DOCSLIB.ORG

Re-Evaluation of Species Limits and Taxonomy of the Endemic Genus Stemonoporus Thw

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Re-Evaluation of Species Limits and Taxonomy of the Endemic Genus Stemonoporus Thw Cey. J. Sci. (Bio. Sci.) 36 (1): 17 - 34, 2007 17 RE-EVALUATION OF SPECIES LIMITS AND TAXONOMY OF THE ENDEMIC GENUS STEMONOPORUS THW. (DIPTEROCARPACEAE) USING MORPHOLOGICAL DATA S.C.K. Rubasinghe1*, D.M.D. Yakandawala1 and D.S.A. Wijesundara2 1Department of Botany, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 2Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka Accepted 14 May 2007 ABSTRACT Stemonoporus Thw. is the most species-rich endemic dipterocarp genus in Sri Lanka and all its members are categorized as highly threatened or threatened in the IUCN red data book. Species limits within this important taxon are ill-defined, with some authors recognizing only a few variable species, and others recognizing a number of separate morphologically circumscribed species. These controvasies regarding the number of species and the species limits of Stemonoporus Thw. are a hindrance to implementing management measures to conserve this taxon. The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the species limits of the endemic genus Stemonoporus using morphological characters. Numerical and cladistic analyses were performed based on morphological data obtained from specimens collected from different geographical locations and herbarium specimens. Cluster analysis and Cladistic analysis on 170 specimens, divided the genus into 27 different clusters. These clusters corresponded to the 26 species recognized by Kostermans (1992) and in additional the present study identified a new morphologically distinct species, making the species limit of the genus 27, further strengthening its position as the most species rich endemic dipterocarp genus in Sri Lanka. The examination of 73 variables by cluster analysis and cladistic analysis revealed a number of clear differences in morphological features between the currently recognized species. In addition to the previously recognized characters, many important characters of leaves, flowers and especially of the leaf venation were recognized to define species limits. The study has revealed the long standing ambiguity regarding the species limits of Stemonoporus and further has recognized a new species to the genus. Key words: Stemonoporus, Dipterocarpaceae, cladistics, phenetics, species limits, morphological data. INTRODUCTION genera and a monotypic South American genus in Stemonoporus Thw. is an endemic genus that the subfamily Monotoideae, and one species of belongs to the family Dipterocarpaceae whose one genus in the South American subfamily origin dates back to the Gondwana in the early Pakaraimoideae (Kajita et al., 1998). However, Cretaceous period and thought to have migrated the disjunct distribution of closely related taxa to present day South-east Asia through the both in Sri Lanka and Malaysia suggests that Deccan plate. Blume in 1825 recognized the dipterocarps must have already diverged to Dipterocarpaceae, which forms a very closely- generic or even infrageneric sections before they knit family, and considered it to be related to entered the Laurasian plate from the Deccan plate Tiliaceae and Clusiaceae (Kostermans, 1992). (Dayanandan et al., 1999). The family Dipterocarpaceae consists of three subfamilies distributed widely in the tropics. In Sri Lanka the family Dipterocarpaceae is According to the recent molecular phylogenetic represented by 9 genera with 58 species of which classification, the family is nested within the Doona and Stemonoporus are endemic. More Rosids, in the Eurosids II clade, under the order interestingly all of the Sri Lankan dipterocarp Malvales close to Thymelaeaceae and Cistaceae species are endemic (Kostermans, 1992). Sri (APG II, 2003). Based on the most recent Lankan dipterocarp studies, apart from a note on classification of the family (Ashton, 1982), Vateria by Linnaeus in his Flora Zeylanica approximately 470 species in 13 genera are (1747), start with Thwaites’s book Enumaratio recognized in the Asian subfamily Plantarum zeylaniae (1864). Thwaites Dipterocarpoideae, 39 species in two African recognized three endemic genera Doona, Stemonoporus and Monoporandra. *Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] S.C.K. Rubasinghe, D.M.D. Yakandawala and D.S.A. Wijesundara 18 Stemonoporus is the most species-rich ‘growing especially as