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Home , Beetle, Dendroctonus valens, Turpentine

Forest Leaflet 55

Red Turpentine

Richard H. Smith 1

T he red turpentine beetle the Monterey in some park areas ( valens LeConte) is the in California. At times the is largest and most widely distributed destructive in areas disturbed by fire, in North America. It be- logging, or land clearing. Soon after longs to a group of that charac- logging, up to 3 percent of the remain- teristically mine between the bark and ing pines in some stands have been the of trees. attacked. On construction sites, in- The red turpentine beetle is a com- jured trees or those adjacent to fresh mon pest of forest, shade, and park lumber frequently become infested. trees of pole size or larger. It has been recorded from at least 40 species of Range and Hosts domestic and foreign . Yet, Except in the southern Atlantic despite the abundance and wide distri- Coast and Gulf Coast States, the red bution of this beetle, outbreaks have turpentine beetle may be found in all not been extensive or severe. The - the coniferous forest areas of the con- tle has been found most frequently in tinental , southern individual trees or in groups of trees in Canada, and (fig. 1). It may localized areas. Pines are the most extend farther north in Canada and common host by far. into Alaska, and there is one record of The insect usually attacks trees of its occurrence in Guatemala. Its range reduced vigor or those infested with is quite similar to the range of pon- other bark beetles, but it can attack derosa in the West and of eastern apparently healthy trees. It is espe- white pine in the East. cially destructive to Monterey pine; it In the extreme Southeastern United has attacked as much as 15 percent of States, this insect is replaced by a very

1Research entomologist, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Forest Service Revised May 1971 1 Figure 1.—General range of the red turpentine beetle. closely related species, the tur- Evidence of Attack pentine beetle. Where their ranges Attacks by the red turpentine beetle touch or overlap, the identity of the are concentrated in the basal 6 feet of two species is often confused. the tree, but occasionally an attack All serious damage by the beetle may be made above a height of 12 has been to pines. The trees in feet. Indicators of an attack are a which it is most frequently found tube on the outer surface of the bark are red, lodgepole, and jack pines (fig. 2), boring particles either in bark in the North; white, pitch, and crevices or on the ground at the base shortleaf pines in the East; and of the tree, or pitch pellets on the Monterey, ponderosa, and ground. pines in the West. Monterey pine that flows from the wood, the is the tree most frequently killed insect's frass, and bark borings are and ponderosa pine is the tree mixed in the beetle's gallery (tunnel) most frequently attacked, accord- and pushed outside the entrance hole ing to existing records. Attacks on by the insect. The mixture either ad- the other genera of conifers— heres to the bark surface, forming a , larch, true , and pitch tube, or it falls to the ground in Douglas-fir—are infrequent and pitch pellets of various sizes. have never led to serious losses. The pitch tubes vary in size, texture, and color, depending on the kind of 2 F-494420 Figure 2.—Pitch tubes of the red turpentine beetle at base of a pine. tree and the relative amounts of bark few inches to several feet. borings and frass embedded in the Often it is a dying tree (fig. 3) that resin. The resin is usually white to focuses attention on an attack. As the yellow, and the borings are red. On tree dies, the needles fade to yellowish pines the tubes may be as large as 2 green and then through shades of yel- inches across. On other species of low and sorrel to red. In most cases trees, such as fir or spruce, which this fading of the needles is associated produce little resin, the tubes may be with attacks by other , primarily small or absent, but boring dust or bark beetles. small pitch pellets can be found on the ground around the base of the tree. Description Galleries, always located between The is shiny, opaque white, the bark and the wood of the tree, are ovoid cylindrical, and a little over 1 the internal evidence of attack. They millimeter long (fig. 4, A). The , are generally vertical and may be par- which hatches from the egg, is grub- tially packed with granular, reddish, like, legless, and white, except for a pitchy borings or frass. The galleries brown head capsule and a small brown vary in width from one-half inch to area at the hind end. With growth, a more than 1 inch and in length from a row of small, pale-brown tubercles

