17Th EMABM, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, May 20-23, 2019
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
17th EMABM, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, May 20-23, 2019 Sponsors: Organizers: Karl Peterson, Chris Rogers, Daman K. Panesar, Doug Hooton Scientific Committee: Oğuzhan Çopuroğlu, Doug Hooton, John Hughes, Carole Anne MacDonald, Daman Panesar, Karl Peterson, Larry Sutter, Ted Sibbick, Vincent Thiéry Editor: Karl Peterson Cartographer: Oleksiy Chernoloz Support team: Vahid Afroughsabet, Qian Bi, Oleksiy Chernoloz, Michelle Deeton, Ali Dehghan, Keenan Dixon, Song Gao, Jiazheng Hu, Hilda Jerina, Georgi Kabanov, Hossein Kabir, Majed Karam, Stefano Mantelli, Rana Masoudi, Satya Narneni, Nelly Pietropaolo, Olga Perebatova, Anne Peterson, Yusheng Qiu, Tanvir Qureshi, Brent Sleep, Jeff Speller, Jiangtao Xu, Runxiao Zhang, Saisai Zhang And a special thanks to all the authors, presenters, exhibitors, and participants! 4 17th Euroseminar on Microscopy Applied to Building Materials 5 17th EMABM, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, May 20-23, 2019 6 17th Euroseminar on Microscopy Applied to Building Materials 7 17th EMABM, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, May 20-23, 2019 8 17th Euroseminar on Microscopy Applied to Building Materials Guide to some of the building stones at the University of Toronto Chris Rogers Introduction The University of Toronto has over 150 buildings built from about 1850 until the present. It is not possible or desirable that the materials in each building be described so there has been a necessary selection of some of the more interesting or unique buildings that have been constructed with natural stone. Over the years a surprising number of the older buildings have been demolished or rebuilt in some way. Because suitable building stones are not found immediately around Toronto they are imported. Some of the first came from England probably as ballast on ships. Early on stone tended to be reserved for trim and bases where greater durability was required, with the majority of the upper parts built of cheaper local yellow or red bricks. Heavy transport was by water and stone came from Ohio using the Welland Canal between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario and from Kingston and Quebec via The St Lawrence River and Lake Ontario. With the coming of railroads (1879 onwards) locally available building stones became economic such as sandstone from Orangeville and Caledon 60 km to the northwest and limestone from Queenston near Niagara Falls and limestone from near Orillia. Quebec and the maritime provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick also supplied stone by rail. The nature and behaviour of the stone tells us about geology and mineralogy but also the way in which the stone was used gives us hints about the hopes and aspirations of the people who originally built and occupied the buildings. The intent of this guide is to instruct on some of the stone sources used and also discuss some of the issues arising from the choice of a particular stone and the way in which it is used and behaves. Most of the buildings mentioned are owned by the University of Toronto but others (York Club and the Ontario Legislature) are not. Site 1. The Rock Located in the Village of Yorkville Park, glacier-dammed lake that covered much this 650 tonne outcrop of the Canadian of the city because the outlet used today shield was disassembled at its natural on the St. Lawrence River was blocked. home near Gravenhurst, transported The old lake shoreline bluffs form a hill south 150 km, and re-assembled in the about 1 km to the north of here. park. This is a granitic gneiss typical of Immediately under your feet is 30 to 40 that composing much of the Canadian m of glacial lake sediments (varved Precambrian Central Gneiss Belt of about clays, silts and sands) over a sequence of 1050 to 1070 Ma (Armstrong and gently dipping Ordovician age shales and Carter). Note the characteristic “roche limestones that in turn overly moutonnée” shape of this outcrop caused Precambrian gneisses at a depth of about by glacial erosion. Toronto and areas to 400 m. The irregular Precambrian the north were covered by an ice sheet surface dips gently to the southwest. about 12,500 years ago (Dyke et al). This was followed by the formation of a 9 17th EMABM, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, May 20-23, 2019 fields, parking lots and dormitories (Richardson p. 88). The rock on Yorkville Avenue. Site 2. Victoria College Designed by William Storm in the Richardson Romanesque style and East side of Victoria College opened in 1892 (H.H. Richardson, 1877 Trinity Church in Boston is the prototype of this style) the exterior of this monumental building consists primarily of red and white sandstone. The white Whirlpool