Third Party Evaluation Report 2018 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan

Evaluation of Japan’s ODA to the Republic of Angola

March 2019

NTC INTERNATIONAL Co., Ltd.

Preface

This report, under the Evaluation of Japan’s ODA to the Republic of Angola, was undertaken by NTC INTERNATIONAL Co., Ltd., entrusted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (MOFA) in fiscal year 2018. Since its commencement in 1954, Japan’s Official Development Assistance (ODA) has contributed to the development of partner countries, and has contributed to bringing solutions for international issues which vary over time. Recently, in both Japan and the international community, implementing ODA requires higher effectiveness and efficiency. MOFA has been conducting ODA evaluations every year, of which most are conducted at the policy level with two main objectives: to improve the management of ODA; and to ensure its accountability. The evaluations are conducted by third parties, to enhance transparency and objectivity. This evaluation study was conducted with the objective of reviewing Japan's overall policies on assistance to Angola, including the Country Assistance Policy for Angola (July 2017), drawing on lessons from this review to make recommendations for reference in policy planning and its effective and efficient implementation of future assistance to Angola by the Government of Japan, and ensuring accountability by making the evaluation results widely available to the general public. Juichi Inada, Professor of the Department of International Economics at Senshu University, served as a chief evaluator to supervise the entire evaluation process, and Rumiko Murao, Assistant Professor of the Graduate School of Social Design Studies at Rikkyo University, served as an advisor to share her expertise on Angola. They have made enormous contributions from the beginning of the study to the completion of this report. In addition, in the course of this study both in Japan and in Angola, we have benefited from the cooperation of MOFA, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and the local ODA Task Force, as well as government agencies in Angola, donors, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to all those who were involved in this study. Finally, the Evaluation Team wishes to note that opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of the Government of Japan. March 2019 NTC INTERNATIONAL Co., Ltd. Note: This English version is a summary of the Japanese Evaluation Report of “An Evaluation of Japan’s ODA to the Republic of Angola”.

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An Evaluation of Japan’s ODA to the Republic of Angola (Brief Summary) Evaluators (Evaluation Team) ・Chief Evaluator: Juichi Inada, Professor of the Department of International Economics at Senshu

University

・Advisor: Rumiko Murao, Assistant Professor of the Graduate School of Social Design Studies at Rikkyo University ・Consultant: NTC INTERNATIONAL Co., Ltd. Period of the Evaluation Targets： JFY2006‐JFY2017 Mine risk education for local Period of the Evaluation Study： residents under the Japanese aid July 2018‐March 2019 Field Survey Country：Angola Background, Objectives and Scope of the Evaluation Since the end of the civil war in 2002, politics of Angola have remained stable and the country has enhanced its international presence as a regional power. Angola has an abundance of oil and other resources and the Japanese private sector has shown interest in the country. This evaluation study addresses Japan’s ODA to Angola and is aimed at obtaining recommendations and lessons-learned for future formulation and implementation of ODA policies. Brief Summary of the Evaluation Results  Evaluation from Development Viewpoints (1) Relevance of Policies（Evaluation Results：A （Highly Satisfactory）） Japan’s ODA policy to Angola is consistent with Angola’s development needs, Japan’s high-level (ODA) policies and international priority issues. Initiatives that demonstrate Japan’s comparative advantages were confirmed, which were human resource development that is well-planned and utilizes Japan’s expertise and experience, continuous assistance combining multiple schemes, and cooperation that utilizes Brazilian human resources. Development issues corresponding to “Balanced development of various regions, ensuring the stability and territorial integrity of Angola”, one of the pillars of Angola’s new National Development Plan (PDN) was not mentioned in Japan’s Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola. (2) Effectiveness of Results（Evaluation Results：B（Satisfactory）） From the perspective of aid amount, Japan has provided a certain level of ODA. The Government of Japan is providing steady assistance for development issues in its Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola, and has contributed to promote industry development policies and improve economic and social infrastructures that support Angola’s sustainable economic growth, development of diverse human resources to support Angola’s growth, and human security in Angola. However, the evaluation team was not able to confirm the achievements/outputs of all ODA projects, since there were

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a number of ODA projects (that were targets of this evaluation) where the initial targets have not been achieved. (3) Appropriateness of Processes（Evaluation Results：B（Satisfactory）） Japan’s ODA policy to Angola was formulated through the appropriate processes, and the process of implementing assistance to Angola was also largely appropriate. However, issues were identified regarding the speed of the processes until project commencement, such as the procedures and preparations for the formulation of Japan’s ODA projects, as well as awareness of Japan’s ODA to the general public in Angola and among officials of the Government of Angola.

 Evaluation from Diplomatic Viewpoints (1) Diplomatic Importance Being the chairperson of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) and Southern African Development Community (SADC), Angola is increasing its presence as a regional power of Africa. Also, the new Lourenço administration established in September 2017, has shown great interest in strengthening bilateral relations with Japan, and the importantance of Japan-Angola diplomatic relations is expected to increase even further. Angola has potential in terms of economy, and the new Lourenco administration has shown intentions to strengthen economic relations with Japan, in particular, so there is also great importance from an economic perspective. Furthermore, since Angola has achieved peace and development since the civil war, support from the Government of Japan for efforts to make reforms by Angola, has an important meaning from the viewpoint of stability for the Sub-Sahara African region. (2) Diplomatic Impact In terms of the impact of Japan’s ODA, Japan-Angola bilateral relations, President Lourenco mentioned Japan as an important partner in his inaugural speech. Also, it has been confirmed that high-level officials of Angola have highly appraised Japan’s ODA. Regarding the impact of Japan’s ODA to Angola to Japan/the Japanese public, certain effects have been confirmed from a social perspective, such as increasing the number of people well-versed in Japan through the de-mining measures implemented by Japanese NGOs of the Grant Assitances forJapanese NGO Projects. At the present stage, the economic impact of Japan’s ODA to Japanese companies in Angola have not yet been confirmed, but, due to initiatives by the new Lourenco administration to eliminate corruption and maintain a good business environment, Japanese companies are expected to enter Angola and make investmests in the near future.

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Recommendations (1) Mentioning the new PDN and other internal situations of Angola in Japan’s Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola or Rolling Plans After the inauguration of President Lourenço in 2017, a new Angola National Development Plan (PDN) (2018-2022) was formulated. Along with this change of policies, other internal situations of Angola have changed. New details of the items proposed in Recommendations 2, 3 and 4 are needed to be incorporated into Japan’s Country Development cooperation policy for Angola or Rolling Plans. (2) Expanding Assistance to Rural Areas One of the items that was strengthened in the new PDN was the “Balanced development of various regions, ensuring the stability and territorial integrity of Angola” and it is hoped that Japan will cooperate more actively in Angola’s rural areas. (3) Utilization of Japan’s ODA Loans Since Angola is a country with a relatively high income rate, the country has exceeded the income level for the provision of grant aid. Thus, Japan should provide assistance that makes effective use of ODA loan, which may suit Angola’s development needs because a larger amount of assistance will be given. (4) Supporting the Business Investment Sector Private investment of Japan and the entry of business into Angola is stagnating. The advancement of the business investment sector is an important issue that the new Lourenço administration is engaging in. Taking in mind this situation, the potential for Japan’s ODA in this sector should be pursued. (5) Strengthening Japan’s ODA Implementation Structure in Angola If the number of projects and funding amount for Japan’s ODA to Angola will increase in the near future, it will be necessary to strengthen Japan’s ODA implementation structure in Angola. (6) Strengthening of PR regarding Japan’s ODA It is necessary to strengthen PR activities for Japan’s ODA in order to increase recognition of Japan’s ODA to Angola (including the existence of JICA).

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Table of Contents

Preface Executive Summary Table of Contents

PAGE

IMPLEMENTATION POLICY OF THE EVALUATION ...... 1

Background and Objectives of the Evaluation ...... 1 Scope of the Evaluation ...... 1 Methods of the Evaluation ...... 3 1-3-1 Methods of the Evaluation ...... 3 1-3-2 Process of Implementing the Evaluation...... 4

CHAPTER 2 DEVELOPMENT POLICY AND PLANS OF ANGOLA AND TRENDS OF JAPAN’S ASSISTANCE TO ANGOLA ...... 4

2-1 Development Policy/Plans of Angola ...... 4 2-2 Trends of Japan’s Assistance to Angola ...... 5 2-2-1 Japan’s policy on assistance to Angola ...... 5 2-2-2 Achievements from Japan's assistance to Angola ...... 5

CHAPTER 3 RESULTS OF THE EVALUATION ...... 7

3-1 Evaluation from Development Viewpoints ...... 7 3-1-1 Relevance of Policies ...... 7 3-1-2 Effectiveness of Results ...... 9 3-1-3 Appropriateness of Processes ...... 14 3-2 Evaluation from Diplomatic Viewpoints ...... 16 3-2-1 Main evaluation results ...... 16 3-2-2 Main Basis of Evaluation Results ...... 17

CHAPTER 4 RECOMMENDATIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED ...... 24

