᾿el vaχtyndan burun ḱel- Karaim versions, the plagues in Eg 6 are just enumerated tirirmiń meleχ mašijaχny da eǵer źeχutłu bołmasałar da without any comments. ‘I will say that if the Israelites deserve, I will bring the King Messiah before the time, but if they do not deserve, then (…)’. Despite this the initial parts of T and M are 2. the Crimean Karaim Haggadah identical. The initial part of H is similar to T, but the final in comparison with the West Karaim versions part is different, though also amplified: vaχtyndan da burun (…) any ułusuma Jisra᾿elǵe ajtadyr H oł klivci 2.1. The comparison of the contents jaχsysyn ułusunun ‘(I will hasten) it before the time to my people Israel, the God who wants the best to his peo- The contents of the Turkic part of the Haggadah are ple, says’. identical in all East Karaim versions. If we disregard the Naturally, many verses in individual versions are initial and final verses, E and H contain only Turkic text. more different. Nevertheless, the existence of such simi- G does not comprise the first and the last verses in lar verses is a proof for the existence of a common East Hebrew, but it has seven additional Hebrew verses at the European Karaim tradition of the Bible translation end: three psalms and four blessings. M is a bit different. (Jankowski 2009: 514) and it can be argued that more In addition to the Turkic text, it also contains Hebrew older the translations are, more similar they are in lan- prayers, thanksgivings and blessings with instructions in guage and style. This claim has recently been supported Karaim. Therefore, M is a complete liturgical aid and in by Németh’s evidence and conclusions. Németh edited this respect it resembles Rabbinic prayerbooks. T is simi fragments of the oldest known Northwest Karaim manu- lar, but the instructions are in Hebrew. script of 1720 and both the fragments of the Pentateuch The biblical verses and their sequence are the same in and Ruth are very similar to old Crimean Karaim trans- all versions. On the first 18 pages out of 22 in the Edin- lations (2014b: 117–127, 138 and 2015: 55–74, 111). burgh manuscript, there are only a few short non-biblical A more specific question is if a manuscript is more phrases. The non-biblical text is found in the final part of closely related to any manuscript from other groups. the Haggadah. In E, it begins in 18,16 and continues up A common feature may be lack of a verse, since in this to 22,3 except for 21,6–9 where there are two short bib- case it can be skipped either independently or because it lical verses (Psa 35:9–10). Furthermore, there are two was wanting in an older, common manuscript. There is fragmental verses in 19,2–5 (Deu 4:34 and Psa 105:37). only one case of this type, Exo 2:9 is absent from E 6, T E, M and T do not contain Hebrew incipits, which are (6a) and H (182b). As pointed out above, the absence of found in G and H. There is only one Hebrew incipit in E Psa 136:11–12 in M, and Psa 136:11 in T is caused by (1,7). The first verse of the Karaim Haggadah (Psa 71: the identical, repeating final part of these verses. 16) is preceded by its original Hebrew equivalent in all 28 HENRYK JANKOWSKI versions. The last Karaim verse (Isa 60:22) is followed ‘sanctuary, temple’, hačlaḥa ‘success’ and regalim ‘pil- by the original Hebrew verse in E, M, T and H, but not grimage feasts’.9 Čemaḥ in G was rendered as bitmäk, in G. derived from bit- ‘to grow; to sprout’ (AJ 86), in M After the basic text of the Haggadah in E, there are bi tḿak, in T bitiš; hačlaḥa in G as oŋarma and in M and two lines of Hebrew metatext. Line 6 is blessing and T as onarmaχ, in H onarmak ‘success’; regalim also thanksgiving to God, while the last line (22,7) is an appears in M and T, but in G it was replaced with kerätlär abbreviation for ‘Finished and completed’ and ‘Praise be ‘times (in counting)’ and in H with the Turkic word to God, the Creator of the world’. kurła, and only devir was retained in all versions. In the After the Karaim text in G, there are six lines of the latter, the Turkish phrase rušan da šaz olalïm ‘let us following Hebrew text: (1) three psalms (Psa 136:1–3), rejoice and be happy’ (E 21,5) was used by the copyist i.e. part of the Great Hallel, also found in M 15, T 18a, to avoid repetition of similar words retained in the other O 22 and Eg 11, and (2) four blessings, also present versions: (G) biyänälim da quvanalïm da biyänälim da in M 15–16 and T 18b–19a; two are also included in sevinälim, (M) kuvanajyχ da šatyrłanajyχ da bijańajik O 22–23 and three in Eg (12 and 14). These blessings are da kuvanajyχ, (T) bijańajik da kuvanajyk da šatyrłanajyk the following: (1) ‘Blessed are you the Lord our God, da bijańajik, (H) kuvanajyk da satyrłanajyk da bijeńejik king of the world, who has blessed and sanctified his da bijenc była maχtav berejik, and (E) sevinälim da people Israel with this Feast of Unleavened Bread and rušan da šaz olalïm da qïčqïralïm. The correspondence with the Holidays of Joy and Holy Convocation, amen’. of words in this passage is the following: (2) ‘And blessed is our God, king of the world, who 1 (G) biyänälim, (M) kuvanajyχ, (T) bijańajik, (H) gives us delight and joy, and creates the fruit of vine, kuvanajyk, (E) sevinälim; amen’. (3) ‘Blessed are you the Lord our God, king of 2 (G) quvanalïm, (M) šatyrłanajyχ, (T) kuvanajyk, (H) the world, who brings bread of affliction out of the earth, satyrłanajyk, (E) rušan (olalïm); amen’. (4) ‘Blessed are you the Lord our God, king of 3 (G) biyänälim, (M) bijańajik, (M) šatyrłanajyk, (H) the world, who has sanctified us with his commandments bijeńejik, (E) šaz olalïm; and commanded us to eat unleavened bread, amen’. As 4 (G) sevinälim, (M) kuvanajyχ, (T) bijańajik, (H) sar- is instructed in M and O, (3) and (4) are recited before najyk, (E) –. eating the Passover bread. In the other versions, the last formula is a bit longer: ‘unleavened bread with bitter The corresponding Hebrew verbs are the following: herbs, amen’. -O 21). The first three are syn) נָ גִ י ל נַ וְ עֲ ֹל ז ָוְנ ׂשִ י ׂש נ ְו ִ ׂשְ מַ ח וְ נָ ר ֹן The Karaim text in M, T and H, as already mentioned, onyms ‘to be happy, to be glad, to rejoice’ and the last is followed by Isa 60:22 in Hebrew. In M and H, it is means ‘to sing, to be happy’. The Egyptian Haggadah followed by the short Hebrew blessing, with non-standard Eg) וְ נָ גִ י ל נ ְו ִ ׂשְ מַ ח ,renders this passage by two verbs only Blessed is God‘ בָ רּוך הָ לְ ע ֹו לָ ם אָ מֶ ן וְ אָ מֶ ן vocalization in H 9). Note that all verbs in O are different lexical units. The forever, amen and amen’. The remaining Hebrew frag- Heb. verb for singing is in a flowery style which E ren- ments in M are similar to T, O and partly to Eg, but in dered by qïčqïr- ‘to shout, to cry, to scream’ (AJ 302, contrast to the other versions, the liturgical instructions KRPS 389, 382) and the other versions by sarna- ‘1. петь are in Karaim. In H, there is also the following sentence: | śpiewać. 2. славить | sławić. 3. оплакивать, плакать, For the‘ לְ שָ ָ נ ה הַ בָ אָ ה בִ ירּושַ לָ ים בְ חֶ בְ רָ ה עִ מ כָ ל ִ י שְ רָ אֵ ל אָ מֶ ן рыдать, скорбеть | opłakiwać, płakać, żałować, i.e. next year in Jerusalem with the whole Israeli community, 1. to sing. 2. to praise. 3. to bewail, to weep, to lament’ amen’. In the last two verses, the copyist has put the (KRPS 466). None of the translators could render all the The translation of‘ נשלם הפשט להגדה closing formula three synonyms for ‘to be happy, to rejoice’. G translated האל ימהר the Haggadah was completed’ and the sentence them with four verbs, but repeated biyänälim, M solved God will hasten in our days. He‘ בימינו ישע ישראל ויהודה it in the same way repeating the verb kuvanajyχ, T also will rescue Israel and Judah’. used four with the repeating verb bijańajik, H used three verbs, but added the phrase bijenc była maχtav berejik 2.2. The style ‘let us give praise with delight’. E used in fact only one verb sevinälim and replaced the remaining verbs with da There is no major difference in the style of the bibli- rušan da šaz olalïm, a Turkish expression with two cal and non-biblical verses. The Haggadah is composed words of Persian origin, i.e. rušan, cf. Turkish ruşen in the biblical, often psalmodic style. Only lines 20,10– ‘bright, shining; sparkling’ etc. (Alkım et al. ed. 1991: 16 and a short phrase in 21,5 of E are stylistically distinct. In the short fragment of the former, there are the following Hebrew words that are not evidenced in 9 However, čemaḥ and regalim are evidenced in texts (Altbauer Karaim dictionaries, čemaḥ ‘plant; fruit’, devir 1980: 59–60). THE KARAIM HAGGADAH 29

963) and šaz, a variant of şad ‘merry, joyful; happy’ a common Karaim tendency to eschew anthropomor- (Alkım et al. ed. 1991: 1044). phism (Zajączkowski 1929, Jankowski, Aqtay, Cegiołka, Note that biyän- ~ bijen-, quvan- ~ kuvan-, sevin- and Çulha and Németh 2019: xix). šatyrła- ~ satyrła- are synonyms ‘to rejoice, to be happy, to be glad’, of which biyän- and quvan- are used in both 2.3. The language Crimean and West Karaim, sevin- in Crimean Karaim, adapted from Turkish, and šatyrła- ~ satyrła- in West While West Karaim, which falls into two dialects, the Karaim, probably adapted from Persian and Arabic Northwest or Troki and the Southwest or Lutsk-Halycz, (Kowalski 1929: 255). is a well established language, the problem of the status Some biblical and non-biblical verses are introduced of Crimean Karaim is complicated. There are various by the formula nečik ki yazïlġandïr, which translates opinions of it, for a recent outline see Jankowski (2015: It occurs 199–202). In the light of the material presented in this . כַ אֲ ׁשֶ ר ת ָ כּו ב see Neh 8:15), but also) כַ כָ תֽ ּו ב .Heb twelve times in E and, in addition, it was omitted twice article, Walfish and Kizilov’s (2011: 465) opinion that and established on the basis of G and M. Note that in M the language of the Gözlöv edition is Crimean Tatar can- it has the form ńečik jazɣan in contrast to T ńečik not be maintained. Despite some evident Crimean Tatar jazyłɣan,10 H (ki) necik jazyłɣandy. In two further places and Turkish adaptations discussed above, neither E nor in E there is a slightly different formula da yazïlġandïr G shares lexical and grammatical features with Crimean ‘it is written (that)’, M da jazɣan, H da jazyłɣandy, Tatar, which in addition is not well documented in the O 8). Two other earlier half of the nineteenth century. In the same way) . כָוְ ת ֹו ב .which is a translation of Heb biblical verses in E, i.e. 3,20 and 4,6–7, are introduced Sklare’s conjecture that the Edinburgh manuscript is by another formula da alar učïn ol pasuq aytaydïr ‘this written in Judeo-Tatar cannot be accepted. There are is why the verse (the Bible) says’ and ol pasuq aŋlataydïr problems with both the first and the second component ‘this verse (the Bible) is explaining’. The word pasuq is of this word. With regard to the former, we can cite Post-Biblical Hebrew and denotes ‘1. Biblical verse. Wexler’s (1983: 47) conclusion that “In many details, 2. Scriptures, Bible’ (Klein 1987: 515). The correspond- Karaite resembles non-Jewish languages rather than Yid- ing expression in H 181a sounds Da ałar icin oł navilik dish”, though the relation of the Karaites to Judaism is ajtady ‘And about them the prophecy says’. an indisputable fact. As for the second component, Tatar It is E that is translated in the most literal way. The is well defined. Therefore, probably Wexler’s (1983: 29) tendency to be very faithful often results in clumsy idea to use the term Kareo-Turkic is better.11 However, phrases and verses which are difficult to understand Turkic is to large. Therefore, the traditional terms used without the original text. For example, the translation of by the Turkologists, i.e. Karaim (with Crimean, Troki Psa 105:9 (4,14–15) is Ki kesti Avraham bilän ‘which he and Lutsk-Halych dialects) seem to be the best. made (lit. cut) with Abraham’ follows axactly the Hebrew wording. All other translations add the word šart ‘cove- 2.3.1. Turkish adaptations in G nant’ by which the clause is clearer. The translator or copyist of E copied some Hebrew words which in the The basic difference between E and G is due to the other copies were rendered by Karaim words. However, fact that the editor or corrector of G tried to adapt leav- Crimean Kipchak Karaim to Crimean Turkish as used in‘ מַ חְ מֶ צֶ ת .it is not always the case. For instance, Heb ened’ (Exo 12:20) was rendered by E 14,4 as ačïtqan the nineteenth century, whereas the copyist of E retained ‘leavened’, by G 5a as ačï χamur ‘sourdough’, by M 11 most of its Kipchak features. The adaptations in G are and T 12b as ačïtadoɣon ‘leavened’ and by H 189a as similar to those in the 1841 Gözlöv edition of the kuʒurtku ‘sour’. TaNaKH, see Shapira (2003: 696) who maintains that Similarly to G, E copies a Heb. expression with its the Gözlöv TaNaKH was not a new translation, but grammatical marker, i.e. E 10,8 Moše rabenunïŋ ‘of our “a hasty attempt to Tatarize – or even vulgarize – earlier lord Moses’, while Northwest Karaim translations (M 9, translations.” Since the adaptations were directed towards T 10a) render it in Karaim as Moše ribbimiźniń. Once Turkish rather than Tatar, it is probably better to call a straightforward translation of the Hebrew ‘hand’ desig- it Turkisation. It is certain that both of these publica- nating God’s hand appears in E as (7,6) qolumnï ‘hand- tions reflect an attempt to implement the same language All the other versions ideas by the same Karaim leaders, especially Abraham .( אֶ ת ָ י דִ י ,1poss-acc’ (Exo 6:8 translate it qudratïmnï (G 3a, C I 60b,10–12) or kudra- Firkovich. It is likely that Abraham Firkovich (1786– tymdan ‘hand-1poss-abl’ (M 7, T 6b, H 183b) which is 1874) was the editor or corrector of G.

10 A later prayerbook by Firkowicz (1935: 25) also uses the form nieczyk jazyłhan. 11 Wexler included Krimčak in it which is problematic. 30 HENRYK JANKOWSKI

The editor’s efforts to bring the phonetics and lexicon 2.3.2. West Karaim features in G closer to Turkish were rather inconsistent. As a result, G is linguistically mixed, but the Kipchak forms prevail. At the same time, there are evident cases of North- Some adaptations in G are not very successful. e.g. G 7a west Karaim influence on G which are absent from E, kerätlär ‘times (in counting)’ for E 20,14, M 14 and T e.g. G 3a ullu ‘big, great, large’ for E 7,2 ulu, cf. M 6 17a regalim. and T 6b ułłu; G 3b ulanlarï ‘sons of’ for E 10,2 As far as phonetic adaptations are concerned, we can oġlanlarï. demonstrate the following inconsistencies: (1) at ~ ad In some cases G, M and H are correlated and differ ‘name’, as in G 1a adïŋnï and G 1a atïnï, and (2) bol- ~ from E. We can give the following examples: M 10 χ χ ol- ‘to become; to be’, as in G 3b bolmasïn and G 7a ašy ma była, H 188a asykmak była and G 4b ašïqmaq olmasïndan. bilän ‘in a hurry’ for E 12,17 tezlik bilän; M 5, T 4b š t However, Turkish influence is also present in E and öḿurluk er , H 181b emirlik sert and G 2a ömürlük šert only the West Karaim translations retained Karaim forms ‘everlasting covenant’ for E 4,16 šartïna dunyanïŋ; M entirely, e.g. E 6,8 and G 2b ev ‘house’ as opposed to M 14, T 17b tałavču, H 194a tałavcu and G 7a talovču 6 and T 6a üv, see also H 184b iv; E 18,4 and G 6a sevin- ‘oppressor’ for E 21,9 zulumlavčï. ‘to be happy, to rejoice’ (not used in M and T, but see Northwest Karaim influence on E is less frequent, e.g. NWKar. suv- ‘to love’), HKar. siv-, see sivdi ‘he loved; E 4,8 bulġaney turġan ‘defiled’, which should have the he liked’ at another place (H 182b); E 4,12 and G 2a form bulġana(y) turġan. oġlanlarï ‘sons of’ as opposed to M 5 and HKar. ułanłary, but also uvułłary (e.g. H 180a). 2.3.3. Features distinguishing Crimean and West Karaim In morphology, Turkish adaptations are rare, a typical Haggadah Turkish form is G 1a ettigiŋ ‘what have you done’. How- ever, in some cases Turkish morphological influence is The most striking are phonetical differences, such as found in E, while West Karaim versions have Karaim so-called harmony shift and the change ŋ → j in some equivalents, e.g. E 21,6 aytalïm ‘we shall say’ as opposed grammatical suffixes in TKar., while in HKar. ŋ → n, to G 7a aytayïq, M 14 ajtajyχ and T 16b ajtajyk, and H č → c, ǯ → ʒ, š → s, ö → e, ü → i. These changes were 194a ajtajyk. discussed in grammars and studies and there is no need Most changes have been done in the lexicon of G, e.g. to repeat them. There are also many minor phonetic dif- ǧümlä for E barča ‘all’ and WKar. bar (many occur- ferences, e.g. WKar. astry ‘very’ as opposed to CKar. rences); zira ‘since, because’ and egär ‘if’ for ki ‘since, asrï, or preservation of old forms in WKar., e.g. ḱeltir- because’ (many occurrences); G 4b aχšam ‘evening’ for ‘to bring’ as opposed to ketir-, ołtur- ‘to sit’ as opposed E 12,8 ïŋïr, M 10, T 11b ińgir, H 187b ingir; G 2a bulaš- to otur-, katy ‘tough; hard’ as opposed to qattï, TKar. ‘to be smeared, to be defiled’ for E 4,8 bulġaney tur-; G tubuńdań ‘from beneath’ as opposed to CKar. tibindän. 7a ġayät ‘very’ for E 21,10 asrï, WKar. astry (in other The next quite different component of language is verses); G 1b iskämlä ‘stool’ for E 3,10 qozaq, M 4, T vocabulary. Firstly, M and T retained some Old and Mid- 3b torar orun, H 180b terejdoɣan orun; G 4b kebab dle Turkic words replaced in E and G with later North- ‘roasted’ for E 12,11 šišlik, M 10, T 11b šišlaǵan, H 188a west and Southwest Turkic equivalents, or loanwords, śiśleǵen; G 6b mustaḥaq et- ‘to be worthy, to deserve’ e.g. WKar. (M 5, T 5b, H 182a) ij- ‘to send’ as opposed for E 20,10, T 17a, H 193b zoχe et- and M 14 jetištir-; to CKar. (E 5,10, G 2b) yibir-; WKar. (M 4, T 3a, G 4b qïyas ‘number’ for E 12,4 san (all WKar. versions H 179a) jarɣu ‘judgement’ as opposed to CKar. (E 2,9, have also kijas); G 4b qïyasla- ‘to measure, to number’ G 1b) šara῾at; TKar. (M 12, T 13a) ček, HKar. ćek ‘bor- for E 12,4 sana- (WKar. versions have different verbs: der’ as opposed to CKar. (E 16,4, G 5b) sïnor; TKar. M 9 ülaš-, T 11a, H 187b całys-). (M 4, T 3b) torat-, HKar. tuvdurt- (H 180b) ‘to give There are also cases when both G and E use Turkish birth’ as opposed to CKar. (E 3,9, G 1b) doġïrt-. or Ottoman Turkish words, e.g. G 1b elvert- and E 3,16 Secondly, West Karaim often employed Turkic words ǧa῾iz et- ‘to allow’ (M 4, T 4a jarar et-, H 180b jaravły where Crimean Karaim preferred loanwords, e.g. WKar. et-), G 6b, E 20,7 ǧemi ‘all of’, G 7a ïqrar et- ‘to admit, (M 4, T 3b, H 180a) bujur- ‘to command’ as opposed to to confirm’ and E 21,1 šükür et- ‘to thank’. Moreover, in CKar. (E 3,15, G 1b) sïmarla-; TKar. (M 14, T 17a) a few cases the forms in G are Karaim, while the equiv- ḱorum ḱoruvču, HKar. ḱerim ḱerivci (H 193a) ‘foreseer; alent forms in E are Turkish, e.g. rušan da šaz olalïm ‘let prophet’ as opposed to CKar. (E 20,9–10, G 6b) navilik us rejoice and be happy’, discussed above, versus G 7a etivči ‘prophet’; WKar. (M 11, T 13a, H 189b) savut da quvanalïm da biyänälim or E 18,11 här gün ‘every- ‘bowl’ as opposed to CKar. (E 15,2, G 5b) täsläkän; day’ versus G 6a här kün. WKar. (M 13, T 16b, H 192b) syjły ‘esteemed, THE KARAIM HAGGADAH 31 distinguished’ as opposed to CKar. (E 19,13, G 6b) Crimean Karaim variant of the word ‘lightning’, i.e. märtäbäli; WKar. (M 4, T 5a, H 181b) tijiš ‘portion’ as yešim bilän ‘with lightning’ and H 187a uses the Slavic opposed to CKar. (E 4,17, G 2a) pay; WKar. (M 14, word moroz ‘cold weather; frost’, i.e. kicli moroz była. T 17a, H 193b) tirki ‘offering’ as opposed to CKar. Some words differ in meaning. For instance, biy in (E 20,18, G 7a) minḥa ‘(meal) offering’. Sometimes West Karaim denotes a ‘sovereign’, while in Crimean WKar. prefers Mongolian loanwords over Arabic and Karaim it designates a ‘lord’. Therefore, ‘masters of trib- Persian ones, e.g. M 4 jasaχ, T 3a, H 179b jasak ‘tribute’ ute’ was translated in E 2,17 as biyläri ḥaraǧnïŋ, while as opposed to CKar. (E 2,17, G 1b) ḥaraǧ. in M 4 as aɣałyχłary jasaχ ałyvčułarnyn, in T 3a Thirdly, West Karaim translators frequently used spe- aɣałykłary jasak berivčularniń, in H 179b aɣarakłary cial Karaim words unknown or rarely used in Crimean jasak ałuvcułarnyn, where aɣałyχ and aɣarak mean Karaim, e.g. TKar. (M 5, T 4b) aš-, HKar. as- (H 181a) ‘lordship’ and ‘senior’, respectively. Consequently, ‘the ‘to pass’ as opposed to CKar. (E 4,7, G 2a) keč-; TKar. king of Egypt’ in TKar. (M 4, T 3b) is biji Mićriniń, in (M 5, T 4b) (śeniń) ašyra as opposed to CKar. (E 4,7, HKar. biji Micrinin (H 180a–180b), while in CKar. G 2a) üstüŋä, see also such Karaim postpositions which (E 3,7) it is χanï Mïsïrnïŋ, where the translator used the were once used in Crimean Karaim, but do not appear in word χan ‘khan, sovereign, monarch, king’. this Haggadah, e.g. sartyn (H 191a) ‘from the side; However, there are also cases in which West Karaim through, via, over, because’, sary (H 180a) ‘toward; translators used Hebrew words while Crimean Karaim through, over’; TKar. (M 5, T 4a) belań-, HKar. belen- did not, e.g. WKar. (M 3, T 1a) šem ~ šem ‘name’ in (H 181a) ‘to be wrapped’ as opposed to CKar. (E 4,3, contrast to CKar. (E 1,7, G 1a, H 178a) at or TKar. G 2a) qundaqlan-. There are also special West Karaim (M 12, T 14b) źeχut, HKar. zeχut (H 191a) ‘merit’ in words not encountered or rarely encountered in Crimean contrast to CKar. (E 17,4, G 6a) rastlïq ‘righteousness’. Karaim and other Turkic languages, e.g. TKar. (M 12, We can find Turkic words in West Karaim transla- T 15a) kotaruvču ‘who proclaims’ as opposed to CKar. tions where Crimean Karaim used loanwords, e.g. TKar. (E 17,11–12) äkäyät etivči ‘who recounts’; TKar. (M 11, (M 12, T 15a) jomaχła- ‘to tell; to recount, to relate’, T 13a) očar, HKar. ocar (H 189a) ‘settler’ as opposed to HKar. kotar- ‘to announce, to proclaim’ (H 191a), CKar. CKar. (E 14,10, G 5a) oturaš in the meaning of ‘dweller’; (E 17,10, G 6a) äkäyät (← Arabic) et- ‘to tell; to recount, TKar. (M 5, T 4b) sary- (in śoź sarydy) ‘to pass on (in to to relate’. pass on the word)’ as opposed to CKar. (E 4,14, G 2a) Some loanwords in West Karaim are more adapted sïmarla- (in söz sïmarladï) ‘to command’ (in to com- phonetically than in Crimean Karaim, e.g. TKar. (M 9, T mand a word); WKar. (M 4, T 3a, H 179a) sortun ‘after’ 11a) ǯym῾at, HKar. ʒymat (H 187b) ‘community, congre- as opposed to CKar. (E 2,9, G 1b) soŋra. We can also gation’ as opposed to CKar. (E 11,19) ǧama῾at (← Ara- evidence Middle Turkic words forgotten in other lan- bic); TKar. (M 10, T 12a) χyǯ (ḥyǯ) ‘feast; holiday’, guages, e.g. WKar. (M 4, T 3a, H 179a) jarɣu jar- ‘to HKar. χyʒ (H 188b) versus E 13,6 ḥaġ. W. Zajączkowski judge; to announce’, cf. Grønbech (1942: 115). (1962: 194) regards χyǯ as an Arabic loanword going Fourthly, some translators translated Hebrew words back to ḥaǧǧ, but this etymology is semantically prob- into Turkic, while others retained Hebrew words, e.g. lematic, since ḥaǧǧ denotes ‘pilgrimage’ (Wehr 1980: TKar. (M 10, T 11b) ijyn ‘gathering; congregation’ for 156). Most probably, the NWKar. χyǯ is a hybrid which CKar. (E 12,7, G 4b) qahal, HKar. (H 187b) kahał; bears the Hebrew meaning and the form adapted from WKar. (M 14, T 17a) onarmaχ, (H 193b) onarmak ‘suc- Arabic similar to däwür which in Hebrew denotes ‘gen- cess’, G 6b oŋarma for E 20,11 hačlaḥa; TKar. (T 14b) eration’ (Klein 1987: 119) and the form adapted from saruv ‘command, commandment’ for micva ~ mičva in Arabic dawr, see the footnote at 1,8. other translations (C I 16a,17–18, G 6a, M 12, H 191a; As far as word formation is concerned, WKar. bar TKar. (M 5, T 5a) surtulḿuš, HKar. (H 182a) śirtilmis ‘all’ corresponds to CKar. barča ‘id’, derived from bar ‘anointed’ for E 5,1, G 2a mašiyaḥ; M 11, T 13a, H 189b with the suffix +čA; the same suffix is found in M 4, T uruv ‘family; clan’ for E 15,1, G 5a mišpaḥa. Some 3b anača, H 180a anaca, which corresponds to E 3,6 and Hebrew words were replaced with Arabic loanwords, e.g. G 1b analïq ‘midwife’. West Karaim translators use the M 10, T 12a aziź ‘holy’ for E 13,12, G 5a qodeš, H 188b Slavic suffix +ka which forms nouns denoting women, kodeš; M 11, T 13b debeχa ‘sacrifice’ for E 15,13, G 5b e.g. M 4, T 3b, H 180a–180b Jisra᾿elka ‘Israeli/Jewish qorban. woman’, evidenced in Halych Karaim Bible translation Lastly, different words in the West Karaim Haggadah (Olach 2013: 56), while Crimean Karaim (E 3,10, G 1b) emerged from different translations, e.g. TKar. (M 9, T uses the Turkic construction Yisra᾿el χatïnlar ‘id’. 10b) jas jasnamaχ była ‘with lightning’ and E 11,6 ufaq There are also quite many different morphological taš bilän ‘with small stones’, though G 4a uses the features, e.g. the use of the comparative suffix +rAK in 32 HENRYK JANKOWSKI comparative clauses, e.g. TKar. (M 4, T 3a) ḱučlurak, kuǯur ‘sour’ (for ‘sourdough’) as opposed to M 11 ačy- HKar. kiclirek (H 179b) ‘stronger’ as opposed to E 2,14 jdoɣon ‘souring’; T 16b zynharła- ‘to command’ as and G 1b which use bare adjectives, i.e. küčli; the use of opposed to M 13 symarła-; T 15a vat- ‘to strike’ (in the NWKar. similative suffix +lAj, e.g. M 3, T 1b ušbu vatyvču) as opposed to M 12 kyr- (in kyruvču). On the ḱunlaj ‘as this day’, whereas E 2,3 and G 1a use the other hand, M 8 ińda- ‘to call’ corresponds to T 9b postposition kibik, i.e. ušbu kün kibik ‘id’; the use of čaɣyr-, as in the Crimean versions (see E 9,18 and G 3b TKar. converb -doɣoč, HKar. -doɣac and the TKar. post- čaqïr-). verb -doɣon, HKar. -doɣan, which expresses progressive, There is a feature in T that distinguishes it from both while Crimean Karaim uses the full form -A turɣan, the Northwest and Crimean Karaim Bible translation strate- converb being unknown. gies, but makes it similar to Southwest Karaim. As estab- West Karaim translations are not only phonetically lished by Olach (2013: 77), the Southwest translation and lexically, but sometimes also syntactically different. rendered the Hebrew direct object marker on the definite For instance, under the Slavic impact M has appositive object with the pronouns osol ol. Although inconsistent, NPs in which there is case agreement, e.g. M 9 and T 11a this is also very frequent in T, the corresponding form bar oł nišanłarny ušpułarny ‘all these signs’ (all oł-det being ošoł oł. If the object marker marks a noun without signs-acc these-acc) as opposed to E 11,12 šol barča the definite article ha- in Hebrew, which often occurs in ušbu belgililärni ‘id’ (šoł-det all this signs-acc) or M 11 proper names, the translator of T renders it with the pro- oł śoźnu ušpunu ‘this word’ (oł-det word-acc this-acc) noun ošoł, e.g. T 6a ošoł Mošeni ‘ošoł-pron Moses-acc’, as opposed to E 15,9 šol ušbu sözni ‘id’ (šol-det this in contrast to M 6 Mošeni. word-acc). This construction is similar in HKar., sometimes even more complicated, e.g. H 187a osoł bar oł 2.3.5. Vocabulary nysanłaryn oł uspułarny ‘id’ (osoł-det all oł-det signs- 3poss-acc oł-det these-acc). 2.3.5.1. Turkic vocabulary Incidentally genuine Turkic postverbal constructions are encountered in all versions, e.g. TKar. (M 9, T 10b– The Turkic lexicon of Karaim is relatively well doc- 11a) ölatḱa čyɣara berdi, HKar. (H 187a) eletḱe cyɣara umented and studied (Kowalski 1929, Mardkowicz 1935, berdi ‘(he) gave up to the plague’, the same in CKar. KRPS, AJ). However, it is certain that edition of the (E 11,10 and G 4a ölätkä čïġara berdi, or M 11 ašyp whole rich Karaim literature will bring new words, idi- ḱetar ‘(the Lord) will pass through’, but the other ver- oms and meanings to light. In this short material one sions have a single verb, E 15,5, G 5b kečär, T 13b ašar, West Karaim word unevidenced so far was identified. H 189b asar. It is TKar. öra tur- ‘to stand up’, see M 13, T 16a öra West Karaim translations introduce direct speech dif- turadoɣonłarny and HKar. H 192b irej turadoɣanłarny ferently than Crimean Karaim, i.e. using the converb ‘those who walk straight’. The first component is the Old ajtadoɣoč ~ ajtadoɣac ‘saying’, while E and G use the Turkic word ör- ‘to rise’ (Clauson 1972: 195), rarely action noun demä (e.g. M 5, T 4b, E 3,18, G 1b, H 179b). used in modern languages, but evidenced as a converb in In fact, demä is a copy of the Hebrew infinitive form the expression öre tur-, attested in some Kipchak lan- ’(to say’, whereas the West Karaim translations guages, e.g. Kaz. öre tur- ‘to stand up (all, suddenly‘ לֵ א ֹמ ר make it more suitable to Turkic. (KRS 660). There are also a few HKar. words whose bases are attested, but they are not included in the dictionaries in 2.3.4. Differences between West Karaim translations the derived forms: M 4, T 3b, H 180a–180b Jisra᾿elka Despite many similarities in West Karaim translations ‘Israeli/Jewish woman’; H 178a–178b ḱecindirḿek ‘lea- which are related to common or similar dialect features ding; heading’, in Mardkowicz (1935: 41) only ḱecin- and the fact that the translations and copies came into dirme ‘kierować, prowadzić | richten’; H 180b tuvdurt- being in the congregations remaining in close contact, (a synonym to teret-), in KRPS (543) only tuvdurtuvcu there are some striking differences. ‘родитель | rodzic, i.e. parent’. Firstly, some Hebrew words found in M are replaced with Northwest Karaim equivalents in T, e.g. M 12 micva 2.3.5.2. Hebrew words ‘command, commandment’, T 14b saruv; M 11 ezov ‘hyssop’, T čabor; the word for ‘name’ is a Heb. loan- There are 564 words in the Karaim part of E. 70 or word šem throughout the whole text of M, while in T šem 12% out of them are of Hebrew origin, but only 32 are occurs six times and its Turkic equivalent at four times. common nouns, the remaining 38 words being biblical Secondly, there are some characteristic Northwest proper names. Therefore, if we disregard the proper words and loanwords in T not used in M, e.g. T 12b names, the share of Hebrew words is 5%. THE KARAIM HAGGADAH 33