sandstone is probably from Forks of the Credit (or is it limestone? it is hard to reach the 2nd floor). The red Sackville sandstone is from New Brunswick. The presence of muscovite mica flakes on the bedding surfaces in the quarry was noted by Parks (Vol. II, p.65). These mica flakes are apparent on some of the sandstone here and are useful to separate it from other sandstones. The red granite columns are probably from the St George area in southern New Brunswick. Parks (Vol II, p. 110) gives an excellent description of the quarrying techniques and milling operations using the New Brunswick red granites. Similar granite columns are found on a number Granite column at east entrance of Toronto buildings from the 1900's. It is noteworthy that there was a proposal Site 3. Burwash Hall and House to demolish this building in the early Funded by a gift from the Massey Estate 1950's by a Professor of Architecture, and designed by Sproatt and Rolph in the Eric Arthur, to make way for athletic collegiate neo-gothic style, this was a 10 17th Euroseminar on Microscopy Applied to Building Materials combined residence and dining hall Today this building is in marked contrast completed in 1912/13. The further to the tall condominium and office addition of Lower Burwash House buildings on Bay Street. (originally called Emmanuel College and Residence) was completed in 1931. Both Site 4. Isabel Bader Theatre were built with light grey coloured Located just to the north of Victoria Whirlpool sandstone from the Rogers College, this building faces Charles quarry north of Terra Cotta (Parks, Vol. Street and was finished in 2001. It was 1, p. 151), and Indiana limestone trim built with Owen Sound dolostone. There (Foouts et al., p.19). The limestone trim are four quarries on the Bruce Peninsular shows some etching of the surface due to north of Owen Sound that supply this the effect of acid rain. This combination stone of Silurian age. A feature of this of architectural style and choice of pure dolostone is that the colour fades materials was continued in the later Hart with exposure to the sun. Go inside the House (Site 15). building and note the colour of the stone of medium to dark yellowish brown in contrast to the outside colour that is a light yellowish grey. There is some rust staining from iron sulphides on the bedding planes and a few dolomite lined druze' or geodes. There is also an interesting outdoor wall made of multicoloured shale/slate tiles. Silurian dolostone showing rust staining from iron sulphides and a small geode. Just west of the theatre on the south side of Charles Street is the Birge-Carnegie Library by Sproatt and Rolph, built in 1910 in gothic style using Indiana limestone trim and Whirlpool sandstone. Burwash House middle entrance. 11 17th EMABM, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, May 20-23, 2019 Site 5. Lillian Massey Dept of Site 6. Royal Ontario Museum Household Science This is at the SW corner of Queens Park This is on the east side of Avenue (Avenue Rd.) and Bloor Street. The East Road/Queens Park opposite the Royal Wing and entrance on Queens Park were Ontario museum and just south of Bloor built in 1934 using a base and trim of Street. Sponsored by Lillian Massey sawn Queenston limestone with upper Treble, a daughter of Hart Massey walls of grey Whirlpool sandstone. The (manufacturer of agricultural east entrance has bas reliefs in Queenston implements). The facade facing the street limestone and inlaid patterns made of has four freestanding Ionic columns and sandstone on right and left of doorway. a number of engaged columns of The rotunda on the ground floor of the Queenston limestone built in 1912. Some east wing has floors, steps and columns nice fossils are found on some surfaces. built with pink, buff, white and Courses in household science were only brecciated marbles from quarries just taught for a few years from 1902. The south of Bancroft, Ontario (Goudge, main interior stair of marble (if 1938, p. 108). In the middle is a star made accessible) has some pre-Raphaelite with sodalite from east of Bancroft (see glass windows showing human tasks Site 20). The interior walls are of honed such as hunting and harvesting (Richards fossiliferous Queenston limestone and p. 91). seem to need cleaning. Rotunda floor Royal Ontario Museum On the second floor to the south side of the rotunda you will find the mineral gallery. For the geologist this is well worth some time. You will find a copy of the first Geological Map of England and Wales by William Smith. The gold nugget collection is well worth visiting in the gem collection area at the south side Glass window Lillian Massey Building of the gallery. 12 17th Euroseminar on Microscopy Applied to Building Materials Site 7. Memorial to William Parks This is on Queens Park on the west sidewalk, south of the east entrance of the ROM.