4-1 Recommendations ...... 24 4-2 Lessons learned ...... 27

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Background and Objectives of the Evaluation The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (MOFA) conducts policy level, program level and project level evaluations of Japan's Official Development Assistance (ODA) with the objectives of improving the management of ODA and enhancing accountability to the public. The Evalution of Japan’s ODA to the Republic of Angola (referred to hereafter as the “evaluation”) corresponds to the country evaluation at the policy level. The main purposes of the country evaluations includes evaluating the ODA implementation status of the partner country, providing feedback of evaluation results to Japan’s ODA policies for the partner country, and promoting an understanding among the Japanese public regarding Japan’s ODA in the partner country. Since the end of the civil war which lasted over 30 years in 2002, Angola has maintained a stable political situation, and, in the international community, its presence as a regional power has increased by acting as a chairperson of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) and Southern African Development Community (SADC) and as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council. Also, Angola has an abundant energy and mineral resources, including oil and diamonds, and a great potential in areas such as agriculture and fisheries, which has attracted a high level of interest among Japanese private firms. On the other hand, the Angolan economy is dependent on oil, and the economic situation has been deteriorating since mid-2014, due to the slump of oil prices. The Government of Angola has stated that industry diversification through development of the non-oil industry is top priority, but there lies a lack of human resources and funding for that purpose. In addition, there are other urgent matters in Angola, such as post- civil war reconstruction of social infrastructure, clearing land mines, which is a must for both regional development and the stable livelihoods of local residents, and the improvement of social services. In this evaluation, based on the significance of Japan’s ODA to Angola, an overall evaluation will be made of Japan’s ODA policy toward Angola with the purpose of obtaining recommendations and lessons learned for future formulation and implementation of ODA policies. Also, in addition to fulfilling accountability to the public by announcing the evaluation results, feedback regarding evaluation results will be provided to the Government of Angola and other donors. Scope of the Evaluation The scope of this evaluation covers policies regarding Japan’s ODA to Angola. This is the first ODA Evaluation of Angola conducted by MOFA. The evaluation targets are from fiscal year 2006 to fiscal year 2017, which is after the Japan-Angola Economic Policy Dialogue was held in August 2006. The scope of analysis includes individual

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ODA projects in Angola that have started, continued or completed between fiscal year 2006 and fiscal year 20171. Since the dispatch of a peace-building mission from Japan to Angola in 2003, after the end of the civil war in 2002, Japan’s ODA to Angola has shifted to become full- fledged. Hence, the target period of information collection follows the progess of Japan’s peace-building assistance from the end of the civil war in 2002 to 2005. Fig. 1 shows the objective framework of Japan's ODA to Angola based on Japan's Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola. Although this policy was revised in July 2017, it is the current assistance policy towards Angola and shall be considered as the “the basis for this evaluation,” due to the fact that the evaluation is aimed at obtaining recommendations and lessons-learned for future formulation and implementation of ODA policies. Despite some differences in the language used, the priority areas of Japan's ODA to Angola prior to this policy are included in the priority areas of Fig.1.

Development Aims of development Basic policy Priority areas cooperation in (Large issues (Small Program (Middle targets) Angola targets) targets)

・Overcoming Development of basic Assistance for Development of infrastructure development issues of economic development infrastructure Angola Sustainable with the aim of industry ・Indirect support for diversification economic Agriculture and food Agriculture the facilitation of development security business development and human ・Promoting effective administration procedures to assist industry diversification of Japanese private security companies in Angola ・Industry development policy/ economic and social infrastructure development to support sustainable growth ・Through the above- mentioned assistance, Human resource contribute to (1) job Diverse human resource development Vocational training creation and technical development that contributes to knowledge transfer, development and (2) income ・Human resources development including capacity Other increase and industry development/vocational training to contribute to build development in Angola industrial/economic infrastructure ・Utilize Japanese knowledge and experience

Development of human resources Health/medical care in health/medical care Assistance in sectors related to human Points to note: security Assistance for land mine (1) Coordination with Japanese De-mining measures clearance private companies, promotion of All Japan Assistance, human ・Implementation of land mine clearance projects resource development for ・Contribution of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) industries as immediate assets ・Assistance related to natural disaster countermeasures for Japanese companies (2) Strategic coordination with development partners

(Source) Produced by the evaluation team based on the Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola (MOFA, 2017) and Rolling Plan for Angola (as of October 2017) (MOFA, 2017) Fig. 1 An objective framework of Japan’s ODA to Angola

1 Among the technical cooperation projects, this evaluation excludes the technical training project (JICA Knowledge Co-creation Program, country-focused training, long-term training, Training Program for Young Leaders, group training, region-focused training and training in relation to ODA Loan) from the scope of analysis, since the information (such as the project summary) was not available on the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Knowledge Site, etc.

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Methods of the Evaluation 1-3-1 Methods of the Evaluation Based on the ODA Evaluation Guidelines (11th Edition) (MOFA), this evaluation was conducted from the development viewpoints using the standards of (1) Relevance of Policies, (2) Effectiveness of Results and (3) Appropriateness of Processes, and was also conducted from the (4) Diplomatic Viewpoints based on Japan’s national interest. Table 1 shows the main evaluation items for each evaluation criteria. Table 1 Details of the evaluation viewpoints/criteria (evaluation items) Evaluation Evaluation details (verification items) viewpoints/items (1) Relevance of Concerning the “relevance of Japan’s ODA policy to Angola,” an evaluation was made Policies as to whether Japan’s ODA policy to Angola shown in the objective framework demonstrates the comparative advantages of Japan and is consistent with and complementary to (1) Angola’s development needs, (2) Japan’s high-level development policies (Japan’s ODA Charter/Development Cooperation Charter/Japan’s Medium- Term Policy on ODA and policy of assistance for Africa), (3) international priority issues,

Evaluation from Development Evaluation Viewpoints and (4) trends in assistance from other donors (including emerging donors). Regarding Japan’s ODA policy to Angola, the priority areas of Japan’s ODA to Angola (as agreed in August 2006) were also evaluated in relations with other documents in which consistency was confirmed of the target periods (Angola’s development policy, etc.). (2) Effectiveness Concerning “the level of contribution to achieve the project targets as a result of Japan’s of Results ODA to Angola,” an evaluation was made of the level of inputs/outputs and contribution (outcomes) to the priority areas, putting in mind the achievements (inputs) of Japan’s ODA, in regard with the development issues set in Japan's Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola. (3) An evaluation was made for both policy formulation and the implementation process as Appropriateness to whether appropriate processes were taken to secure relevance of Japan’s ODA of Processes policies to Angola and effectiveness of results from the assistance. Below is the checklist for the evaluation items. For the formulation process: (1) Policy-making process (2) Consultation with stakeholders (3) Cooperation among stakeholders For the implementation process: (1) ODA implementation systems and management status of assistance in Japan and Angola (2) Continuous understanding of the needs of Angola (3) Status of priority areas of Japan’s ODA to Angola (scheme/project selection method/processes, project coordination, etc.) (4) Status of monitoring/evaluation/feedback and (5) Status of coordination/cooperation with other donors/international agencies and relevant agencies of Japan. Also, evaluations were carried out regarding (6) social and ethical considerations, such as gender, and (7) the situation of Japan’s ODA PR, etc. (4) Evaluation from Concerning the “expected and actual achievements of Japan’s ODA to Angola from the Diplomatic Viewpoints viewpoint of the national interest of Japan,” a study and analysis was carried out regarding (1) the diplomatic importance of Japan's ODA to Angola and (2) the diplomatic impact of Japan’s ODA. Diplomatic impact includes an evaluation of the secondary impacts of ODA projects including the promotion of private Japanese investment. (Source) Produced by the evaluation team Regarding the three evaluation criteria from the development viewpoints ((1) Relevance of Policies, (2) Effectiveness of Results and (3) Appropriateness of Processes), a four-grade rating system was used in line with the standards of the “Rating scale chart of MOFA ODA evaluation” of the ODA Evaluation Guidelines (11th Edition) (MOFA), namely, “A: Highly satisfactory,” “B: Satisfactory,” “C: Partially unsatisfactory,” and “D: Unsatisfactory.” Also, in terms of the many evaluation items that comprise each evaluation criteria and as a basis for the decision of the overall rating of each evaluation criteria, the evaluation team added a unique three-grade sub-

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rating system for the detailed evaluation items, namely, “a: High,” “b: Fair,” and “c: Low." 1-3-2 Process of Implementing the Evaluation The evaluation period was from July 2018 to February 2019. Fig.2 shows the flow of this evaluation study. At the first study meeting,the evaluation implementation plan was confirmed, and, on that basis, the evaluation study was implemented, the data/information was analyzed, and the evaluation report was completed. ・Gathering/organizing basic document ①Formulation of ・Produce a target organization table for Japan's ODA to Angola in order to understand the scope of the evaluation evaluation ・Formulate evaluation design draft (inc. evaluation purpose, scope, implementation method, work schedule), and implementation prepare an evaluation summary (Japanese/English) and questionnaire plan (evaluation design) Hold first study meeting ・Document study, review of available online information ・Interviews in Japan (MOFA, JICA headquarters, JICA experts/project officials, Non-Government Organizations (NGO), Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO), Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), Sub-Saharan Africa region researchers etc.) ② ・Planning for the field study (purpose, schedule, interviews, visit destinations, etc.) Implementation ・Preparation for the field study (preparation of evaluation summary (English/Portuguese) and questionnaire of evaluation (Japanese/English/Portuguese), make appointments, arrange flights, visas, transport, hotels and interpreter, etc.) study Field study (14 days, September 2018) Interview surveys at the Embassy of Japan in Angola, JICA Angola office, the Government of Angola departments/implementing agencies, other donors/international agencies, international NGOs, local NGOs, beneficiaries, Japanese companies, etc. and visit to supported sites

・Preparation of draft report (outline of the study) Hold second study meeting ・Interviews in Japan (finding/organizing missing information) ・Analyze study results ③Preparation of ・Evaluation from the viewpoint of development, and from the viewpoint of diplomacy of policies related to Japan's ODA to draft report Angola ・Preparing recommendations and lessons learned in order to draft and implement future ODA policy Hold final study meeting

④Preparation of ・Include comments from Angolan officials in the draft reports final report ・Compile and submit final report

(Source) Produced by the evaluation team Fig. 2 Flow of the evaluation study Chapter 2. Development Policy and Plans of Angola and Trends of Japan’s ODA to Angola 2-1 Development Policy/Plans of Angola In 2004, the Government of Angola formulated “Vision 2025” as a long-term development policy. This is the high-level policy for development in Angola, specifying policies that aim for sustainable economic growth through industry diversification. After the formulation in 2004, a 2nd Edition of this policy was prepared in 2007. The Government of Angola formulated the National Development Plan (PDN) and sector development programs based on “Vision 2025.” As for the PDN, five specific plans have been formulated from 2005 until today. Fig. 3 shows the corresponding periods of Japan’s ODA policies to Angola and the main development policies/plans of Angola. As for other materials (regarding development policies by the Government of

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Angola), the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) with the aim of reducing poverty, were produced for the World Bank in 2002 and 20102.