small or large gregarious endemic dipterocarp genus in Sri Lanka with up groups in the understorey or on river banks in the to 26 species (Kostermans, 1992). All its lowlands’, or as ‘frequently common to sub- members are placed under the highly threatened dominant trees in the mid-mountain forests at or threatened category in the IUCN red data book 1000-1600 m’. Further, ‘each species has its own (IUCN Sri Lanka, 2003). The entire genus is well-defined habit, geographical and ecological confined to the per-humid forests in the wet zone range’ (Ashton, 1980). Kostermans (1992), in his of the island, from the Knuckles region south and account of the genus describes the ecology as westwards, and eastwards to Rakwana, with the ‘always in the wettest parts, many along streams exception of S. acuminatus, which occurs in and streamlets in the wet zone’. ‘Occurrence is Badulla district in the intermediate zone (Ashton, independent of the depth of soil or kind of soil 1980). Several species reach a height of about and often they occur in small populations far 1800 m, the highest altitude recorded for any apart and only a few reach timber size’ dipterocarp species in Sri Lanka (Ashton, 1980). (Kostermans, 1992) (Figure 1). Ashton (1980) described their ecology as Figure 1. Ecology of Stemonoporus Thw. A- S. petiolaris, occurs near a large rock on a mountain top close to Kitulgala/Yatiyantota area. B - S. gracilis is only known from an area along a tributary of the Kelani River, in the Kitulgala region. C - S. scalarinervis at Gilimale Forest Reserve. D - S. oblongifolius at Wewaltalawa near Yatiyantota. Species limits and taxonomy of Stemonoporus Thw. 19 Stemonoporus species are small trees with currently been re-established as a proper genus. resinous wood, rarely reaching timber size. Thwaites originally recognized 11 species under Leaves simple, spirally arranged, usually elliptic Stemonoporus and 3 under the Monoporandra. to oblong, very variable in shape and size. Inflorescence axillary and extra-axillary, Considering the three main classification principally panicles, showing reduction to systems; Trimen (1893) in his treatment on the racemes and single flowers, but their paniculate Dipterocarpaceae in volume I (1893) of his origin is always indicated. Flowers bisexual, Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon, separated sepals and petals are five-merous. Stamens 5 or Stemonoporus from Vateria. He described 13 15 (10 -13) in number, in one or two whorls, 10 species in Stemonoporus and 2 in the reinstated external, 5 internal slightly shorter. The genus Monoporandra while Ashton (1980) in his distinctive feature of Stemonoporus is the treatment of the family in the Revised Handbook chrome-yellow stamens, which form a very to the Flora of Ceylon has recognized 15 species. conspicuous cone-like structure around the style The most recent treatment of the family in the centre. No connective appendage, anthers Dipterocarpaceae by Kostermans (1992) opening by a pseudo-pore. Two types of fruits are recognized 26 species of Stemonoporus, where recognized in Stemonoporus: globose and ovoid, the genus is broadly divided into two sub-genera pointed (Figure 2). (Monoporandra and Stemonoporus) based on the number of stamens. A summary of the different Taxonomic history taxonomic treatments is given in Table 1 and a Stemonoporus was first recognized by comparison of major taxonomic treatments of the Thwaites in 1854. Since its inception, it has genus is given in Table 2. moved through Vateria and Vatica and has Table 1. A summary of the taxonomic treatments of Stemonoporus Thw. (Adopted from Kostermans, 1992). Taxonomic treatment Number of species recognized 11 species of Stemonoporus Thw. and 3 of Monoporandra Thwaites (1854) Thw Referred Stemonoporus Thw.to Vateria L. and added 3 to Thwaites (1864) Stemonoporus Thw. Reduced Stemonoporus Thw.to Vatica kept Monoporandra de Candolle (1868) Thw.separate. Separated Stemonoporus Thw.from Vater and recognized Trimen (1893) 13 species of Stemonoporus Thw. and 2 of Monoporandra Thw. Added 2 new species of which one belonged to Vatica (16 Hooker (1900) proper Stemonoporus Thw.) Included Monoporandra Thw. in Stemonoporus Thw. (15 Alston (1931) proper Stemonoporus) Restored S. lancifolius(Thw) Ashton but excluded S. moonii Ashton (1980) Thw (15 proper Stemonoporus Thw.) Recognized two sub-genera while distinguishing 26 species Kostermans (1992) of Stemonoporus Thw. S.C.K. Rubasinghe, D.M.D. Yakandawala and D.S.A. Wijesundara 