The common nouns are the following: amen ‘amen’, evidenced in Karaim dictionaries, i.e. Kowalski (1929: ῾arel ‘uncircumcised’, čadiq ‘righteous’, čemaḥ ‘plant; 149–280), Mardkowicz (1935), KRPS and AJ. Two fruit’, dävür ‘generation’ (← dor), devir ‘sanctuary, tem- words are evidenced only in Southwest Karaim, maror ple’, ezöv ‘hyssop’, hačlaḥa ‘success’, ḥaġ ‘feast’, ḥameč ‘bitter herbs’ (Mardkowicz 1935: 49; KRPS 404) and ‘leavened, leaven; sourdough’, ḥasil ‘locust’, heχal ‘tem- pasuq ‘verse; grammatical sentence’ (Mardkowicz 1935: ple’, mača ‘unleavened bread’, maror ‘bitter herbs’, 53; KRPS 446). Lastly, all dictionaries list the word for mašiyaḥ ‘anointed’, mičva ‘command, commandment’, ‘sacrifice; offering’ in the form qurban adopted from minḥa ‘meal offering’, mišpaḥa ‘family’, mo῾ed ‘feast, Arabic, while in the vocalized biblical texts and our man- festival, holiday’, navi ‘prophet’, ῾ola ‘burnt sacrifice’, uscripts this old Semitic word is clearly written in the par῾o ‘Pharaoh’, pasuq ‘biblical verse; the Bible’, qahal Hebrew form qorban. The same is true of the Bible ‘assembly’, qodeš ‘saint; holy’, qorban ‘sacrifice’, translations. rabenu ‘our lord’, raša῾ ‘wicked’, regalim ‘pilgrimage feasts’, tora ‘law; Torah’, zemer ‘hymn; religious song’ 2.3.5.3. Slavic words and zoχe ‘deserving’. Only one of these words, pasuq, was added by trans- Slavic loanwords occur in West Karaim. It is interest- lators, all the others are found in the original Hebrew text ing that the existence of Slavic words is a distinguishing of the Haggadah. Two words come up in the original text feature between T and M which otherwise are very sim- as verbs and in the Karaim translation they were con- ilar. There are five Slavic loanwords in T which are verted to nouns, it is the case of zemer and zoχe. absent in M. It is possible that these words, three of The proper names are: Aharon ‘Aaron’, Aram ‘Aram’, which evidenced in the Karaim dictionaries, were used Avraham ‘Abraham’, Avram ‘Abram’, Čiyon ‘Zion’, in Karaim, but were removed by Maletski who appar- Čo῾an ‘Zoan’, Emori ‘Amorite’, ῾Esav ‘Esau’, Girgaši ently tried to cleanse the language from new loanwords. ‘Girgashite’, Ḥam ‘Ham’, Ḥiti ‘Hittite’, Ḥivi ‘Hivite’, In two cases it is certain, since Maletski explained their Kena῾ani ‘Canaanite’, Miryam ‘Miriam’, Moše ‘Moses’, Turkic equivalents in footnotes with Russian words, they Naḥor ‘Nahor’, Nil ‘Nile’, Perat ‘Euphrates’, Perizi were most probably alien to the Karaims. ‘Perizzite’, Pesaḥ ‘Passover’, Pitom ‘Pithom’, Pu῾a The Slavic words are the following: (1) T karanja ‘Puah’, Ra῾amses ‘Raamses’, Se῾ir ‘Seir’, Sinay ‘Sinai’, (used many times), a Polish loanword, for ‘plague’ and Suf ‘Red Sea’, Šifra ‘Shiphrah’, Teraḥ ‘Terah’, Ur Kas- ‘judgement’ in contrast to M kyranč ‘plague’ and šara῾at dim ‘Ur of the Chaldeans’, Ya῾aqov ‘Jacob’, Yerušalaim or tora ‘judgement’; (2) T 9a komiń ‘chimney’, a Polish ‘Jerusalem’, Yevusi ‘Jebusite’, Yičḥaq ‘Isaac’, Yisḥaq loanword, in contrast to M 8 tutuńluk; (3) T 11b odverja ‘Isaac’, Yisra᾿el ‘Israel’, Yohošua῾ ‘Joshua, Jeshua’, ‘lintel’, an East Slavic-Polish blend, in contrast to M 10 Yosef ‘Joseph’ and Yuhuda ‘Judah’. jan; (4) T 4a publičńe ‘publicly; overtly’, a Polish loan- There are also many additional Hebrew words in word, in contrast to M 4 aškara; and (5) T 16a volnost other versions, either copied from the original Hebrew ‘freedom’ (used twice), a Polish loanword, in contrast to Haggadah or added by the translators and copyists, TKar. M 13 azatłyχ. (T 10b) arbe ‘locust’, HKar. (H 188b) beχor ‘1. first- Karanja (all manuscripts), also the verb karatet- ‘to born, eldest. 2. senior, elder’, HKar. (H 189a) gałut strike with a plague; to punish’), publićne and odverja ‘exile’, TKar. (M 13, T 16b) χuppa ‘marriage’, TKar., are also found in Southwest translations. Instead of HKar. (M 8, T 9a, H 185a) kadim ‘eastern (wind)’, CKar. komiń, another word is used in H 185a, it is kirec ṕec (G 2a), TKar. (M 13, T 16b) kałła ‘bride’, CKar. katuv ‘lime kiln; lime oven’, in which ṕec is Polish ‘oven; (G 2a) ‘written’, HKar. (H 183a) kohen ‘priest’ (in kiln’. In addition, as shown above, in Southwest Karaim kohenlik ‘avodah; priesthood’), TKar. (G 5b) mal᾿aχ also East Slavic moroz ‘cold weather; frost’ is used. ‘angel’, TKar., HKar. (T 17b, H 194a) meleχ ‘king’, TKar. (M 5) mijus (in mi᾿usłuɣuj ‘your defilement’), HKar. (H 185b) mizraχ ‘east’, HKar. (H 189b) šeχina 3. Conclusions ‘Countenance; Divine Presence’, CKar., HKar. (G 6a, H 192a) nes ~ TKar. (M 13, T 16a) nes ‘1. miracle, prov- The contents of the East European Karaim Haggadah idential event, wonder. 2. standard, ensign, flag. 3. sig- is identical in all the three dialects. As far as the lan- nal, sign’, TKar. (M 14, T 17a) neseχ ~ HKar. (H 193b) guage, style and vocabulary are concerned, the relation- neseχ ‘drink offering’, TKar. (M 14) ševaχ ‘praise’, ship between the individual versions is diversified, from HKar. (H 195b) ševet ‘clan; tribe’, TKar. (M 12, T 14b) very close similarity of the Northwest versions (T and źeχut ‘merit’. M), through more distant similarity of the Crimean ver- The Karaim common nouns of Hebrew origin have sions (G and E), to partial similarity of the Southwest been discussed in the footnotes. Most of them are manuscript to any of the former. All versions except for 34 HENRYK JANKOWSKI the one from 1900 are undated, but probably copied and NWKar. – Northwest Karaim printed in the 19th century. From the comparison of those O – Odessa printed edition, see Pirik 1901 Haggadah verses which are of biblical provenance with PBH – Post-Biblical Hebrew the translations of Bible available it is evident that there Rus. – Russian is no major difference between them. Since it is known T – Northwest (Troki) Karaim manuscript, shelf mark F 305-49 that the biblical verses do not differ from the biblical TKar. – Troki Karaim verses included in the 1734 prayerbook printed in Qale Trk. – Turkic (the Crimea), it must be said that at least the existing Tur. – Turkish Crimean manuscript closely follows the tradition of WKar. – West Karaim Bible translation known to us from the first half of the th 18 century. Biblical books The West Karaim dialects which developed in sepa- ration from other Turkic languages preserved much more Dan – Daniel Middle Kipchak Turkic features than the Crimean dialect Deu – Deuteronomy which developed in close contact with more prestigious Exo – Exodus Eze – Ezekiel Crimean Turkish. However, as the case of Bible transla- Gen – Genesis tion shows, the ancient tradition of translating and copy- Jos – Joshua, Jeshua ing the Scripture was very strong and effectively com- Mic – Micah peted with the Turkish influence. However, because the Neh – Nehemiah language and style of non-biblical verses is roughly Psa – Psalms the same, we can conclude that the tradition of translating all canonical texts was also the same. Editorial symbols Both printed editions (G and M) demonstrate the editors’ purposeful language engineering. G tried to replace [] – editor’s corrections Karaim words and some phonetic features with the Turk- ⟨⟩ – editor’s additions ish ones, whereas M endeavoured to cleanse the vocab- {} – copyist’s additions; also catchwords () – unnecessary text ulary of foreign words, mostly late Slavic loanwords. / – in footnotes separates an alternative form Arabic and Persian words were integral part of Turkic ~ – in footnotes before or after / shows lack of a lexicon that the Karaims adopted together with the adop- word, typically the determiners oł or ošoł ~ th tion of Turkic probably as early as in the 13 century. osoł or the particle da ~ de Further Arabic and Persian words could have been bor- … – identical parts in the texts compared in rowed through later language contact. Hebrew words are footnotes (minor phonetic differences are a special case. Most of them – but not all – were copied disregarded) or retained from original Hebrew texts. One should not forget that nearly the whole Karaim religious literature References was composed in Hebrew, not Karaim. Alkım, U. Bahadır (et al., eds.). 1991. Redhouse Yeni Türkçe- İngilizce Sözlük. New Redhouse Turkish-English Dictionary. İstanbul: Redhouse Yayınevi. Abbreviations Altbauer, Mosché. 1980. “O tendencjach dehebraizacji leksyki AJ – Aqtay and Jankowski 2015 karaimskiej i ich wynikach w Słowniku karaimsko-rosyjs- Ar. – Arabic ko-polskim” [On the Tendency of Dehebraisation of Karaim C – Cambridge manuscript of the TaNaKH, shelf Lexicon and its Results in the Karaim-Russian-Polish Dic- mark BSMS 288 tionary], Harvard Ukrainian Studies 3–4/1, 51–60. CKar. – Crimean Karaim Aqtay, Gülayhan. 2009. Eliyahu ben Yosef Qılcı’s Anthology of E – Edinburgh manuscript, shelf mark Or.Ms. 629 Crimean Karaim and Turkish Literature. Vol. I: Introduc- Eg – Sirghani 1903 tion, Text and Indexes. Vol. II: Facsimile. İstanbul: Yıldız. G – Gözlöv printed edition, see Targum, undated Aqtay, Gulayhan, and Jankowski, Henryk. 2015. A Crimean H – Southwest (Lutsk-Halych) Karaim manuscript, Karaim-English Dictionary. 10 000 entries. Poznań: Depart- see description ment of Asian Studies. Heb. – Hebrew Baskakow, N. A., Zajączkowski, A. and Szapszał, S. M. (eds.). HKar. – Halych Karaim 1974. Караимско-русско-польский словарь [Karaim– Kar. – Karaim Russian–Polish Dictionary]. Москва: Русский язык. Kaz. – Kazakh Clauson, Sir Gerard. 1972. An Etymological Dictionary of KRPS – Baskakow, Zajączkowski and Szapszał 1974 Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish. London: Oxford UP (at the M – Maletski’s printed edition, see Maletski 1900 Clarendon Press). THE KARAIM HAGGADAH 35

Comey, Arie and Tzur, Naomi. 2006. New User-friendly English– Musaev, K. M. [Мусаев, К. М.] 1964. Грамматика кара- Hebrew Hebrew–English Dictionary. Tel Aviv: Achiasaf имского языка: Фонетика и морфология [Karaim Publishing House. Grammar. Phonetics and Morphology]. Москва: Наука. סדר הגדה של חג הפסח כפי מנהג .Firkovičius, Mykolas. 1999. Karaj dińliliarniń jalbarmach jer- [Sirghani, Jeshua]. 1903 The Haggadah in the] הישראלים הקראים. תרס”ג. קה”ק מכרים. gialiari. 2 bitik. Ochumach üćiuń adiet′ vahdalarynda [Karaim prayers for the religious observance at feasts and on Rite of the Karaite Israelites, published by Jeshua b. Moshe special occasions. Part 2]. Vilnius: Baltos Lankos. Sirghani on behalf of the Congregation of the Egyptian Firkowicz, Szymon. 1935. Kołtchałar. Krótkie modlitwy Karaites].12 karaimskie [Kołtchałar: Short Karaim prayers]. Wilno: The NA. 2003. An Introduction to Karaite Judaism: History, The- author’s publication. ology, Practice, and Custom. New York: Al-Qirqisani Grønbech, K. 1942. Komanisches Wörterbuch. København: Center for the Promotion of Karaite Studies. Einar Munksgaard. Németh, Michał. 2011. Zwięzła gramatyka języka zachodnioka- Grzegorzewski, Jan. 1917. Język Łach-Karaitów. Narzecze raimskiego z ćwiczeniami [A Concise Grammar of West południowe (łucko-halickie). I. Kraków: Drukarnia Uniwer- Karaim with Exercises]. Poznań: Katedra Studiów sytetu Jagiellońskiego [separatum from Rocznik Oryentali- Azjatyckich. styczny]. Németh, Michał. 2014a. “A Historical Phonology of Western Henderson, E. 1826. Biblical Researches and Travels in Russia, Karaim. Alveolars and Front Labials in the South-Western including a Tour in the Crimea and the Passage through Dialect”, Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cra- Caucasus. London: James Nisbet. coviensis 131, 247–267. Jankowski, Henryk. 1997. “A Bible Translation into the North- Németh, Michał. 2014b. “An Early North-Western Karaim ern Crimean Dialect of Karaim”, Studia Orientalia 28, Bible Translation from 1720: Part 1. The Torah”, Karaite 1–84. Archives 2, 109–141. Jankowski, Henryk. 2009. “Translations of the Bible into Németh, Michał. 2015. “An Early North-Western Karaim Bible Karaim”, Religion Compass, 502–523. Translation from 1720: Part 2. The Book of Ruth”, Karaite Jankowski, Henryk. 2012. “Literatura krymskokaraimska” Archives 2, 49–102. [Crimean Karaim Literature], Przegląd Orientalistyczny Olach, Zsuzsanna. 2013. A Halicz Karaim Translation of 1–2, 50–68. Hebrew Biblical Texts. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. Jankowski, Henryk. 2015. “Crimean Turkish Karaim and the Polliack, Meira (ed.). 2003. Karaite Judaism. A Guide to its Old North-Western Turkic Tradition of the Karaites”, Acta History and Literary Sources. Leiden, Boston: Brill. Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 68/2, Poznanski, Samuel. 1909. “Die karäische Literatur der letzten 199–214. dreissig Jahre (1878–1908)”, Zeitschrift für Hebräische Bib- Jankowski, Henryk. 2019. “Hagada trockokaraimska” [Troki liographie 13, 110–118, 140–151, 180–181. Karaim Haggadah], Almanach Karaimski 8, 35–140 [also Poznański, Samuel. 1913. “Karäisch-tatarische Literatur”, available online: http://czasopisma.karaimi.org/index.php/ Keleti Szemle 13, 37–47. almanach/article/view/871/812]. Poznanski, Samuel. 1918. “Karäische Drucke und Drucke- Jankowski, Henryk, Gulayhan Aqtay, Dorota Cegiołka, Tülay reien”, Zeitschrift für Hebräische Bibliographie 21, 32–48, Çulha and Michał Németh. 2019. The Crimean Bible. Vol 66–83. פיריכ, שלמה אבראהם. 1901. הגדה או הלל הקטן לערב = Critical Edition of the Pentateuch, Five Scrolls, Psalms, Pirik 1901 :1 The Haggadah or] פסח כמנהג הקראים עם העתקה בשפת רוסית -Proverbs, Job, Daniel, Ezra and Nehemiah. Vol 2: Trans lation. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag [Turcologica the Lesser Hallel for The Passover Evening in the rite of the 119]. Karaims with a Russian Translation; title page also in Rus- Klein, E. 1987. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of sian: Прикъ, С. А. 1901. Гагада т.е. сказаніе на пасху the Hebrew Language for Readers of English. Jerusalem, по обряду Караимовъ. Караимскій текстъ съ дослов- Tel Aviv: Carta Jerusalem, The University of Haifa. нымъ русскимъ переводомъ. Одесса: А. М. Дыхно]. Kowalski, Tadeusz. 1929. Karaimische Texte im Dialekt von Sklare, David. 2003. “A Guide to Collections of Karaite Man- Troki. Kraków: Polska Akademja Umiejętności. uscripts”, in: Polliack, Meira (ed.), 893–924. KRS = Сыздыкова, Р. Г., К. Ш. Хусаин (ed.). 2001. Казах- Sulimowicz, Józef. 1972. “Materiał leksykalny krymskokara- ско-русский словарь. Около 50000 слов Алматы: Дайк- imskiego zabytku językowego (druk z 1734 r.): I” [Lexical Пресс (the title page also in Kazakh: Сыздықова, Р. Ғ., material of the Crimean Karaim document printed in 1734: К. Ш. Хұсайын. 2001. Қазақша-орысша сөздік. 50 Part I], Rocznik Orientalistyczny 35, 37–76. Translation] תרגום הלל הקטן = мыңға жуық сөз. Алматы: Дайк-Пресс). Targum. undated, no title page .[of the Lesser Hallel מלאצכיי, פינחס. תר”ס. סדר הלל הקטן כמנהג = Maletski 1900 -The Lesser Hallel Trevisan Semi, Emanuela. 1991. “A Brief Survey of Present] בני מקרא קדש. ווילנא: פיראָ זשניקאָ וו Seder in the rite of Karaims; title page also in Russian: day Karaite Communities”, The Jewish Journal of Sociology Малецкій, Ф. А. 1900. Седеръ Галлель Гаккатанъ. 33/2, 97–100. Славословіе на пасху по обряду караимов. Вильна: И. І. Пирожников]. Mardkowicz, Aleksander. 1935. Karaj sez-bitigi. Słownik 12 Also published in Budapest, for more details see Walfish (2003: karaimski. Karaimisches Wörterbuch. Łuck: Richter. 942) and Walfish and Kizilov (2011: 462, item 5395). 36 HENRYK JANKOWSKI

Urbaniak, Paulina. 2001. Wpływy arabskie w języku karaim- marks s with the letter sameḵ. As a rule, this change is skim [Arabic Influence on Karaim]. Poznań [unpublished represented in genuine Karaim words in H, but in loan- MA thesis, Adam Mickiewicz University, Department of words š is mostly retained. It should be noted that Grze- Oriental Studies]. gorzewski (1917: 6) has observed that the Karaims in Walfish, Barry D. 2003. “Karaite Press and Printing”, in: Pol- Halych try to read Hebrew words according to their orig- liack, Meira (ed.), 925–959. inal pronunciation. The changes č → c and ǯ → ʒ are not Walfish, Barry Dov, and Kizilov, Mikhail. 2011. Bibliographia Karaitica: An Annotated Bibliography of Karaites and rendered the manuscript. The palatalized consonants are Karaism. Leiden: Brill. shown only when palatalisation is indicated by a letter Wehr, Hans. (edited by J. Milton Cowan). 1980. A Dictionary yod except for r and when a consonant is followed by i. of Modern Written Arabic. Arabic–English. Beirut, London: Since the texts do not mark them, special cases of pala- Librairie du Liban, MacDonald & Evans. talized ć d ǵ ḱ n ś t ź except for d ǵ ḱ n ś t before e (but Wexler, Paul. 1983. “Is Karaite a Jewish language?”, Mediter- only if represented by the text, especially for ś) are not ranean Language Review 1, 27–54. indicated. The change s (including š → s) → ś before and Yaron, Y., Qanaï, A. 2000. Passover Haggadah: According to after i marked in H by the letter šin is also indicated in the Custom of the Karaite Jews of Egypt. Pleasanton: The the transcription. This transcription retains the difference Karaite Jews of America. between l : ł and h : ɣ, but not between k : q. Other late Zajączkowski, Ananiasz. 1926. “Literatura karaimska (Szkic bibliograficzny)” [Karaim Literature (A short biblio- Southwest Karaim phonological processes are are also graphy)], Myśl Karaimska 1,3, 7–17. disregarded. Zajączkowski, Ananjasz. 1929. Unikanie wyrażeń antropomor- If the forms are similar, the versions are separated by ficznych w przekładach karaimskich [Eschewing anthropo- a comma, e.g M10, T 11b. If there are some minor dif- morphic expressions in Karaim translations], Myśl Karaim- ferences, a slash / is used. Three dots … stand for words ska 2/2 (7), 9–24. and phrases identical to E. However, since T and M are Zajączkowski, Włodzimierz. 1962. “Die arabischen und neu- very similar, the dots after T show identical portions in persischen Lehnwörter im Karaimischen”, Folia Orientalia M, not E. 3, 177–212.