Country Policy or plan/year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Priority Areas agreed in the 2006 Japan-Angola Economic Cooperation Policy Dialogue Japan Japan’s Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola Vision 2025 2-year development plan (2005-2006) 2-year development plan (2007-2008) Angola National economic development mid-term PDN plan (2009-2013) 5-year development plan (2013-2017) 5-year development plan (2018-2022) (Source) Produced by the evaluation team (Note) The time period for Japan's Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola has not been specified, so it is shown as a dotted line. Fig. 3 Relation between Japan’s ODA policy to Angola and Angola’s development policy/plans 2-2 Trends of Japan’s ODA to Angola 2-2-1 Japan’s ODA policy to Angola The Government of Japan dispatched a peace-building mission to Angola in 2003, under which the pillars of peace-building assistance in Angola was positioned as (1) de- mining-related assistance, (2) social re-integration of former soldiers, (3) resettlement assistance for refugees/displaced persons. Later, at the Japan-Angola Economic Policy Dialogue held in August 2006, Angola was visioned as a country in transition from post- civil war reconstruction to economic growth. Both Angola and Japan have agreed that the following three areas should be considered as the priority areas of assistance to Angola: (1) economic development, (2) the establishment of peace, and (3) human security. In July 2017, the Government of Japan formulated the Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola as its ODA policy to Angola, which is the basic policy to support Angola’s sustainable economic growth, development of diverse human resource to support economic growth, and human security in Angola. In terms of the priority areas of development cooperation, the policy specifies (1) economic development assistance with the purpose of industry diversification, (2) the development of diverse human resources, and (3) assistance in areas related to human security. 2-2-2 Achievements of Japan's ODA to Angola Economic cooperation for Angola from the Government of Japan began with emergency assistance through United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) in 1988. After the end of the civil war in 2002, assistance was mainly implemented to build peace. After Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) began to dispatch long- term experts in 2007, technical cooperation has been implemented to sectors in health and education, agriculture, mineral resources, vocational training, the environment, and ports, and grant aid has been implemented in sectors related to health and education, agriculture and fisheries, water supply, vocational training, de-mining/victim

2 Based on the consensus from the September 1999 Joint IMF World Bank Implementation Committee, a request was made for the production of PRSP for more than 70 developing countries.

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assistance, and assistance for displaced persons. Since the end of the civil war, income in Angola has relatively improved, and as a result, the provision of grant aid cooperation has decreased from 2014 (Fig. 4). On the other hand, ODA loan assistance began in 2015, and cooperation has been implemented in the sector of electricity3.

50 197.3

40 37.62

30 23.1 17.75 13.79 20 15.17 11.52 12.41 6.76 10 8 4.54

0 1 million 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 USD Total ODA loans grant aid technical cooperation Year (Source) Produced by the evaluation team based on Japan’s ODA Data by Country (2006-2017) (MOFA) (Note) Funding amounts are calculated based on net expenditure. The amounts of 2017 are not yet officially published. Fig. 4 Disbursements of Japan’s ODA based on aid schemes in Angola (2006-2016) The total amount of ODA to Angola from Japan between 2006 and 2016 was approximately US$ 350 million, of which loan assistance was approximately US$ 200 million, grant aid was approximately US$ 110 million, and technical cooperation was approximately US$ 40 million (Fig. 4). There were 245 ODA projects of Japan that started/continued/completed in Angola between fiscal year 2006 and fiscal year 2017, including 1 ODA loan project, 76 grant aid projects (of which, 50 were Grant Assistance for Grassroots Human Security Projects), 162 technical cooperation projects, and 6 projects funded by the supplementary budget (ODA to international organizations)(Fig.5).

1 ODA loans project 6 Supplementary budget Other safety Others 7 (0.4%) (contributions to international 4 Grant Assistance projects , ( 2.9% ) organizations) for Cultural Grassroots 10 (4.1%) 15 grant Projects(1.6%) aid (gene ral/other) projects (6.1%) Land mine Basic infrastructure 50 Grant countermeasures, development, 51 Assistance for 23 (9.4%) (20.8%) Grassroots Human Security Projects (20.4%) Health/medical care, 45 (18.4%) Agriculture/food 162 Technical security 30 (12.2%) cooperation projects (66.1%) Human resources development projects that contribute to development , 79 (32.2%)

7 Grant Assistance for Japanese NGO Projects (2.9%) (Source) Produced by the evaluation team based on the (Source) Produced by the evaluation team based on the MOFA Website, JICA Knowledge Site, and materials from MOFA Website, JICA Knowledge Site, and materials from JICA (Acceptance of technical training participants). JICA (Acceptance of technical training participants). Fig. 5 Performance of Japanese ODA by Fig. 6 Performance of Japanese ODA by aid schemes in Angola (No. of projects) (FY development issues in Angola (No. of projects) (FY 2006-2017) 2006 - 2017) 3 Power Sector Reform Program (Exchange of Notes (E/N): fiscal year 2015) is the only project of Japan’s ODA loan assistance for Angola implemented during the evaluation target period.

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In addition, in terms of the achievement of Japan’s ODA to Angola of the development issues, as shown in Fig.6, the largest number was in human resource development that supports Angola’s economic development (79 projects) (32.2%), followed by the development of basic infrastructure (51 projects) (20.8%), health/medical care (45 projects) (18.4%), agriculture/food security (30 projects) (12.2%), and de-mining measures (23 projects) (9.4%). As for the target of this evaluation, there were 107 ODA projects in Angola that started, continued or were completed in Angola during the scope of this evaluation between fiscal year 2006 and fiscal year 2017, including 1 ODA loan project, 76 grant aid projects (of which, 50 were Grant Assistance for Grassroots Human Security Projects), 24 technical cooperation projects, and 6 projects that was funded by the supplementary budget (ODA to international organizations). Also, in terms of the achievements of Japan’s ODA of the development issues, there were 11 basic infrastructure development projects, 17 agriculture/food security projects, 27 human resources development projects that support Angola’s economic development, 16 health/medical care projects, 23 de-mining projects, 6 projects in fields related to safety (other than health/medical care, de-mining measures), and 7 other projects. Chapter 3. Results of the Evaluation 3-1 Evaluation from Development Viewpoints In this Chapter, the three evaluation criteria from the development viewpoints (“Relevance of policies,” “Effectiveness of results” and “Appropriateness of processes”) were evaluated of Japan’s ODA policy to Angola. 3-1-1 Relevance of Policies In this section, with the aim of evaluating the relevance of policies of Japan’s ODA to Angola, the consistency between Japan’s ODA policy to Angola and (a) Angola’s development needs, (b) Japan’s high-level development policies, and (c) international priority issues, as well as the coherence and supplementary relations of (d) assistance from other donors and the comparative advantage of Japan’s ODA. In relation to the different target periods of documents that were used to confirm consistency of Japan’s ODA policy to Angola (Angola’s Development Policy, etc.), the priority areas of Japan’s assistance to Angola (agreed in August 2006) or the Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola (formulated in July 2017) were used. As a result of this evaluation, it was clarified that there is consistency between Japan’s ODA policy to Angola and Angola’s development needs, Japan’s high-level development policy and international priority issues, and that there were activities that demonstrate Japan's comparative advantages over other donors. The main results for each evaluation item are shown below, and the sub-ratings for all of the evaluation items were “a: High,” with highly satisfactory evaluation results for all evaluation items,

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which means that the evaluation team concluded the relevance of the Japan’s ODA policies to Angola as “A. Highly satisfactory.” Evaluation item 1: Consistency with Angola’s Development Needs Japan’s ODA policy to Angola is consistent with the priority areas of Angola stated in Angola’s development policies which are Vision 2025, the National Development Plan (PDN), and the Sector Development Plans of Angola. However, Japan's Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola does not specify about the development issues corresponding to the “(5) Balanced development of various regions, ensuring the stability and territorial integrity of Angola,” which is a pillar of the new PDN (2018-2022). As for the achievements of Japan’s ODA to Angola, although there were some projects of Grant Assistance for Grassroots Human Security that contribute to the construction/rehabilitation of public/social infrastructures in rural areas and technical cooperation projects aiming for rice production in rural areas, etc., as shown in “4-1(2) Recommendation 2: Expanding assistance to rural areas,” Japan’s ODA should be actively implemented in rural areas hereafter. Based on the above, the evaluation team has sub-rated the consistency with Angola’s development needs as “a: High.” Evaluation item 2: Consistency with Japan’s High-level Development Policy Japan’s ODA policy to Angola is consistent with the ODA Charter, Japan's Medium- Term Policy on ODA and the Development Cooperation Charter, as well as Japan's ODA Policy to Africa (Japan's ODA policy on aid to Sub-Saharan Africa as stated in the ODA White Paper published in 2017, the Yokohama Action Plans of TICAD (Tokyo International Conference on African Development) IV and V). Based on the above, the evaluation team has sub-rated the consistency with Japan’s high-level development policy as “a: High.” Evaluation item 3: Consistency with International Priority Issues Japan’s ODA policy to Angola is consistent with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Based on the above, the evaluation team has sub-rated the consistency with international priority issues as “a: High.” Evaluation item 4: Coherence with Assistance from Other Donors/Japan's Comparative Advantages Angola’s development needs conforms with the direction of assistance from major donors and international agencies. While other donors are carrying out assistance, making use of their advantages, Japan is also implementing assistance along that direction by taking full advantage of its own strengths. The characteristics of Japan’s ODA are human resource development that is well planned and utilizes Japan’s expertise and experience, continuous assistance combining multiple schemes, and cooperation that utilizes Brazilian human resources.