20 Figure 2. Flowers and fruits of Stemonoporus Thw. A and B - The characteristic cone-like structure around the ovary formed by stamens of Stemonoporus that are 5 (b) or 10-15 (a) in number. C - The characteristic anthers of Stemonoporus, the margins of the two valves touching in one place, where the margin bulges, forming a long oblique orifice apically and a straight one below the bulges. D - a and D - b - Two types of fruit found in Stemonoporus; globose to sub-globose thin-skinned (D -a), conical, pointed, thick-skinned (D - b). Species limits and taxonomy of Stemonoporus Thw. 21 Table 2. A comparison of major taxonomic treatments of the genus Stemonoporus Thw. Trimen (1893) Ashton (1980) Kostermans (1992) S. nitidus S. nitidus S. nitidus S. oblongifolius S. oblongifolius S .oblongifolius
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dipterocarpaceae)
    DNA Sequence-Based Identification and Molecular Phylogeny Within Subfamily Dipterocarpoideae (Dipterocarpaceae) Dissertation Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) at Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Büsgen Institute Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology Georg-August-Universität Göttingen By Essy Harnelly (Born in Banda Aceh, Indonesia) Göttingen, 2013 Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Reiner Finkeldey Referee : Prof. Dr. Reiner Finkeldey Co-referee : Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft Date of Disputation : 09.01.2013 2 To My Family 3 Acknowledgments First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Dr. Reiner Finkeldey for accepting me as his PhD student, for his support, helpful advice and guidance throughout my study. I am very grateful that he gave me this valuable chance to join his highly motivated international working group. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft and Prof. Dr. Raphl Mitlöhner, who agreed to be my co-referee and member of examination team. I am grateful to Dr. Kathleen Prinz for her guidance, advice and support throughout my research as well as during the writing process. My deepest thankfulness goes to Dr. Sarah Seifert (in memoriam) for valuable discussion of my topic, summary translation and proof reading. I would also acknowledge Dr. Barbara Vornam for her guidance and numerous valuable discussions about my research topic. I would present my deep appreciation to Dr. Amarylis Vidalis, for her brilliant ideas to improve my understanding of my project. My sincere thanks are to Prof. Dr. Elizabeth Gillet for various enlightening discussions not only about the statistical matter, but also my health issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Pakaraimaea Dipterocarpacea
    The Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Community in a Neotropical Forest Dominated by the Endemic Dipterocarp Pakaraimaea dipterocarpacea Matthew E. Smith1*, Terry W. Henkel2, Jessie K. Uehling2, Alexander K. Fremier3, H. David Clarke4, Rytas Vilgalys5 1 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America, 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, United States of America, 3 Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America, 4 Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Asheville, Asheville, North Carolina, United States of America, 5 Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America Abstract Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) plants and fungi can be diverse and abundant in certain tropical ecosystems. For example, the primarily paleotropical ECM plant family Dipterocarpaceae is one of the most speciose and ecologically important tree families in Southeast Asia. Pakaraimaea dipterocarpacea is one of two species of dipterocarp known from the Neotropics, and is also the only known member of the monotypic Dipterocarpaceae subfamily Pakaraimoideae. This Guiana Shield endemic is only known from the sandstone highlands of Guyana and Venezuela. Despite its unique phylogenetic position and unusual geographical distribution, the ECM fungal associations of P. dipterocarpacea are understudied throughout the tree’s range. In December 2010 we sampled ECM fungi on roots of P. dipterocarpacea and the co-occurring ECM tree Dicymbe jenmanii (Fabaceae subfamily Caesalpinioideae) in the Upper Mazaruni River Basin of Guyana. Based on ITS rDNA sequencing we documented 52 ECM species from 11 independent fungal lineages. Due to the phylogenetic distance between the two host tree species, we hypothesized that P.