Hagada Transcription (1/101a) (1) Qaraim ḥalqïnïŋ Pesaḥ Mo῾ed13 geǧäsi אתחיל תרגום הלל The basic text taken for the edition is E. In case of oquduqlarï (2) Hagada Täfsiri14 (3)15 הקטן. הנאה כגן ביתן. ומושפר כנחל )4( איתן. )5(16 אבוא omissions and mistakes in translation which can be Keläyim בגבורות יוי אלהם אזכיר צדקתך לבדך. )amended from other versions, the corresponding correc- )6 tions and amendments are done. To limit the number of baġatïrlïqlarï17 bilän H18 Täŋriniŋ saġïndïrayïm (7) footnotes and make the edition readable, only major differences between the versions are demonstrated. There- -appointed time, season, term. 2. meet .1‘ מֹועֵ ד .for Heb מֹועֶ ד fore, minor phonetic differences including those which 13 E are related to dialect differences are disregarded. For E ing. 3. congregation’ etc. (Comey and Tzur 2006: 346), CKar. mo῾ed and G, the Turcological transcription is employed, for M ‘feast, holiday’ (AJ 244). the author of this late note replaced the Heb. word ;טפסירי E 14 and T the transcription based on Kowalski (1929) with targum with its Tur. equivalent tefsir (in this transcription täfsir), from some changes. In order not to mark palatalisation of most Ar. tafsīr ‘explanation, exposition, elucidation, explication, interpreta- of 23 or 25 consonant phonemes established for North- tion; commentary (esp. one on the Koran)’ (Wehr 1980: 713). 15 west Karaim (see Musaev 1964: 64 and Németh 2011: Lines 3–4 contain the following Heb. metatext: ‘I shall start the translation of the Lesser Hallel, an enjoyment like a palace garden, 14, respectively) which would require use of 43 letters, adorable as a perennial stream’ (my thanks go to ZZ for checking my procedure, routine’ should‘ ֹנ הָ ל .i.e נהל the following principles set up by Kowalski have been translation and comments); E ’perennial stream‘ ַ נ חַ ל אֵ י תָ ן adopted: (1) use of only one letter r, since the difference be amended to ‘stream, brook, river’, see between r and ŕ is minimal (Kowalski 1929: xxx); (Comey and Tzur 2006: 438). 16 (2) palatalisation is not indicated before i, for all conso- This is the Hebrew text of the beginning of the Hagaddah (Psa 71:16) which precedes the Karaim translation; for Heb., see O 3. nants in this position are palatalized; (3) the pair l : ĺ is 17 O 3 translated this word into Rus. as ‘omnipotence’; in the bib- marked by l : ł; and (4) palatalisation of m p b k χ in the lical context, this word is often used in the meaning ‘power; might’, cf. final is not marked as it does not occur or is minimal. (KRPS 95) ‘1. мужество, героизм | męstwo, bohaterstwo. 2. мощь, As for the Southwest versions, the following princi- сила, могущество | potęga, moc, i.e. 1. 2. power; might’. is variously written in יהוה God’s name or the Tetragrammaton 18 ples have been accpted. The transcription takes into con- Kar. manuscripts, it was pronounced by the Karaites adonay ‘Lord’ or sideration the forms found in the manuscripts. Accord- ha-adonay ‘the Lord’. For the sake of unity, it is rendered H in all ingly, the change š → s is rendered when the manuscript cases. THE KARAIM HAGGADAH 37

-Saġïndïrayïm atïŋnï ḥär (8) Täŋri ki sayladïŋ Avramnï da čïġardïŋ (16) anï Ur Kas .20אזכירה rastlïġïŋnï yalġïz.19 dävürdä21 anïŋ učïn uluslar maχtarlar seni dunyadan dimdän da qoydïŋ atïn Avraham.30 Da taptïŋ (17) šol dunya- (9) ġa degin.22 Saġïnayïm išlärin Täŋriniŋ ki köŋlin ïnamlï aldïŋa da kesmä kestiŋ birgäsinä (18) ol saġïnïrmïn äväldän (10) aǧayïbïŋnï.23 Da sözlärmin barča šartnï bermä šol yerin ol Kena῾aniniŋ da ol Ḥitiniŋ (19) išläriŋ bilän da böyük (11) išläriŋ bilän sözlärmin.24 Täŋri da ol Emoriniŋ da ol Periziniŋ da ol Yevusiniŋ da ol (20) qodešdädir yoluŋ (12) kimdir böyük teŋri Täŋri25 kibik.26 Girgašiniŋ bermä urluġuna da turġuzdïŋ šol söziŋni (21) Sensin ol Täŋri (13) qïlïvčï aǧayïp bildirdiŋ uluslarda ki čadiqsen.31 Da kördiŋ šol qïyïnïn atalarïmïznïŋ (22) quvatïŋnï.27 Yuldïŋ (14) quvat bilän ulusïŋnï oġlanlarïn Mïsïrda da šol feryatïn ešittiŋ deŋizi üstünä Yosefniŋ da Ya῾aqovnïŋ28 dayïm.29 (15) Sensin ol H ol (2/101b) (1) Sufnïŋ.32 Da berdiŋ nïšanlar da belgilär par῾oda33 da barča (2) qullarïnda da barča ulusïnda yer-

19 iniŋ ki bildiŋ ki čayalïq (3) ettilär üstlärinä da qïldïŋ Psa 71:16, C IV 22b,15–16 Kelirmin aŋlatma baġatïrlïqlarïn H 34 Täŋriniŋ saġïndïrïrmïn … ; G 1a … baġatïrlïqlar … ey H Taŋrï … özüŋä at ušbu kün kibik. (4) Da alay bildirdiŋ Avraham doġruluġuŋnï … özüŋnüŋ; M 3, T 1a … kotarma baɣatyrłyχłaryn … atamïzġa šol qïyïnïn urluġïŋnïŋ (5) yerdä ki özläriniŋ śeniń jałɣyznyn; H 178a Ḱeleḿen kotarma baɣatyrłykłaryn … senin ej dügül nečik ki yazïlġandïr toraŋda.35 (6) Da ayttï Avra- H bijim jałɣyz ezinnin. hamġa bilmä bilgin ki ġarïp bolïr (7) urluġïŋ yerdä ki 20 E The second biblical verse of the Haggadah begins with the .אזכירה Heb. incipit ‘I will make (your name) to be remembered’; G 1a 21 E, G dävür ‘generation’, is an interesting hybrid of Trk. devir tarłykłaryndan ułanłaryn hamḿeśe; note that the last sentence ḱoturu- ‘period, epoch’ (Alkım and Bahadır eds. 1991: 291) < devr < Ar. dawr juź avaz ‘raise voice’, found in M, is absent from C, E, G, T and H, generation. and stands for C, G and E dayïm ‘always; forever’, T and H hamḿeśe .1‘ ּדֹור round, period’ etc. (Wehr 1981: 299), and Heb. dōr‘ 2. period, epoch’ (Klein 1987: 119) with the Trk. form and Heb. mean- ‘forever’, see other similar occurrences, i.e. at E 18,12, 19,11 and ing, see Jankowski (1997: 25, 60); for this word in the original Heb. 19,18. text, see (O 3). 30 Neh 9:7, C IV 113b,9–10 id; G 1a … atïnï …, cf. adïŋnï, above; 22 Psa 45:18 (in Standard Heb. 45:17), C IV 14b,25–26 G 1a mistakenly Avramnïŋ for Avramnï; M 3 … da kojduj šemiń anyn Saġïndïrïrmïn … ; G 1a … adïŋnï … ; M 3 Saɣyndyramyn šemijni har … / T 1b … atyn anyn; H 178b Sensen oł ej H Tenrim ki … atyn anyn bir dorda … šuḱur beradirlar saja dunjadan da … / T 1a … šuḱur … bołɣany sartyn atasy jijininin χanłykłarnyn. etedirlar šemija dunjadan da … ; H 178a … šeminni senin har bir 31 Neh 9:8, C IV 113b,10–13 … da kesmä birgäsinä … bermä dorda anyn icin ułusłar śikir berirler sana dunjaɣa dejin da emirǵe urluġuna … šol sözläriŋni ki čadiqdirsen; E mistakenly urluġuŋa, cor- dejin. rected to urluġuna; G 1a … taptïŋ köŋlünü … bermä yerin ol 23 Psa 77:12, C IV 24b,20 Saġïnïrmïn … ; E saġïnayïm mistakenly Kena῾aniniŋ ol Ḥitiniŋ ol Emoriniŋ da … qayam ettiŋ sözläriŋni zira saġïnïrmï (this defective writing of person suffixes čadiqtirsen; M 3 Da taptyj üragiń … kajjam ettij … ki rast sen / T 1b …;סַֿגִינְיִים pointed as is frequent in CKar. manuscripts) … ; G Saġïnïrmïn tamaša … saġïn- … oł juragiń … da ḱesḿa birǵasina … ; H 178b … osoł jiregin anyn sam evväl ettigiŋ… ; M 3 Saɣynamyn kyłɣan … saɣynamyn … tamaša inamły ałnynda ezinnin da ḱeśtin birǵeśine anyn oł ( Χitinin) sertni išijni / T 1a … ułłu … ki saɣynamyn … ; H 178a Saɣyndyramen berḿe osoł jerin oł Kena῾aninin … oł Emorinin … da Girgasinin … tamaša islerinni senin ej Tenrim ki saɣynamen avałdaɣy tamašałyɣynny urłuɣuna anyn da kajjam ettin osoł navilik sezlerinni ki rast sensen; E, senin. C and G copy the Heb. word čadiq ‘righteous’, while the other versions 24 Psa 77:13, C IV 24b,20–21 … da aǧayïp išläriŋ bilän sözlärmin; translate it by the Kar. (

özläriniŋ dügül da qullanïrlar alarnï (8) da qïynarlar (3/102a) (1) Yisra᾿elniŋ.43 Da qulluq ettirdilär alarnï dört yüz yïl.36 Da daġïn ol ulusqa ki (9) qulluq Mïsïrlïlar šol oġlanlarïna (2) Yisra᾿elniŋ zor bilän.44 Da etirsälär šara῾at etärmin da andan soŋra čïġarlar (10) ulu ačïttïlar šol tirliklerin qattï (3) qulluq bilän balčïq bilän mal bilän.37 Da yazïlġandïr ol kündä kesti H Avram (11) da kerpičlär bilän da barča qulluq bilän (4) tüzdä šol bilän šart demä urlïġïŋa berirmin šol ušbu yerni (12) barča qulluq bilän ki qullandïlar alarnï zor bilän.45 (5) Da özänindän Mïsïrnïŋ ol ulu özängä degin özäni Peratnïŋ.38 eki qatï buyruqlar buyurdïlar atalarïmïz üstünä Mïsïr- (6) (13) Da keldi Yisra᾿el Mïsïrġa da Ya῾aqov tirildi yerindä da.46 Burunġï buyruq qollarï üstünä ol analïqlarnïŋ.47 (7) Ḥamnïŋ.39 (14) Da yayïldïrdï šol ulusïn asrï da küčli etti Nečik ki yazïlġandïr, da ayttï χanï Mïsïrnïŋ ol Yisra᾿el anï dušman- (15) larïndan artïq.40 Däŋiširdi köŋüllerin (8) analïqlarġa ki atï ol birsiniŋ Šifra da atï ol (9) ekinǧis- dušman bolma (16) ulusuna yaman saġïš etmä qullarï- iniŋ Pu῾a.48 Da ayttï doġïrtqanïŋïzda šol (10) Yisra᾿el na.41 Da qoydïlar üst- (17) lärinä biylärin ḥaraǧnïŋ χatïnlarnï baġïŋïz ol qozaqlar üstünä egär (11) oġul esä qïynamaq učïn anï yükläri bilän da (18) qondardï χazna da öldüriŋiz anï da egär qïz esä ol da (12) tirilsin.49 Da šäḥärlär par῾oġa šol Pitomnï da šol (19) Ra῾amsesni.42 Da qabul etmädilär keŋäšin da buyruġïn.50 Nečik (13) ki nečik qïynasalar edi anï alay köbäyir (20) edi da alay yazïlġandïr da qorqtïlar ol analïqlar ol Täŋridän (14) da yayïlïr edi da yadadïlar aldïndan oġlanlarïnïŋ (21) qïlmadïlar nečik ki sözlädi alarġa χanï Mïsïrnïŋ da {Yisra᾿el}

43 Exo 1:12, C I 56b,5–6 … edilär anï … ; also G 1b … nečik ki 36 Gen 15:13, C I 19a,4–6 Da ayttï Avramġa … dügül da qulluq qïynasa edilär … ; M 4 Da ki … edilar any ałej artyχ artar edi da ałej ettirirlär alarġa da qïynarlar … ; G 1a different word order: … dügül artyχ jajyłyr edi da bezdilar … / T 3a … kyjnaredilar … artaredi … dört yüz yïl da qulluq etärlär alarġa da qïynarlar alarnï; M 4 … jajyłyredi …; H 179b 180a Da ki necik … ałaj daɣy … da egirek … . jerińda tuvul öźlariniń dort juź jył kułłuχ ettirirlar ałarny da kyjnarłar 44 Exo 1:13, C I 56b,7 … Mïsïrlïlar oġlanlarïna … ; M 4 … ettir- ałarny … / T 2a … urłuɣuj jerińda … ettirdilar … kyjnadyłar … ; dilar ułanłaryn Jisra᾿elniń χoḱuḿluk była / T 3a–3b … ettirdilar H 179a … urłuɣun senin … eterler ałar była … da zamany oł ɣaripli- Mićrililar ošoł ułanłaryn … ; H 180a … osoł uvułłaryn … χoχimlik knin tartyładoɣan bołur … . była. 37 Gen 15:14, C I 19a,7–8 … ol ulusqa ki ettirsälär … da andan 45 Exo 1:14, C I 56b,8–10 … šol barča qulluqlarïn ki qulluq ettir- soŋra čïqqaylar ulu … ; E … etärmi …, for another vocalization of dilär alarġa … ; E Mistakenly qunlandïlar; G 1b Da ačï ettilär tir- šara῾at, see 7,15; G 1b … qulluq etärlär … men da andan … alay liklerin … balčïq basmaq bilän da kerpičlär kesmäk bilän da ǧümlä … čïġarlar čoq … ; M 4 … χanłyχny kiḿǵa ki kułłuχ etsalar jarɣu jara- tüzdä ǧümlä qulluqlarï ki qulluq ettilär alarġa zor bilän; M 4 Da ačy rmyn ḿeń da andan sortun … / T 3a Da daɣy ošoł oł χanłykny ki kułłuk ettilar tirliḱlarińa avur ši była … da bar iš była tuźda bar kułłuχłaryn ettirśalar … ; H 179a … osoł oł χanłykny … etśeler jarɣu jararmen ki kyłdyłar ałar była kystav ašyra / T 3b … tirliḱlarińa ałarnyn katy men da andan sortun ałar cyɣarłar … . kułłuk była … bar kułłuk była tuźda ošoł … ki kułłuk ettilar ałarda G χoḱuḿluk była; H 180a … osoł bar kułłukłary była kułłuk ettiler ałar ; ּפְ רָ ת .for Standard Heb פֵ רַ ת Gen 15:18, C I 19a,13–15 id; E 38 1b … ol kesti H šert Avrahamġa … ol ušbu yerni … ol büyük özängä była χoχemlik była. … ; M 4 … jazɣan oł … šert ajtadoɣoč … oł jerni ušpunu bašłap … 46 This is a non-biblical verse, also present in Eg 4; G 1b … ata- / T 3a … ošoł oł jerni … ; H 179b Da jazyłɣandy a[z]iz toranda … larïmïz učun par῾o da Mïsïrlïlar; M 4 … bujruχ ettilar … par῾o da (oł) keśti … Avram była … ajtadoɣac … senin beriḿen osoł oł jerni oł Mićri; T 3b … bujurdułar… ; H 180a … bujurdułar… par῾o da Mic- ,(O 5) ַ ּפ רְ ע ֹה ּו מִ ְ צ רָ ִ י ם uspu basłap … ezinińe dejin … ; the biblical verse in the texts of Kar. rililer; the last two words in the Heb. text are which is translated in E as Da therefore, par῾o da Mïsïrlïlar ‘the Pharaoh and the Egyptians’ were כָוְ ת ֹו ב .Haggadah is preceded by Heb yazïlġandïr ‘It is written (that)’; the Heb. word in O 4 is translated into changed in E into Mïsïrda ‘in Egypt’. Rus. as И написано ‘id’. 47 E This is another non-biblical verse, also present in Eg 4; G 1b 39 Psa 105:23, C IV 34b,3, M 4, T 3a, H 179b … Jisra᾿el andan Burunġï buyruq elläri bilän … ; M 4 … oł anačałar ašyra / T 3b … sortun … da urłuɣu Ja῾akovnun … . oł anačałar üčuń; H 180a … bujruk kołłary sary oł anacyłarnyn. 40 Psa 105:24, C IV 34b,4 … asrï da küčäytti anï dušmanlarïndan; 48 Exo 1:15, C I 56b,10–11 id; E Yisra᾿el analïqlarġa, a more G 1b … yayïldïrdï ulusnu ġayet … ettirdi anï tar berivčilärindän … ; correct form is Yisra᾿el analïqlarïna; G 1b … analïqlarïna ol Yisra᾿el M 4 Da jajdy ułusun astry da ḱučlurak etti any tar berivčularińdan / T χatïnlarïnïŋ … ; M 4 Ńečik jazɣan … biji Mićriniń oł Jisra᾿elkałarɣa 3a … jajdy ošoł ułusun … ; H 179b Da jajdyrdy osoł ułusun ezinin ki šemi … Šyfra da šemi … / T 3b Ńečik jazyłɣan … aty oł birisiniń astry da kiclirek etti any tar berivcilerinden. … ; H 180a–180b Ki necik jazyłɣandy … biji Micrinin anacyłarɣa oł 41 Psa 105:25, C IV 34b,5 … dušman tutma ulusun … qullarï Jisra᾿elkałarɣa … birinin indeliredi … Pu῾a ki ałar ediler kartrakłar učun; E vocalization of the front vocalic words with the ṣere like in kałdyk Jisra᾿el anacyłar iśtińe. köŋüllerin is exceptional and normally the forms like köŋüllärin occur; 49 Exo 1:16, C I 56b,12–4 … ol Yisra᾿el χatïnlarġa da körüŋiz ol G 1b Čevirdi köŋüllärini … yaman fikir … ; M 4 / T 3a Čuvurdu qozaq üstünä … ol da öldüriŋiz anï … ; G 1b … ol Yisra᾿el … da üraḱlariń/ juraḱlariń χor etḿa … ułusun … ; H 179b Civirdi jireklerin bağïŋïz ol iskämlä üstünä … isä ol da … tiri qalsïn; M 4 … toratḱani- ałarnyn dusman … saɣys etḿe kułłary iśtińe anyn. jiźda oł Jisra᾿elkałarny da baɣyjyz oł torar orunłar üśtuńa eǵer uvuł oł 42 Exo 1:11, C I 56b,3–5 id; G 1b … ḥaraǧlarnïŋ … šeḥärläri da ölturujuź any da eǵer kyz oł da tiri bołsun / T 3b … ošoł oł Jis- par῾oġa Pitomnï … ; M 4 … anyn üstuńa aɣałyχłaryn jasaχ ra᾿elkałarny … eǵer uvuł eśa … eǵer kyz eśa … ; H 180b … tuvdurt- ałyvčułarnyn … par῾oɣa Pitomnu da Ra῾amsesni / T 3a … jasak kanynyzda osoł oł Jisra᾿elkałarny da ḱeriniz oł terejdoɣan orun iśtińe berivčularniń … juḱlari była … ošoł Pitomnu da ošoł Ra῾amsesni; … oł da elteriniz … oł da tiri kałsyn. H 179b … anyn iśtińe anyn aɣarakłaryn jasak ałuvcułarnyn ikleri była 50 This is a non-biblical verse, for Heb., see O 5; G 1b … keŋäšini ezlerinin … oł jasak icin Jisra᾿el … saχarłary osoł Pitomnu da osoł da buyruɣunï; M 4 id; T 3b–4a … anyn; H 180b … osoł ḱenesin … Ra῾amsesni. anyn. THE KARAIM HAGGADAH 39 tirgiz- (15) dilär šol oġlanlarnï.51 Ekinǧi buyruq sïmarladï Da kečtim (8) üstüŋä da kördim seni bulġaney turġan barča (16) ulusuna äškärä da ǧa῾iz etti qanïn oġlanlarïnïŋ qanlarïŋ bilän da ayttïm (9) saŋa qanlarïŋ bilän tirilgin58 Yisra᾿el- (17) niŋ öldürmä alarnï da batïrma alarnï da ayttïm saŋa qanlarïŋ bilän (10) tirilgin.59 Saġïnïŋïz Nilgä.52 Nečik ki (18) yazïlġandïr da sïmarladï par῾o aǧayïplarnï ki qïldï belgilärin da (11) šara῾atlarïn barča ulusuna demä barča (19) ol doġġan oġlannï ol buyruġunïŋ.60 Urluġu Avraham qulunïŋ (12) oġlanlarï Nilgä tašlaŋïz anï da barča ol qïz- (20) nï tirgiziŋiz.53 Da Ya῾aqov saylanmïšïnïŋ.61 Oldïr H Täŋrimiz (13) barča ol alar učïn ol pasuq aytaydïr54 da tuvduq- yerdä šara῾atlarï ⟨.⟩62 Saġïndï dunyaġa degin šartïn (14) (4/102b) (1) larïŋ doġġan künüŋdä sen kesilmädi kin- söz sïmarladï biŋ dävürgä.63 Ki kesti Avraham bilän (15) digiŋ da suvlar bilän (2) yuvunmadïŋ yïmšanma da tuzl- da antï Yisḥaqqa ⟨.⟩64 Da turġuzdï anï Ya῾aqovġa räsimgä anma tuzlanmadïŋ da qïndaqlanma (3) qïndaqlanmadïŋ (16) Yisra᾿elgä šartïna dunyanïŋ.65 Demä saŋa berirmin ⟨.⟩55 Ḥayïfsïnmadï üstiŋä köz qïlma birni bular- (4) dan (17) šol yerin Kena῾annïŋ payï ülüšläriŋizniŋ.66 Bolġan- saŋa yazïqsïnma üstüŋä da tašlandïŋ yüzü üstinä ol (5) larïnda (18) sanlï el azdan da tirilir edilär anda.67 Da tüzniŋ iränčiligi bilän ǧanïŋnïŋ doġġan küniŋdä sen.56 Da yürüdilär (19) ulusdan ulusqa mämläkättän özgä ulusqa.68 (6) kördi Täŋrimiz šol avanlïġïn da raḥimlädi üstimizgä nečik (7) ki ol pasuq aŋlataydïr elläri bilän navisiniŋ.57 raχmetladi … ńečik oł tora anłatadyr naviligi ašyra … / T 4b … ošoł avanłyɣyn anyn … ; H 181a … Tenrimiz biznin osoł avanłyɣyn anyn 51 Exo 1:17, C I 56b,14–16 id; the biblical verse is preceded by … biznin iśtińe ki necik oł navilik anłatady kułłary asyra naviśinin; also in the , נַ בִ י א E Nečik ki yazïlġandïr, in O 5 translated into Rus. as какъ pasuq is absent from the original text, see O 6; E navi , כַ כָ תֽ ּו ב .Heb prophet’ (Comey and‘ נָ בִ י א .написано; G 1b … tiri qaldïrdïlar ol oġlanlarnï; M 4 Nečik jazɣan … subsequent occurrences, stands for Heb נְבִ יאֹו oł anačałar … ki ńečik … biji Mićriniń da tiri tuttułar šoł … / T 4a Tzur 2006: 425), for CKar. see (AJ 250), in the original Heb. text Nečik jazyłɣan … ; H 180b Ki necik jazyłɣandy … oł anacyłar ḱeńesin ‘his prophet’; note that although raḥimlädi < raḥim ‘merciful; compas- anyn da bujruɣun … ałaj ki necik … biji Micrinin da tiri kałdyrdyłar sionate’ is an Ar. loanword (AJ 326), the corresponding Heb. verb is .’he) had mercy)‘ ְ ורִ חַ ם .osoł oł er uvułłarny 52 This is a non-biblical verse, for Heb., see O 5; G 1b … ǧümlä 58 E The copyist has first written tirilgäysin ‘you shall live’, then ulusuna äškerä da elvertti tökmä qanïn … Nildä; M 4 … bujurdu … tried to correct this form to tirilgin ‘live’, but did not do this correction ułusuna aškara da jarar etti … / T 4a … ułusuna publičńe … ; H 180b clearly. … bujurdu … ezinin publicńe da jaravły etti kanyn … eltirḿe ałarny 59 Eze 16:6, C III 92b,15–16 … tirilgäysin … tirilgäysin; G 2a … da battyrma ałarny Nilde. seni bulašqan … učun tiri bolursïn … učun tiri bolursïn; M 5 Da aštym 53 Exo 1:22, C I 56b,22–23 Da sïmarladï … oġulnï … ; G 1b–2a śeniń ašyra … śurḱaladoɣunnu kanłaryj ičińa … kanłyjda bołsaj tiri … ǧümlä ulusuna … ǧümlä ol doġġan … ǧümlä ol qïznï tiri qaldïrïŋïz; bołɣun / T 4b … ovolańadoɣon kanłaryj ičińa … kanłary była Ṕe- M 4–5 Nečik jazɣan … ajtadoɣoč bar oł uvułnu oł tuvɣanny … / T 4a saχnyn tiri bołɣejsyn … kanłary była miłanyn tiri bołɣejsyn; H 181a Nečik jazyłɣan … ; H 180b–181a Ki necik jazyłɣandy da bujurdu … Da astym senin katyna … avḱelindoɣanny kanłaryn icińe … kanłaryn bar oł ułusuna ezinin ajtadoɣac … uvułnu oł tuvdurułɣan oł Nilde … była sav bołusen kanłaryn była sav bołusen. tiri tutunuz. 60 Psa 105:5, C IV 34a,15 … aǧayïplarïn … ; G 2a Saġïnïŋïz 54 E Da alar učïn ol pasuq aytaydïr ‘This is why the verse (the tamaša išlärin … ; M 5, T 4b … tamaša išlariń … nišanłaryn da PBH toralariń … ; H 181b … tamašałykłaryn anyn ki kyłdy nysanłaryn‘ ּפַ סּוק .Bible) says’ introduces the biblical verse; pasuq, from Heb 1. Biblical verse. 2. Scriptures, Bible’ (Klein 1987: 515); in Karaim da terelerin … . attested only in HKar. ‘wiersz, zdanie gramatyczne | grammatischer 61 Psa 105:6, C IV 34a,16; … Ya῾aqovnïŋ saylanmïšlarï; G 2a … Satz, Vers’ (Mardkowicz 1935: 53), see also KRPS (446); G katuv, oġlanlarï Ya῾aqovnïŋ saylanmïšlarï; M 5 … Avrahamnyn … Ja῾ak- written; writing’, which in PBH had the same meaning ovnun sajłanmyšłary; H 181b Ej urłuɣu Avrahamnyn … Ja῾akovnun‘ כתּוב .from Heb (Klein 1987: 289), similar to O 5 in which the Heb. word has the form sajłanmusłary anyn. translated into Rus. as св. Писаніе ‘Holy Scripture’; M 5 … oł 62 Psa 105:7, C IV 34a,17 id; G 2a … ǧümlä ol yerdädir … ; M , כָהַ תֽ ּו ב tora ajtadyr ‘the law says’; H 181a … oł navilik ajtady. 5 Oł H … toralari anyn / T 4b … toralari; H 181b … Tenrimiz biznin 55 Eze 16:4, C III 92b,10–12 id; note that the pronoun sen ‘you’, … askarady tereleri anyn. which is a clumsy translation from Hebrew, is also found in C and M; 63 Psa 105:8, C IV 34a,17–18 id; M 5 … śoź sarydy miń dorɣa; G 2a … doġurġan künündä seni … asayïšlïqqa da tuzlanma tuzlan- H 181b … śertin ezinin śezni ki bujurdu min dorɣa. madïŋ … ; M 5 Da tuvušłaryj tuvdurułɣan ḱuńda … da suv była 64 Psa 105:9, C IV 34a,18–19 Ki šart kesti Avraham bilän … ; G čajkałmadyj aruvłuχka … da belańḿab elańḿadij / T 4a Da tuvmušłaryj 2a Ki šert … Avrahamġa da antïnï; M 5 … šert da antyn kajjam etti … da suv była juvułmadyj … ; H 181a Da tuvmusłaryn senin … senin … / T 4b Kim … Jicχakka; H 181b Ki sert ḱesti Avraham była da antyn as in the ִי ׂשְ חַ ק ḱeśilḿedi kindigin senin … arynma da tuz była … da belenḿe ezinin kajjam etti Jicχakka; the name of Isaac is written belenḿedin. Hebrew Bible, for the writing Yičχaq, see 5,8. 56 Eze 16:5, C III 92b,12–14 … qïlma saŋa bir bulardan 65 Psa 105:10, C IV 34a,19–20 id; G 2a … Ya῾aqovġa Yisra᾿elgä ḥayïfsïnma üstüŋä … bilän gövdäŋniŋ doġġan … (this verse in C is ömürlük šert; M 5 … öḿurluk šertḱa / T 4b Da kajjam etti any … ; more literal, but also better translated); G 2a … saŋa birni … bulardan H 181b Da kajjam etti any … emirlik sertḱe. ḥayïfsïnma … yüzläri üstünä … doġurġan künündä seni; M 5 … saja 66 Psa 105:11, C IV 34a,20–21 … payï ülüšüŋizniŋ; G 2a … ber- birni … χajyfsunma … juźlari üstuńa … mi᾿usłuɣuj sartyn özujnun irmin yerin … ülüšüŋüzniŋ; M 5 Ajtadoɣoč berirmiń saja jeriń … tijiš tuvdurułɣan ḱuńda śeń / T 4b … χorłuɣu była ǯanyjnyn tuvɣan vaχtta ülušujuźǵa / T 4b–5a … saja berirmiń ošoł jeriń … ülušujuźńu; H 181b śeń; H 181a … senin iśtińe … sana χajifśinḿe senin iśtińe … izleri Ajtadoɣac … osoł yerin … tijiśi iliśinizni. iśtińe oł tiznin bezḿegi była … tuvdurulmak kininde senin; for mi᾿usłuk 67 Psa 105:12, C IV 34a,21 id; M 5 … el azɣyna da tirildilar … / ‘impurity, defilement’, see WKar. mijus (KRPS 407). T 5a … tiriliredilar … ; H 181b … azɣyna(k) … . 57 This is a non-biblical verse; G 2a … uzunluġunï instead of šol 68 Psa 105:13, C IV 34a,22 Da bardïlar ulustan … ; E The word avanlïġïn; … ol katuv aŋlatadïr … ; M 5 … avanłyχ kyłmaɣyn da ulus is written above the unvocalized word mämläkät, a correction done 40 HENRYK JANKOWSKI