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This assistance contributes to Angola’s development issues and has great potential to demonstrate Japan’s presence and advantage when compared to other donors. Based on the above description, the evaluation team has sub-rated the coherence of assistance from other donors/Japan's comparative advantages as “a: High.” 3-1-2 Effectiveness of Results In this Section, with the purpose of evaluating the effectiveness of results, based on the achievement of Japan’s ODA to Angola from fiscal year 2006 to fiscal year 2017, an evaluation was made of the contribution of Japan’s ODA to Angola in relation to each development issue and priority area of Japan’s ODA policy shown in Fig. 1. From the viewpoint of the amount of assistance, the results of the evaluation show that Japan’s ODA made a certain amount of contribution. These assistance has contributed to the promotion of industry development policies and improvement of economic and social infrastructures that support Angola’s sustainable economic growth, development of diverse human resources to support Angola’s economic growth, and human security in Angola. The main results for each evaluation item are shown below, and the sub-ratings for both evaluation items was “b: Fair,” which confirms that significant results were obtained for almost all verification items, so the effectiveness of results for Japan’s ODA is deemed to be “B. Satisfactory.” Evaluation item 1: Achievement and Contribution of Japan’s ODA Fig. 7 shows the ratio per donor of the total USA ODA for Angola from both bilateral and Other 19% multilateral donors (2006 to 2016). The United 28%

States comes in first with 19% (US$ 652.3 IDA million), followed by the International Norway 12% 4% Development Association (IDA) with 12% Portugal GF EU 5% 5% 12% (US$ 414.9 million), and the European Union South Korea Japan 5% 10% (EU) with 12% (US$ 401.6 million). Japan is (Source) Produced by the evaluation team from the Creditor fourth with 10% (US$ 356.4 million). Among Reporting System Online Database (Organization of the bilateral donors, Japan is ranked second Economic Cooperation Development (OECD), 2006 to 2016) (Note) Based on net expenditure. GF: Global Funds after the United States. As we can see, from Fig. 7 Ratio by donor of total ODA for the viewpoint of the assistance amount, a Angola (2006 to 2016) certain level of contribution has been provided. The transition of the total amount of ODA to Angola (2006 to 2016) and the total amount (2006 to 2016) among the five high-level donors are shown in Fig. 8. The total ODA amount is around US$ 300 million per year, of which, the US provides assistance of approximately US$ 50 to 80 million every year, IDA provides approximately US$ 10

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Per Donor (US$ 1 million) Total ODA Amount (US$ 1 to 60 million, the EU million) 250 500 provides approximately US$ 20 to 60 million, and 200 400 South Korea provides 150 300 approximately US$ 10 to 30 100 200 million, with the range of 50 100 assistance being around Year0 0 US$ 10 to 80 million per 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total ODA Amount 304 355 348 270 273 230 273 308 265 475 282 USA 41 48 50 48 61 73 84 66 62 65 54 year. In this regard, Japan IDA 35 43 26 25 10 13 42 53 56 53 58 EU 48 58 41 33 22 24 24 28 53 27 43 provided assistance Japan 13 24 17 6 31 9 11 14 8 220 5 of approximately US$ 10 to South Korea 10 17 29 35 21 18 9 11 6 14 12 30 million between 2006 and (Source) Produced by the evaluation team from the Creditor Reporting System Outline Database (OECD, 2006 to 2016) 2014 and in 2016, as shown （Note）Based on gross expenditure. in Fig. 8 Transition in ODA to Angola （2006 to 2016）

Table 2, which is about 2-11% of the total annual ODA amount. While this is slightly lower than that of other donors, Japan has provided a certain level of contribution. In 2015, Japan’s contribution was much larger as an ODA loan was provided, which makes up a total of US$ 220 million, which comprised 46% of the total ODA amount to Angola. Table 2 Japan’s ODA funding as a ratio of the total amount of ODA to Angola Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Ratio (%) 4.22 6.88 4.80 2.14 11.28 3.79 3.84 4.59 3.00 46.28 1.61 (Source) Produced by the evaluation team based on the Creditor Reporting System Outline Database (OECD, 2006 to 2016) (Note) Based on gross expenditure. Also, the percentage of Japan’s ODA contribution against the total amount of ODA to Angola (2006 to 2017) in each sector and the ranking among bilateral and multilateral donors are shown in Table 3. In the energy sector, the percentage of Japan’s ODA is 96%, which is the highest rank among other countries. In the transport and storage sector, the percentage of Japan’s ODA is 39%, which is the second highest. In other sectors, the percentage of Japan’s ODA is 10% or less. Table 3 Percentage of the amount of Japan’s ODA against the total amount of ODA to Angola (2006 to 2017) in each sector and ranking Sector Transpor Energy Water and Agriculture Education Health Processing of land t and sanitation and mines and leftover storage fisheries explosives from the war

Amount of assistance 58.72 228.31 289.52 246.69 345.98 660.33 139.79 from bilateral/multilateral donors(millions of US$)

Japanese assistance 22.97 219.88 3.60 8.85 30.53 24.77 12.08 amount(millions of US$)

Ratio of Japanese 39 96 1 4 9 4 9 assistance amount (%)

Ranking of Japanese 2 1 8 5 6 5 3 assistance amount (Source) Produced by the evaluation team based on Creditor Reporting System Outline Database (OECD, 2006 to 2017) (Note 1) Based on gross expenditure. (Note 2) The sectors in which achievement of Japan’s ODA has been continued are shown. The sectors in the table are as per the classification of the OECD Creditor Reporting System Outline Database

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On the other hand, the Amount of ODA Ratio of ODA (%) percentage of ODA funding (1 million USD) 500 5 to Angola’s Gross Domestic 400 4

Product (GDP) comprises 300 3 less than 1%, and the 200 2 percentage of ODA funding 100 1 to Angola’s government 0 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Year expenditure is around 1 to Amount of ODA for Angola Ratio of ODA to Angola’s GDP 4%, which means that the Ratio of ODA to Angola’s government expenditure effect of ODA funding to (Source) Produced by the evaluation team based on the Creditor Reporting System Outline Database (OECD, 2006 to 2016), and World Development Angola’s finance was limited Indicators (World Bank, 2006 to 2016) in comparison to low-income (Note) Based on gross expenditure. Fig 9 Transition in the ratio of ODA to Angola’s GDP and countries (Fig 9). government expenditure (2006 to 2016) Also, with regard to the development issues of Japan's Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola (development of basic infrastructure, agriculture/food security, human resource development that supports Angola’s economic development, health/medical care, de- mining measures), the Government of Japan is providing steady assistance and contribution. The main achievements and contributions of Japan’s ODA to Angola are shown in Table 4. Table 4 Main achievements and contributions of Japan’s ODA for each development issues of Japan's Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola Development Sector Main achievements Main contribution issue

Development Ports Rehabilitation of Port Namibe and cargo machinery Improved safety/efficiency of basic maintenance, technical cooperation for operations of Port Namibe, increased infrastructure and management transport capacity

Electricity ・Support for monitoring of the formulation of Regarding the electricity policy actions for electricity sector reforms, sector, support the financial assistance infrastructure reform and ・Formulation of the electricity master plan and legislative improvement, capacity development for its formulation increased ability to plan and provide electricity source/ power distribution projects ⇒Improved effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability of power generation/ supply/distribution projects

Water Maintenance of well excavation equipment/water Supply of potable water to supply facilities at least 90,000 people and the reduction of water- borne diseases ⇒Improvement of the living environment

Agriculture/ Rice Draft the National Rice Development Strategy, Established and reinforced food security production implementing technical rice production projects, the environment for rice selection of rice varieties, establishment of the seed production, dissemination production subcommittee, provision and and research, improvement

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maintenance training of rice huller machines, rice of rice production production training and practice techniques ⇒Improvement in rice farming productivity

Other ・ Agricultural production training, agriculture ・ Established environment agriculture equipment provision, grain storehouse for agricultural construction production ・ Construction of a facility for agricultural produce ・ Human resource training processing/community center for cooking for the agricultural sector training ・ Development of agriculture infrastructure such as irrigation facilities ・ Capacity development of fishery unions

Human Vocational ・ Construction of facilities in Viana vocational Secured a training resource training training center, provision of training equipment, environment for three development assistance for producing training training courses in the that supports programs/teaching materials, creation of a construction sector to Angola’s secure training environment (topographic surveying, development ・ Guidance and training for center staff construction work and steel processing operation for structures) and personnel training for staff at the vocational training center

Education ・ Construction and expansion of elementary Creation of a safe and schools, maintenance of water supply equipment pleasant education and facilities, etc. (33 schools) environment (beneficiaries: ・ Middle school science and maths education: at least 24,680 children, Accumulated expertise of teaching methods for and 128 literacy education 401 teachers and rural area training staff, students), training for production of textbooks for five subjects teaching personnel, created teaching materials ⇒Improved the quality of basic education

Other Developing human resources in the fields of － human sewing, mining (geology) and communications resources (terrestrial digital television) developme nt

Health/medic Infectious Provision of equipment to counteract malaria, Prevention and control of al care disease vaccines for polio, measles and tetanus toxoid, infectious diseases prevention yellow fever vaccine inoculation campaigns and training for healthcare personnel