    [Show full text]
  • Bioprospecting of Selected Medicinal Plants for Antibacterial Activity Against Some Pathogenic Bacteria
    Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 5(17), pp. 4087-4093, 9 September, 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR ISSN 1996-0875 ©2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Bioprospecting of selected medicinal plants for antibacterial activity against some pathogenic bacteria Dyamavvanahalli Lakshmanachar Shrisha, Koteshwara Anandrao Raveesha* and Nagabhushan Herbal Drug Technology Laboratory, Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka, India. Accepted 23 June, 2011 Aqueous extracts of 54 medicinal plants were evaluated for antibacterial activity against important human pathogenic and plant pathogenic bacteria by agar well diffusion method. Aqueous extracts of Combretum latifolium Bl., Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm. , Vateria indica L. and Humboldtia brunonis Wall. recorded significant inhibitory activity against both human and plant pathogenic bacteria. These plants were further subjected to solvent extraction successively with petroleum spirit, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol based on increasing polarity to identify the suitable solvent for isolation of the antibacterial active principle. Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of C. latifolium Bl. and V. indica L. significantly inhibited the important human pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus . Ethyl acetate extract of P. macrantha (Nees) Kosterm. and Humboldtia brunonis Wall. significantly inhibited Pseudomonas syringae, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Xanthomonas axonopoidis pv. vesicatoria which are important plant pathogenic bacteria. Results of the present investigation suggests that C. latifoliumi Bl. , P. macrantha (Nees) Kosterm. , V. indica L. and H. brunonis Wall. are important candidate plants for further work on isolation and characterization of antibacterial active principle. Key words: Bioprospecting, medicinal plants, antibacterial activity, Combretum latifolium Bl.
    [Show full text]
  • Closterium Thailandicum N
    Tropical palynofloras from Middle Miocene Chiang Muan basin, Phayao, Thailand Wickanet Songtham1, Benjavun Ratanasthien2 and Dallas C. Mildenhall3 1 Bureau of Geological Survey, Department of Geological Resources, Rama VI Road, Ratchathevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand 2 Department of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand 3 Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, Lower Hutt, P.O. Box 30-368 New Zealand Á¦¼­´µ °¡¦¦Å¤oÁ ¦°µÂ°o Án ¸¥¤nª ´®ª¡³Á¥µ´ ª·Á« ¦¦¦¤1, ÁȪ¦¦ ¦´Á­¸¥¦2 ¨³ Dallas C. Mildenhall3 1 ­Îµ´¦¸ª¥µ· ¦¤¦´¡¥µ¦¦¸ ¡¦³¦µ¤¸É 6 ¦µÁª¸ ¦»Á¡¤®µ¦ 10400 2 £µª·µ¦ª¸ ·¥µ ³ª·¥µ«µ­¦r ¤®µª·¥µ¨´¥Á¸¥Ä®¤n ´®ª´Á¥Ä®¤¸ n 50200 3 Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, Lower Hutt, P.O. Box 30-368 New Zealand ABSTRACT Sporomorphs from sediments of Middle Miocene Chiang Muan basin include abundant Crassoretitriletes vanraadshoovenii, Actinastrum bansaense n. sp., and Closterium thailandicum n. sp., and common Dipterocarpaceae, Lagerstroemia, Ilexpollenites, Botryococcus, Myrtaceidites, and Combretum with rare forms of Florschuetzia, Homonoia, Calophyllum, Striatriletes susannae, and Mimosoideae. There are abundant Laevigatosporites haardtii fern spores in some horizons with various forms of as yet unidentified tricolporate and tricolpate pollen. The sporomorphs, representing tropical palynofloras derived from tropical monsoon forests, accumulated mainly in lacustrine depositional environments. Origins and distributions of the families Dipterocarpaceae and Myrtaceae are discussed and new criteria elucidating their paleophytogeographic histories in relation to northern Thailand are proposed. ´¥n° Á¦¼­´µ °¨³°°Á­¦ ­°¦r ¨³­µ®¦nµ¥µ³°­¤´¥Å¤Ã°¸°¨µµÂ°nÁ¸¥ ¤nªÃÁnoª¥­°¦r ° Crassoretitriletes vanraadshoovenii ­µ®¦nµ¥Êεº Actinastrum bansaense n.