(20) Qoymadï adamnï zulumlama alarnï da ügütlädi alar Yičḥaq bilän Ya῾aqov bilän.76 Da kördi Täŋri šol (15) učïn (21) {χanlarnï} oġlanlarïn Yisra᾿elniŋ da bildi Täŋri.77 Da ayttï H körmä (5/103a) (1) χanlarnï.69 Tiymäŋiz mašiyaḥlarïma70 da (16) kördim šol qïyïnïn ulusumnïŋ ki Mïsïrda da šol fey- navilärimä yaman etmäŋiz.71 (2) Da ayttï Yohošua῾ barča ret- (17) lärin ešittim aldïndan qïstovčïlarïnïŋ ki bildim ol ulusqa bulay ayttï H Täŋrisi (3) Yisra᾿elniŋ kečivindä šol (18) sïzlovlarïn.78 Da endim qutqarma anï qolundan ol özänniŋ otïrdïlar atalarïŋïz dunya- (4) dan Teraḥ atasï Mïsïrlï- (19) larnïŋ da čïġarma anï ol yerdän yaχšï da käŋ Avrahamnïŋ da atasï Naḥornïŋ da qulluq (5) ettilär öŋgä yergä aġay (20) turġan süt da bal yerinä ol Kena῾aniniŋ täŋrilärgä.72 Da aldïm šol ataŋïznï (6) šol Avrahamnï da ol Ḥitiniŋ da ol kečivindän ol özänniŋ da yürüttim anï (7) barča yerindä (6/103b) (1) Emoriniŋ da ol Periziniŋ da ol Ḥiviniŋ Kena῾annïŋ da köbeyttim šol urluġïn da berdim (8) aŋar da ol Yevusiniŋ.79 ⟨Da endi muna firyatï oġlanlarïnïŋ šol Yičḥaqnï.73 Da berdim Yičḥaqqa šol Ya῾aqovnï da (9) Yisra᾿elniŋ keldi maŋa da daġïn kördüm ol qïstovnï ki šol ῾Esavnï da berdim ῾Esavġa šol taġïn Se῾irniŋ Mïsïrlïlar qïstaydïrlar alarnï⟩80 (2) Da endi kelgin da meräslämä (10) anï da Ya῾aqov da oġlanlarï endilär yibiräyim seni par῾oġa da čïġarġïn šol ulusumnï (3) Mïsïrġa.74 Da yibirdim šol (11) Mošeni da šol Aharonnï oġlanlarïn Yisra᾿elniŋ Mïsïrdan.81 Da ayttï Moše ol da qïrdïm šol Mïsïrnï nečik ki (12) qïldïm ortasïnda da Täŋri- (4) gä kimdirmen ki barġaymïn par῾oġa82 da ki andan soŋra čïġardïm sizni.75 Da (13) ešitti Täŋri šol čïġarġaymïn šol (5) oġlanlarïn Yisra᾿elniŋ Mïsïrdan.83 Da feryatlarïn da saġïndï Täŋri šol šartïn (14) Avraham bilän ayttï ki bolïrmïn (6) birgäŋä da bu saŋa ol nïšan ki men yibirdim seni čïġarġanïŋda (7) šol ulusnï Mïsïrdan qulluq etärsiz ol Täŋrigä ušbu (8) taġ üstünä.84 Ki čïġardïm seni yerindän Mïsïrnïŋ de evindän (9) qullarnïŋ yuldïm seni by the copyist; G … ulusqa da χanlïqtan bašqa ulusqa; therefore, instead of E mämläkät ‘state; kingdom’, G has χanlïq ‘state; kingdom; da yibirdim aldïŋa šol Mošeni da šol (10) Aharonnï da khanate’; M 5, T 5a … χanłyχtan χanłyχka bijliḱtań ekinči ułusχa; H 181b … χanłyktan χanłykka da bijlikten ezǵe uluska. 69 Psa 105:14, C IV 34a,23–24 … zulumluq etmä alarġa … ; G 2a Qaldïrmadï adamġa … ; M 5 Erk berḿadi adamɣa … da hadeṕladi 76 Exo 2:24, C I 57b,10–12 id; E mistakenly Avraham bilin for … bijlarni / T 5a … da üǵutladi … bijlarni; H 181b Jiberḿedi adamɣa Avraham bilän; G 2b … Taŋrï feryatlarïnï … Taŋrï šertini … da … bijlerni par῾oda Avimeleχni. Ya῾aqov … ; M 6 … inčχyrmaχłaryn … Teńri šertiń ḱesilǵańni … / T ;Messiah. 2. anointed’ 5b … ošoł firjatłaryn … ošoł šertiń Avrahamɣa Jicχakka da Ja῾akovɣa .1‘ מ ָ ִ ׁש י חַ .E and G mašiyaḥ is from Heb 70 (Comey, Tzur 2006: 411), see CKar. Maşiyaḥ (AJ 235), for the original H 182a–182b … osoł eki[r]ḿeklerin ałarnyn … osoł śertin ezinin … Heb. text where this word is present, see O 6. da Ja῾akov była. 71 Psa 105:15, C IV 34a,24 id, though mistakenly tiyimäŋiz; G 2a 77 Exo 2:25, C I 57b,12–13 id; G 2b … Taŋrï oġlanlarïn … qïyïn- … büyüklärimä da navilärimä …; M 5 Ajtadoɣoč … tijḿajiź surtul- larïnï; the word qïyïnlarïnï is absent from E, M, T and H, it is G’s ḿušlariḿa … / T 5a Tijḿajiź … ; H 181b–182a Ajtadoɣac tijḿeniz amplification; M 6 … Teńri ułanłaryn … / T 5b … ošoł ułanłaryn … ; ḿenim … ḿenim jaman … . H 182b Da ḱerdim(m) … osoł uvułłaryn da sivdi … . 72 Jos 24:2, C II 21b,6–9 id, but note that ‘God’ is vocalized by 78 Exo 3:7, C I 57b,26–58a,1 id; E feyret is an interesting meta- a qamaṣ which should be read Taŋrï, whereas ‘gods’ by a pataḥ which thetic variant of feryat; G 2b … kördüm qïyïnïnï … da feryatlarïnï … suggests the reading täŋri(lär); E Tera, corrected on the basis of G and zira bildim sïzlovlarïnï; M 5 … ḱordum kyjynyn … da firjatłaryn … ki ettilär is written with an unnecessary aleph after the bilamiń … / T 5b … ošoł kyjynyn … da ošoł firjatłaryn … ošoł ; תֶ רַ ח .M, see Heb second ṭet; G 2a … ǧümlä ol ulusqa … atalarïmïz eväldän … bašqa syzłavłaryn; H 182b … osoł kyjynyn … da osoł firjatłaryn … ki taŋrïlarġa; M 5, T 5a … atałaryjyz avałdan … öźǵa … ; H 182a … bileḿen osoł syzłavłaryn anyn. H ekinci janynda oł ezinin … atałarynyz avałdan … ezǵe tenrilerǵe. 79 Exo 3:8, C I 58a,1–4 Da enärmin … da keŋ yergä yergä … ⟨da 73 Jos 24:3, C II 21b,9–11 id; E mistakenly köbeytim, corrected to ol Ḥitiniŋ⟩ … ; G 2b … süt da bal aġay turġan yergä yerinä … ; M 6, köbeyttim; G 2a Da aldïm ataŋïznï Avrahamnï … anï ǧümlä … köbeyt- T 5b … Mićriniń … da avłaχ jerǵa aɣadoɣon … ornuna … ; H 182b tim urluġunï … aŋar Yičḥaqnï / T 5a … ošoł atajyzny ošoł Avrahamny … Micrinin … oł jerden oł jaχsy jerǵe da ḱen avłak jerǵe aktyradoɣan … ošoł urłuɣun … ošoł Jicχakny; M 5 … ałdym Avraham atajyzny … … ornuna … . da arttyrdym urłuɣun … anar Jicχakny; H 182a Da ałdym osoł 80 Exo 3:9, C I 58a,4–5 id; this verse was added on the basis of atanyzny osoł Avrahamny da jirittim any bar jerinde Kena῾annyn da G 2b; M 6 Da halegińa muna … kysyχłyχny … kysadyrłar … ; T 6a arttyrdym osoł urłuɣun anyn da berdi[m] anar karłyɣynda osoł and H 182b this verse is wanting. Jicχakny. 81 Exo 3:10, C I 58a,6–7 id; M 6 Da halegińa ḱel da ijajym śeni 74 Jos 24:4, C II 21b,11–12 id; E mistakenly berdi Esavġa; E … / T 6a … ošoł ułusumnu … ; H 182b Da haligińe ḱelgin da ijejim oġlanlarï was corrected by the copyist in an unclear way; G 2a–2b … seni … osoł ułusumnu osoł uvułłaryn … . Yičḥaqqa Ya῾aqovnï … da berdim ῾Esavġa taġïn … ; M 5 … da 82 E Mistakenly Mïsïrġa for par῾oġa. ῾Esavny da berdim ῾Esavɣa tavyn Se῾irniń … / T 5a … ošoł Ja῾akovnu 83 Exo 3:11, C I 58a,7–9 … barġaymïn par῾oġa … ; M 6 … kim da ošoł ῾Esavny … ošoł tavyn … ; H 182a … osoł Ja῾akovnu da osoł méń ki … / T 6a … ošoł ułanłaryn … ; H 182b–183a … kim ḿenḿen ῾Esavny … osoł tavyn … vale Ja῾akov da uvułłary anyn … . … osoł uvułłaryn … . 75 Jos 24:5, C II 21b,13–14 id; G 2b Da yibirdim Mošeni da Aha- 84 Exo 3:12, C I 58a,9–11 … qulluq etkäylär ol Täŋrigä … ; G 2b ronnï … Mïsïrlïlarnï … ; M 5–6 Da ijdim Mošeni da Aharonnu … ki … bolurmïn yardïmġa birgeŋä … ol ulusnï … ol ušbu … ; M 6 … ol ńečik … andan sortun … / T 5b … ošoł Mošeni da ošoł Aharonnu … belgi ki ḿen ijdim … oł tav üśtuńa ušpu … / T 6a … bołurḿeń … ošoł Mićrini … ; H 182a Da ijdim osoł Mošeni da osoł Aharonnu da ijaḿeń … ; H 183a … ki bołur bołusłuɣum ḿenim birǵeńe senin da kyrdym osoł Micrini ki necik kyłdym ortasynda anyn da andan sortun budur sana oł belgi ki ḿen ijeḿen seni … osoł oł ułusnu … oł tav iśtińe cyɣardym sizni. oł uspu. THE KARAIM HAGGADAH 41

Miryamnï.85 Yibirdi Moše qulun Aharonnï ki (11) sayladï Yičḥaqqa da Ya῾qovġa da berirmin (8) anï sizgä meräslik ani.86 Qoydïlar alarda sözlärin nïšanlarnïŋ da (12) bel- menmin H.94 Da aytqïn par῾oġa (9) bulay ayttï H tunġuč gilär yerindä Ḥamnïŋ.87 Nečik ki yazïlġandïr toraŋda.88 oġlumdïr Yisra᾿el.95 (10) Da ayttïm saŋa yibirgin šol (13) Da men bildim ki bermäzdir sizni χanï Mïsïrnïŋ oġlumnï da qulluq (11) etsin maŋa da kilämäsäŋ yibirmä barma da (14) (da) dügül küčlü quvat bilän.89 Da anï muna men qïrar- (12) mïn (qïrarmïn) šol tunġuč yibirirmin šol χïšïmïmnï (15) da urarmïn šol Mïsïrlïlarnï oġluŋnï.96 Da ešitmästir (13) sizgä par῾o da berirmin šol barča aǧayïplarïm bilän ki (16) qïlarmïn ortasïna da χïšïmïmnï Mïsïrda (14) da čïġarïrmïn šol čerevimni šol andan soŋra yibirir sizni.90 (17) Da yazïlġandïr da daġïn ulusumnï oġlanlarïn (15) Yisra᾿elniŋ yerindän Mïsïrnïŋ men ešittim šol feryatïn oġlan- (18) larïnïŋ Yisra᾿elniŋ ki ulu šera῾atlar bilän.97 (16) Da alardïrlar on urmaqlar ki Mïsïrlïlar qulluq ettiräydirlär (19) alarġa da saġïndïm šol urdu H alar bilän (17) par῾onï da Mïsïrlïlarnï säväbi učïn šartïmnï.91 Anïŋ učïn aytqïn (20) oġlanlarïna Yisra᾿elniŋ ulusunïŋ da äkäyät (18) etmäk učïn anï.98 Burïnġï qan.99 menmin H da čïġarïrmïn sizni (21) {yügü} Nečik ki yazïlġan- (7/104a) (1) yügü tibindän Mïsïrlïlarnïŋ da qutqa- (8/104b) (1) dïr da qïldïlar alay Moše da Aharon nečik rïrmïn sizni qulluq- (2) larïndan da yularmïn sizni sunul- ki sïmarladï H da kötär- (2) di tayaq bilän da urdï šol suv- muš quvat bilän ulu (3) šara῾atlar bilän.92 Da alïrmïn larnï ki Nildä közlärinčä (3) par῾onïŋ da közlärinčä qul- sizni özümä ulusqa (4) da bolïrmïn sizgä Täŋrigä da larïnïŋ da deŋiširildilär barča ol (4) suvlar ki Nildä qanġa.100 bilgäysiz ki menmin H (5) Täŋriŋiz ol čïġarġan sizni yügü tibindän Mïsïrlïlarnïŋ.93 (6) Da ketirirmin sizni ol 6b … ałyrḿeń … bołurḿeń siźǵa Teńri … ; H 183b … bilirśiz ki yergä ki kötärdim šol qolumnï (7) bermä anï Avrahamġa menmen H … cyɣaruvcu … ikleri … Micrinin. 94 Exo 6:8, C I 60b,10–12 … kötärdim šol qudratïmnï … ; G 3a … ki ant bilän kötärdim qudratïmnï … ; M 7 … ki ant ettim kudra- 85 Cf. Mic 6:4, C III 140a,18–19 alarġa ‘to them’ which is a mis- tymdan … ḿen H / T 6b Da ḱeltirirmiń … ; H 183b–184a Da ḱel- take for aldïŋa ‘before you’; G 2b … aldïŋa Mošeni Aharonnï … ; M tiriḿen … ki ant ettim kudratymdan … da berirḿen any śizǵe mereś- 6 … da kułłar üvundan … ijdim ałnyja Mošeni … / T 6a … ošoł likḱe menmen .H Mošeni … ; H 183a … Micrinin da kułłuk erkinden jułudum seni da 95 Exo 4:22, C I 59a,20 id; M 7 … uvłum tunɣučum … / T 7a … ijdim ałdynda senin osoł Mošeni navilik etḿekḱe da osoł Aharonnu ošoł uvłumnu … maja muna ḿeń kyrarmyn ošoł uvłujnu; H 184a … kohenlik etḿekḱe da osoł Mirjamny ivretḿe katynłarɣa ułu će berlik uvłumdu … . była [kecir]ḿeknin. 96 Exo 4:23, C I 59a,21–22 id; G 3a … yibirgin oġlumnï … da 86 Psa 105:26, C IV 34b,6 id; M 6, T 6a Ijdi Mošeni qułun … ; egär kilämäsäŋ … qïrarmïn tunġuč … ; M 7 … ijgiń uvłumnu … da H 183a … kułun ezinin … . klamid esaj ijḿa … öltururmin uvłujnu tunɣučujnu; H 184a … ijgin 87 Psa 105:27, C IV 34b,6–7 … nïšanlarïnïŋ da belgilärin … , E osoł uvłumnu … ijḿe … osoł tunɣuc … senin. … belgilär ‘tokens’ which is more correct than G; G 2b incorrectly 97 Exo 7:4, C I 61a,20–22 … šol čerivlärimni … ; E The usual belgilärniŋ … ; M 6, T 6a … išlarin belgilariń da nišanłar … ; vocalization of šara῾at is with three pataḥs, see 2,9 above; G 3a … H 183a … islerin belgilerinin da nysanłaryn … . čirivlärim ulusumnï … ullu … ; M 7 Da tynłamast par῾o da berirmiń 88 This phrase is non-biblical; M 6 Ki ńečik jazɣan torajda / T 6a χyššymymny … šoł čerivlariḿni ułusumnu … toralar była / T 7a … -ošoł χyššymymny … ošoł čerivlariḿni ošoł ułusumnu … ułłu karan כַ אֲ ׁשֶ ר jazyłɣan … ; H 183a Ki necik … aziz toranda senin; O 5 … … jałar była; H 184a Da tynłamasty … da beriḿen osoł χyssymymny . ת ָ כֹו ב ּבְתֹורָתֶ ָך 89 Exo 3:19, C I 58a,29–58b,1 id; G 2b … ki izin bermästir sizgä da cyɣarymen osoł cirivlerimni osoł ułusumnu osoł uvułłaryn … karan- … ; M 6 Da ḿen bilamiń … siźǵa biji … ła / T 6a … bilaḿeń … ; jałar była. H 183a … biliḿen ki irak berḿeśti sizǵe biji Micrinin barma jerinden 98 This is a non-biblical verse; in an abridged form, it also comes ezinin da tivil kicli koł była. up in Eg 6; E mistakenly ol ‘the’ for on ‘ten’; G 3a … on urmaqlar … 90 Exo 3:20, C I 58b,2–3 Da sunarmïn šol χïšïmïmnï … ki qïlarmïn sebäbläri … učun atïnï; M 7 Da ałar on kyrančłar ki kyrdy H … ułusu ortasïnda … ; G 2b–3a … ǧümlä aǧayïplarïm … soŋra alay … ; M üčuń da kotarmaχ üčuń šemiń anyn / T 7a … on karanjałar ńeki … ; 6 Da sunarmyn … da kyrarmyn Mićrini bar tamaša išlarim była … / H 184a Da ałardyłar on karanjałar ki karat etti … da Micrini … isleri T 6b Da sunarḿeń ošoł χyššymymny da kyrarḿeń ošoł Mićrini bar icin ułusunun da kotarmak icin šemin anyn; for Heb., see O 9. tamašałykłarym była ńe ki kyłarḿeń … ; H 183b Da sunarḿen osoł 99 M 7 Burunɣu kyranč kan / T 7a … karanja … ; H 184a … χyssymymny da karateterḿen osoł Micrini bar tamašałykłarym była … karanja edi … ; E From this word onward the initial words of the ortasynda anyn da andan sortun ałaj ijer sizni. sections which tell the ten plagues, preceded by the ordinal numerals 91 Exo 6:5 C I 60b,4–5 id; G 3a … ešittim firyatïn … saġïndïm from first to tenth, are written with square letters; in M 7–8, they are šertimni … ; in G the fragment beginning with Da daġïn is preceded printed in bold, while in O 9–11 in a larger type; in T 7a–9b they of the same meaning ‘and also’; M 6 Da jazɣan are preceded by the Hebrew names of the plagues in parentheses; in H וגם by the Heb. word da daɣy … inčχyrmaɣyn … ki … ettirdilar … / T 6b … ošoł firjatyn they are not distinguished; Exo 7:2 and all the subsequent verses on … ošoł šertiḿni; H 183b Da jazyłɣandy da daɣy ḿen(de) … osoł eki[r] the plagues are preceded by the phrase Nečik ki yazïlġandïr ‘as is writ- ḿegin … ettirdiler ałarny … osoł śertimni; Exo 6:5 is preceded by E, ten’ except for plague 8 and 9 in E; in M Nečik jazɣan, in T Nečik .jazyłɣan, in H Ki necik jazyłɣandy, after all the ten plagues . כָוְ ת ֹו ב T Da yazïlġandïr, M Da jazɣan and H Da jazyłɣandy, see O 8 92 Exo 6:6, C I 60b,5–8 … da ulu … ; G 3a … yükläri … ullu 100 Exo 7:20, C I 61b,19–22 Da qïldïlar alay Moše … da … ; M 6 … men H … juḱlari … sunułɣan … da ułłu toralar była / T degiširildilär barča ol suvlar ki Nildä qanġa; E mistakenly deŋiširdilär 6b … čyɣaryrḿeń … kutkaryrḿeń … jułurḿeń …ułłu karanjałar była; barča ol suv, corrected to deŋiširildilär barča ol suvlar ‘and all the H 183b … uvułłaryna … ḿenḿen H … ikleri … Micrinin … sunułɣan water turned’, for another vocalization däŋišir-, see 2,15; G 3a … ol … da ułłu karanjałar była. suvlarnï … deŋiširildilär ǧümlä … suvlar … ; M 7 … ki ńečik bujurdu … ( ַ ו ָ י�֤ רֶ ם ַ ּבמַ טֶ ה Exo 6:7, C I 60b,8–9 id; G 3a … da bilirsiz ki … yükläri … ; … da koturdu kołun (C, E and G follow the Heb. text 93 M 6–7 … da bilirsiź ki men H … da čyɣaryvčy siźni … juḱlari … / T da čuvuruldular bar oł suvłar … / T 7a … ki ńečik … ḱoturdu tajakny 42 HENRYK JANKOWSKI

Ekinǧi baqalar.101 Nečik ki yazïlġan- (5) dïr da sundu (9/105a) (1) par῾onïŋ da sačtï anï ⟨Moše⟩ ol kökkä da Aharon šol qolun (.) suvlarï üstünä (6) Mïsïrnïŋ da boldï čïban tomalčïq- (2) lïq yayïlay turġan adamda da čïġardï šol baqalarnï da yaptï šol yerin Mïsïr- (7) nïŋ.102 tuvarda.110 Yedinǧi Burčaq.111 (3) Nečik ki yazïlġandïr Üčünǧi bit.103 Nečik ki yazïlġandïr da qïldïlar (8) alay da da sundu Moše šol tayaġïn ol kökkä (4) da H berdi ava- sundu Aharon šol qolun tayaġï bilän da urdu šol (9) (šol) zlar da burčaq da yürüdü ot yergä da yaġdïrdï H (5) topraġïn ol yerniŋ da boldu ol bit adamda da tuvar- (10) burčaq yeri üstünä Mïsïrnïŋ.112 Sekizinǧi čegirtkä.113 (6) da barča topraġï ol yerniŋ boldu bit barča yerindä Misïr- ⟨Nečik ki yazïlġandïr⟩ da sundu Moše šol tayaġïn yeri (11) nïŋ.104 Dördünǧi yaman kiyik.105 Nečik ki üstünä Mïsïrnïŋ da H (7) köndärdi yelin kün doġušunïŋ yazïlġandïr da (12) qïldï H alay da keldi yaman kiyik aġïr yerdä barča ol kün da barča (8) ol kečä ol ertä boldï da evinä par῾onïŋ da evinä (13) qullarïnïŋ da barča yerindä yeli ol kün doġušïnïŋ kötär- (9) di šol čegirtkäni.114 Mïsïrnïŋ čaypaldï ol yer aldïndan (14) ol yaman kiyi- Toquzïnǧï qaranġulïq.115 ⟨Nečik ki yazïlġandïr⟩ da kniŋ.106 Bešinǧi ölät.107 Nečik ki yazïlġandïr (15) da sundu (10) Moše šol qolun ol kökkä da boldï terän qïldï H šol ušbu sözni taŋdasïna da öldü barča (16) qaranġulïq barča (11) yerindä Mïsïrnïŋ ⟨üč künlär⟩.116 sürüvü Mïsïrnïŋ da sürüvindän oġlanlarïnïŋ Yisra᾿elniŋ Onunǧï tunġučlarnï urma (12) da öldürmä.117 Nečik ki (17) ölmädi bir.108 Altïnǧï čïban.109 Nečik ki yazïlġandïr yazïlġandïr (.) da edi yarïmïsïnda (13) ol kečäniŋ da H (18) da aldïlar šol qurumïn ol fïrïnnïŋ da turdïlar aldïna urdu barča tunġučnï yerindä Mïsïrnïŋ (14) tunġučïndan (19) {par῾o} par῾onïŋ ol oturaǧaq taχtï üstünä (15) tunġučïna degin ol yäsirniŋ ki evindä ol zindannïŋ (16) da barča tunġučïn tuvarnïŋ.118 Da turdu par῾o kečä ol (17) da qullarï da