Constructio Construction and expansion of emergency wards/ Improved healthcare n of health/ health centers, vocational training schools for service environment medical healthcare workers, and health education centers, care provision of cataract surgical equipment and facilities, facilities provision of medical care machinery

Technical Training for healthcare personnel (training for Improved quality of health cooperatio instructors, etc.), establishment of maternity child services n related to and health book committee, introduction and human revision of maternal and child health handbook resource in the healthcare sector

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Nutrition Regular health care services in the community for Improved access to high- detection and treatment of children with severe quality medical care for acute malnutrition, training for 924 healthcare malnourished children personnel, detection and treatment of 3,400 malnourished children

De-mining De-mining Formulation of standard work procedures for the Promotion of de-mining, measures measures National Demining Institute (INAD), development of improved safety for human resources related to landmine removal, residents living in areas collection of data and update for regions affected by affected by land mines land mines, land mine removal (313 hectares), land ⇒Improved living mine avoidance education (more than 7,705 environment and promoted people)/victim assistance development of infrastructure

Sectors Sectors ・ Food assistance Mitigation of negative related to related to ・ Implementation of reconstruction-related effects caused by climate safety human projects (agriculture, water, education, etc.), change and conflicts, etc. security formulation of the rural development plan in (other than Lobito city health care ・ Assistance for nutrition, health, water, sanitation and de- and child protection in drought-affected regions mining ・ Construction of sanitation facilities and measures) emergency schools in refugee centers (inhabited by refugees from DR Congo) (Source) Produced by the evaluation team based on the websites of MOFA/Embassy of Japan in Angola/Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)/United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)/United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the ex-ante evaluation chart, progress report and completion report for the target projects of this evaluation Meanwhile, there were many ODA projects with nothing other than the summary (plan) and with no detailed information about the achievements or outcomes of the assistance that was implemented. Thus, the evaluation team was not able to confirm the achievements/outputs of all ODA projects of Japan in Angola. Also, among Japan’s ODA, there were projects in which the initial targets have not been achieved for agriculture projects of the development issue “Agriculture and food security,” human resources development (communication field) projects in “Human resources development that contributes to development” and health/medical care facility construction projects in “Health/medical care.” Based on the above, the evaluation team has sub-rated the achievement of and contribution from Japan’s ODA as “b: Fair.” Evaluation item 2：Effectiveness of Assistance of the Priority Areas As shown below, some achievements could not be confirmed at the time of this evaluation because (a) some ODA projects had no detailed information about the achievements or outputs from the assistance, and (b) it includes expected achievements of ongoing ODA projects in Angola for which the achievements/contribution had not yet been confirmed. Also, as shown above, it was confirmed that some ODA projects in Angola did not achieve the initial targets. a. Economic Development Assistance for the Purpose of Industry Diversification Through assistance related to the above-mentioned development of basic infrastructure and agriculture/food security, Japan is contributing to promote industry

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development policies (electricity), improve the economic and social infrastructures (ports, electricity, water, agriculture), provide potable water supply, and improve agricultural productivity. Thus, an increase of agricultural production is to be expected that supports Angola’s sustainable economic growth. b. Capacity Development of Diverse Human Resources: Through assistance related to human resources contributing to the above-mentioned issues, Japan is contributing to the capacity development of diverse human resources that support the sustainable growth of Angola by improving the quality of basic education and providing training in the sectors of construction, de-mining and data transmission. c. Assistance in Areas related to Human Security: Through assistance related to health/medical care, de-mining measures and other sectors related to safety, as mentioned above, Japan is contributing to secure human security by promoting health improvement and de-mining measures, improving the safety of residents in areas affected by land mines, and by contributing to mitigate the negative effects caused by climate change and conflicts, etc. Based on the above, the evaluation team has sub-rated the effectiveness of assistance in priority areas as “b: Fair.” 3-1-3 Appropriateness of Processes In this Section, with the purpose of confirming the appropriateness of processes of Japan’s ODA to Angola, an evaluation will be made of “the appropriateness of processes in the formulation of Japan's Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola,” and “the appropriateness of processes for the implementation of Japan’s ODA to Angola.” The facts will be examined on what organizations and procedures were concerned in the formulation and implementation of both policies. Then, an evaluation will be made on whether appropriate processes were used to ensure the relevance of policies and effectiveness of results for Japan’s ODA to Angola in terms of the appropriateness of communications between all involved parties in those processes, etc. As a result of this evaluation, it can be said that Japan’s ODA to Angola was formulated through appropriate processes. In the process of implementing Japan’s ODA, stakeholders involved in the implementation of Japan’s ODA have carried out the basic implementation cycle of projects and policies, understanding the needs of Angola, implementing assistance approaches in line with the post-conflict status of Angola, executing monitoring/evaluation, promoting collaboration/cooperation with other development actors, and giving consideration to social/ethical situations and disseminating information. There were also issues confirmed in the processes concerning execution speed until the start of Japan's ODA projects and in the awareness of Japan’s ODA to the people of Angola. The results of each evaluation item are shown below, and the sub-rating of each evaluation item is either a: High or

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b: Fair, which confirms that both evaluation items were implemented appropriately. The evaluation team has therefore rated the appropriateness of processes of Japan’s ODA to Angola as “B: Satisfactory.” Evaluation item 1: Appropriateness of Processes in the Formulation of Japan’s Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola Japan's Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola has been formulated based on the Government of Angola’s development plan and Japan's development cooperation policy, through a series of consultations with the Government of Angola and adjustments with other donors/international agencies and Non-Government Organizations (NGO), and, it can be said that Japan's Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola was formulated through appropriate processes. Based on the above, the evaluation team has sub-rated the appropriateness of processes in the formulation of Japan’s Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola as “a: High”. Evaluation item 2: Appropriateness of Processes in the Implementation of Japan’s ODA to Angola a. The management status of organizations related to development cooperation in Angola and Japan There was an appropriate cycle of information collection/ sharing among stakeholders of Japan’s ODA to Angola. Also, Japanese officials related to the electricity master plan have carried out measures to improve information sharing in the Government of Angola by inviting relevant government ministries other than the counterparts (C/P) to public seminars regarding the master plan. b. Continuous understanding of the needs of the Government of Angola Japanese stakeholders have implemented initiatives to understand and reflect the needs of the Government of Angola in current ODA projects in the country. c. Implementating approaches of priority areas of Japan's Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola Considering Japan’s ODA to Angola, the approaches of assistance were in line with the post-conflict status of Angola, and, individual projects are being formulated and implemented based on the priority areas of Japan’s ODA policy. However, since Angola was in the process of reconstruction after the civil war and was in need of immediate solutions concerning the execution speed until the project commencement, such as procedures and preparations leading up to Japan's ODA project formulation, did not necessarily match the expectation of Angola, although it is also due in part to the procedures taken by the Government of Angola. d. Regular monitoring/evaluation/feedback of policy implementation Regarding Japan’s ODA to Angola, the implementation status of each project is being monitored and evaluated to evaluate the effects.

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e. Collaboration/cooperation with other donors/international agencies, international/local NGOs and relevant Japanese agencies In addition to information sharing/exchanging ideas between the Government of Japan/JICA and other donors/international agencies and Japanese companies, assistance is being carried out in coordination with the Government of Japan/JICA, other donors/international agencies and NGOs. This includes successful initiatives such as the use of human resources from Brazil, which is an asset of the Japan-Brazil cooperation, coordination with NGOs that have reliable project implementation capabilities at the grassroots level, and joint screenings and project management of co-financing with developmental finance institutions at the regional level. f. Social and ethical considerations For Japan’s ODA to Angola, attention is given to linguistic diversity, gender and religion at the project level. g. Public Relations of Japan’s ODA Although PR is being carried out regarding Japan’s ODA to Angola, there is an issue to raise awareness of Japan’s ODA to Angola among the general public in Angola and among officials of the Government of Angola. On the other hand, grassroot level assistance by means of the Government of Japan through Japanese and local NGOs, has clear beneficial outcomes and is widely recognized among residents of those target regions (although it is limited to specific regions). Based on the above, the evaluation team has sub-rated the appropriateness of processes in the implementation of Japan’s ODA to Angola as “b: Fair”. 3-2 Evaluation from Diplomatic Viewpoints In this Section, an evaluation will be made of two evaluation items (“diplomatic importance” and “diplomatic impact” from the viewpoint of diplomacy, regarding Japan’s ODA to Angola. 3-2-1 Main evaluation results Being the chairperson of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries 4 (CPLP) and Southern African Development Community 5 (SADC), Angola is increasing its presence as a regional power of Africa. Also, the new Lourenço administration, established in September 2017, has shown great interest in strengthening bilateral relations with Japan, and the importance of Japan-Angola diplomatic relations is expected to increase even further. Angola has potential in terms of the economy, and the new Lourenço administration has shown intentions to strengthen economic relations

4 The members are the following nine Portuguese speaking countries: Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Mozambique, Portugal, Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe, Timor-Leste (MOFA Website: Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) (page last accessed January 7, 2019)). 5 The members are the following 16 Southern African countries. Tanzania, Zambia, Botswana, Mozambique, Angola, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Swaziland, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Mauritius, Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar, the Seychelles, Comoros (MOFA Website: Southern African Development Community (SADC) (last accessed January 7, 2019)).