    [Show full text]
  • Triterpenoids and Steroios of Sri Lankan Plants : a Review of Occurrence and Chemistry '
    J. Natn. Sci. Coun. Sri Lanka 1986 14 (1) : 1-54 TRITERPENOIDS AND STEROIOS OF SRI LANKAN PLANTS : A REVIEW OF OCCURRENCE AND CHEMISTRY ' A. A. L. GUNATILAKA Department of Chemistry, Unfverszty of Peradenzya, Peradeniya, Sri Instztute of Fundamental Studles, Kandy, Srz Lanka. (Date of recezpt 28 02 86) (Date of acceptbnce 25 06 86) Abstraa : Studies on tr~terpenoidsand sterolds of Sri Lankan pl with special reference to their occurrence. structure elucidation.., chemo~axonornic aspects. Triterpenoids have been clhfied into their strucmra types and under each type the work carried out is d_kcussed. Occurrence of steroids and their derivatives in Sri Lankan plants are also presented. CONTENTS 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 6. TRITERPENOIDS OF LUPANE SERIES 2. SURVEYS FOR TRITERPENOIDS 6.1 Introduction AND STEROIDS 6.2 Structure Elucidation 3. ISOLATION OF TRITERPENOIDS 6.3 Chemotaxonomic Aspects 4. TRITERPENOIDS OF FRIEDELANE . 7. TRITERPENOIDS OF URSANE SERIES SERIES 8. TRITERPENOIDS OF OLEANANE 4.1 Introduction SERIES 4.2 Structure Elucidation 9. TRITERPENOIDS OF DAMMARANE, 4.2.1 Spectroscopic Methods SERRATANE, '4'-TARAXASTANE 4.2.2 Molecular Rotation and AND TIRUCALLANE-SERIES Circular Dichroism 10.TRITERPENOIDS WITH RE- 4.2.3 Chemical Interconversions ARRANGED STRUCTURES 4.3 Biological Activity 11.STEROIDS 4.4 Chemotaxonomic Aspects 11.1 Sitosterol and its Esters 45 Biosynthetic Aspects 11.2 Stigmasterol . 5. QUINONE-METHIDE AND PHENOLIC 11.3 a-Spinasterol and its TRITERPENOIDS OF FRIEDELANE . 8-D-glucoside SERIES . 12. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 5.1 Introduction 13. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5.2 Structure Elucidation 14. REFERENCES 5.3 Biological Activity 5.4 Chemotaxonornic Aspects 5.5 Biosynthetic Aspects t Dedicated to Rof.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Angiosperm Pollen. 7. Nitrogen-Fixing Clade1
    Evolution of Angiosperm Pollen. 7. Nitrogen-Fixing Clade1 Authors: Jiang, Wei, He, Hua-Jie, Lu, Lu, Burgess, Kevin S., Wang, Hong, et. al. Source: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 104(2) : 171-229 Published By: Missouri Botanical Garden Press URL: https://doi.org/10.3417/2019337 BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/terms-of-use. Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non - commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Annals-of-the-Missouri-Botanical-Garden on 01 Apr 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS Volume 104 Annals Number 2 of the R 2019 Missouri Botanical Garden EVOLUTION OF ANGIOSPERM Wei Jiang,2,3,7 Hua-Jie He,4,7 Lu Lu,2,5 POLLEN. 7. NITROGEN-FIXING Kevin S. Burgess,6 Hong Wang,2* and 2,4 CLADE1 De-Zhu Li * ABSTRACT Nitrogen-fixing symbiosis in root nodules is known in only 10 families, which are distributed among a clade of four orders and delimited as the nitrogen-fixing clade.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny of the Tropical Tree Family Dipterocarpaceae Based on Nucleotide Sequences of the Chloroplast Rbcl Gene1
    American Journal of Botany 86(8): 1182±1190. 1999. PHYLOGENY OF THE TROPICAL TREE FAMILY DIPTEROCARPACEAE BASED ON NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES OF THE CHLOROPLAST RBCL GENE1 S. DAYANANDAN,2,6 PETER S. ASHTON,3 SCOTT M. WILLIAMS,4 AND RICHARD B. PRIMACK2 2Biology Department, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; 3Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138; and 4Division of Biomedical Sciences, Meharry Medical College, 1005 D. B. Todd, Jr. Boulevard, Nashville, Tennessee 37208 The Dipterocarpaceae, well-known trees of the Asian rain forests, have been variously assigned to Malvales and Theales. The family, if the Monotoideae of Africa (30 species) and South America and the Pakaraimoideae of South America (one species) are included, comprises over 500 species. Despite the high diversity and ecological dominance of the Dipterocar- paceae, phylogenetic relationships within the family as well as between dipterocarps and other angiosperm families remain poorly de®ned. We conducted parsimony analyses on rbcL sequences from 35 species to reconstruct the phylogeny of the Dipterocarpaceae. The consensus tree resulting from these analyses shows that the members of Dipterocarpaceae, including Monotes and Pakaraimaea, form a monophyletic group closely related to the family Sarcolaenaceae and are allied to Malvales. The present generic and higher taxon circumscriptions of Dipterocarpaceae are mostly in agreement with this molecular phylogeny with the exception of the genus Hopea, which forms a clade with Shorea sections Anthoshorea and Doona. Phylogenetic placement of Dipterocarpus and Dryobalanops remains unresolved. Further studies involving repre- sentative taxa from Cistaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Hopea, Shorea, Dipterocarpus, and Dryobalanops will be necessary for a comprehensive understanding of the phylogeny and generic limits of the Dipterocarpaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Karyomorphology and Its Evolution in Dipterocarpaceae (Malvales)