3 Life History Peak flight and attack activity usually occur in the spring. Beetles emerging from recently cut stumps and dying trees attack trees, exposed , or freshly cut stumps. The female beetle bores inward through the outer corky bark and inner, spongy, white bark to the surface of the wood. There she is soon joined by a male. They generally bore downward, although at first the gallery usually has a lateral or even slightly upward direction. Where at- tacks are made just above the ground line, the gallery may extend below the ground line and along the larger roots. The boring may exceed an inch a day. Most of the time one pair of beetles is found in an individual gallery; occa- sionally there may be one, three, or four beetles present. Most of the resin that flows into the gallery comes from the sapwood, but a small amount comes from the inner F-494421 bark. This resin, mixed with boring Figure 3.—Ponderosa pine, adjacent to a particles and frass, is pushed to the freshly cut stump, dying after being at- tacked by the red turpentine beetle. outer surface of the bark and forms a pitch tube there or drops in pellet form becomes evident along each side of to the base of the tree. the body. The larva may attain a are laid in an elongate mass length of 10 to 12 mm. when fully along the side of the egg gallery (fig. grown (fig. 4, B). 5) and are partitioned off from the The larva changes into a (fig. adult gallery by a wall of pitchy bor- 4, C), slightly shorter than the larva ings. The egg mass can extend from 1 but still white. In the pupal or resting inch to several inches along the stage, the wings, legs, and antennae gallery; the number of eggs in it varies are held against the body. from a few to more than a hundred. A The pupa changes to a beetle, typi- single female may deposit one or more cally 6 to 10 mm. long and quite stout. groups of eggs farther along the At first the beetle (fig. 4, D) is tan and gallery, usually several inches or more is called a callow adult, but it rapidly below the previous group. The parent darkens to a reddish brown. beetles continue to feed in the gallery

4 F-494422, 494423, 494424, 494425 Figure 4.-- Life stages of the red turpentine beetle: A, Pencil pointing to mass of eggs along gallery; B, larva; C, pupa; D, adult. (A is 1.5 times normal size; B, C, and D each are eight times normal size.)

5 ways feeding in the inner bark tissue between the outer dry bark and the wood (fig. 6, A). As they grow, they feed more extensively and make an irregularly margined, fan-shaped gallery (fig. 6, B). The larvae feed side by side in an irregular line, steadily moving forward into fresh tissue. If a well-developed gallery is exposed at its margin, one may often find large number of larvae within a few square inches. Their feed- ing kills a patch of inner bark, which may vary from a few inches to more than a foot wide. F-494426 As the larvae complete their feeding, Figure 5.—Adult gallery and eggs of the red turpentine beetle in the inner bark of they make separate cells in which to ponderosa pine. change to pupae. In constructing these cells, they may scoop out bits of wood for several weeks. Then they may bore or bark. The cells are located between out through the bark and make addi- the bark and the wood, either in the tional attacks or they may die within area of the gallery (fig. 6, C) or a short the gallery. distance forward in the fresh inner In vigorous trees the flow of resin bark. Here the larvae change to pupae, apparently prevents egg laying. Bee- which in turn change to adults. tles may remain in these trees for sev- The new adults move about in the eral months, enlarging their galleries gallery area for a few days to several laterally or vertically but seldom de- months. In warm weather they soon positing eggs. Two factors directly as- bore outward through the bark and fly sociated with the insect's action are away to new host material. Several sometimes assumed to enhance its may use the same exit hole. The bee- success by decreasing the flow of resin tles are capable of flying more than 10 from the sapwood of the tree. One is miles. the introduction or invasion of blue- The rate of development of a gener- stain fungi and yeasts, which grow in ation and the number of generations the sapwood surface of the gallery. per are largely dependent on tem- The other is the lowering of the mois- perature. In the Sierra Nevada of Cali- ture content of the sapwood as a result fornia, the usual developmental peri- of the beetle's feeding activity. ods in summer are about 2 weeks for In summer the eggs hatch in 1 to 3 the egg, 8 weeks for the larvae, 1 week weeks. The small larvae, which for the pupae, and 1 week for the emerge from the eggs, feed gregari- young adult. In most areas there is at ously away from the adult gallery, al- 6 F-494427, 494428, 494429 Figure 6.—Development of galleries: A, Young larvae feeding away from adult gallery; B, fan-shaped gallery and three-f ourths-grown larvae (lower right); C, pupae and a full- grown larva in cells between bark and wood. least one generation a year. In northern places it may multiply and threaten areas at high elevations, 2 may nearby trees. Freshly cut logs with be required for a single generation. In thick bark may be attacked, but they southern areas at low elevations, there will not produce large numbers of bee- may be as many as three generations tles. per year. The next-most-frequent places of at- In the warmer parts of their range, tack are the exposed roots and the the beetles' flight may occur during bases of trees that are weakened by intermittent warm periods in the win- roadbuilding, home construction, log- ter. In the colder parts, the winter is ging, land clearing, drought, fire, light- passed in hibernation, chiefly in the ning, or the activity of other insects. In adult stage and to a lesser extent in the these places the beetles often produce larval stage. Pupae and eggs rarely broods that infest and kill other weak- overwinter. ened trees. The beetles may persist in such places for more than one season. Attack Habits The beetles are also attracted to The primary places of the insect's at- healthy trees near freshly cut logs and tack are freshly cut stumps or the bases lumber and to stands attacked by other of trees that are dying, often from species of bark beetles. Many attacks attacks by other insects. In these on apparently healthy Monterey pines