… ošoł oł suvłarny … ; H 184a–184b … ki necik bujurdu … da vatty osoł oł suvłarny … da ajłandyłar bar oł suvłar … 110 Exo 9:10, C I 63a,22–24 … da boldï čïban yayïlay turġan 101 M 7 Ekińči kyranč baɣałar / T 7a … karanja baɣałar; H 184b tomalčïqlar … ; E Moše ‘Moses’ is wanting, it was added on the basis Ekinci karanja edi baɣałar. of the other versions; G 3b … aldïlar qurumïn … säčti anï Moše … 102 Exo 8:2, C I 62a,12–13 Da sundu Aharon … da čïqtï ol baġa tomalčïqlar …; M 8 … sopχasyn oł tutuńluḱnun … da burktu any … ; E Da qayïrdï Aharon šol qolun … da čïġardï šol baqalarnï … Moše oł ḱoḱlarǵa … tomałčyχłar jajyładoɣon … / T 9a … sopχasyn oł (qayïrdï ‘he turned’ is corrected to sundu ‘stretched out’); G 3a … da komińniń … da edi čyban; H 185a … osoł sopχasyn ol kirec ṕecnin … sundu ol Aharon … da čïqtï ol baqa … ; M 7… Aharon kołun suvłar da birkti … oł joɣaryɣa … tomałcykłar jajyładoɣan … . üśtuńa … da čyχty oł baɣa da kapłady jeriń … / T 7b … ošoł kołun … 111 M 8 Jedińči kyranč buz / T 9a … karanja … ; H 185a Jedinci čyɣardy oł baɣany … ošoł jeriń … ; H 184b … Moše Aharon (sic) osoł karanja edi buz. kołun … da cykty oł baɣa da kapłady osoł … . 112 Exo 9:23, C I 63b,18–19 … ot yerdä … ; E Moše ‘Moses’ is 103 G 3a … bitlär; M 7 Üčuńču kyranč bitlar / T 7b … karanja wanting, it was added on the basis of C, G and M; G 3b … Moše bitlar; H 184b Icinci karanja edi bitler. tayaġïn … ; M 8 … oł ḱoḱlarǵa … da buz da jałynłady ot … H buz … 104 Exo 8:13, C I 62b,1–4 … da tuvarda barča topraġï ol yerniŋ / T 9a … Moše ošoł tayaġïn … ḱoḱlar üśtuńa … da juruttu ot … ; … ; G 3a … Aharon qolun … da urdu topraġïn … da ǧümlä topraġï H 185a … osoł tajaɣn ezinin oł aver iśtińe … da buz … da cykty ot … … boldï bitlär ǧümlä … ; M 7 … Aharon kołun … da urdu topraɣyn buz jeri … . … / T 7b … ošoł kołun … ošoł topraɣyn … edi bit … ; H 184b … 113 M 8 Segizińči kyranč čegirtḱa / T 9a … karanja … ; H 185a osoł kołun … da vatty osoł topraɣyn … bitler … . Segizinci karanja edi ćegirtḱe. 105 G 3a … qarïšïq kiyik; M 7 Dortuńču kyranč katyš čibiń / T 7b 114 Exo 10:13, C I 64b,14–16 … ⟨čegirtkä učun⟩ da H köndärdi … … karanja … kijik; H 184b Dertinci karanja edi katys kijik. da yeli ol doġušunïŋ … ; E Nečik ki yazïlġandïr is wanting (also in the 106 Exo 8:20, C I 62b,17–4 id; G 3b … egir (sic) qarïšïq kiyik … following verse), it was established on the basis of G; G 3b Nečik ki da ǧümlä yerindä … qarïšïq kiyikniŋ; M 7 … da ḱeldi katyš čibiń ḱop yazïlġandïr … Moše tayaġïn … da adonay köndärdi … bütün kün da astry … oł katyš čibińniń / T 7b … katyš kijik avur üvuńa … oł katyš bütün kečä … kötärip ketirdi ol čegirtkäni … ; M 8 … kadim jelin kijikniń; H 184b … kułłarynyn anyn da bar jerinde … oł katys jerda bar oł ḱun uzunnu da bar oł kečani oł tan … da oł kadim jel … kijiknin. oł čegirtḱani / T 9a … ošoł tajaɣyn … bar oł tuń […] … ošoł oł 107 M 7 Bešińči kyranč ölat / T 7b … karanja … ; H 184b Besinci/ čegirtḱani; H 185a–185b … osoł tajaɣyn ezinin … kadim jelin … oł beśinci karanja edi elet. kinni oł da bar ḱećeni oł tan bołdu da oł mizraχ jeli … osoł oł 108 Exo 9:6, C I 63a,14–15 Da qïldï H šol ušbu išni taŋdasïndan ćegirtḱeni. … Mïsïrlïlarnïŋ … Yisra᾿el⟨niŋ⟩ … ; G 3b … ol ušbu išni tandasïndan 115 M 8 Toɣuzunču kyranč karanɣyłyχ / T 9a … karanja … ; … öldü ǧümlä … Mïsïrlïlarnïŋ … bir dä; M 7 … H ol śoźńu ušpunu H 185b Toɣuzuncu karanja edi karanɣyłyk. tan byładan … bar tuvary … vale tuvaryndan … bir-da / T 7b … ošoł 116 Exo 10:22, C I 65a,3–4 … barča yerindä Mïsïrnïŋ üč künlär; oł išni … ertań byłada … (the fragment from the fourth plague Dor- E üč künlär is wanting, added on the basis of the other translations; G tuńču karanja to the beginning of the fifth, i.e. the word ölat, is wanting 3b … Moše qolun … ǧümlä yerindä … üč künlär; M 8 … Moše kołun in 7b and is added on 8a; the fifth plague with the beginning Bešińči oł ḱoḱlarǵa … karanłyχ tuman … üč ḱuńlar / T 9b … ošoł kołun oł karanja ölat is also added on 8e, is found normally on 7b after the third ḱoḱlar üśtuńa da edi … ; H 185b … osoł kołun ezinin oł ḱekler iśtińe plague, but the Hebrew name is mistakenly numbered as fourth); … karanɣyłyk tuman … . H 185a … oł išni oł uspunu tanbyładan … bar tuvary Micrinin vale 117 M 8 Onunču kyranč … kyrma da … / T 9b … karanja … ; tuvarłaryndan … birde; note that M and E have sözni ‘word-acc’, H 185b Onuncu karanja edi vatmaɣy tunɣucłaryn vatma da eltirḿe .tunɣucłaryn Micrinin אֶ ת ־ הַ ָ ּדבָ ר .while T and H have išni–iśni ‘work-acc’, for Heb ‘acc-word’. 118 Exo 12:29, C I 66b,6–8 … ol oturġan taχtï üstünä … ; G 3b 109 M 8 Ałtynčy kyranč čyban / T 9a … karanja … ; H 185a … da adonay urdu ǧümlä … ki artïnda degirmänniŋ … da ǧümlä Ałtyncy karanja edi cyban. tunġučïn … ; M 8 da bołdu jarty oł ḱečada … da H kyrdy bar tunɣučun THE KARAIM HAGGADAH 43 barča Mïsïrlïlar da boldu ulu feryat Mïsïr- (18) da ki yoq avazïmïznï da kördi šol qïyïnïmïznï da šol (15) edi ev ki yoq edi anda ölü.119 Da čaqïrdï emgägimizni da šol qïstovïmïznï.127 Da čïġardï (16) bizni (10/105b) (1) Mošegä da Aharonġa kečä da ayttï H Mïsïrdan küčlü qudrat128 bilän da sunïlmïš quvat (17) turuŋïz čïġïŋïz ortasïn- (2) dan ulusumnïŋ daġïn siz daġïn bilän da ulu qorquv bilän da nïšanlar bilän da belgilär oġlanlarï Yisra᾿elniŋ da barïŋïz (3) qulluq etiŋiz H-ġa bilän.129 (18) Maχtaŋïz H-nï čaqïrïŋïz atï bilän bildiriŋiz sözläriŋizčä.120 Daġïn qoyuŋïznï daġïn (4) sïġïrlarïŋïznï uluslarda (19) {išlärin} alïŋïz ⟨nečik ki sözlädiŋiz⟩ da barïŋïz da alġïšlaŋïz daġïn (11/106a) (1) išlärin.130 Ki qoydï Mïsïrda nïšanlarïn meni.121 (5) Maχtaŋïz uluslar Täŋrimizni da ešittiriŋiz da belgilärin tüzin- (2) dä Čo῾annïŋ.131 Da deŋiširdi avazïn (6) maχtovunïŋ.122 Ol qoyġan ǧanïmïznï tirliktä qanġa Nillärin da aqïn suvlarïn (3) ki ičmägäylär.132 da bermädi (7) tayma ayaqlarïmïznï.123 Anïŋ učïn sïmar- Yibirdi alarġa yaman kiyik da ašadï alarnï (4) da baqa da ladï bizgä (8) H Täŋrimiz qollarï bilän Moše rabenunïŋ.124 čaypadï alarnï.133 Da berdi ḥasilgä134 taχïllarïn da emgäk- Da ǧoġap (9) bergin da aytqïn aldïna H Täŋrimizniŋ Ara- (5) lärin čegirtkägä.135 Qïrdï burčaq bilän borlalïqlarïn (6) mda yarlï edi (10) atam da endi Mïsïrġa da tirildi anda az da inǧirliklärin ufaq taš bilän.136 Da čïġara berdi burčaqqa el bilän (11) da boldï anda ulu ulusqa küčlü da köp.125 Da (7) tuvarlarïn da sürövlärin köz-otlarġa.137 Yibirdi alarġa yaman ettilär (12) bizgä ol Mïsïrlïlar da qïynadïlar bizni 126 da berdilär üsti- (13) mizgä qattï qulluq. Da feryat ettik 127 Deu 26:7, C I 178a,3–4 Da feryat ettik H Täŋrisinä ata- H-ġa ⟨Täŋrisinä atalarïmïznïŋ⟩ da ešitti (14) H šol larïmïznïŋ … ; E the words Täŋrisinä atalarïmïznïŋ are added on the basis of the other translations; G 4a … H Teŋrisine (sic) atalarïmïznïŋ … avazïmïznï da kördi qïyïnïmïznï da emgägimizni da qïstovumuznï (in … bašłap tunɣučundan … oł ołturuvčunun … ki oł zindan üvda … / T contrast to the other instances, the word for ‘God’ clearly reads Teŋri, 9b … da edi jarty … par῾onun ki ołturmak edi … ; H 185b … oł jarty as it is vocalized with a ṣere, identically to the dative case suffix); ḱećede da H vatty … basłap tunɣucundan … oł hadir ołturma taχty M 9 … H-ɣa Teńrisińa atałarymyznyn … H avazymyzny do ḱordu kyj- iśtińe anyn … ki oł zindan ivde … . ynymyzny da emǵagimiźni da kysyχłyɣymyzny / T 10a … ošoł kyjyny- 119 Exo 12:30, C I 66b,9–10 … ki yoq edi ev ki bolmaġay anda myzny da ošoł emǵagimiźni da ošoł kysykłyɣymyzny; H 186b … osoł ölü; G 3b … ol da ǧümlä qullarï … ullu … zira bir ev yoq edi ki jałbarmak avazymny … osoł kyjynymyzny da osoł emǵekligimizni da bolmasïn anda … ; M 8 … da bar kułłary … ki joχ edi üv ki bołmaɣaj osoł kysykłyɣymyzny. … / T 9b … bar Mićri da edi … ki joɣedi … ; H 185b … ḱeće była 128 Or qudrät (AJ 318). … qułłary anyn … ki bołmaɣaj anda … . 129 Deu 26:8, C I 178a,5–6 … da ⟨ulu⟩ qorquv bilän … ; M 9, 120 Exo 12:31, C I 66b,10–12 … Mošeni da Aharonnï … T 10b … da sunułɣan … da belgilar była da nišanłar była. sözüŋüzčä; G 3b–4a … Mošeni da Aharonnï … daġïn ulanlarï … 130 Psa 105:1, C IV 34a,11–22 Maχtov beriŋiz H-ġa čaqïrïŋïz atï sözlägäniŋiz kibik; M 8 Da ińdadi Mošeni da Aharonnu … daɣy siź bilän … ; G 4a Maχtov beriŋiz adonayġa … aǧayïp išlärini; M 9 daɣy ułanłary … soźlaǵanijiźǵa ḱora / T 9b Da čaɣyrdy Mošeǵa da Šuḱur berijiź H-ɣa čaɣyryjyz šemina … kyłɣan išlariń / T 10b … Aharonɣa … ; H 185b–186a … ḱeće była … śezleǵenizǵe ḱere. šemina anyn … ułłu išlariń … ; H 186b Śikir beriniz H-ɣa … šemi była 121 Exo 12:32, C I 66b,12–14 … daġïn sïġïrïŋïznï alïŋïz nečik ki anyn … tamaša islerin anyn. sözlädiŋiz … ; E nečik ki sözlädiŋiz is wanting, added on the basis of 131 Psa 78:41, C IV 25b,15–16 id; M 9, T 10b … belgilariń da C, G, M, T and H; G 4a … alïŋïz nečik ki sözlädiŋiz da barïŋïz … ; nišanłaryn … ; H 186b … belgilerin ezinin da nysanłaryn ezinin … . M 8, T 10a … syɣyryjyzny ałyjyz ki nečik soźladijiź … daɣy ḿeni-da; 132 Psa 78:42, C IV 25b,16 … qanġa suvlarïn da anïn suvlarï H 186a … ki necik … de. ičilmädilär; G 4a … Nillärini da aqqan suvlarïn ki ičip bolmaġaylar; 122 Psa 66:8, C IV 20b,3–4 … maχtovunïŋ; E mistakenly šäŋrim- M 9, T 10b Da čuvurdu … ki ičilḿaǵajlar; H 186b Da civirdi Nillerin izni, amended on the basis of G 4a (Taŋrïmïznï) … maχtovnïŋ; M 8 ałarnyn … suvłaryn ałarnyn ki icḿeǵejler ałarny. Maχtav berijiź … Teńrimizǵa … avaz była maχtavyn / T 10a … avazyn 133 Psa 78:43, C IV 25b,16–17 id; E alarda, corrected on the basis maχtavunun; 14a Maχtav beriniz Tenrimizǵe … anyn; H 186a Anyn of G 4a, but the other versions also have ałarda, see M 9 Ijdi ałarda icin maχtav beriniz ej ułusłary Jisra᾿elnin Tenrimizǵe da eśittiribiz … katyš čibiń da tavustu … / T 10b … katyš kijikni … ; H 186b Ijdirdi anyn. ałarda katys kijik da asady … da baɣałar … . .(a kind of locust’ (Klein 1987: 226‘ חָ סִ י ל .Psa 66:9, C IV 20b,4–5 id; E tiymä ‘to touch’ or tïyma ‘to 134 From Heb 123 forbid’, the former requires ayaqlarïmïzġa, but it is ayaqlarïmïznïŋ 135 Psa 78:44, C IV 25b,17–18 id; M 9 … bitišlariń da zaχḿetlariń ‘foot-pl-1poss-gen’, which may be a literal translation from Hebrew; … / T 10b … arbe-čegirtkaǵa; H 186b–187a … bitislerin ałarnyn da since it breaks the rules of Trk. syntax, we correct it to ayaqlarïmïznï; zaχḿetlerin ałarnyn … . G 4a ayaqlarïmïzġa; M 8, T 10a Oł kojuvču … ajaχłarymyzɣa; H 186a 136 Psa 78:45, C IV 25b,18–19 Sïndïrdï … tašlarï bilän burčaqnïŋ; Ki ołdu oł kojuvcu … ajaɣymyzɣa biznin. G 4a Sïndïrdï … yešim bilän; M 9, T 10b … buz była … jas jasnamaχ Moses our była; H 187a Eltirdi buz była … ałarnyn da inʒirliklerin ałarnyn kicli‘ ֹמ ֶ ׁשה רַ נ ּבֵ ּו .This is a non-biblical verse; From Heb 124 lord’, see O 12; G 4a … eli ilän Moše rabenunïŋ; M 8–9, T 10a … moroz była. bujurdu … naviligi ašyra Moše ribbimiźniń; H 186a wanting. 137 Psa 78:46, C IV 25b,19–20 … učqunlarġa; G 4a … učqun- 125 Deu 26:5, C I 177b,25–27–178a,1 … da aytqïn Aramda … ; larġa; M 9 … berdi buzɣa … da małłaryn učχunłarɣa / T 10b … G 4a … ḥazratï aldïna H Taŋrïnïŋ … yarlï boldu … az ḥalq … ullu tuvarłaryn da ułłu tuvarłaryn … ; H 187a … buzɣa … ałarnyn da ulusqa küčlü da köp; M 9 Da bašłaɣyn … Teńrijniń Aramły edi jarły kojłaryn ałarnyn uckunłarɣa; C, G, M, T and H translate the Heb. ’flame. 2. firebolt. 3. plague, pestilence .1‘ ( רֶ ׁשֶ ף plural of) רְ ׁשָ ִ פ י ם atam … ułłu χanłyχka … / T 10a … Aramda jarły … ; H 186a Da basłaɣyn … H Tenrinin ajtadoɣac Aramda bołɣanynda miśkin edi (Klein 1987: 631) as učkun ~ uckun ‘sparks’ (AJ 423, KRPS 585, 587), Ja῾akov atamyz andan sortun cykty anda χoʒałyk była da endi … ułłu while E as köz-ot ‘горящий уголь, тлеющая искра, головня | χanłykka …ḱebiśi. rozżarzony węgiel, tląca się iskra, głownia, i.e. embers’ (KRPS 336); means ‘to spark’ and the modern Hebrew dictionary רָ ׁשַ ף .Deu 26:6, C I 178a,1–2, G 4a, M 9, T 10a id; H 186a–186b … note that Heb 126 .’as ‘spark, flame, flash רֶ ׁשֶ ף biznin iśtińe … . by Comey and Tzur (2006: 609) translates 44 HENRYK JANKOWSKI

(8) qaḥirin ačuvïnïŋ χïšïm da ačuv da tarlïq yibirmägi dördünǧi kününä degin ušbu aynïŋ da soy- (7) sïnlar anï yaman elčilär- (9) niŋ.138 Ölčädi iz ačuvuna ayamadï barča qahalï147 ǧama῾atïnïŋ Yisra᾿elniŋ ol eki (8) ïŋïr ölümdän ǧanlarïn (10) da ǧanlarïn ölätkä čïġara berdi.139 arasïna.148 Da alsïnlar ol qandan da bersinlär eki ol (9) Da urdu barča tunġučnï (11) Mïsïrda ilkin quvatlarnïŋ yašmaq üstünä da ol maŋlay üstünä ol evlär üstünä (10) čatïrïnda Ḥamnïŋ.140 (12) Da Moše da Aharon qïldïlar šol ki ašarlar anï alarda.149 Da ašasïnlar šol etni ušbu (11) barča ušbu belgililärni (13) aldïna par῾onïŋ da küčäytti H kečädä šišligi otnïŋ da mačalar150 marorlar151 bilän aša- šol köŋlin par῾onïŋ (14) da yibirmädi šol oġlanlarïn Yis- (12) sïnlar.152 Ašamaŋïz andan čiy da pišmä piškän suv- ra᾿elniŋ yerindän.141 Da ayttï (15) H Mošegä da Aha- larġa (13) ki anǧaq šišligi otnïŋ bašï ayaġï bilän da qarïnï ronġa yerindä Mïsïrnïŋ demä.142 Ušbu (16) ay sizgä bašï bilän.153 (14) Da qaldïrmaŋïz andan ertägä degin da ol aylarnïŋ burundïr ol sizgä aylarïna (17) ol yïlnïŋ.143 qalġan aŋar ertägä (15) degin otqa küydüriŋiz.154 Da Sözläŋiz barča ǧama῾atïna Yisra᾿elniŋ demä (18) onunda bulay ašaŋïz anï belläriŋiz (16) baġlanġanlar etikläriŋiz ušbu aynïŋ da alsïnlar özlärinä här kiši qoy(ï) ayaqlarïŋïzda da tayaġïŋïz qoluŋuzda (17) da ašaŋïz anï (12/106b) (1) evinä atalarïnïŋ bir qoy evgä.144 Da egär tezlik bilän Pesaḥdïr ol H-ġa.155 Da kečärmin (18) yer- az bolsa ol (2) ev bolmaqtan qoydan da alsïn ol da indä Mïsïrnïŋ ušbu kečä da urarmïn barča tunġučnï (19) qonšusï ol yuvuq evinä (3) sanï bilän ǧanlarnïŋ här {yerindä} kišiniŋ ašamaġïna körä sanalïŋïz (4) ol qoy üstinä.145 Qoy (13/107a) (1) yerindä Mïsïrnïŋ adamdan da tuvarġa tügäl erkäk bir yašar bolsïn siz- (5) gä ol qoylardan da ol degin da barča abaqlarïna (2) Mïsïrnïŋ qïlarmïn šera῾atlar ečkilärdän alïŋïz.146 Da bolsïn sizgä (6) saqlovġa on menmin H.156 Da bolsïn ušbu (3) qan sizgä nïšanġa ol

138 Psa 78:47, C IV 25b,20–21 … χïšïm da qaḥir da tarlïq … ; G 4a kozułardan … ; H 187b Tiǵel koj erḱek jyłłyk bałasy … . ’crowd, gathering. 2. congregation .1‘ קָ הָ ל .from Heb , קַ הַ ל da qaḥer da tarlïq … ; M 9 Ijdi ałarda kaχyr ačuvun … da kaχyr da 147 E … tarłyχ ijilḿagi … / T 10b … kaχyr da ačuv da tarłyk … ; H 187a Ijdirdi (Comey and Tzur 2006: 568), see CKar. qahal ‘Karaite or Rabbanite … kaχyr acuvun ezinin jireklenmek da kaχyr da tarłyk ajamaɣyn … . congregation’ (AJ 283–284), in M and T rendered by the genuine Trk. 139 Psa 78:48, C IV 25b,21–22 … izni … ; G 4a … izni … ; M 9 word, cf. yïyïn ~ ijyn (Kowalski 1929: 193). Tuźudu jiź … ǯanłaryn da tirliḱlariń … / T 10b Tuźatti iź … ; H 187a 148 Exo 12:6, C I 65b,16–18 … barča qahalï Yisra᾿elniŋ … ; G 4b Tizetti … acuvuna ezinin … ałarnyn da tirliklerin ałarnyn eletḱe … . … ol ušbu … ǧümlä qahalï … eki aχšam arasïnda; M 10, T 11b … 140 Psa 78:49, C IV 25b,22–23 … ilkin quvatlarnïŋ čatïrlarïnda ušpu janɣyjnyn … ijyny ǯym῾atynyn … ińgirlar … ; H 187b Da bołsun Ḥamnïŋ; E ilki corrected to ilkin on the basis of the other versions; G oł koj śizǵe … oł uspu ajnyn … ingirler … . 4a Da urdu ǧümlä … ilkin … čatïrlarïnda … ; M 9, T 11a Da kyrdy 149 Exo 12:7, C I 65b,18–20 … eki ol yašmaqlar üstünä … ki … ilkiń ḱučlarniń čatyrłarynda … ; H 187a Da vatty … ilkin kiclernin ašadïlar … ; G 4b … yašmaqlar … ; M 10 … oł eki janłar … üśt ešik catyrłarynda … . … (Maletski explains the word jan which means ‘side’ in the footnote 141 Exo 11:10, C I 65b,7–9 … šol barča ušbu nïšanlarï aldïna as дверные косяки ‘lintel’ and the word üśt ešik as перекладина par῾onïŋ … ; G 4a … H köŋlin … da yibirmädi oġlanlarïn … ; M 9 ‘crossbeam’, притлоока, probably a mistake for притолока ‘lintel’) … oł nišanłarny ušpułarny ałnynda … da kattyrdy H üragiń da ijḿadi / T 11b … eki oł odverjałar üśtuńa da oł üśt odverja üśtuńa oł üvlar ułanłaryn … / T 11a … ošoł bar oł nišanłarny … ošoł juragiń … ošoł üśtuńa (oł üvlar üśtuńa) … ; H 187b … da berśinler oł isttegi odverja ułanłaryn … ; H 187a … osoł bar oł nysanłaryn oł uspułarny ałnynda … da eki oł odverjałar … ivler iśtińe ki asasałar … . … da ijḿedi osoł uvułłaryn … ezinin. 150 See CKar. mačča ‘unleavened bread’ (AJ 231), though E unleavened bread‘ מַ ּצָ ה .Exo 12:1, C I 65b,9–10 id; M 9, T 11a … ajtadoɣoč; H 187a clearly shows the form mača, from Heb 142 … ajtadoɣac. (matza)’ etc. (Comey and Tzur 2006: 393). bitter herbs’ (Klein 1987: 384); absent‘ מָ רֹור .from Heb ,מַ רֹור Exo 12:2, C I 65b,10–11 id; G 4b Ol ušbu … bašïdïr … 151 E 143 burunġudïr … ; M 9, T 11a Oł janɣyj ušpu siźǵa bašłyɣy janɣyjłarnyn from the Karaim dictionaries; in Kar. often used in the plural. burunɣu … janɣyjłaryna … ; H 187a–187b Oł uspu … basy ajłarnyn 152 Exo 12:8, C I 65b,20–21 … kečä šišligin otnïŋ … ašasïnlar burunɣudu … anï; G 4b … ol etni pl ušbu kečädä piširgän kebabïn … da marorlar 144 Exo 12:3, C I 65b,11–13 … här kiši quzu evinä atalarïnïŋ quzu … anï; M 10 … oł etni … šišlaǵanni otta … any / T 11b … ošoł oł här evgä; G 4b Sözläŋiz ǧümlä … atalarnïŋ qoy här evgä; M 9 … etni … šišlańǵanni … ; H 188a Da asasynłar oł etni oł uspu ḱećede oł ajtadoɣoč onunču ḱuńuńda … janɣyjnyn … öźlarina kiši koj üvu sajyn uspu śiśleǵenin … macałar była da marorłar była … any. … üv sajyn / T 11a … kiši kozu … kozu üv sajyn; H 187b … oł uspu 153 Exo 12:9, C I 65b,21–23 … bašïn ayaqlarï bilän … ; G 4b … ajnyn … har kiśi bir koj har bir ivǵe. andan yaḥni … piškänni suvda ki ančaq piširgänin … bašïn ayaqlarï 145 Exo 12:4, C I 65b,13–15 … bolmaqtan qozudan … evinä qaysï bilän da iči bilän; M 10 … čyjny any bišḿa biširilǵanni suv ičina … bilän ǧanlarnïŋ … sanalïŋïz ol qozu üstünä; G 4b … az isä … evinä šišlaǵanni otta bašyn tiźlari była da iči była / T 11b … šišlańǵanni … ; qïyasï bilän … qïyaslaŋïz ol qoy … ; M 9 … bołsa eli oł üvnun ḱeraḱli H 188a … cijni kajsy jaχsy śislenḿeśe da biśirilḿe biśirilǵenni suvłar bołmaχtan koj … juvuχraχ … kijasyna ḱora ǯanłarnyn kiši jemińa ḱora icińe ki ancak śiśleǵenin otnun basyn tizleri była da ici była. ülašinijiź oł kojnu / T 11a … oł üv bołmaktan kozudan … kyjasy była 154 Exo 12:10, C I 65b,23–24 … ertägä degin da ol qalġannï … sałyšsynłar oł kozu üśtuńa; H 187b … eli oł ivnin … jetkiligiće andan … ; G 4b … qalġannï andan … ; M 10, T 11b … tanɣa dejin asamaknyn oł kojnu … konsusu anyn sany była … har biriśi asyna ḱere … kałɣanny andan tanɣa dejin otta … ; H 188a … ertenbyłaɣa dejin .you shall da oł kałɣanny andan ertenbyłaɣa dejin otta kivdiriniz‘ ֹתָ כ ּס ּו .całysynyz oł kojɣa; the translators tried to render Heb make your count’ in various way, i.e. E, C sanalïŋïz lit. ‘be counted’, 155 Exo 12:11, C I 65b,24–26 id; G 4b … anï ašïqmaq bilän … ; M. ülašinijiź ‘share’, T sałyšsynłar ‘let them put; let them compete’ M 10 … any ašyχmaχ była … / T 11b … [ašyɣyšłyk] byłа … ; H 188a and H całysynyz ‘try, endeavour’. … asasyn any asykmak była Pesaχ … . 146 Exo 12:5, C I 65b,15–16 id; G 4b … bir yašïnda … ; M 9 … 156 Exo 12:12, C I 65b,26–28 – 66a,1 … ušbu kečädä … ; G 4b erḱak jyłłyχ bałasy bołsun … / T 11a Kozu tuǵal erkak jyłłyk … … ol ušbu kečädä da urarmïn ǧümlä … da ǧümlä abaqlarïna THE KARAIM HAGGADAH 45 evlär üstünä ki siz anda da (4) körärmin šol qannï da räsimi dunyanïŋ.163 Ol burunġï ayda (18) on dördünǧi ḥayïfsïnarmïn üstüŋizgä da bolmastïr (5) sizdä qïran čay- künündä ol aynïŋ ïŋïrda ašaŋïz mačalar pama urġanïmda yerindä Mïsïrnïŋ.157 (6) Da bolsïn ušbu (14/107b) (1) yigirmi birinǧi kününä degin ol aynïŋ kün sizgä saġïnïlmaqlïqqa da ḥaġ158 etiŋiz (7) anï ḥaġ ïŋïrda.164 Yedi künlär (2) ačï χamur tabulmasïn H-ġa dävürläriŋizgä räsimi dunyanïŋ ḥaġ etiŋiz (8) anï.159 evläriŋizdä ki barča ašavčï ačïtqan (3) da kesilsin ol ǧan Yedi künlär mačalar ašaŋïz tek ol burunġï kün- (9) dän ǧama῾atïndan Yisra᾿elniŋ ġaripdä da yerlisin- (4) dä ol burun eksitiŋiz ačï χamur evläriŋizdän ki barča (10) yerniŋ.165 Ḥeč ačïtqan ašamaŋïz barča oturašlarïŋïz- (5) ašavčï ḥameč160 da kesilsin ol ǧan Yisra᾿elden ol burunġu da ašaŋïz mačalar.166 Kečäsi saqlovnïŋdïr ol H-ġa (6) (11) kündän ol yedinǧi küngä degin.161 Da ol burunġï čïġarma alarnï yerindän Mïsïrnïŋ oldïr ušbu kečä H-ġa kündä (12) čaqïrmaq qodeš da ol yedinǧi kündä čaqïrmaq (7) saqlovlar barča oġlanlarïna Yisra᾿elniŋ dävürläriŋä.167 qodeš bolsïn (13) sizgä ḥeč iš qïlïnmasïn alarda tek ki Da ayt⟨t⟩ï (8) H Mošegä da Aharonġa budïr räsimi ol ašalïr barča (14) ǧanġa ol yalġïz qïlïnsïn sizgä.162 Da Pesaḥnïŋ ḥeč yat (9) ulus ašamasïn anï.168 Da barča qulu [saqlaŋïz šol ḥaġïn ol mača- (15) larnïŋ] ki kendisindä kišiniŋ satïn alġanï (10) aḥčanïŋ da sünätläsin anï ol ušbu künniŋ čïġardïm šol čeriv- (16) läriŋizni yerindä vaχtta ašasïn anï.169 Oturaš (11) da yalčï ašamasïn anï Mïsïrnïŋ da saqlaŋïz šol ušbu künnü (17) dävürläriŋizgä ⟨.⟩170 Bir evdä ašalsïn čïqmasïn ol evdän (12) ol ettän čïχarï da süyäk sïndïrmaġïn andan.171 Barča ǧama῾atï