    © 2020 The Japan Mendel Society Cytologia 85(2): 141–149 Karyomorphology and Its Evolution in Dipterocarpaceae (Malvales) Kazuo Oginuma1*, Shawn Y. K. Lum2 and Hiroshi Tobe3 1 The Community Center for the Advancement of Education and Research at the University of Kochi, 5–15 Eikokuji-cho, Kochi 780–8515, Japan 2 Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798 3 Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan Received January 16, 2020; accepted February 9, 2020 Summary Previous chromosome information is restricted to Dipterocarpoideae, one of the two subfamilies of Dipterocarpaceae, and no chromosome information is available for another subfamily Monotoideae. Here we present the first karyomorphology of Marquesia macroura (2n=22) (Monotoideae), as well as of four species (2n=22) of four genera in tribe Dipterocarpeae and five species (2n=14) of tribe Shoreae in Dipterocarpoideae. Comparisons within Dipterocarpaceae and with Sarcolaenaceae (2n=22) sister to Dipetrocarpaceae in the light of phylogenetic relationships show that the basic chromosome number x=11 is plesiomorphic and x=7 apomor- phic in Dipterocapaceae. Based on available information, tribe Shoreae (x=7) has a uniform karyotype where all chromosomes have a centromere at median position, while the rest of the family (x=11) have a diverse karyotype in terms of the frequency of chromosomes with a centromere at median, submedian and subterminal position. We discussed the meaning of lability of karyotype in chromosome evolution. Keywords Basic chromosome number, Chromosome evolution, Dipterocarpaceae, Karyomorphology. Dipterocarpaceae (Malvales) are a family of 16 gen- x=10, and five genera Dryobalanops, Hopea, Neobala- era and 680 species distributed in tropical regions of nocarpus, Parashorea and Shorea of tribe Shoreae all the Old World, especially in the rain forests of Malesia have x=7.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Forced Convection Roasting on Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Whole Grain Maize (Zea Mays L.) and Optimisation of Roasting Conditions
    Effect of forced convection roasting on physicochemical and antioxidant properties of whole grain maize (Zea mays L.) and optimisation of roasting conditions by Shuaibu Mallam Bala Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Food Science) in the Faculty of AgriSciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof. Marena Manley Co-Supervisor: Prof. Umezuruike Linus Opara March 2016 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Shuaibu Mallam Bala March 2016 Copyright © 2016 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Acknowledgements All praises and gratitude are due to Allah, The Almighty. May His peace and blessings be upon Prophet Muhammad (SAW). It has really been a long and tedious journey. AhamdulilLah! I earnestly thank and appreciate the enormous contributions of the following people and organisations towards the success of my academic carrier in particular and life in general: My parents, for taking good care of me from the cradle and continuous affection, prayers, encouragement and constructive advice; my siblings and relatives for support, motivation and encouragement; A special thanks to my beloved wife (Ruqayyah) and daughter (Amirah) for their unconditional love, concern, perseverance, patience, good will, trust, advice and having full confidence in me; well appreciated indeed! My supervisor, Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    OPEN ACCESS The Journal of Threatened Taxa fs dedfcated to bufldfng evfdence for conservafon globally by publfshfng peer-revfewed arfcles onlfne every month at a reasonably rapfd rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org . All arfcles publfshed fn JoTT are regfstered under Creafve Commons Atrfbufon 4.0 Internafonal Lfcense unless otherwfse menfoned. JoTT allows unrestrfcted use of arfcles fn any medfum, reproducfon, and dfstrfbufon by provfdfng adequate credft to the authors and the source of publfcafon. Journal of Threatened Taxa Bufldfng evfdence for conservafon globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Onlfne) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Prfnt) Short Communfcatfon Notes on the taxonomy and dfstrfbutfon of two endemfc and threatened dfpterocarp trees from the Western Ghats of Kerala, Indfa M.S. Sanfl, V.B. Sreekumar, K.A. Sreejfth, A.J. Robf & T.K. Nfrmesh 26 December 2017 | Vol. 9| No. 12 | Pp. 11033–11039 10.11609/jot. 3628 .9. 