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Kinetic and Vibration Analysis of Off-Road Bicycle Suspension Systems

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AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Morris Levy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Human Performance presented on May 8, 2000. Title: Kinetic and Vibration Analysis of Off-Road Bicycle Suspension Systems. Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy Gerald A. Smith The aim of the present project was to quantify and compare differences in impact performance and damping effectiveness among various off-road bicycle suspension systems. Two experiments were conducted to compare suspensions.Fork impact performance was tested by measuring peak antero-posterior braking forces and impulses during impact with bumps of 6- and 10-cm height for five mountain bike suspension systems. These results were compared to a rigid fork condition. Comparisons among suspension systems showed small but significant differences in performance. While only marginal differences in peak force were found for the suspension conditions, more substantial differences in braking impulse were observed. Air-Oil design forks had the lowest braking impulse for the range of speeds and impact characteristics of this experiment.In another setting, an analysis of acceleration signals over a range of frequencies on two surface conditions (gravel and trail) was conducted to assess the damping effectiveness of the five suspension systems. The mountain bike was equipped with accelerometers mounted at the axle and frame. A spectral analysis of the signal was performed for each signal to provide a measure of fork effectiveness. Results showed that accelerations ranged from 33 to +40 g at the axle and from 13 to +13 g at the frame, while spectral analyses of the acceleration signals revealed two distinct frequency regions from 0 to 100 Hz and from 300 to 400 Hz. The various suspension systems were all effective in attenuating vibration over the first region. Vibration amplitudes at the frame were considerably less than at the axle for the suspension conditions while similar axle-frame vibrations were observed with the rigid fork. Lower frequency vibration amplitudes were typically greater on the trail than on gravel.In the frequency region between 300-400 Hz, the signal was attenuated at the frame for all conditions including the rigid fork. The quantification and comparison process of the various suspension forks using impulse provided an objective marker for performance, and allowed differentiation between various suspension conditions. Moreover, the effectiveness analysis through the use of accelerometers provided insightinto the range of frequencies dampened by a suspension. The lower frequency range dampening suggested that effectiveness of a suspension fork can be quantified even though the experiment did not conclusively differentiate between the forks. ©Copyright by Morris Levy May 8, 2000 All rights reserved Kinetic and Vibration Analysis of Off-Road Bicycle Suspension Systems II Morris Levy A DISSERTATION Submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Presented May 8, 2000 Commencement June 2001 Doctor of Philosophy dissertation of Morris Levy presented on May 8, 2000 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Major Professor, resenting Human Performance Redacted for Privacy Chair, Department of Exercise ai('Sport Science Redacted for Privacy Dean of Graduate I understand that my dissertation will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my dissertation to any reader upon request. Redacted for Privacy Morris Levy, Author ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I do not think I have the eloquence or the literary talent to properly express my gratitude to so many who have helped in this endeavor. However, I will do my best to convey my heartfelt thanks to all. First, I would like to thank my mentor, Dr. Gerald Smith, for giving me the opportunity to study Biomechanics at Oregon State University. It is with great respect and admiration that I used the word "mentor" when referring to Dr. Smith, and Ihope that this word clearly expresses what you represent to me. Thank you to the members of my committee, Dr. Mary-Jo Nye, Dr. TerryWood, Dr. Daniel Williams, and Dr. Robby Robson, for theirinspiration and motivation. Their demands for quality research and work have been a welcome challenge. There are many people that have been involved directly or indirectly withthis project. Thank you to Tom, Ki-Kwang Lee, David Lew for their tremendous helpduring the data collection process. I also want to thank Mike Orendurff, whose previous research, inspired this project. Moreover, Mike's understanding of the research process made the data collection process very smooth. I would like to also acknowledge Jerry Norquist, Helena Leitner of AMP Research, Rick Baldemero of Rock Shox, Cyclotopia, and Faisal Yazadi of PCB Piezotronics, for their help in providing the equipment necessary for the completion of this project. I would like to thank Darren Dutto for his friendship and constant support during the data collection process. Darren always found the time to help. I feels extremely privileged that he considers me a friend. I have met at Oregon State University so many people that have become my friends for life, and their constant support was dearly appreciated... Kern Winters, Jane LaRiviere, Kensuke Sumii, Natsuko Hamamura, Paul Emerick, Jon Fewster... You know why your names are listed here! Thank you! I thank the girl soccer teams at Corvallis High School, as well as the U-16 Boys teams at Corvallis United. The diversion they provided from the graduate work was so important. Also, thanks to my parents and my friend Violaine for being there... always. Lastly, I would like to thank Jenny Darrow, who has been a world of patience and support... I could not have gone through all of it without her. I thank you for your understanding, and for your kindness. For all of you and those that I did not name here, I leave you with this phrase from the book "The Little Prince" by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry: "On ne voit bien qu'avec le coeur. L'essentiel est invisible pour les yeux". It roughly translates like this: "You only see clearly with your heart. The essential is invisible to the eyes"... I see you all with my heart. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction. 1Page 2.Effects of Front Suspension on Mountain Bike Impact Performance .................. 7 Abstract ....................................................................................................... 8 Introduction ................................................................................................. 8 Procedures ................................................................................................... 11 Results.........................................................................................................16 Discussion ................................................................................................... 27 References ................................................................................................... 32 3.Effectiveness of Front Suspension Vibration Damping in Off-Road Cycling ..... 33 Abstract ....................................................................................................... 34 Introduction ................................................................................................. 34 Procedures ................................................................................................... 38 Results ......................................................................................................... 44 Discussion ................................................................................................... 54 References ................................................................................................... 56 4.Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research ................................... 58 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................... 62 APPENDICES........................................................................................................ 64 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 Telescopic fork illustration ........................................................................ 13 2.2 Linkage design fork illustration ................................................................. 13 2.3 Experimental setup....................................................................................14 2.4 Typical force-time curves for the rigid and air-oil suspension conditions with6-cm bump ......................................................................................... 17 2.5 Relationship of velocity to peak braking force with 6-cm bump ................. 18 2.6 Relationship of velocity to braking impulse with 6-cm bump ..................... 21 2.7 Typical force-time curves for the rigid and air-oil suspension conditions with10-cm bump ....................................................................................... 24 2.8 Relationship of velocity to peak braking force with 10-cm bump ............... 25 2.9 Relationship of velocity to braking impulse with 10-cm bump ................... 26 3.1 Telescopic fork illustration ........................................................................ 39 3.2 Linkage design fork illustration ................................................................. 39 3.3 Axle accelerometer setup ........................................................................... 41 3.4 Frame accelerometer
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