Mïsïrlïlarnïŋ … ; M 10 Da ašarmyn jeri ašyra … ḱečada da kyrarmyn … da bar tenrilarinda … kyłarmyn toralar ḿeń H / T 11b–12a Da ašarmyn jerińda Mićriniń … abakłarynda Mićriniń kyłarḿeń karan- 163 Exo 12:17, C I 66a,10–13 Da saqlaŋïz šol ḥaġïn ol mačalarnïŋ jałar … ; H 188a Da asarmen … uspu ḱeceni da vatymen … basłap … ; E saqïnïŋïz šol mačalarnï, corrected to saqlaŋïz šol ḥaġïn ol adamdan … da bar jerinde Micrinin kyłarmen karanjałar menmen H. mačalarnïŋ which better translates the original Heb. clause and is also 157 Exo 12:13, C I 66a,1–4 Da bolġay ol qan sizgä nïšanġa … ; E present in the other versions; for another form, čerev, see 7,14; G 5a mistakenly kün ‘day’ instead of qan ‘blood’, corrected on the basis of … ol ušbu … čïġardïm čerivläriŋizni … ol ušbu … ; M 10 Da sakłajyz C, G 4, M, T and H (qan ‘blood’ was confused with kün ‘day’, because χyǯyn oł maccałarnyn … čyɣardym čerivlarijiźni jerińdań … dorłary- it appears in line 6, below, in the identical context); G 4b … qan sizgä jyzɣa öḿurluk resiḿ / T 12b … ošoł oł maccałarny … ošoł čerivlari- … ol qannï … ; M 10 Da bołur oł kan … belgiǵa … da ḱorsam oł jiźni … ošoł oł ḱuńńu ušpunu dorłaryjyz sajyn … ; H 188b … osoł kanny … kyranč čajpavčuɣa kyrɣanymda … / T 12a … ošoł oł kanny χyʒyn oł macałarnyn ki ḱenśiśinde … osoł ćerivlerinizni … osoł oł … siźda kyranč … ; H 188a–188b Da bołur oł kan śizǵe … da ḱerśem uspu … dorłarynyz sajyn emirlik reśimǵe. oł kanny da χajifśiniḿen śiznin iśtińe da bołmasty kyranc cajpavcuɣa 164 Exo 12:18, C I 66a,13–14 id; G 5a … ol aynïŋ aχšamda … first- aχšamda; M 10, T 12b Burunɣu janɣyjda … janɣyjnyn ińgirda … oł .1‘ ּבְ חֹור .beχorłarny vatkan zamanymda … ; beχor in H is Heb born, eldest. 2. senior, elder’ (Comey and Tzur 2006: 45), in KRPS egirmi … janɣyjnyn … ; H 188b–189a Burunɣu ajda on dertinci kin- бахур ‘молодой человек, кавалер | młodzieniec, kawaler, i.e. young inde ajnyn … egirmi birinci … dejin ajnyn … . man; bachelor’ (108). 165 Exo 12:19, C I 66a,15–17 id; E ač for ačï, the same mistake is feast, celebration, found in 16,4, for the correct form ačï, see 13,9; G 5a … ki ǧümlä ačï‘ חַ ג .also in the following, from Heb , חַ ֿג E 158 holiday’ (Comey and Tzur 2006: 236), used in CKar. as ḥag ‘feast, χamur da kesilir … ol ǧama῾atïndan … ġariptän da yarlïsïndan … ; M 10–11 … ačyjdoɣon … ačytadoɣonnu … da eḱsilir oł ǯan … / T ,חִ יג׳ holiday’ (AJ 174) or ḥaġ; in M and T this word is used in the form i.e. χyǯ, cf. TKar. хыдж ‘праздник (ежегодный) | święto (dor- 12b … kuǯur tabułmasyn … ; H 189a … kuʒurtku tabułmasyn … oczne)’, i.e. ‘(annual) feast’ (KRPS 608–609), whereas in HKar. H it asavcu kuʒurtkunu da ekśilśin oł ʒymatyndan … . appears in the form χyʒ (KRPS 609); this dictionary also evidences this 166 Exo 12:20, C I 66a,17–18 … oturašlarïŋïz bilän … ; G 5a Ḥič word in CKar., which cannot be corroborated by the sources. ačï χamur … ǧümlä … ; M 11, T 12b … ačytadoɣonnu … ; H 189a 159 Exo 12:14, C I 66a,4–5 Da bolġay … saġïnmaqlïqqa … ; G 4b Ḥec kuʒurtkunu … bar ołturusłarynyzda … . … saġïnmaqlïqqa … ; M 10, T 12a … oł ḱun ušpu … saɣynmaχłyχka 167 Exo 12:42, C I 67a,1–3 id; G 5a … saqlovlarnïŋdïr H-ġa … ol da χyǯ etijiź any χyǯ … dorłaryjyz sajyn öḿurluk resiḿ χyǯ etijiź … ; ušbu … ǧümlä oġlanlarïna … ; M 11, T 12b Sakłavłar ḱečasi … oł H 188b … oł kin uspu … saɣynclykka da χyʒlanyz … dorłarynyz sajyn ḱeča ušpu H-ɣa … dorłary sajyn; H 189a Sakłavłar ḱećeśi … oł uspu emirlik resim χyʒlanyz … . ḱeće sakłavłar ḱećeśidi … cyɣarma osoł uvułłaryn … kałdykta ’exile; Diaspora‘ ּגָ לּות .leavened, leaven’ (Comey and Tzur 2006: gałutłaryndan dorłary sajyn; gałut in H is Heb‘ חָ מֵ ץ .From Heb 160 251); this word is absent from Karaim dictionaries, but it can be found (Comey and Tzur 2006: 75), cf. TKar., HKar. (KRPS 158) and CKar. in texts (Altbauer 1980: 59). (AJ 164). 161 Exo 12:15, C I 66a,5–8 id; G 5a … χamurnï … zira ǧümlä 168 Exo 12:43, C I 67a,3–4; G 5a … andan; M 11 … bu resimi ašavčï … ol burunġï kündän ol yedinǧi küngä degin da kesilsin ol ǧan χyǯynyn oł Ṕesaχnyn … jat el … / T 12b … bu resimi oł Ṕesaχnyn … ; Yisra᾿elden … ; M 10 … oł burunɣu ḱunǵa oł burunɣu ḱuńdan oł H 189a … resimi korbanynyn oł Pesaχnyn bar jat umały kiśi dinśiz … . jedińči ḱuńǵa dejiń eḱsitijiź ačytχanny üvlarijiźdań ki … χaḿećni da 169 Exo 12:44, C I 67a,4–5; G 5a … andan; G 5a Da ǧümlä … eḱsilir oł ǯan oł Jisra᾿eldań / T 12a … burun oł burunɣu ḱuńdan oł andan; M 11 … ḱuḿušnuń da χatna kyłɣyn any … / T 13a … χatna jedińči ḱuńǵa … eḱsitijiź kuǯurnu … ašavču χaḿeć … ; H 188b … kyłsyn any anda … ; H 189a … satynłaɣany (sic) kimiśnin da χatna burun oł burunɣu kinden eksitiniz kuʒurtkunu … χamecni oł burunɣu kyłsan any … . kinden … dejin da ekśilśin oł ʒan oł Israelden. 170 Exo 12:45, C I 67a,6 … andan; M 11 Očar … / T 13a … anda; 162 Exo 12:16, C I 66a,8–10 … čaqïrma qodeš … čaqïrma qodeš H 189a Ocar … . … ; G 5a … čaqïrma … čaqïrma … tek ne ki ašalïr här ǧanġa … ; 171 Exo 12:46, C I 67a,6–7 … sïndïrmaŋïz anda; G 5a … sïndïr- M 10, T 12a … aziź oχumaχ … aziź oχumaχ … tek neki ašaładyr har maŋïz … ; M 11, T 13a … čyɣarmaɣyn … tyšχaryɣa da suvak syndyr- … ; H 188b … kinde aziz uχumak … aziz uχumak … tek any ki asal- majyz anda; H 189a … cyɣarmaɣyn tyskaryɣa any da śivek syndyr- ady … oł jałɣyz ezi … . manyz … . 46 HENRYK JANKOWSKI

(13) Yisra᾿elniŋ qïlsïnlar anï.172 Da ki tirilsä birgäŋä (ga) Da saqlaŋïz šol ušbu sözni räsimgä saŋa da (10) oġlan- ġarip (14) da qïlsa Pesaḥ H-ġa sünätlänmä aŋar barča larïŋa dunyaġa degin.181 Da bolġay ki kelsäŋiz ol (11) erkäk da ol (15) vaχtta yuvuqlašsïn qïlma anï da bolsïn yergä ki bersä H sizgä nečik ki sözlädi da saqlaŋïz šol yerlisi kibik ol (16) yerniŋ da ḥeč ῾arel173 ašamasïn anï.174 (12) ušbu qulluqnï.182 Da bolġay ki aytsalar sizgä oġlan- Bir tora bolsïn yerligä (17) da ġaripkä ol tirilgän ortaŋïz- (13) larïŋïz nedir ušbu qulluq sizgä.183 Da aytïŋïz qor- da.175 Da čaqïrdï Moše barča (18) qartlarïna Yisra᾿elniŋ banï184 (14) Pesaḥnïŋdïr ol H-ġa ki ḥayïfsïndï evläri da ayttï alarġa tartïŋïz da alïŋïz (19) {öziŋizgä} üstünä (15) oġlanlarïnïŋ Yisra᾿elniŋ Mïsïrda qïrġanïnda (15/108a) (1) öziŋizgä qoy mišpaḥalarïŋïzġa176 da šol Mïsïrlï- (16) larnï da šol evlärimizni qutqardï da soyïŋïz ol Pesaḥnï.177 (2) Da alïŋïz baġïn ezövniŋ178 yügündü ol ulus (17) da baš urdïlar.185 Da bardïlar da da mančïŋïz qanġa ki täsläkändä (3) da tiydiriŋiz ol qïldïlar oġlanlarï Yisra᾿el- maŋlayġa da eki ol yašmaqlar üstinä (4) ol qandan ki (16/108b) (1) niŋ nečik ki sïmarladï H Mošegä da täsläkändä da siz čïqmaŋïz här kiši ešigin- (5) dän eviniŋ Aharonġa alay qïldïlar.186 (2) Yedi künlär ašaġïn mačalar ertägä degin.179 Da kečär H qïrma šol Mïsïrlï- (6) larnï da ol yedinǧi kündä ḥaġ H-ġa.187 (3) Mačalar ašalsïn yedi da körär šol qannï ol maŋlay üstinä da eki ol (7) ol künlärdä da körünmäsin saŋa (4) ḥameč da körün- yašmaqlar üstinä da ḥayïfsïnar H ol ešik üstinä (8) da mäsin saŋa ačï χamur barča sïnorïŋda.188 (5) Da aŋlatqïn bermästir ol čaypavčïnï kelmä evläriŋizgä qïr- (9) ma.180 oġluŋa ol kündä demä munïŋ učïn qïldï (6) H maŋa čïqqanïmda Mïsïrdan.189 Da bolsïn saŋa nïšanġa (7) 172 Exo 12:47, C I 67a,7–8, M 11, T 13a, H 189a–189b id. qoluŋ üstünä da saġïnïlmaqlïqqa arasïna közläriŋniŋ (8) uncircumcised. 2. ritually unclean. 3. anïŋ učïn bolġay torasï H-nïŋ aġzïŋda ki küčlü (9) qudrat .1‘ ָ ע רֵ ל .from Heb ; ַ ע רֵ ל E 173 ῾ unpruned’ (Comey and Tzur 2006: 520), KCar. arel ‘uncircumcised’ bilän čïġardï seni H Mïsïrdan.190 Da saqlaŋïz šol (10) (AJ 47), cf. G aqlaflï ‘id’, which is a word of Ar. origin derived with the CKar. suffix +lI. 174 Exo 12:48, C I 67a,8–10 … andan; G 5a Da egär … 181 Exo 12:24, C I 66a,25–26 … išni … ; G 5b … ol ušbu išni … sünätlänmä sünätlänsin … da χič aqlaflï … andan; M 11 … da ḱlaśa / M 11 … oł soźu ušpunu … / T 13b … ošoł oł išni … ; H 190a … kyłma χyǯyn Ṕesaχnyn … χatna kyłynma … bar er … juvur kyłma any osoł oł iśni uspu kyłma korbanyn oł Pesaχnyn śiśleǵenni otnun bołsun da bołur … heč akłafły … / T 13a … χatna kyłɣyn anar bar erni da … ej Jisra᾿el (da) uvułłaryna senin … . anda … ; H 189b … birǵene senin … ki kabuł etśe Jisra᾿el dinin ezi 182 Exo 12:25, C I 66a,26–28 … ki berir … ; G 5b …ki berir H iśtińe da kleśe kyłma korbanyn Pesaχnyn … χatna kyłynsyn anar … … ol ušbu qulluqnï; M 11 Da bołur … ki berir … ki nečik … oł juvusun kyłma any da bołur … Jisra᾿el kibik jernin kyłdyk Jisra᾿eller kułłuχnu oł ušpunu / T 13b … ki berśa … ošoł oł kułłuknu … ; H 190a kibik da hec akłafły … . … ki necik … osoł oł kułłuknu oł uspu. 175 Exo 12:49, C I 67a,11 id; E mistakenly yarlïġa ‘to the poor 183 Exo 12:26, C I 66b,1 id; M 11 Da bołur … kułłuχ ušpu … / T one’, corrected to yerligä ‘to the local’ on the basis of G 5a and M 11; 13b … ńe oł kułłuk … ; H 190a … śiznin nedir oł kułłuk oł uspu … . M 11 Bir üratuv … tirilivčuǵa … / T 13a … oł tirilivču ortajyzda; 184 This is a Heb. loanword, in contrast to its Ar. equivalent qur- H 189b Bir ivretiv … oł tirilivciǵe … śiznin. bān, which occurs in some 19th-century and later CKar. texts; the :offering, sacrifice, oblation’ (Klein 1987‘ רְ קָ ָ ּב ן family’ (Comey and Tzur 2006: 415), see Standard Heb. form is‘ ׁשְמִ ּפָ חָ ה .E From Heb 176 -sim , קֹ רְ ַ ב ן or קֹורְ בַ ן CKar. mišpaḥa ‘id’ (AJ 244); note that M uses Trk. uruv. 591), but in E it is always vocalized by a ḥolam as 177 Exo 12:21, C I 66a,18–20 … qoynï; G 5a … ǧümlä qartlarïn ilarly in many places in C and other manuscripts of Bible translations; . רְ קָ ָ ּב ן ol qoynï; M 11 Da ińdadi … bar kartłaryn … koj uruvłaryjyz sajyn G 56 … … χyǯyna oł Ṕesaχnyn / T 13a Da čaɣyrdy Moše bar kartłaryna … ; 185 Exo 12:27, C I 66b,2–4 … da evläriŋizni … ; G 5b … ol H 189b … całysynyz … koj uruvłarynyz sajyn … korbanyn oł Mïsïrlïlarnï da evlärimizni … ; M 11 … debeχasy Ṕesaχnyn … Pesaχnyn; Pesaχnï is the literal translation from Heb., while G has kyrɣanynda Mićrini da üvlarimiźni … da [ijildi] … / T 13b–14a … qoynï ‘lamb-acc’. ošoł Mićrińi da ošoł üvlarimiźni(n) … bašurdułar; H 190a … … hyssop, moss, marjoram’ (Comey and debeχasydy Pesaχnyn oł ki debeχa etibiz H-ɣa anyn icin ki‘ ז אֵ ֹו ב .from Heb ; ז אֶ ֹו ב E 178 Tzur 2006: 7), ‘marjoram, others identify it with hyssop’ (Klein 1987: kyrɣanynda osoł Micrini vale … da ijildi … . 15), see CKar. ezöv ‘hyssop’ (AJ 159). 186 Exo 12:28, C I 66b,5–6 Da bardïlar oġlanlarï … ; G 5b Mis- 179 Exo 12:22, C I 66a,20–22 … maŋlay … ; G 5b … maŋlay … ; takenly Da berdilär … ; M 12, T 14a … ki nečik bujurdu … ; H 190a M 11 … bav ezov… ki savutta da tijijiź oł üst ešiḱḱa … janłarɣa … ki … ki necik bujurdu H … . savutta da siź čyχmajyz kiši-da … tanɣa … / T 13a … üst odverjaɣa 187 Exo 13:6, C I 67a,23–24, M 12, T 14a; H 190a–190b … bołsun … oł jan odverjałarɣa … ; H 189b … bavyn cabornun … ki savutta χyʒ (bołsun) … . da tijiniz oł isttegi odverjaɣa da eki jandaɣy odverjałarɣa … ki savutta 188 Exo 13:7, C I 67a,24–25 id; E mistakenly ač; for the correct vale śiz cykmanyz kiśi eśiginden … oł erten-byłaɣa dejin. form ačï, see C I 67a,25, cf. E 14,2; G 5b … ol künlärgä … ǧümlä 180 Exo 12:23, C I 66a,23–25 id; E bermästir written with two sïnorïŋda; M 12 … ačyjdoɣon bar čegijda / T 14a … ošoł jedi oł unnecessary letters ms and crossed by the copyist; G 5b Da kečär ḱuńlarda … kuǯur bar čegijda; H 190b … oł jediside oł kinlerde … mal᾿aχï H-nïŋ qïrma ol … ol qannï … da ol eki … ; M 11 Da ašyp χamec any kerinḿesin … kuʒurtku bar ćeginde senin. ḱetar … Mićrini da ḱorsa oł kanny oł üst ešik … oł janłar … da atłar 189 Exo 13:8, C I 67a,26–27 id; E mistakenly čïqnïmda instead of H … ešik ašyra … čajpavčuɣa kirḿa … / T 13b Da ašar … ošoł čïqqanïmda; G 5b … ki qïldï … ; M 12 … ajtadoɣoč bunun … / T 14a Mićrini … üst odverja üśtuńa da eki oł jan odverjałar üśtuńa da ber- … H maja … ; H 190b … oł ajtadoɣac … mana bu jaχsyłykny … . ḿaśt … ; H 189b–190a Da asar šeχinasy H-nyn … osoł Micrini … 190 Exo 13:9, C I 67a,27 – 67b,1–2 Da bolġay … saġïnmaqlïqqa osoł oł kanny oł isttegi odverja iśtińe … odverjałar iśtińe … cajpavcuɣa arasïna közläriŋniŋ … ; G 5b … saġïnmaqlïqqa … anïŋ učun ki … angel, messenger’, cf. (AJ 233); zira küčlü … ; M 12, T 14a … belgiǵa … da saɣynmaχłyχka ḱoźlarij‘ מַ לְ אָ ְך .mal᾿aχ in G 5b is Heb ; … -Countenance; Divine Presence’, cf. CKar. arasyna … ki bołɣej … ; H 190b … belgiǵe … da saɣyncłykka ḱe‘ ׁשְ כִ י ָ נ ה .šeχina in H is Heb (AJ 373). zlerin arasyna anyn icin ki bołɣaj … senin ki kicli … . THE KARAIM HAGGADAH 47 ušbu räsimni vadesinä yïldan yïlġa.191 Ki sorsa saŋa (11) Ki ešittik da bil- (10) dik alarnï da atalarïmïz äkäyät oġluŋ taŋda demä nedir ol tanïqlar da ol räsimlär (12) da ettilär bizgä.200 (11) Yašïrmasmïz oġlanlarïndan soŋraġï ol šara῾atlar ki sïmarladï H Täŋrimiz sizgä.192 (13) Da dävürgä äkäyät etiv- (12) čilär maχtovlarïn H-nïŋ da aytqïn oġluŋa qullar edik par῾oġa Mïsïrda da (14) čïġardï quvatïn da aǧayïplarïn ki qïldï.201 (13) Ki urdu tunġučlarïn bizni H Mïsïrdan küčlü qudrat bilän.193 Da berdi (15) Mïsïrnïŋ adamdan da tuvarġa (14) degin.202 Uruvčïġa nïšanlar da belgilär ulular da yamanlar Mïsïrda par῾o- Mïsïrlïlarnï tunġučlarï bilän ki (15) dunyaġa degindir (16) da da barča evindä közlärimizčä.194 Da bizni čïġardï šaġavatï.203 Da čïġardï Yisra᾿elni (16) ortalarïndan ki (17) andan ketirmä učïn bizni bermä bizgä šol yerni ki dunyaġa degindir šaġavatï.204 Küčlü (17) qudrat bilän da (18) {ant} sunulmuš quvat bilän ki dunyaġa degindir (17/109a) (1) ant etti atalarïmïzġa.195 Da sïmarladï (18/109b) (1) šaġavatï.205 Šükür etärlär H-ġa šaġa- bizgä H qïlma (2) šol barča ušbu räsimlärni qorqma H vatïn da aǧayïplarïn oġlan- (2) larïna adamnïŋ.206 Maχtar- Täŋrimizdän (3) yaχšï bolma bizgä barča ol künlär tir- lar atïŋnï ulu da qorquvlï(dïr) ⟨ayruχsudïr⟩ ol.207 (3) gizmä bizni (4) ušbu kün kibik.196 Da rastlïq bolïr bizgä Maχtayïm H-nï bar köŋlim bilän äkäyät etäyim barča ki saqlasaq (5) qïlma šol barča ušbu mičvanï197 aldïna H aǧayïplarïŋ- (4) nï.208 Sevinäyim da biyänäyim seniŋ Täŋrimiz- (6) niŋ nečik ki sïmarladï bizgä.198 Da anïŋ bilän zemer209 aytayïm atïŋa (5) böyük Täŋri ⟨.⟩210 učïn äkäyät etkin (7) qulaqlarïnča oġluŋnïŋ da oġlunïŋ oġluŋnïŋ šol ki (8) yaman iš qïldïm Mïsïrda da šol nïšan- 200 Psa 78:3, C IV 25a,4–5 id; M 12 Ne ki … da bilabiź … larïmnï ki qoy- (9) dïm alarda da bilgäy ki menmin H.199 jomaχładyłar biźǵa / T 15a Ki ešittik da bildik … ; H 191a Neni ki … bujruɣundan Tenrinin da bilibiz anłyk sartyn ki jazdy ałarny aziz torada neni ki atałarymyz kotardy bizǵe. 191 Exo 13:10, C I 67b,2–3 id; G 5b … ol ušbu … ; M 12 Da 201 Psa 78:4, C IV 25a,5–6 … äkäyät etärlär … ; G 6a Yašïr- sakłaɣyn oł resiḿni ušpunu … / T 14a … ošoł oł resiḿni ušpunu … ; mamïz … äkäyät etärlär … ; M 12 Jašyrmajyχ … ałarnyn … dorɣa ki H 190b … oł resimni oł uspu kajjam etḿe any … har bir jyłda. bołɣejłar kotaruvčułar … H-nyn da ḱučuń da tamaša išlariń ki kyłdy / 192 Deu 6:20, C I 163a,9–10 … ol tanïqlïq bitiklär … ; G 5b Egär T 15a … ułanłaryndan sondraɣy … anyn üčuń ki bołɣejłar … da sorsa … sabaḥ … ; M 12, T 14b … sendań uvłuj tan była ajtadoɣoč kuvatyn da tamaša … ; H 191b Jasyrmajbyz … ałarnyn bildiribiz ne oł šara῾atłar … da oł toralar ki bujurdu … ; H 190b … senden ałarɣa ki bilgejler ałar (da) kotarma sondraɣy dorɣa … da kuvatyn uvłun senin tanbyłada ajtadohac nedir oł tanykłykłar … [tereler] ki anyn da tamašałykłaryn anyn ńe kyłdy atałarymyzɣa. bujurdu … kyłma ałarny. 202 Psa 135:8, C IV 44a,21 id; G 6a … Mïsïrlïlarnïŋ … ; M 12, T 193 Deu 6:21, C I 163a,11–12, M 12, T 14a, H 190b id. 15a Ki kyrdy … adamdan tuvarɣa … ; H 191b Ki vatty … basłap 194 Deu 6:22, C I 163a,12–13 id; G 5b Da berdi H … da ǧümlä adamdan tuvarɣa dejin. evindä … ; M 12, T 14b Da berdi H belgilar da nišanłar … ; H 190b– 203 Psa 136:10, C IV 44b,15–16 Uruvčï Mïsïrnï … ; G 6a Uruvčï 191a Da berdi H belgiler da nysanłar … ułłułar da jamanłar … ivinde … ; M 12 Kyruvčuɣa Mićriniń tunɣučłaryn ki dunjaɣa dejiń ševaɣaty anyn … biznin. anyn / T 15a Vatyvčuɣa … ; H 191b Vatuvcuɣa Micrini tunɣucłaryn- 195 Deu 6:23, C I 163a,14–15 … ketirmäk učun … ; G 5b … ol dan ki … dejindi savaɣaty anyn. yerni … ; M 12 … ḱeltirḿak üčuń … oł yerni … / T 14b … berḿa 204 Psa 136:11, C IV 44b,16–17 id; this and the next line are absent biźǵa ošoł oł yerni ki antetti … ; H 191a Vale … ḱeltirḿek … oł jerni from M; this line is also wanting in T; H 191b ałarnyn ki … anyn. … biznin. 205 Psa 136:12, C IV 44b,17–18 id; T 15a … sunułɣan quvat była 196 Deu 6:24, C I 163a,15–17 … yaχšï bolma bizgä ki saqlasaq … dejiń šavaɣaty anyn; H 191b … da sunułɣan kuvat była da sunułɣan qïlma šol ušbu kün kibik (ki saqlasaq qïlma ‘which we preserve to do’ kudrat była (sic) … anyn. was mistakenly copied from the next verse for barča ol künlär tirgizmä 206 Psa 107:15, C IV 36a,1–2 Maχtov berirlär H-ġa šaġavatï učun bizni ‘to keep us alive all the time’); G 5b–6a Da sïmarladï H qïlma da aǰayïplarï … ; G 6a Maχtov berirlär … šaġavatï učun da ǧümlä ol ušbu … yaχšï etmä … ǧümlä ol künlär … ; M 12 Da bujurdu aǧayïplarïn ekäyät etärlär … ; M 12 Šuḱur bersińlar … ševaɣaty üčuń … bar oł … bar oł ḱunlarni tiri tutma … ḱunlej / T 14b … ošoł bar oł da tamaša išlari üčuń ki kyłdy adam ułanłaryna / T 15a Šuḱur reśiḿlarni ušpułarny … jaχšy etḿa … ; H 191a Da bujurdu H bizǵe etsińlar… ; H 191b Anyn icin śikir berdiler … savaɣaty icin anyn … osoł bar oł reśiḿlerni oł uspułarny korkma H-dan aziz … biznin halegińe ułusun anyn da tamašałykłaryn anyn bildirdiler adam jaχsy bołma icin bizni (sic) bar kinlerni tiri tutma … ekśide dunjada oł ułanłaryna. uspu … . 207 Psa 99:3, C IV 32a,13–14 … ulu da qorquvlï ayruχsïdïr ol; E command, commandment, precept. 2. PBH reli- ayruχsudïr is added on the basis of C and G; G 6a Maχtarlar ullu da .1‘ מִ צְ וָ ה .Heb 197 gious act, meritorious deed’ (Klein 1987: 374), CKar. mičva ‘com- qorquvlu atïŋnï ayruχsudïr ol; M 12 Šuḱur bersińlar šemija seniń … mandment’ (AJ 242–243). da korχunčłu aziź oł / T 15b Šuḱur te sińlar šemija ułłu da … ; H 191b 198 Deu 6:25, C I 163a,17–18 id; G 6a … ǧümlä ol ušbu mičvanï Śikir berdiler aziz šemińe senin ej H ułłudu da korkuncłudu oł da azizdi … ; M 12 Da źeχut … bar oł mičvany ušpunu … ki nečik bujurdu … oł. / T 14b … ošoł bar oł saruvnu ušpunu … ; H 191a Da zeχut … osoł 208 Psa 9:2, C IV 2b, 20–21 Maχtarmïn … äkäyät etärmin … ; G bar oł micvany uspu ałnynda … ki necik bujurdu … . 6a Maχtarmïn äkäyät etärmin ǧümlä … ; M 12 Šuḱur beramiń ej H 199 Exo 10:2, C I 64a,15–17 … etkäysin … da oġluna oġluŋnïŋ šol bar üragim była jomaχłejmin bar tamaša išlarijni / T 15b Šuḱur etamiń ki … da bilgäysiz ki … ; G 6a … äkäyät etkäysin qulaqlarïna … neni H-bar juragim była kotaramyn … ; H 191b Daɣyn men de oł miśkin ki … da nïšanlarïmnï … da bilgäysiz … ; M 12 … ki jomaχłaɣejsyn śikir bereḿen H-ɣa bar jiregim była kotaramen bar tamašałykłarynny kułaχłaryča … ne ki kyłdym … da belgilariḿni … da bilǵejsiź ki ḿeń senin. ,(PBH song, tune’ (Klein 1987: 200‘ ֶ ז מֶ ר .from Heb , ֶ ז מֵ ר H / T 15a … ki kotarɣejsyn … ošoł ne ki … ošoł belgilariḿni … da 209 E bilirsiź … ; H 191a Ajtadoɣac … ki kotarɣajsen … uvłunun senin osoł CKar. zemer ‘religious verse, religious song; psalmody’ (AJ 480). neni ki jengillik kyłdym … da osoł belgilerimni ki kyłdym … da bilirśiz 210 Psa 9:3, C IV 2b, 21 Sevinirmin da biyänirmin … aytïrmïn … … . biyik … ; G 6a Sevinirmin da biyänirmin … aytïrmïn … büyük … ; 48 HENRYK JANKOWSKI