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with Japan, in particular, so there is also great importance from an economic viewpoint. Furthermore, since Angola has achieved peace and development since the civil war, support from the Government of Japan for efforts to make reforms by Angola, has an important meaning from the viewpoint of stability for the Sub-Sahara African region. In terms of the impact of Japan’s ODA, Japan-Angola bilateral relations, President Lourenço mentioned Japan as an important partner in his inaugural speech. Also, it has been confirmed that high-level officials of Angola have highly appraised Japan’s ODA. Regarding the impact of Japan’s ODA to Angola to Japan/the Japanese public, certain effects have been confirmed from a social perspective, such as increasing the number of people well-versed in Japan through the de-mining measures implemented by Japanese NGOs of the Grant Assistance for Japanese NGO Projects. At the present stage, the economic impact of Japan’s ODA to Japanese companies in Angola have not yet been confirmed, but, due to initiatives by the new Lourenço administration to eliminate corruption and maintain a good business environment, Japanese companies are expected to enter Angola and make investments in the near future. The next section shows the main evidence of the evaluation results. 3-2-2 Main Evidence of the Evaluation Results (1) Diplomatic Importance (a) Importance of Japan’s ODA Based on Japan’s Diplomatic Policy The Government of Japan has formulated the National Security Strategy, which is one of Japan’s diplomatic policies to provide policy guidelines in sectors related to national security such as maritime, space, cyber security and ODA. Japan’s ODA to Angola is an initiative related to “IV Japan’s Strategic Approaches to National Security” of this Strategy. In particular, regarding “Strengthening Cooperation Based on Universal Photo 1 State Minister for Foreign Affairs Masahisa Sato meets with Values to Resolve Global Issues,” Japan’s ODA to President Lourenço Angola is being implemented for the aims of (From MoFA HP: State Minister for Foreign Affairs Sato (Prime Minister’s Special Envoy) “assistance for development issues,” “initiatives for Visits Angola (Results) (page last accessed on global issues such as climate change, cross-border January 28, 2019)) infectious diseases, and sectors related to MDGs and SDGs,” “land mine countermeasures/refugee assistance (human security),” “human resources development initiatives through technical cooperation and Grant Assistance for Japanese NGO Projects, etc.” Therefore it can be said that ODA to Angola is being developed based on Japan's diplomatic policy. (b) Importance of Bilateral Diplomatic Relations with Angola As shown below, there are five main points in terms of the importance of bilateral diplomatic relations between Japan and Angola.

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The 1st point is that Angola is increasing its presence as a regional power of Africa as a chairperson of the CPLP (two years from 2010) and SADC (one year from 2011), and as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (two years from 2015). The 2nd point is that Angola shares the same universal values as Japan6, and in foreign ministerial conferences held recently, discussions have been held regarding UN Security Council reforms, maritime security and the North Korean situation, etc. In particular, considering the North Korean situation, theJapan-Angola foreign ministerial conference held in October 2018, support was gained from the Government of Angola for the importance of ensuring the complete fulfillment of the UN Security Council Resolution towards the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula and for an immediate resolution of the abduction issue. Thus, it is thought there will be more opportunities in the future for continued support from the Government of Angola. The 3rd point is that bilateral relations between Angola and Japan are becoming closer since the establishment of the Lourenço administration in September 2017. State Minister for Foreign Affairs Masahisa Sato was present at the inauguration of the new President. In his inaugural speech, President Lourenço mentioned Japan as one of the countries in which Angola should strengthen its relationship in the future. Furthermore, in October 2018, Foreign Minister Augusto (Angola) held discussions with Foreign Minister Taro Kono (Japan) in which he reiterated the desire of President Lourenço to expand the strategic relationship with Japan. Foreign Minister Kono also declared that the Government of Japan wishes to answer to the expectations of Angola. It can be predicted that the diplomatic relations between these two countries will be further strengthened. The 4th point is that the Government of Japan has been actively promoting diplomacy in Africa by hosting the Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD) once every five years since 1993, from the four viewpoints of (1) strengthening Japan’s diplomatic foundations (increasing the number of diplomatic partners to engage in various diplomatic issues), (2) ensuring resources and developing markets, (3) gaining trust in the international community, and (4) strengthening the influence of Japan in the international community7. Angola has the third largest economy in the Sub-Saharan Africa region after Nigeria and South Africa8, and also has economic and

6 Based on interviews with MOFA Middle Eastern and African Affairs Bureau, African Affairs Department, Second Africa Division (August 22, 2018). 7 Based on Japan's Diplomatic Policy in Africa (MOFA African Affairs Department, 2014). Every five years until TICAD V (2013), every three years since TICAD VI (2016). 8 GDP: Nigeria: 375,770 million USD, South Africa 349,419 million USD, Angola 124,209 million USD (based on World Bank Open Data (2017)).

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Nigeria, 2.8% Mozambique, political presence in Africa as a chairperson of the 0.3% Algeria, 4.1%

SADC, as mentioned above. Thus, the diplomatic Ghana 4.3% Nigeria 2.6% Sudan importance of Angola is high among the other 8.4% African countries. Chad 10.7% 2013～2017 Gabon 39.3% The 5th point is that Angola has an abundant Total 14,549 amount of resources. In particular, regarding oil, tons approximately 3,984 tons of crude oil has been Angola 27.4 % imported from Angola to Japan over the last five years (total between 2013 and 2017), which is the (Source) Produced by the evaluation team based on Mineral Resources and Petroleum Product second largest amount, comprising approximately Statistics (METI, 2017). 30% of the import volume from the Sub-Saharan Fig. 10 Japan’s crude oil imports Africa (Fig.10). Hence, Angola is a highly important from Sub-Saharan Africa (2013-2017) country to Japan from the viewpoint of ensuring resources. (c) Other Reasons of the Importance of Japan’s ODA to Angola The other reasons of the importance of Japan’s ODA than the above-mentioned bilateral diplomatic relations are shown below. (1) Strengthening the Economic Relations of Japan and Angola Angola has a high economic potential, such as abundant resources in the energy/mineral sectors and agriculture and fisheries. Furthermore, the Lourenço administration has expressed the country’s intent to strengthen economic relations with Japan, and the Government of Angola has shown its expectations for Japanese companies to come and invest in Angola at the Japan-Africa Public-Private Economic Forum and International Trade Fair of Luanda. Currently, only a few Japanese companies have commenced business in Angola due to such obstacles as the undeveloped business environment, price of commodities, Angola being a Portuguese speaking country and overseas remittance 9 . Although,there lies a possibility that Japan’s ODA will lead Japanese companies to actively enter and start business in Angola in the future. Thus, Japan’s ODA to Angola is also important from an economic viewpoint. (2) For the Stability of the Sub-Saharan Africa Region Angola has had serious governance issues such as severe corruption issues, but, in 2017, the new Lourenço administration began working on administrative reforms such as promoting effective administrative procedures and eliminating corruption10. Since the end of the civil war in 2002, Angola has achieved consolidation of peace and development by the provision of oil. Also, the 2017 presidential election was held peacefully without any major confusions11. Based on this background, Japan’s support

9 Based on interviews with the Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) (September 10, 2018). 10 May 2018 JOI (Japan Institute for Overseas Investment) bulletin, “The Amazing Country of Angola.” (written by Shinichi Itagaki from JBIC in 2018) 11 Based on interviews with MOFA Middle Eastern and African Affairs Bureau, African Affairs Department, Second Africa Division (August 22, 2018).

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for Angola’s reform efforts will lead to the stability of Sub-Saharan Africa, thus has great significance for Japan. (2) Diplomatic Impact (a) Positioning of Japan in the International Community/Impact on the African Region It has been confirmed that Japan’s ODA to Angola, such as assistance of de-mining measures and projects assisting refugees from the Democratic Republic of Congo, has contributed to constructive measures for “human security” being promoted by Japan, which has increased Japan’s presence in the international community. Also, assistance for vulnerable people who have been affected by serious global issues such as drought helps to “build a sustainable and resilient international community through efforts to address global challenges” as stated in the Development Cooperation Charter. Furthermore, although the effects can not been confirmed as of now, assistance for refugees from the Democratic Republic of Congo will lead to stability in Angola as well as in the Sub-Saharan Africa region including neighboring countries. (b) Impact on bilateral relations/Japan-public relations (1) Impact on bilateral relations The fact that President Lourenço mentioned Japan as an important partner in his inaugural speech sets an example that Angola recognizes the steady and continuous ODA of Japan. Also, as shown in Table 5, Japan’s ODA is highly appraised by senior officials in Angola, and has contributed to strengthen Japan-Angola bilateral relations. Table 5 Recognition of Japan’s ODA by senior officials in Angola Development Details issues

Development Regarding the ODA loan project “Power Sector Reform Support Program (2015)”, senior of basic officials from the Government of Angola showed their gratitude from the viewpoint of providing infrastructure immediate support to the Government of Angola which had encountered financial difficulties due to the sudden drop of oil prices. Also, the provision of ODA loan to Angola had a positive impact on senior officials from the Government of Angola.

Health/ Regarding Japanese Grant Aid Cooperation for the rehabilitations of the Josina Machel medical care Hospital, senior officials in Angola made reference to this project as an major example of Japanese contribution. Also, the Minister of Health of Angola participated in the kick-off meeting for the Technical Cooperation Projects named “Project for Improving Maternal and Child Health Services through Implementation of the Maternal and Child Health Handbook”, and Health Ministers hereafter have continued support of the maternal and child health handbook, which Japan introduced to Angola.