12.11033-11039 For Focus, Scope, Afms, Polfcfes and Gufdelfnes vfsft htp://threatenedtaxa.org/About_JoTT For Arfcle Submfssfon Gufdelfnes vfsft htp://threatenedtaxa.org/Submfssfon_Gufdelfnes For Polfcfes agafnst Scfenffc Mfsconduct vfsft htp://threatenedtaxa.org/JoTT_Polfcy_agafnst_Scfenffc_Mfsconduct For reprfnts contact <[email protected]> Publfsher/Host Partner Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2017 | 9(12): 11033–11039 Notes on the taxonomy and distribution of two endemic and threatened dipterocarp trees from the Western Ghats of Kerala, India ISSN 0974-7907 (Online)
    [Show full text]
  • Albuca Spiralis
    Flowering Plants of Africa A magazine containing colour plates with descriptions of flowering plants of Africa and neighbouring islands Edited by G. Germishuizen with assistance of E. du Plessis and G.S. Condy Volume 62 Pretoria 2011 Editorial Board A. Nicholas University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, RSA D.A. Snijman South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, RSA Referees and other co-workers on this volume H.J. Beentje, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK D. Bridson, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK P. Burgoyne, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, RSA J.E. Burrows, Buffelskloof Nature Reserve & Herbarium, Lydenburg, RSA C.L. Craib, Bryanston, RSA G.D. Duncan, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, RSA E. Figueiredo, Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, RSA H.F. Glen, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Durban, RSA P. Goldblatt, Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, Missouri, USA G. Goodman-Cron, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, RSA D.J. Goyder, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK A. Grobler, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, RSA R.R. Klopper, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, RSA J. Lavranos, Loulé, Portugal S. Liede-Schumann, Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany J.C. Manning, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, RSA A. Nicholas, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, RSA R.B. Nordenstam, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden B.D. Schrire, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK P. Silveira, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal H. Steyn, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, RSA P. Tilney, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, RSA E.J.
    [Show full text]
  • Nazrin Full Phd Thesis (150246576
    Maintenance and conservation of Dipterocarp diversity in tropical forests _______________________________________________ Mohammad Nazrin B Abdul Malik A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Science Department of Animal and Plant Sciences November 2019 1 i Thesis abstract Many theories and hypotheses have been developed to explain the maintenance of diversity in plant communities, particularly in hyperdiverse tropical forests. Maintenance of the composition and diversity of tropical forests is vital, especially species of high commercial value. I focus on the high value dipterocarp timber species of Malaysia and Borneo as these have been extensive logged owing to increased demands from global timber trade. In this thesis, I explore the drivers of diversity of this group, as well as the determinants of global abundance, conservation and timber value. The most widely supported hypothesis for explaining tropical diversity is the Janzen Connell hypothesis. I experimentally tested the key elements of this, namely density and distance dependence, in two dipterocarp species. The results showed that different species exhibited different density and distance dependence effects. To further test the strength of this hypothesis, I conducted a meta-analysis combining multiple studies across tropical and temperate study sites, and with many species tested. It revealed significant support for the Janzen- Connell predictions in terms of distance and density dependence. Using a phylogenetic comparative approach, I highlight how environmental adaptation affects dipterocarp distribution, and the relationships of plant traits with ecological factors and conservation status. This analysis showed that environmental and ecological factors are related to plant traits and highlights the need for dipterocarp conservation priorities.
    [Show full text]