Qaytqanïnda dušmanlarïm artqarï sürü- (6) nirlär da tas (19/110a) (1) zorïndan qïynavčïlarïnïŋ azatlïqqa ⟨.⟩220 bolïrlar aldïŋdan.211 Ki qïldïŋ šera῾atïmnï da (7) dinimni Da yuldu alarnï hökümi (2) tibindän par῾onïŋ χanï Mïsïrnïŋ oturduŋ taχtqa šera῾at etivči rastlïqnï.212 (8) Eksittiŋ tïnčlïqqa.221 Nïšan- (3) lar bilän da belgilär bilän da uruš uluslarnï tas ettiŋ raša῾nï213 atlarïn yïlïs (9) ettiŋ dun- bilän da küčlü qudrat bilän (4) da sunulmïš quvat bilän da yadan dunyaġa degin.214 Maχtovlïdïr H (10) ki bermädi ulu qorquvlar bilän.222 Da čïġardï (5) alarnï kümüš bilän bizni aš tišlärinä.215 Maχtovlïdïr H (11) här gün yüklär da altïn bilän biyänmäk bilän da sevinmäk (6) bilän da šaġavatïn bizgä ol Täŋri yarïlġašïmïzdïr (12) dayïm.216 Ol qïčqïrmaq bilän qulluqdan biylikkä ⟨.⟩223 Da yürütti (7) teŋri bizgä Täŋri qutulmaqlarġa da Täŋri (13) H-ġa alarnï tiklär ki alarnï sayladï H bolma aŋar öŋgčä (8) ölümgä čïġïvlar.217 Maχtovlïdïr Täŋrimiz (14) da Täŋrisi ulusqa.224 Da yüklädi alarnï da kötärdi alarnï yoġarï atalarïmïznïŋ ki qïldï sïnamaqlar da baġatïr- (15) lïqlar yoġarï.225 (9) Da dušmanlarïna qïldï šera῾atlar da ulu öč.226 nïšanlar da aǧayïplar atalarïmïz bilän ušbu kün- (16) Da qïstov- (10) čïlarïn tašladï ortasïnda terän suvnïŋ.227 Da lärdä da ušbu zamanda amen.218 Da yuldu alarnï ol (17) alarnï (11) qutqardï qutulmaq dayïm.228 Da andan aldï qattï qulluġïndan Mïsïrnïŋ biylikkä ⟨.⟩219 Da qutqardï alarnï da ketirdi (12) alarnï Sinayġa kelin kibik.229 Da alarnï (18) {zorïndan}

volnostḱa; H 192a Da jułudu ałarny kułłuɣundan Micriniń oł katy bijlikḱe. M 12–13 Bijańamiń da kuvanamyn … oχujmyn šemija seniń ej joɣarɣy 220 G 6b id; M 13, T 16a / H 192a–192b … χoχemliginden … / T 15b … oχujum šemija seniń joɣarɣy … ; H 191b–192a kyjnavcułarynyn … . Bijeńeḿen da kuvanamen ałnynda senin … uχujmen šemińe senin ej 221 G 6b … χanïnïŋ … ; M 13, T 16a, H 192b … erki … bijinin joɣarɣy … . … . 211 Psa 9:4, C IV 2b,23 … sürüngäylär da tas bolġaylar hazratïŋ 222 This is part of Deu 4:34, see C I 161a,5–9 (Ya sïnadïmï Täŋri aldïndan; M 13 Kajtχanda … ḱedargi surunǵejlar da taspołɣejlar … kelmä alma özünä ulus ortasïndan ulusnïŋ sïnamaqlar bilän) nïšanlar / T 15b … surunurlar da taspołurłar … ; H 192a Kajtkanda dus- bilän da belgilär bilän da uruš bilän da küčlü qudrat bilän da sunulmuš manłaryn senin ḱedergi śiringejler da taspołɣajłar … senin. quvat bilän da ulu qorquvlar bilän (barča nečik ki qïldï sizgä H 212 Psa 9:5, C IV 2b,24–25 id; M 13, T 15b … toraḿni da Täŋriŋiz Mïsïrda közläriŋizčä) ‘(Or has God ever tried to come and take jarɣumnu … rast torači; H 192a … teremni da jarɣumnu avałdan Mic- a nation for himself from the midst of another nation, by trials,) by rililer była taχt iśtińe terenin ej rast tereci. signs, by tokens, by war, by a mighty hand, by an outstretched arm, wicked, sinful, wicked sinful; guilty’ by great fear, (all of which the Lord your God did for you in Egypt before‘ רָ ׁשָ ע .from Heb , רַ שַ ע E 213 (Klein 1987: 630), CKar. raša῾ ‘sinner; wicked’ (AJ 327). your eyes?)’; identically G 6b and C I 161a,7–8, with minor differences 214 Psa 9:6, C IV 2b,25–26 Čaypadïŋ uluslarnï … ; G 6a like G ullu; M 13 Belgilar była da nišanłar była … da sunułɣan … / T Qaχïdïŋ… ; M 13 Ačuvłandyj χanłyχłarda … šeḿlariń surttuj … / T 16a Belgilar była da nišanłar była da čeriv była … ; H 192b Belgiler 15b Karɣaɣyn χanłykłarny tasetkiń … atłaryn surtḱuń … ; H 192a była da nysanłar była da ćeriv była … da sunułɣan … . Kaχirlendin χanłykłarda taśettin … ałarnyn śirttin dunjaɣa dejin da 223 This verse contains part of Psa 105:37, see C IV 34b,15 Čïġardï emirǵe dejin. alarnï kümüš bilän da altïn bilän (da yoq edi ševetlärindä yarlï) ‘He 215 Psa 124:6, C IV 42b,24 id; G 6a … butarlamaq tišlärinä; M brought them forth also with silver and gold (and there was not one 13 … jem tišlarina ałarnyn / T 15b … jyrtuv tišlarina … ; H 192a … feeble person among their tribes)’; G 6b … da quvanč bilän qulluqtan butarɣa tislerińe ałarnyn. serbäzlikkä; M 13 … bijanč była da kuvanč była da šatyrłyχ była … 216 Psa 68:20, C IV 21a,19–20 … här kün yüklär alġïšlarïn … ; aɣałyχłyχka / T 16a … volnostḱa; H 192b … kuvanc była da bijenc G 6a … H här kün yüklär alġïšlarïn bizgä … ; M 13 … H … jem była da satyrłyk była … azatłykka. beradir biźǵa … jarłyɣašymyz ḱoturujuź avaz / T 15b … juḱlejdir 224 E alarnï is written defectively without the letter nun, while aŋar šavaɣatyn biźǵa … jarłyɣašymyz hamḿeša; H 192a … jiklejdi … oł is crossed, but not corrected by the copyist, established on the basis of jarłyɣasymyzdy biznin … hamḿeśe. G; G 6b … zira alarnï sayladï … ; M 13 Da üruttu ałarny öra tura- 217 Psa 68:21, C IV 21a,20–21 Ol Täŋri bizgä Täŋrisi yarïlġašlarnïŋ doɣonłarny … / T 16a … sajłanmyš ułuska; H 192b … irej tura- da Täŋri Adonayġa … ; G 6a … taŋrï bizgä taŋrïsï yarïlġašlarnïŋ … ; doɣanłarny … onca … . M 13 … jarłyɣašłar Teńrisi da adonaj Teńriǵa öluḿdań kutułmaχ 225 G 6b id; M 13 Da bijik ḱoturdu … / T 16a Da ḱoturdu ałarny (after this verse, the editor’s instruction to the worshippers says: Bu da ułłu etti … ; H 192b Da χoʒałatty … da bijik ḱeterdi … syjły orunda ajaχka turmaχ ḱeraḱli ‘At this place you have to stand up’) / T [jerǵe]. 15b … Teńriniń öluḿǵa čyɣyšłar; H 192a … Tenriśidi jarłyɣasnyn da 226 G 6b … ułłu … ; M 13 Da dušma⟨n⟩łarynda … toralar da ułłu H Tenrinin erkindedi cyɣyšłary elimnin. … / T 16a … kyłdy karanjałar … ; H 192b Da dusmanłarynda ałarnyn 218 From this verse onwards, the text is non-biblical, including this kyłdy karanjałar da … ałmak. and the following blessing and praising formulae, for Heb., see O 19 227 G 6b … ortasïna … ; M 13, T 16a Da kysyχłyχ etivčulariń … amen’; G 6a–6b … ki qïldï neslär … da sałdy ortasyna … orunnun; H 192b Da kysykłyk etivcilerin ałarnyn‘ אָ מֵ ן correctly , אֵ מ ן .ff; E Heb ol ušbu künlärdä da ol ušbu zamanda amen; M 13 … ki kyłdy neslar ortasyna … suvłarnyn. … belgilar da tamaša išlar … bu ḱunlarda … / T 16a … belgilar da 228 G 6b Da alarġa yarïlġaš etti yarïlġaš dayïm; M 13 … nišanłar … a ušpu vaχtłarda da ušpu zamanda … ; H 192a … H Ten- jarłyɣašłady jarłyɣaš była, ḱoturujuź avaz / T 16b … hamḿeša; H 192b rimiz biznin da Tenriśi ic atałarymyznyn … nesler da … belgiler da Vale ałarny jarłyɣaslatty hamḿeśelik jarłyɣas była. / miracle, 229 G 6b, H 192b id; M 13 … Sinaj tavɣa nečik kałłany χuppaɣa‘ נֵ ס .tamašałykłar … oł uspu kinlerde … ; nes ~ nes is Heb .bride. 2 .1‘ ַ כּלָ ה .providential event, wonder’, which in Klein’s opinion may be sense T 16b … tavɣa kałłany kibik; kałła is from Heb :standard, ensign, flag. 2. signal, daughter-in-law. 3. sweetheart. 4. the Sabbath’ (Comey and Tzur 2006 .1‘ נֵ ס enlargement of the homophonous sign’ (1987: 418). 300), absent from Kowalski (1929) and KRPS; χuppa is also a Heb. 219 G 6b …ol qattï … Mïsïrlïlarnïŋ serbäzlikkä; M 13 Da jułudu word, see TKar. xuppa ‘венчание, бракосочетание | ślub’, i.e. ‘mar- ałarny kułłuɣundan Mićriniń oł katy aɣałyχłyχka / T 16a … oł katy riage’ (KRPS 605), and Kowalski (1929: 192) who glosses this word THE KARAIM HAGGADAH 49

üläšti alarġa ol (13) märtäbäli torasïn.230 Räsim bilän da hačlaḥamïznïŋ237 amen.238 Da körmä künlärin qutul- (12) da čemaḥ239 mašiyaḥïmïznï amen.240 (אמן) mičva bilän da tügäl (14) šera῾at bilän.231 Da sïmarladï maġïmïznïŋ alarġa mo῾edlärin sevinmäk- (15) niŋ da biyänmäkniŋ.232 Da ol (13) vaχtta čïġarmïz Čiyonġa H Täŋrimizgä kün- Da anïŋ učïn maqpuldïr bizgä ki (16) aytqaymïz maχtov- lärindä ol (14) regalimniŋ da zamanlarïnda ol ḥaġlarnïŋ ludïr ol da maχtovlïdïr atï (17) da kötärilgän barča alġïš da ol mo῾edlärniŋ (15) sevingän da biyängänlär sevin- da maχtov üstünä dunyadan (18) dunyaġa degin da mägi bilän Yerušalaim šäḥärimizniŋ ⟨.⟩241 (16) Da binyäti ömirdän ömirgä degin dayïm.233 Da daġïn bilän biyänmäginiŋ heχalnïŋ242 da devirimizniŋ.243 (17) (20/110b) (1) aytalïm maχtovludïr H Täŋrimiz ki tir- Da ol vaχtta qorban etärmiz qorbanlarïn Pesaḥlarnïŋ da gizdi bizni (2) da qayam etti bizni da yetkizdi bizni esän- (18) ῾olalar da inyätlär minḥalar244 bilän da quymaqlar lik bilän ušbu (3) zamanġa amen.234 Alay bolġay kiläk bilän ⟨.⟩245 (19) {Da šükür} aldïndan H Täŋri- (4) mizniŋ da Täŋrisi atalarïmïznïŋ ol ulu ol baġatïr (5) da ol qorquvlï Täŋri ki tezlägäy da ašïqtïrġay bizgä (6) künlärimizdä da künläriŋizdä da kün- jetištir- ‘to make somebody arrive; to bring (to an aim, to an end)’; in .(O 20) יְ זַ נ ֵ כּו lärindä barča ulusï- (7) nïŋ ǧama῾atï Yisra᾿elniŋ ǧemin ol the original Heb. text, the corresponding verb has the form 237 success, good fortune’ (Comey‘ הַ צְ לָ חָ ה .Standard Heb , הַ צְ לַ חַ ה χabarlarnïŋ ol yaχšïlar (8) da ol tatlïlar da ol uvut- E and Tzur 2006: 153); in M and G, this word is rendered as onarmaχ maqlarnï ol yazïlġanlar ol (9) aytïlġanlar da yazïlġanlar and oŋarma, respectively, in H as onarmak; the Heb. word was copied 235 aġzïndan barča naviniŋ da navi- (10) lik etivčiniŋ. Da from the original Heb. text (O 20). daġïn zoχe etkäy236 bizni körmä (11) zamanïn 238 M 14 Da daɣy jetištirǵej biźni … onarmaɣymyznyn; T 17a, H 193a–193b Da daɣyn … onarmaɣymyznyn. .plant, sprout, growth. 2 .1‘ צֶ מַ ח E čemaḥ is a Heb. word, see 239 -in Comey and Tzur name of the Messiah. 3. PBH swelling, ulcer’ (Klein 1987: 550), pres חֻ ּפָ ה more exactly as ‘1. baldachin. 2. marriage’, see ‘1. wedding canopy. 2. marriage ceremony’ (2006: 255). ent only in E; in G and M translated to bitmäk and M 14 bitḿak, 230 G 6b id; M 13, T 16b Da üluš berdi ałarɣa torasyn oł syjły; respectively; it was copied from the original Heb. text (O 20). H 192b Da ilis berdi … syjły torasyn ezinin. 240 G 6b–7a … künlärin yarïlġašïmïznïŋ da bitmägin maši- 231 G 6b … da aǧayïb šera῾at … ; M 13 … da rast tora była / T yaḥïmïznïŋ; M 14 … jarłyɣaš ḱunlarimizni da bitḿagin mašijaχy- 16b … saruv była da ułłu tora była; H 192b–193a … da aʒajip [tere] myznyn / T 17a … ḱunlariń jarłyɣašymyznyn da bitišiń … ; H 193b … była. kinlerin jarłyɣasymyznyn. 232 G 6b id; M 13 … bijańčli mo῾edlar da kuvančły / T 16b Da 241 G 7a … künlärindä ol kerätlärniŋ … sevingänlär da biyängän- zynharłady … ; H 193a Da bujurdu … kyłma bijencli da satyr lär sevinmä sevinmägi bilän … ; M 14 … baryrbyz … vaχtynda oł mo῾edler. regaliḿnin … oł χyǯłarnyn … bijańadoɣonłar da šatyrłaɣanadoɣonłar 233 G 6b … layïqtïr bizgä … da büyüktür ǧümlä alġïš üstünä da bijańḿa bijanči była … / T 17a Da anda barɣejbyz … H Teńrimiźǵa maχtov üstünä … da ömürünä degin ömürlärniŋ dayïm; M 13 … ušej- … da kuvanadoɣonłar bijańči była … ; H 193b … baryrbyz … H-ɣa dyr biźǵa … da maχtavłu šemi anyn da bijik ḱoturulǵań … öḿurǵa … kinlerinde oł ic kurłałarnyn … kuvanadoɣanłar da satyrłanadoɣanłar is the plural , רְ ָ ג ִ ל י ם ;dejiń ḱoturujuź avaz / T 16b … ḱeraḱlidir biźǵa … maχtavłudur šemi bijenḿe bijenci była Jerušalaimnin saχarymyznyn ;(time, period, festival’ etc. (Comey and Tzur 2006: 593‘ ; רֶ ֶ ג ל .hamḿeša; H 193a … usajdy bizǵe ki … šemi anyn da bijikliǵe of Heb … kotaryłɣaj bar ałɣys była da maχtav była dunjadan da dunjaɣa dejin this word denotes each of the three pilgrimage feasts: Sukkot, Passover hamḿeśe. and Shavuot, it is found in E, M and T, but translated as kerätlär ‘times 234 G 6b … aytqaymïz maχtovludur Taŋrïmïz … bizni ušbu … ; M (in counting)’ in G, and the genuine Kar. word kurła ‘id’ in H; in 14 Da daɣy ajtajyχ maχtavłudur Tenrimiź ki tirliḱta tuttu … da contrast to G and M, the copyist of E has not separated this verse from kajamłyχta tuttu … da jetištirdi … bazłyχta … , aḿeń / T 16b … ki tiri the preceding one; all the three Heb. words in this verse have been .(O 20) מֹועֲדִ ים and חַ ִ ּג י ם , רְ ָ ג ִ ל י ם .tuttu biźni… savłukta ušpu … ; H 193a … ajtajyk maχtavłudu Tenrimiz copied from the original Heb. text, i.e -shrine, temple. 2. palace. 3. the Tem .1‘ הֵ י כָ ל .from Heb , הֵ י כַ ל biznin ki tirlikte da kajamłykta tuttu … da jetištirdi bizni savłukta ał 242 E uspu … . ple. 4. the ark of the covenant’ (Comey and Tzur 2006: 125), see CKar. 235 E ǧ in ǧama῾atï is vocalized with a qamaṣ, elsewhere with a heχal ‘altar’ (AJ 182); this word has been copied from the original pataḥ; G 6b … bolġay qabulluqqa ḥazratï aldïndan … Taŋrïsïnïŋ ata- Heb. text (O 21). larïmïznïŋ… ullu … ǧümlä ulusunïŋ … ǧama῾atïnïŋ … ǧemin ol yaχšï 243 G 7a Da binyät olmasïndan sevgili heχalnïŋ … ; M 14, T 17a da ol tatlï χabarlarnïŋ da ol uvutmaqlarnïŋ … ǧümlä naviniŋ … ; M Da tuǵal bijańči była heχałnyn da devirimiznin; H 193b Da tiǵel 14 … bołɣej kabułłuχ … da Tenrisiniń … oł Teńri oł ułłu … da oł bijenci była heχałnyn da devirimiznin; devir, also in G, M, T and H, is sanctuary, temple. 2. the Holy of Holies’ (Comey .1‘ ּדְ בִ י ר .korχunčłu ki ǯaχtłatχej da tezlaǵej va χtymyzda da vaχtyjyzda … from Heb üvunun … bar oł χabarłarny oł jaχšyłarny da oł čebarlarni da oł and Tzur 2006: 86); this word was copied from the original Heb. text uvunčłu(χ)łarny oł belgirtilǵanlarni da jazyłɣanłarny avzundan bar (O 21). ,(burnt offering’ (Klein 1987: 466‘ עֹולָ ה .Standard Heb ,עֹולַ ה naviniń da ḱorum ḱoruvčunun / T 16b–17a … oł Teńri oł baɣatyr … 244 E .Standard Heb , מִ ְ נ חַ ה ;(tezlaǵej ajtyłɣanłarny da jazyłɣanłarny … ; H 193a … kabułłuk ałnyn- see CKar. ῾ola ‘whole burnt offering’ (AJ 257 :gift, present, tribute, offering, esp. meal offering’ (Klein 1987‘ מִ ְ נ חָ ה … dan H Tenrimiznin da Tenriśinin … oł Tenrinin oł ułłu oł baɣatyr oł korkuncłu ki ʒaχtłaɣaj da tezletḱej bizǵe … biznin … śiznin … 357), CKar. minḥa ‘offering, oblation, sacrifice’ (AJ 244); pesaχ and ułusunun ivinin Jisra᾿elnin bar oł jaχsy χabarłarny da oł ćeberlerni da these two words are copied from the original Heb. text where they are .(O 21) מִ נְ חֹות and עֹֹלת , ּפְ סָ חִ י ם .oł ćeber juba⟨n⟩cłykłarny oł belgirtilǵenlerni oł ajtyłɣanłarny da found in the plural, i.e jazyłɣanłarny … da ḱerim [ḱe]rivcinin. 245 G 7a Da ol vaχtta yuvuqlaštïrïrmïz … bilän; M 14 … juvutur- 236 E CKar. zoḥe et- ‘to make somebody worthy’ (AJ 483), from byz debeχałaryn Ṕesaχłarnyn … da nijjetlar tirkilar była da neseχlar winner’ (Comey and Tzur 2006: 223), see also HKar. zoche była / T 17a Da anda juvutkejbyz … ; H 193b Da oł vaχtyna juvutubyz‘ ז ֹו כֶ ה .Heb ‘dostojny, godny | wohlverdient, würdig’ (Mardkowicz 1935: 70), cor- debeχałaryn nijetlernin tirkiler była da neseχler była; neseχ, absent responds to G mustaḥaq et- ‘to be worthy, to deserve’ and to M from Kowalski (1929), KRPS and Mardkowicz (1935), is from Heb. 50 HENRYK JANKOWSKI

(21/111a) (1) Da šükür etälim da maχtalïm Täŋrisin berivčiniŋ ešittirivči esänlikni ḥaġ (15) etkin Yuhuda dunyalarnïŋ.246 Ol Täŋri (2) ol atalġan iši tügäl.247 Da ol ḥaġlarïŋnï tölägin inyätläriŋni ki (16) artïrmastïr daġïn ašïqtïrġan qutulmaq tügäl- (3) lärgä.248 Ki äväldän kečmä sendä raša῾ kišiniŋ barča- (17) sï kesilgän.255 Da ayruqsï etti bizni barča ol ulus- (4) lardan⟨.⟩249 Da soŋrada ulusuŋ barčalarï čadiqlär dunyaġa sayladï bizni barča ümätlärdän.250 (5) Da anïŋ učïn (22/111b) (1) degin meräslärlär yerni tamurï tik- sevinälim da rušan da šaz olalïm da qïčqïralïm (6) küčlär mäklärimniŋ iši qudrat- (2) larïmnïŋ körkäymä.256 Ol kiči bilän.251 Da aytalïm (.) da ǧanïm biyänir H bilän biyänir bolïr biŋgä da ol kiči (3) ulu ulusqa men H vaχtïnda הקטון יהיה לאלף והצעיר לגוי עצום yarïlġašï bilän.252 Barča süyäklärim aytïrlar H kimdir ašïqtïrïrmïn anï.257 (4)258 (7) אני י וֿ י )5( בעתה אחישנה )6(259 נשלמה תרגום ההלל. ברכות seniŋ kibik qutqarïvčï yarlïnï küčlüdän andan da (8) .והודאות לאל אמלל )7( 260 תו֗ ֗שלב֗ ֗ע yarlïnï (9) da miskinni zulumlavčïsïndan.253 Da yazïlġandïr (.) biyängin (10) asrï ǧama῾atï Čiyonnïŋ qïčqïrġïn ǧama῾atï Yerušalaimniŋ (11) muna χanïŋ kelir saŋa čadiq da qutqarïlġandïr ol yarlï (12) da atlanïvčï Translation ešäk üstünä da balasï üstünä birsi- (13) niŋ diši ešäklärniŋ.254 Muna ol taġlar üstinä (14) ayaqlarï χabar (1) (1–2) This is the translation of the Haggadah read by the Karaim people at the night of Passover feast. drink offering’ etc. (Klein 1987: 419), translated by G and E as (3–4) I shall start the translation of the Lesser Hallel, an‘ סֶנֶ ְך quymaq. enjoyment like a palace garden, adorable as a perennial 246 G 7a Da ïqrar etärmiz da maχtarmïz Taŋrïsïna … ; M 14 … stream. (5) I will come to proclaim the power of the t χ T š t e arbiź da ševa ajtyrbyz kajjam eńrisina … / T 17a Da uḱur e ḱejbiź Lord261 God; I will make your righteousness to be … ajtkejbyz jaratuvčusuna … ; H 193b Da maχtav ajtybyz jaratu- vcusuna … ; ševaχ, absent from Kowalski (1929), KRPS and praise. 2. improvement, ešaḱlarniń; H 194a Da jazyłɣandy … kuvanɣyn astry ej … bijin senin .1‘ ׁשֶ בַ ח .Mardkowicz (1935), is from PHB betterment. 3. excellence, superiority, advantage. 4. choice part’ (Klein meleχ maśija[χ] ḱeldi … rastty da jarłyɣasłanɣandy oł miśkin … katyr ’king‘ מֶ לֶ ְך .hence ševaχ et- ‘to praise’. iśtińe da eśek iśtińe bałasy iśtińe; meleχ is from Heb ,(635 :1987 247 G 7a … atalġan tügäl išli; M 14 … iši anyn … / T 17a … oł (Comey and Tzur 2006: 370), see KRPS (415) where this word is ińdalǵań tuǵal iši anyn; H 193b Oł Tenriǵe ki indeldi tiǵel iśi anyn. shown as Ar., a mistake unnoticed by Altbauer (1980). 248 G 7a … ašïqtïruvčï yarïlġaš tügällärgä; M 14, T 17a … 255 G 7a … ešittirivčiniŋ … zira arttïrmastïr … raša῾ ḥalq ǧümläsi ǯaχtłatyvču jarłyɣaš tuǵallarǵa; H 193b Da oł ʒaχtłavcu jarłyɣas kesilir; M 14–15 … ešittirivčunuń bazłyχny … arttyrmast artyχ ašma tiǵellerǵe. śeniń ašyra bajdbaχ el barysy eḱsilir / T 18a … ašma śeńda … ; H 249 G 7a … ǧümlä ol uluslardan artïq; M 14 Ki bašłyχtan ajryχsy 194a Ajakła⟨r⟩y … eśittirivcinin bazłykny ajtadoɣan χyʒlaɣyn … tel- … / T 17a–17b Ki endi burunrak aziźrak etti … ; H 193b Ki basłykta egin … artyk asma senin asyra bajbak dusman barysy bołur ekśilǵen; azizrek … . the Heb. word ḥaġ ‘holiday’ is also present in the original, but raša῾ which was better translated by T as bajdbaχ ְ ּבלִ יָ עַ ל .G 7a … ǧümlä ol ümmätlärdän; M 14 … bar oł ummałardan was used for Heb 250 / T 17b … bar oł üḿmatlardan; H 193b … bizni egirek bar oł and H as bajbak ‘good-for-nothing’ (Mardkowicz 1935: 13 ‘nicpoń | umałardan. Nichtswürdiger’), see (O 21). 251 E šaz olalïm ‘let us be joyful’, in which the verb ol- ‘to be’ is 256 G 7a … bolurlar ǧümläläri … yerni butaġï … ; M 15 … Turkish as opposed to Kar. bol-; G 7a … biyänälim da quvanalïm da bołurłar barłary rastłar … jerni ornatyłmyš butaɣym jaratχany… / T biyänälim da sevinälim da sarnayïq küčlü quvanmaqlar bilän; M 14 … 18a Da ułusuj barłary cadiklar … ; H 194a–195b … senin cadikler kuvanajyχ da šatyrłanajyχ da bijańajik da kuvanajyχ da sarnajyχ ḱučlu bołurłar da zeχutłary icin … jerni indelirler butaɣy ornatylmysłarym- maχtavłar była / T 17b … bijańajik da kuvanajyk da šatyrłanajyk da nyn maχtanmak icin ałar była. bijańajik da sarnajyk ḱučlu sarnavłar była; H 193b–194a … kuvanajyk 257 The Trk. text of Haggadah ends here in all manuscripts as well da satyrłanajyk da bijeńejik da bijenc była maχtav berejik da sarnajyk as in G and M with the translation of Isa 60:22 ‘A little one shall kicli maχtavłar była; for Heb. see O 21, cf. Eg 9. become a thousand, and a small one a strong nation; I the Lord will 252 Psa 35:9, C IV 10b,25–26 Da ǧanïm biyänir … ; G 7a Da hasten it in its time’: G 7a Da ol kičisi küčlü ulusqa men H vaχtïnda aytayïq da ǧanïm quvansïn … biyänsin …; M 14 Da ajtajyχ da ǯanym ašïqtïrïrmïn anï; M 15 Oł kiči umma bołur minǵa da andan kičirak kuvanadyr H była. Bijańadir jarłyɣašy była / T 17b … ǯanym bijańsiń ḱučlu χanłyχka men H vaχtynda ǯaχtłatyrmyn bu naviliḱni / T 18a … … kuvansyn jarłyɣašy była; H 194a Da ajtajyk har birimiz da ʒanym uma … men H ajtaḿeń eǵer źeχutłu bołsałar Jisra᾿el vaχtyndan burun ḿenim kuvandy … bijeńedi … anyn; da aytalïm ~ da aytayïq ~ da ḱeltirirmiń meleχ mašijaχny da eǵer źeχutłu bołmasałar da vaχtynda ajtajyχ ~ da ajtajyk ‘we shall say’ precedes the biblical verse. ǯaχtłatyrmyn any; H 195b …ševet bołur minǵe da andan kicirek bołur 253 Psa 35:10, C IV 10b,26–27 id; G 7a Ǧümlä süyäklärim … kicli χanłykka … burun ʒaχtłarmen any ułusuma Jisra᾿elǵe ajtadyr H qutqaruvčï miskinni … da miskinni da yarlïnï talovčusundan; M 14 oł klivci jaχsysyn ułusunun. Bar buvunłarym ajtadyrłar ej H kim seniń kibik … miśkińni ḱučlu- 258 E Lines 4–5 contain the Hebrew text of Isa 60:22, which was raḱtań … da miśkińni da jarłyny tałavčusundan / T 17b … ajtsynłar provided in Karaim just before in lines 2–3, the Hebrew texts is also eh H joχtur … ; H 194a Bar buvunłarym ḿenim ajtadyłar ej H kim found in M, T and H. barmodu … kicli Tenri kutkaruvcu … miśkinni kiclirekten andan da 259 E Line 6 is the Heb. closing formula ‘The translation of the miśkinni da jarłyny tałavcusundan. Hallel is completed. Greetings and thanks to God. A miserable’. 254 G 7a Da yazïlġan sevingin ġayät … da yarïlġašlanġandïr ol 260 E Line 7 contains an abbreviation frequently found at the end לאל בורא עולם Finished and completed’ and‘ תם ונשלם ,miskin da atlanaydïr … da qatïr balasï üstünä; the fragment birsiniŋ of Karaim texts ,Praise be to God, the Creator of the world’; it is absent from G‘ שבח diši ešäklärniŋ is wanting; M 14 Da jazɣan. … muna bijij śeniń … rast da jarłyɣašłanɣan oł miśkiń da atłanɣan … da katyr balasy üstuna … M and O. / T 17b Da jazyłɣan … meleχ mašijaχ ḱelir … da atłanuvču … sü tuna 261 God’s name is translated the Lord, as usually. THE KARAIM HAGGADAH 51 remembered, yours alone. (6) I will come to proclaim the they grew (20) and the more they spread; and they were power of the Lord God; I will make (7) your righteous- weakened by the sons ness to be remembered, yours alone. I will make your (3) (1) of Israel. And the Egyptians made the sons of name to be remembered in all (8) generations; therefore Israel serve as (2) slaves by force. And they made their nations will praise you (9) forever. I will remember the lives sour with hard (3) labour, with clay and with brick, works of God; I will remember (10) your wonders of old. and with all kind of labour (4) in the field; all kind of And I will talk of all your works and (11) talk of your labour in which they made them serve by force. (5) And great works. O God, your way is holy; (12) who is so they made two severe orders on our fathers in Egypt. (6) great a god as our God? You are the God (13) who The first order was on the arms of the midwives. (7) As works wonders; you have made known your might is written, the king of Egypt said to the Hebrew (8) mid- among the peoples. You redeemed (14) your people with wives, one of whom was named Shiphrah and (9) the your hand262, the sons of Jacob and Joseph forever. (15) other was named Puah, and he said, ‘When you make You are the Lord God who chose Abram and brought (10) Jewish women give birth, look at the birthstool, (11) (16) him out of Ur of the Chaldeans and gave him the if it is a son, then kill him, but if it is a daughter, (12) name Abraham. You found (17) his heart faithful before then let her live’. But they did not accept the advice and you, and made with him (18) the covenant to give the the order. As (13) is written, the midwives feared God land of the Canaanite, the Hittite, (19) the Amorite, (14) and did not do as the king of Egypt commanded the Perizzite, the Jebusite, and the (20) Girgashite to his them, but kept (15) the boys alive. The second order offspring; and you kept your promise, (21) for you are imposed on all his people (16) was to allow the blood of righteous. And you saw the affliction of our fathers (22) the sons of Israel, (17) to kill them and to plunge them in Egypt and heard their cry into the Nile. As is (18) written, then Pharaoh com- (2) (1) at the Red Sea.263 And you gave signs and manded all his people saying, ‘You shall cast into the tokens against Pharaoh and all (2) his servants and all the Nile (19) every born son, but you shall let every daughter people of his land, for you knew that they (3) acted (20) live’. This is why the Bible says that on the day you impudently264 against them; and you made name for (4) (1) were born, your cord was not cut, nor were you yourself as it is to this day. (4) Thus you have announced (2) washed with water, nor were you rubbed with salt or to our father Avraham affliction of your offspring (5) in wrapped (3) in cloths. No eye pitied you, to do any of a land that is not theirs, as is written in your Law.265 (6) these (4) things to you out of compassion for you, but And he said to Abram, ‘Know for certain that (7) your you were cast out on your face in the (5) field with dis- offspring will be strangers in a land that is not theirs and gust on the day that you were born. But (6) our God saw they will use them, (8) and they will oppress them for this outrage and had mercy on us, as (7) the Bible is four hundred years. But I will bring judgment on the explaining with the hands of the prophet. And I passed nation that (9) they serve, and afterwards they will come (8) by you and saw you defiled by your blood, I said (9) out (10) with great possessions’. And it is written that on to you in your blood, ‘Live!’ I said to you in your blood, that day the Lord made a covenant (11) with Abram, (10) ‘Live!’ Remember the wonders that he has done, his saying, ‘To your offspring I give this land, (12) from the signs and (11) the judgments of his mouth. 266 O off- river of Egypt to the great river, the river Euphrates’. spring of Abraham, his servant; (12) sons of Jacob, his (13) And Israel came into Egypt and Jacob lived in the chosen ⟨ones⟩! He is the Lord our God (13), his judg- land of Ham. (14) And he spread his people greatly and ments are in all the earth. He has remembered his cove- made them stronger than their (15) foes. He turned their nant forever (14), the word which he commanded to heart to be in enmity with his (16) people to plot against a thousand generations, ⟨the covenant⟩ which he made his servants. And they set masters of tribute over (17) with Abraham (15), and his oath to Isaac. And he estab- them to oppress them with their burdens; and (18) they lished it to Jacob as the statute (16), to Israel as an ever- built treasure cities for the Pharaoh, Pithom and (19) lasting covenant, saying, ‘To you I will give (17) the land Raamses. But the more they oppressed them, the more of Canaan as your portion for an inheritance’. When they were (18) few people, few in number, and lived there, they wandered (19) from nation to nation, from one king- 262 Lit. ‘power’ (quvat) used to eschew anthropomorphism in rela- dom to another nation. (20) He allowed no one to oppress tion to God (Zajączkowski 1929: 20). them; he rebuked kings for their sakes. 263 It is translated ‘Red Sea’ into English as conventionally, (5) (1) Do not touch to my anointed ones, do my although the Heb. name of this sea is ‘Reed Sea’. prophets no wrong. (2) And Jeshua said to all the people, 264 Lit. ‘they made impudence’. 265 In Gordon’s translation ‘And thus you informed, Abraham our father of the oppression of his seed in a land that was not theirs, as is 266 Lit. ‘command’ (buyruq) used to eschew anthropomorphism in written’ (Yaron and Qanaï 2000). relation to God (Zajączkowski 1929: 14). 52 HENRYK JANKOWSKI