De-mining Japan's assistance of de-mining (assistance through Grant Assistance for Grassroots Human measures Security Projects and Grant Assistance for Japanese NGO Projects) has been raised in discussions by senior officials of Angola, who have also expressed their gratitude for the projects. (Source) Produced by the evaluation team based on the MOFA website, and interviews with experts working on “Power Sector Reform Support Program” (Technical Cooperation through JICA’s Loan Account) (September 5, 2018), experts working on “Project for Improving Maternal and Child Health Services through Implementation of the Maternal and Child Health Handbook” (October 25, 2018), and MOFA Middle Eastern and African Affairs Bureau, African Affairs Department, Second Africa Division (August 22, 2018)

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(2) Impact to Japan/the Japanese Public < Social Aspects > There are five points concerning the impact of Japan’s ODA to Angola to Japan/the Japanese public, as shown below. First, as an example of the alumni association for participants who joined JICA’s technical trainings, the Ex-Bolseiros da JICA em Angola (ABJA) was founded in 2006, with the purpose of ex-participants (who have consulted with JICA) returning the outputs of their JICA technical training to the community and society of Angola. This is a good example of increasing the number of people well-versed in Japan through the acceptance of trainees. From 1992 until today, JICA has implemented technical training for more than 1000 people from various government ministries of Angola, of which 226 received training in Japan and 251 received training in a third country12 (Brazil, Egypt, Kenya, etc.). ABJA, which has been accumulating all outputs, has approximately 500 members who are working to return the expertise to Angolan society by means of volunteer activities, training and seminars in diverse fields.They are also promoting to maintain positive relations between Japan and Angola through various activities. In recent years, in addition to the repair of hospital equipment, environment education, and compost training for farmers, they have hosted events related to Japanese sports and Japanese – Angolan cooking, which should boost the number of people well-versed in Japan13. As for the 2nd point, the “Land mine actions/regional reconstruction assistance project in the Bengo province,” a project has been carried out for six years by an Japanese NGO called Japan Mine Action Service (under the Grant Assistance for Japanese NGO Projects), is “face-to-face assistance” that works to develop capacities, so that members of the de-mining agency, INAD, can carry out activities independently through the long-term contribution of Japanese experts. This project has greatly demonstrated Japan's presence in the region. Always incorporating communication with local residents and carrying out activities rooted in people’s lives, all of the local residents have expressed their respect to this Japanese NGO. The NGO has also Photo 2 Land mine avoidance received a letter of appreciation from the school training for local residents (Meeting supported by Japan Mine Action constructed on de-mined land. This is a good Service)

12 Number of trainees between 1992 and 2016. Between fiscal 2006 and 2017, Training was implemented in Japan a total of 145 times for a total of more than 260 trainees (based on materials provided by JICA (track record of acceptance of technical training participants). 13 Based on the JICA website, JICA Angola office pamphlets and interviews with ABJA (September 25, 2018).

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example of an activity which has boosted the number of people who are well-versed in Japan14. The 3rd point is that Japan is implementing Grant Assistance for Cultural Grassroots Projects in Angola with the purposes of promoting development of culture and education of developing countries, cultural exchanges of Japan and these countries, as well as positive relations and mutual understanding15. In terms of Grant Assistance for Cultural Grassroots Projects with a diplomatic impact, there is the “Project for Provision of Musical Instruments for the Kaposoka Music School (2012)” and the “Project for Provision of Musical Instruments for the Obra Bella Music School (2015).” Even after the implementation of these projects, Japan and Angola have continued to carry out cultural exchanges including cooperation from the Kaposoka Music School and Obra Bella Music School through cultural projects by the Embassy of Japan in Angola. The Project for Provision of Musical Instruments for the Obra Bella Music School is a leading example of an effective Grant Assistance for Cultural Grassroots Projects16, and this cooperation is contributing to the cultivation of pro-Japanese in Angola while strengthening a friendly relation between the two countries. The 4th point of the diplomacitic impact of Japan’s ODA is that the number of Japanese nationals living in Angola has been decreasing in recent years17. It was as low as 34 people as of 2017, but is expected to increase in the future if the entry of Japanese companies in Angola shall be promoted. Meanwhile, the number of Angolan nationals living in Japan was 28 as of 2016, and 39 as of 2017, and is thus increasing. The 5th point is that, as a result of analyzing Angolan media reports (newspaper articles) regarding Japan, there are only a few references of Japan in Angolan newspapers. Some of the few references in the newpaper were of Japanese national trends, introducing Japan as one of the leading nations in ther international community, as well as natural hazards of Japan such as earthquakes. There were only a few articles that refer to Japan’s ODA to Angola, most of which only state facts of the assistance, and the evaluation was not able to confirm articles that expressed appreciation for Japan’s ODA. However, there was an article introducing Japan’s ODA to Angola in collaboration with UNICEF, and also an article of a statement from Hironori Sawada, the Ambassador of Japan in Angola, considering Japan’s ODA. < Economic Aspects > The following points can be raised from an economic perspective regarding the impact of Japan’s ODA to Angola to Japan/the Japanese public.

14 Based on interviews with (Approved Specified Nonprofit Corporation) Japan Mine Action Service (September 13, 2018), and Bengo branch of INAD (September 26, 2018). 15 Based on MOFA website (last access February 1, 2019). 16 Based on the visualization list of Grant Assistance for Cultural Grassroots Projects (representative examples of projects with visible effects) (MOFA, 2017). 17 At the time of this evaluation, most of the Japanese nationals living in Angola were ODA implementation officials (including their families), so it can be assumed that the number of Japanese in Angola decreased due to the reduction of the amount of Japan’s ODA.

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Angola has great potential in terms of an abundant resources in the energy/mineral sectors and agriculture and fisheries, for example, but only a small number of Japanese companies have commenced business in Angola due to such obstacles as the undeveloped business environment and the increase of corruption. During the period of high oil prices, Japan showed great interest in Angola18 by dispatching a Japan Business Federation economic research mission in October 2007 and a Joint Mission for Promoting Trade and Investment to Africa in August 2010, thus the number of Japanese companies in Angola increased from 2006 to 2009. However, this number has levelled off and is ranging from seven to nine companies since 2010, remaining at 8 as of 201919. At present, it was not possible to confirm the economic impact of Japan’s ODA on Japanese companies. In the annual World Bank ranking named “Doing Business,” which lists countries with business-friendly environments, Angola has been recording a low position of between 160th and 180th for the last 10 years since 2008. Although the evaluation could not confirm any signs of improvement in the current business situation of Angola, business developments are expected in Angola to initiatives by the Lourenço administration and this movement shall have a economic impact on Japanese companies. President Lourenço is working on initiatives to eliminate corruption by reforming the nepotistic system of the former president through the dismissal of high-level officials of the former administration20. Also, initiatives to improve the business environment are being promoted, including the adoption of the April 2018 Competition Law, the May 2018 Revised Private Investment Law, and other related laws, which is improving the conditions for overseas investors. President Lourenço has shown his intention to strengthen economic relations with Japan, and it is expected that these reform efforts by the new Lourenço administration will stimulate Japanese companies and investors to commence business in Angola, based on the relationship of trust between Japan and Angola built up through Japan’s ODA to Angola21. Regarding the improvement of the investment environment through Japan’s ODA loan project “Power Sector Reform Support Program,” assistance has been provided for the formulation/implementation of policy actions. Such assistance includes the revision of the private investment law, issuance of multi-visas, the improvement of remittance procedures such as the abolition of the central bank registration system for overseas capital transactions (imports), and the implementation of training for investment authority

18 Based on interviews with MOFA Middle Eastern and African Affairs Bureau African Affairs Department Second Africa Division (August 22, 2018). 19 Based on the materials provided by the Embassy of Japan in Angola. 20 May 2018 JOI (Japan Institute for Overseas Investment) bulletin, “The Amazing Country of Angola.” (written by Mr. Shinichi Itagaki from JBIC in 2018), and Angola: The status of the Angola oil industry from Sonangol reforms and overseas investment trends (Ms. Yukari Furukawa (Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation), 2018). 21 A recent example of this, Toyota Tsusho Corporation has signed a contract in January 2019 with the Ministry of Transport of Angola for the comprehensive development of the Port of Namibe Bay. Some of the funding for this development has been provided by means of co-financing from the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) and private Japanese financial institutions (based on the Toyota Tsusho website (last accessed March 5, 2019)).

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personnel to improve the management and transparency of regulations related to private business. At the time of this evaluation, the project was ongoing, and the effects have not been clearly spelled out. Furthermore, regarding JICA’s training project to advance the investment environment (training in Japan), Japan has conducted these projects to improve capabilities for trade/investment promotion, customs training, and finance training and as a project of accepting participants for training22. Chapter 4. Recommendations and Lessons learned 4-1 Recommendations Recommendation 1: Mentioning the new PDN and other internal situations of Angola in Japan’s Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola or Rolling Plans After the inauguration of President Lourenço in 2017, a new Angola National Development Plan (PDN) (2018-2022) was formulated. Along with this change of policies, the development plans for each sector in Angola have also changed, and the major donor countries other than Japan (such as USAID) and international agencies (such as World Bank, UNICEF) are beginning to update their assistance plans based on the new PDN (2018-2022). Japan's current Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola (including the Rolling Plans) was formulated in 2017, hence this policy paper should be revised immediately to incorporate the new PDN (2018-2022) of Angola. Although the basic issues (such as industry diversification, building basic infrastructure for power and water supply, etc., providing healthcare and education), are already included in the current policy, new details of the items proposed in Recommendations 2, 3 and 4 below such as “expanding assistance to rural areas”, “utilization of Japan’s ODA loans” and “supporting the business investment sector” are needed to be incorporated into Japan’s Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola. Recommendation 2: Expanding Assistance to Rural Areas One of the items that was strengthened in the new PDN (2018-2022) over the former PDN is “Pillar (5) Balanced development of various regions, ensuring the stability and territorial integrity of Angola.” In the new PDN, policies were developed to promote economic development and reduce poverty for inland regions where development has been delayed (Cuando Cubango Province and Moxico Province, etc.). As of now, Japan’s ODA has been implemented in the capital city, Luanda, and regional core cities such as Huambo and Benguela, but, with the formulation of the new PDN (2018-2022) in Angola, it is preferable that more consideration be given to assistance in rural areas

22 The details of the trainings are not listed on the JICA Knowledge Site, thus they have been removed from the scope of this evaluation (based on materials provided by JICA (track record of acceptance of technical training participants).