7 are successful, while those on other the red turpentine beetle might breed. species are not. In attacking healthy trees, the beetles usually excavate ir- Chemical Control regular galleries without laying eggs. Lindane is effective in preventing Such attacks do not kill the trees but attacks and in killing insects already apparently predispose them to subse- beneath the bark. It is especially useful quent infestation by other bark beetles in controlling infestations in trees of at higher points on the trees. high value, such as shade and park In the Western United States, the trees. red turpentine beetle is most fre- A 1.5-percent fuel oil solution of quently associated with the pine en- lindane may be sprayed on the lower graver beetle ( spp.) and the west- part of a tree. This will prevent attacks ern pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevi- on a weakened or threatened tree for comis LeConte), which often attack several months. For those trees that trees before the red turpentine beetle have already been attacked, the same does. solution should be sprayed on the Attacks, especially on vigorous trunks to a height of 1 foot above the trees, may extend over a period of 2 highest point of attack. The spray is years or more. prepared by mixing 1 gallon of a 20- percent lindane emulsifiable concen- Indirect Control trate in 14 gallons of No. 2 fuel oil. There is very little information on Apply it at the rate of 1 gallon for the biological or natural control of the every 50 square feet of bark surface or red turpentine beetle. Occasionally an until the bark is thoroughly wet. Use a insect parasite or predator has been low-pressure sprayer. observed destroying some stage of the beetle beneath the bark. Many beetles Precautions die in their attempt to attack healthy used improperly can be trees. Woodpeckers feed on the larvae injurious to man, , and plants. and pupae. The for food Follow the directions and heed all pre- within and between broods may result cautions on the labels. in reducing beetle populations. How- Store pesticides in original contain- ever, none of these natural or biologi- ers under lock and key-out of the cal means can be counted on to control reach of children and animals-and the beetle. away from food and feed. Apply pesticides so that they do not Control Through Management endanger humans, livestock, crops, Damage to stands or individual trees beneficial insects, , and wildlife. should be minimized through im- Do not apply pesticides when there is proved logging, construction, and danger of drift, when or management practices. Trees infested other pollinating insects are visiting with other insects should be selec- plants, or when they may contaminate tively removed to limit places where water or leave illegal residues. 8 Avoid prolonged inhalation of pes- sanitary land-fill dump, or crush and ticide sprays or dusts; wear protective bury them in a level, isolated place. clothing and equipment if specified on WARNING: Recommendations for the container. use of pesticides are reviewed regu- If your hands become contaminated larly. The registrations on all sug- with a pesticide, do not eat or drink gested uses of pesticides in this publi- until you have washed. If a pesticide is cation were in effect at press time. swallowed or gets in the , follow Check with your county agricultural the first aid treatment given on the agent, State agricultural experiment label and get prompt medical atten- station, or local forester to determine tion. If a pesticide is spilled on your if these recommendations are still cur- skin or clothing, remove clothing im- rent. mediately and wash skin thoroughly. Do not clean spray equipment or dump excess spray material near ponds, streams, or wells. Because it is difficult to remove all traces of herbi- cides from equipment, do not use the same equipment for or fungicides that you use for . Dispose of empty pesticide contain- ers promptly. Have them buried at a

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1971 C-416-023

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