‘Thus says the Lord, the God (3) of Israel, “Long (4) (7) (1) from under the burdens of the Egyptians, and ago, your fathers lived beyond the river, Terah, the father I will rescue you from slavery (2) to them, and I will of Abraham and the father of Nahor, and they served (5) redeem you with an outstretched arm270 and with great other gods. And I took your father (6) Abraham from (3) acts of judgment. And I will take you to me for beyond the river and led him through (7) all the land of a people (4), and I will be to you a god, and you shall Canaan, and made his offspring many. And I gave (8) know that I am the Lord (5) your God, who brings you him Isaac. And I gave to Isaac Jacob and (9) Esau, and out from under the burdens of the Egyptians. (6) And I gave to Esau mount Seir to possess it (10); but Jacob I will bring you to the land I swore with my hand271 and his sons went down into Egypt. And I sent (11) that I lifted (7) to give it to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Moses and Aaron, and I struck Egypt as (12) I did in the Jacob; I will give (8) it to you as a possession; I am the midst of it, and afterward I brought you out.”’ And (13) Lord’. And say to Pharaoh (9), ‘Thus says the Lord, God heard their cries, and God remembered his covenant Israel is my firstborn son’. (10) And I say to you, ‘Send (14) with Abraham, with Isaac, and with Jacob. And God my son that he may (11) serve me’. If you do not want saw the (15) sons of Israel, and God knew. And the Lord him to send, behold, I will (12) kill your firstborn son. said, ‘I have surely (16) seen the oppression of my peo- And Pharaoh will not listen (13) to you, and I will lay ple who are in Egypt and have heard (17) their cries my hand272 on Egypt (14) and bring my army, my people, because of their oppressors, for I know (18) their suffer- the sons (15) of Israel, out of the land of Egypt by great ings. And I have come down to rescue them out of the acts of judgment. (16) These are the ten plagues273 with hand of (19) the Egyptians, and to bring them up out of which the Lord struck (17) Pharaoh and the Egyptians, that land to a good and large land, to a land flowing (20) because of his people (18) he wanted to tell about.274 The with milk and honey; to the place of the Canaanites, and first is blood. As is written, the Hittites, and the (8) (1) Moses and Aaron did as the Lord commanded; (6) (1) Amorites, and the Perizzites, and the Hivites, he lifted (2) up the staff and struck the water in the Nile, and the Jebusites. ⟨And now, behold, the cry of the sons in the sight of (3) Pharaoh and in the sight of his serv- of Israel has come to me, and I have also seen the oppres- ants, and all the water in the Nile (4) turned into blood. sion with which the Egyptians oppress them.⟩ (2) Come The second are frogs. As is written (5), Aaron stretched now, I will send you to Pharaoh that you may bring my out his hand over the waters (6) of Egypt, brought the people, (3) the sons of Israel, out of Egypt’. But Moses frogs out, and covered the land of (7) Egypt. The third said to (4) God, ‘Who am I that I should go to Pharaoh are lice.275 As is written, they did (8) so, and Aaron and bring (5) the sons of Israel out of Egypt?’ And he stretched out his hand with his staff and struck (9) the said, ‘I will be (6) with you and this shall be the sign for dust of the earth, and there were lice in man and (10) you that I have sent you; when you have brought (7) the beast, and all the dust of the earth became lice in all the people out of Egypt, you shall serve God on (8) this land of (11) Egypt. The forth are wild beasts.276 As is mountain. For I brought you up from the land of Egypt, written (12), the Lord did so; and there came a grievous redeemed you from the house (9) of slavery, and sent swarm of wild beasts into the house of Pharaoh, and into before you Moses, and (10) Aaron, and Miriam’. He sent the houses (13) his servants, and into all the land of Moses, his servant, and Aaron (11), for he had chosen Egypt: the land was corrupted by (14) the wild beasts. him. They performed among them acts267 of their signs, The fifth is plague. As is written, (15) the Lord did that (12) and tokens in the land of Ham. As is written in your thing277 the next day, and all the cattle (16) of Egypt law. (13) And I know that the king of Egypt will not let died, but of the cattle of the sons of Israel (17) not one you go (14), unless by a mighty arm268. So I will stretch out my hand269 (15) and strike the Egyptians with all my 270 Lit. ‘power’ (quvat), see above. wonders that (16) I will do in it; after that he will let you 271 Lit. ‘I lifted my hand’. go. (17) It is written that moreover, I have heard the cry 272 Lit. ‘I will give my wrath’ (χïšïm), see above. of the (18) sons of Israel whom the Egyptians make serve 273 Lit. ‘strikes’. (19) them, and I have remembered my covenant. Say, 274 E lit. ‘to recount this’. 275 therefore (20), to the sons of Israel, ‘I am the Lord, and CKar. bit ‘louse’ (AJ 86); this is how King James Bible and King James 2000 translate the equivalent Heb. word, while later trans- lice’, and‘ ִ כנָ ם I will bring you out lations have mostly ‘gnat’. The original Heb. word is louse’ (Klein 1987: 180). O 10 translates it‘ כֵ ן this is the collective for into Rus. as паразиты ‘parasites’. swarm of‘ עָ רֹ ב .Lit. ‘words’. 276 This is how the Karaim translations render Heb 267 268 Lit. ‘power’ (quvat), see above. wild beasts or flies – the fourth plague of Egypt’ (Klein 1987: 484); English translations of the Bible mostly translate this word as ‘flies’ or יָ ד .Lit. ‘I will send my wrath’ where χïšïm ‘wrath’ renders Heb 269 ‘hand’ which is more often replaced with qudrat ‘strength’; this word ‘swarm of flies’; O 10 ядовитыя мухи ‘poisonous flies’. also replaces God’s hand (Zajączkowski 1929: 17). 277 Lit. ‘word’. THE KARAIM HAGGADAH 53 died. The sixth are boils. As is written, (18) they took (11) (1) for he showed his tokens in Egypt and his ashes of the furnace, and stood before signs in the fields (2) of Zoan. And he turned the Niles (9) (1) Pharaoh; and ⟨Moses⟩ sprinkled it up toward to blood and its water (3) that nobody can drink. He sent heaven; and it became (2) boils and furuncles spreading swarms of wild beasts to them, which devoured them (4), on man, and on cattle. The seventh is hail. (3) As is and frogs, which destroyed them. And he gave their written, Moses stretched out his staff toward heaven (4), crops to the grasshopper and the fruit of their toil (5) to and the Lord sent thunder278 and hail, and fire ran down the locust. He destroyed their vines with hail (6) and their to the earth; and the Lord rained (5) hail upon the land fig trees with stones of hail.284 He gave up (7) their cattle of Egypt. The eighth is locust. (6) ⟨As is written,⟩ Moses to the hail and their flocks to sparks. He sent upon them stretched out his staff over the land of Egypt, and the (8) the fierceness of his anger, wrath, and trouble, a com- Lord (7) brought an eastern wind upon the land all that pany285 of evil (9) messengers. He meted out a path for day and all (8) that night; and it was morning, and the his anger, he did not spare their soul from death (10), but eastern wind had (9) brought the locusts. The ninth is gave up their life to the plague. And struck down all the darkness. ⟨As is written,⟩ Moses (10) stretched out his firstborn (11) in Egypt, the chief of their strength in the hand toward heaven, and there was deep darkness in all tents of Ham. (12) And Moses and Aaron did all these (11) the land of Egypt ⟨three days⟩. The tenth is striking signs (13) before Pharaoh, but the Lord hardened Phar- and killing (12) the firstborn. As is written, at (13) aoh’s heart, and (14) he did not let the people of Israel midnight the Lord struck down all the firstborn in the go out of his land. And the Lord said (15) to Moses and land (14) of Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh who Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying, ‘This (16) month should sit on his throne to the (15) firstborn of the cap- shall be for you the beginning of the months, it shall be tive who was in the prison (16), and all the firstborn of the first month (17) of the year for you. Speak to all the the livestock. And Pharaoh rose up in the night, he (17) congregation of Israel, saying (18), “On the tenth day of and all his servants and all the Egyptians. And there was this month every man shall take a lamb286 a great cry in (18) Egypt, for there was no house where (12) (1) according to their fathers’ houses, a lamb for someone was not dead. And he called a household”. And if the household is (2) too small (10) (1) for Moses and Aaron by night, and said, ‘Rise for a lamb, then he and his near neighbour shall take up, and go forth from among (2) my people, both you according to (3) the number of souls, according to what and the sons of Israel; and go (3), serve the Lord, accord- each can eat you shall make your count (4) for the lamb. ing to your words. Also take your flocks279 and (4) your Your lamb287 shall be without blemish, a male a year old; herds,280 ⟨as you have said,⟩ and go, and bless me also’. (5) take it from the sheep or from the goats. And you (5) Praise our God, O peoples; let the sound of (6) his shall (6) keep it until the fourteenth day of this month, praise be heard, who holds our soul in life, and does not when (7) the whole assembly of the congregation of allow (7) our feet to slip. The Lord our God has com- Israel shall slaughter it (8) between the two evenings. manded us (8) through281 our lord Moses. And (9) answer And they shall take some of the blood and put it on the and say before the Lord your God, in Aram my father two (9) doorposts and the lintel of the houses (10) in was poor (10) and he went down into Egypt, and lived which they will eat it. And they shall eat the flesh in that there with a few (11), and became there a great nation, (11) night, roasted with fire, and unleavened bread; and mighty, and populous. And the Egyptians did us wrong with bitter herbs they shall (12) eat it. Do not eat any of (12), and harassed us, and laid upon (13) us hard labour. it raw or boiled in water (13), but roasted, its head with Then we cried to the Lord, ⟨the God of our fathers,⟩ and its legs288 and its belly. (14) Do not leave anything of it the Lord heard (14) our voice and saw our affliction (15), till morning, and that which remains of it till (15) morn- our toil, and our oppression. And the Lord brought us ing, burn with fire. And thus eat it, with your belt (16) (16) out of Egypt with a mighty hand282 and an out- girded, your shoes on your feet, and your staff in your stretched arm,283 with great fright (17), with signs and hand; (17) eat it in haste, it is the Lord’s Passover. And tokens. (18) Praise the Lord, call on his name; make I will pass (18) through the land of Egypt that night, and known his deeds among the peoples, I will strike all the firstborn (13) (1) in the land of Egypt, both man and beast, and on all the idols (2) of Egypt I will execute judgments; 278 Lit. ‘gave sounds’. 279 Lit. ‘your sheep’. 280 Lit. ‘your cattle’. 284 Lit. ‘with stone’. 281 Lit. ‘with the hands of Moses’. 285 Lit. ‘sending’. 282 Lit. ‘strength’ (qudrat) used to eschew anthropomorphism in 286 Lit. ‘sheep’, also in the following. relation to God (Zajączkowski 1929: 19–20). 287 Lit. ‘sheep … to you’. 283 Lit. ‘power’ (quvat), see above. 288 Lit. ‘foot; leg’. 54 HENRYK JANKOWSKI

I am the Lord. The blood shall be (3) a sign for you, on through to kill the (6) Egyptians, and he will see the the houses where you are; and (4) I will see the blood, blood on the lintel, and on the two (7) doorposts, and and I will have mercy over you, and no plague will befall the Lord will have mercy over the door and (8) will not (5) you to destroy you, when I strike the land of Egypt. allow the destroyer to come in to your houses to kill (9) (6) And this day shall be to you for a memorial, and you you. Keep this thing290 for a statute to you and (10) to shall keep it a feast, (7–8) a feast to the Lord throughout your sons forever. And it shall come to pass, (11) when your generations; keep it a feast by a statute forever. Eat you come to the land which the Lord will give you, as he unleavened bread seven days; even the first day (9) put has said, that you shall keep this (12) service. And it shall away all (10) sourdough out of your houses, for whoever come to pass, when your (13) sons shall say to you, eats leavened bread from the first (11) day until the sev- ‘What is this service to you?’ And you shall say, ‘It is enth day, that soul shall be cut off from Israel. And on the sacrifice (14) of the Lord’s Passover, who had mercy the first day (12) there shall be a holy convocation, and over the houses (15) of the sons of Israel in Egypt, when on the seventh day there shall be a holy convocation (13) he killed the Egyptians (16) and rescued our houses’. for you; no work shall be done on them except that And the people (17) bowed the head and worshiped. And which every man must eat (14), only that may be done the sons of Israel went and did by you. ⟨Observe the feast of unleavened (15) bread,⟩ for (16) (1) as the Lord had commanded Moses and on this very same day I have brought your armies (16) Aaron, so did they. (2) Eat unleavened bread seven days out of the land of Egypt; therefore observe this day (17) and on the seventh day shall be a feast to the Lord. (3) in your generations by a statute forever. In the first month Unleavened bread shall be eaten seven days and no leav- (18), on the fourteenth day of the month at evening, eat ened bread shall be seen with you (4), and no sourdough unleavened bread, shall be seen with you within all your borders. (5) And (14) (1) until the twenty-first day of the month at explain your son on that day, saying, ‘This is done evening. There shall be no sourdough found in your because of what the Lord did to me (6) when I came out houses seven days (2), for whoever eats what is leavened of Egypt’. And it shall be for a sign to you (7) on your (3) that soul shall be cut off from the congregation of hand, and for a memorial before your eyes (8), that the Israel, whether he be a stranger, or a native (4) of the Lord’s law may be in your mouth, (9) for the Lord has land. Eat nothing made sour; in all your dwellings (5) eat brought you out of Egypt with a strong hand.291 Keep unleavened bread. It was a night of watching (6) by the (10) this statute at its appointed time from year to year. Lord to bring them out of the land of Egypt; so this same When your son asks you (11) tomorrow, saying, ‘What night of the Lord (7) is ⟨a night of⟩ watching by all the are the books of testimony, and the statutes (12), and the sons of Israel throughout their generations. And the Lord rules that the Lord our God has commanded you?’ (13) said (8) to Moses and Aaron, ‘This is the statute of the then say to your son, ‘We were Pharaoh’s slaves in Egypt Passover. No foreign (9) people shall eat of it, but every and (14) the Lord brought us out of Egypt with a mighty man’s servant that is bought (10) for money, when they hand.292 And the Lord showed (15) signs and tokens, have circumcised him, then shall he eat of it. A dweller great and terrible, against Egypt and against Pharaoh and (11) and a hired servant shall not eat of it. It shall be eaten (16) all his house, in our sight. And he brought us (17) out in one house; no meat shall be taken outside the house from there that he might bring us in and give us the land (12), neither shall you break a bone of it. All the commu- (17) (1) that he swore to our fathers. And the Lord nity (13) of Israel shall keep289 it. If a stranger will dwell commanded us to do (2) all these statutes to fear the with you (14) and would keep the Passover to the Lord, Lord our God (3), so that it might be good to us, that he let all his males be circumcised; (15) then he may come might preserve us alive (4), as it is at this day. And it will near and keep it; he shall be as a native of the (16) land be righteousness for us if we observe (5) to do all these and no uncircumcised person shall eat of it. There shall commands before the Lord our God (6), as he has com- be one law for the native (17) and for the stranger who manded us. Thus tell (7) in the ears of your son, and of dwells among you’. Then Moses called for all (18) the your son’s son, how (8) terrible things I have done in elders of Israel and said to them, ‘Draw out and take Egypt and my signs which I have (9) done among them (15) (1) you a lamb according to your families, and and that you may know that I am the Lord. We have slaughter the Passover ⟨lamb⟩. (2) And take a bunch of heard and known (10) that our fathers have told us.293 hyssop, and dip it in the blood that is in the bowl (3), and touch the lintel and the two doorposts (4) with the blood 290 that is in the bowl; and none of you shall go out at the Lit. ‘word’. 291 Lit. ‘strength’ (qudrat), see above. door (5) of his house till morning. And the Lord will pass 292 Lit. ‘strength’ (qudrat), see above. 293 This verse (Psa 78:3) which begins with the conjunction ki ‘for, 289 Lit. ‘do’, also in the following. since, because’ does not fit well the previous one (Exo 10:2). THE KARAIM HAGGADAH 55

(11) We will not hide them from their sons who will (12) him forever (18) and ever, from generation to genera- tell to the coming generation the glory of the Lord, and tion298 forever, amen. And also his might, and the wonders that he has done. (13) He (20) (1) we shall say, ‘Blessed is the Lord our God’, struck the firstborn of Egypt, from man to (14) livestock. for he maintained us alive (2) and made us firm, and kept To him who struck Egypt in their firstborn, for (15) his us in health to this (3) day, amen. Thus we should request compassion endures forever. And brought out Israel (16) the Lord our (4) God299 and the God of our fathers, the from among them, for his compassion endures forever. mighty (5) and the terrible God, that he shall hasten and With a strong (17) hand294 and with an outstretched deliver to us (6) on our days, and on your days, and on arm,295 for his compassion endures the days of all people (7) of the congregation of Israel all (18) (1) forever. They give thanks to the Lord for his good (8) and sweet news, and consolation, the written mercy and for his wonderful deeds to the (2) sons of and pronounced (9) orally by the mouth of all the proph- man. They praise your great and feared name ⟨for it is ets and those delivering (10) prophecy. And also make holy⟩. (3) I praise you, O Lord, with my whole heart; us deserving to see (11) the time of our success, and I recount all your (4) wonders. I am glad and rejoice in seeing the days of our salvation (12), and the fruits of our you; I recite hymns to your name (5), O sublime God. Messiah. Then (13) we will go up to Zion to the Lord When my foes turn back, they stumble (6) and perish our God on the days (14) of the pilgrimage feasts at the before you. For you have maintained my right and (7) my time of joyful and happy festivals and holidays (15) with faith; you have sat on the throne giving righteous judg- the delight of our city Jerusalem (16), the joy of the ment. (8) You have wiped out the nations, you have building of the temple and our sanctuary. (17) Then we destroyed the wicked, you have erased their names (9) will bring the Passover offerings and (18) burnt offer- forever and ever. Blessed is the Lord (10) who has not ings, intentions, meal offerings, and drink offerings. given us as food to their teeth. Blessed is the Lord (11) (21) (1) We shall thank and praise the God of the who loads us with his blessings everyday; God is our worlds. He is God (2), any work called by his name is salvation (12) forever. Our God is a God of salvation, perfect. He is who hastened to rescue the perfect (3) peo- and to God (13), the Lord, belongs escape from death. ple, for he had distinguished us from all other (4) nations Blessed is our God (14), the God of our fathers, who did and he chose us from all other communities. (5) Thus we trials and ⟨showed⟩ power (15), and signs and wonders to shall be happy, and delighted, and glad, and we shall our fathers those days (16) and that time, amen. And he chant (6) loud. And we shall say that my soul is happy rescued them (17) from hard labour and ⟨lifted⟩ and gave with the Lord and is happy (7) with his mercy. All my them rule. And he saved them from bones say, ‘O Lord, who (8) redeems the poor and (9) the (19) (1) the harassment of their oppressors and gave miserable ones like you from the oppressors?’ As is writ- them freedom. And he rescued them from the supremacy ten, rejoice (10) greatly O the congregation of Zion, (2) of the king of Egypt and gave them peace by signs chant O congregation of Jerusalem. (11) Behold, the king (3), by tokens, by war, by a mighty hand296 (4), by an comes to you for you are righteous, the poor one will be outstretched arm,297 by great fear. And he brought (5) rescued (12) and he who mounts a donkey and the foal them forth with silver and with gold, with joy and with (13) of a jenny. Behold, (14) the feet of him who brings (6) delight and with cries from slavery to supremacy. news, delivers greetings, are on these mountains; (15) O And he made them walk (7) straight, for the Lord chose Judah, celebrate your feasts and repay your intentions, them to be the first (8) people. And he loaded them and for (16) no wicked will pass to you, all (17) are cut off. lifted them up and up. (9) And he made justice and sore And all the righteous people of the nation will revenge to their enemies. And he cast their oppressors (22) (1) possess the land forever; the roots of my (10) in the middle of deep waters. And he redeemed them plants are the works of my hands300 (2) to be beautiful. forever (11). And he took them from there and brought A little one shall become a thousand, and a small one (3) (12) them to Sinai like a bride. An he shared with them a strong nation; I the Lord will hasten it in its time. (4) his (13) distinguished law, the statute, commands, and all A little one shall become a thousand, and a small one perfect (14) judgements. And he commanded them ⟨to a great nation; I the Lord (5) will hasten it in its time. keep⟩ the festivals of joy (15) and delight. This is why it (6) The translation of Hallel was completed. Blessing is appropriate to us (16) to say, ‘Blessed is he and blessed and confession to God. (7) Finished and completed. is his name’ (17) and to raise all thanks and praise upon Praise be to God, the Creator of the world.

294 Lit. ‘strength’ (qudrat), see above. 295 Lit. ‘power’ (quvat), see above. 298 Lit. ‘from life to life’. 296 Lit. ‘strength’ (qudrat), see above. 299 Lit. ‘it should be request before the Lord our God’. 297 Lit. ‘power’ (quvat), see above. 300 Lit. ‘strength-pl-1poss-gen’ (qudrat), see above. 56 HENRYK JANKOWSKI THE KARAIM HAGGADAH 57 58 HENRYK JANKOWSKI THE KARAIM HAGGADAH 59 60 HENRYK JANKOWSKI THE KARAIM HAGGADAH 61