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(where development is delayed) in line with the PDN, while also promoting PR of Japan’s ODA. The achievements so far of Japan’s ODA to Angola includes the construction and rehabilitation of public/social facilities through Grant Assistance for Grassroots Human Security Projects and rice development projects in rural areas.Taking in mind the current situation in Angola where progress is being made in the development of economic and social infrastructures in rural areas, it is hoped that Japan will cooperate more actively in Angola’s rural areas. Recommendation 3: Utilization of Japan’s ODA Loans Angola is an upper middle-income country with a relatively high income rate, thus the country has exceeded the income level for the provision of grant aid23. On the other hand, Angola has potential for cooperation by means of an ODA loan, which may suit Angola’s development needs because a larger amount of assistance may be available24. The evaluation team recommends Japan provide assistance that makes effective use of the ODA loan. Also, providing technical assistance along with ODA loan may be effective in terms of supporting the Government of Angola to fulfill the project step by step and ensure beneficial outcomes. However, since the Government of Angola is now facing the issue of rising sovereign debt caused by the low price of crude oil, it is necessary to ascertain the country’s repayment abilities based on the provision of financial assistance to the Government of Angola from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the details of the debt sustainability analysis by the IMF. Recommendation 4: Supporting the Business Investment Sector Private investment from Japan and the entry of businesses into Angola is stagnating. The advancement of the business investment sector is an important issue that the new Lourenço administration is engaging in, and there is a need to improve transparency and ensure accountability. Taking in mind this situation, the potential for Japan’s ODA in this sector should be pursued, while referring to successful projects conducted in other countries. For sectors that advance the business investment environment and improve governance, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has implemented various technical cooperation projects in other developing countries, For example, some of which are advancing customs operation (improved the capacity for customs, etc.), facilitating international trade by improving OSBP (One Stop Border Post) functions (completed in the neighboring country of Namibia), and developing administrative capacities concerning trade law and trade processes. Until now, due to the high cost of

23 Regardingthe provision of grant aid, MOFA states that “with reference to the income classification of the World Bank as the key criteria, MOFA will prioritize on the possibility of utilizing ODA loan in countries with a relatively high level of income.” Angola is classified as a country that exceeds International Development Association eligibility standards in the finance guidelines published by the World Bank (countries with relatively high levels of income) (based on “Effective Use of Grant Aid in Countries with Relatively High Levels of Income (MOFA, 2014), and Per Capita Income Guidelines for Operational Purposes (World Bank, 2018)). 24 The Ministry of Finance of the Government of Angola welcomes both financial assistance and project financing.

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local living expenses and difficulty of securing safety for the experts, etc., it has been difficult to dispatch Japanese experts to Angola. Now that the situation is improving, there is a great need and significance for Japan to support the business investment sector of Angola. Recommendation 5: Strengthening Japan’s ODA Implementation Structure in Angola As for the Japan’s ODA implementation structure in Angola, economic cooperation projects are being handled by 4 people in the JICA Angola office and 2 people (alongside other duties) in the Embassy of Japan. If the number of projects and funding amount for Japan’s ODA to Angola will increase in the near future, it will be necessary to strengthen Japan’s ODA implementation structure in Angola. Recommendation 6: Strengthening of PR regarding Japan’s ODA As stated in 3-1-3 (2) (g), improving awareness of Japan’s ODA among the public in Angola and officials in the Government of Angola is an issue to be pursued from now on. It is also necessary to share information about Japan’s ODA policy to Angola with the donor community in Angola. In order to increase recognition of Japan’s ODA to Angola (including the existence of JICA), it is necessary to strengthen PR activities for Japan’s ODA. For example, such measures can be (1) revising and promoting JICA pamphlets that include up-to-date information, (2) the publication of newsletters introducing ODA projects on the Embassy website distributed regularly by email, etc., (3) holding publicity events in coordination with Ex-Bolseiros da JICA em Angola (ABJA), and (4) creating opportunities for information sharing and discussions (policy dialogues, etc.) on assistance policies and directions with international agencies and other donors. Also, the English and Portuguese versions of “Japan's Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola (including Rolling Plans),” which may become a PR tool for Japan’s ODA, should be published as soon as possible, and listed on the websites of both MOFA and the Embassy in Angola. The English and Portuguese versions of this policy paper can be utilized to provide a foundation for dialogues and consultations. Table 6 shows the possible target agencies, target period and importance of the above- mentioned recommendations. Table 6 Recommendations in this evaluation and the support/assistance agencies, target period, importance Target agencies *1 Target Importance*3 period 2 Headquarters Local * Recommendation MOFA JICA Japan JICA headquarters Embassy office

1. Mentioning the new PDN and other ◎ 〇 〇 〇 Mid- ◎ internal situations of Angola in Japan’s term Country Development Cooperation Policy for Angola or Rolling Plans

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2. Expanding Assistance to rural areas 〇 ◎ ◎ ◎ Mid- 〇 term

3. Utilization of Japan’s ODA loans 〇 ◎ 〇 ◎ Mid- 〇 term

4.Supporting the Business Investment 〇 ◎ 〇 ◎ Mid- 〇 Sector term

5. Strengthening Japan’s ODA ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ Mid- 〇 Implementation Structure term

6. Strengthening of PR regarding Japan’s 〇 〇 ◎ ◎ Short- ◎ ODA term (Source) Produced by the evaluation team *1．Support/assistance agencies: ◎…Support agencies, 〇…Assistance agencies *2．Target period: Short-term1 to 2 years, Mid-term 3 to 5 years, Long-term 5 years or more *3．importance: ◎ High, 〇 Fair 4-2 Lessons learned Lesson learned 1: Coordination with other development actors JICA has gradually strengthened the implementation structures for assistance to Angola, by beginning from remote management from 2003 and 2010, to establishing a field office in July 2010 and changing the field office into a JICA office in July 2018. Considering the Japanese JICA experts, there have been more initiatives of projects utilizing these experts in recent years, although it does not have a long history and there are not many Portuguese speaking personnel among these Japanese experts. Meanwhile, as stated in 3-1-3 (2) (e), Japan has implemented a steady assistance in line with the changing needs of Angola since the end of the civil war in 2002, in coordination with international agencies, other donors and other countries. As a means of overcoming the limitation of Japanese human resources working in Angola, coordination with other donors/international agencies/governmental agencies (Africa Development Bank (AfDB), UNICEF, Brazil’s Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial (SENAI) etc.) is one effective method. In particular, the use of Brazilian human resources/agencies is highly regarded as a means of overcoming the language barrier and in the sense of providing training that matches the conditions of Angola (vocational training, health care, etc.). Although Japan has only a short history of human resource development in Angola after the end of the civil war. Such experiences can be reference for assistance in countries trying to redevelop their country after the civil war and there is only a short history of Japan’s ODA and limitations of Japanese human resources. Lesson learned 2: Long-term Commitment in Specific Sectors Japan’s ODA to Angola has been continuously implemented by combining multiple schemes in such sectors of health care, vocational training, and de-mining measures, which all demonstrates Japan's comparative advantages. The beneficial effects (development effects) of these sectors are all visible and they are highly regarded by Angola (diplomatic impact).

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Grassroots level assistance (Grant Assistance for Grassroots Human Security Projects and Grant Assistance for Japanese NGO Projects) have clear beneficial effects on communities and residents, even if the amount of assistance is small. Local administration and regional residents are well aware of these projects due to continuous assistance from Japan. The continuation of grassroots level assistance is effective to demonstrate to a wide audience and to let the local people know further about Japan's contribution. The long-term commitment of assistance to specific areas in which Japan has advantages is beneficial from the viewpoint achieving both development and diplomatic effects (vocational training, health care, de-mining measures, etc.). In these sectors, assistance combining multiple schemes (such as compiling facility construction/equipment provision (by grant aid) and human resource development (by technical cooperation,) is effective in terms of presenting Japan's contribution and producing the project effects continuously. Lesson learned 3: Project Formulation and Implementation in Countries under the Process of Reconstruction As shown in 3-1-3 (2) (c), after the civil war, Angola has been reconstructing their country and was in need of immediate solutions for that cause. Thus Japan could not meet the expectations of Angola due to the speed of processes leading up to the commencement of the project, such as the procedures and preparations for ODA project formulation, in part of measure taken by the Government of Angola. For countries in the process of reconstruction, such as Angola, there is a need for assistance that is implemented with speed since improving people’s lives is an urgent matter. If the time span required for project formulation by Japan takes too long, there may be a possibility that Angola will halt Japan’s ODA (technical cooperation, grant aids or ODA loans) and switch to other donors. Yet, Grant Assistance for Grassroots Human Security Projects is implemented relatively fast, and 50 projects have been conducted in Angola during the evaluation target period (fiscal year 2006 to fiscal year 2017). In terms of other sectors that have relatively fast implementation, there is the Non-Project Grant Aid, Emergency Development Studies, and Policy Assistance Loan (provided using co-financing with other donors), but the use of these schemes were limited in Angola. Lesson learned 4: Importance of Human Resources Development Various officials in the Government of Angola/agencies have referred to the importance and need for human resource development and capacity building, and Japan has demonstrated its comparative advantages for the development of human resources, which is well planned and utilizes Japan’s expertise and experience in the area of vocational training, health care and de-mining measures for the development of human resources.

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Also, while there is a limitation to human resources and organizations that are useful in the effective implementation of projects in Angola, the use of Brazilian human resources in vocational training and health care and coordination with Japanese NGO in the area of de-mining measures are effective initiatives that demonstrate beneficial effects.

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